427:
the direction of the place LĂ©on-Blum, so as to force the demonstrators into a more constrained movement. There were therefore no other possible exits for the demonstrators than the small side streets, the carriage entrances of the buildings, where some managed to take refuge, sometimes pursued up to the upper floors by the police, or the entrances to the
Charonne metro station. Some of the demonstrators tried to take refuge in one of these metro entrances, the gates of which, according to the official version of the Ministry of the Interior, had been closed. In reality, it is now established that at the time of the police charge, the gates of the metro station were open, that the police pursued the demonstrators inside the corridors and on the platforms of the station, as this is proven by the fact that, in some cases, the bodies were evacuated by the metro and could be found in the neighboring stations Rue des Boulets - Rue de Montreuil et Voltaire - LĂ©on Blum, which explains the initial uncertainty about the causes of the deaths, which were only established at the autopsy.
419:
254:
436:
normally fixed to the perimeter of the trees of the avenue, and of ventilation grilles of the metro, which are regularly found at the level of the sidewalks of the roadway. These metal parts are very heavy (40kg for the first, 26kg for the seconds). Some witnesses said they saw officers throwing grates at protesters inside the subway entrance. This fact seems established, and it is common ground that at least three of these grilles were found after the demonstration at the bottom of the stairs at the metro entrance and recovered there by station employees.
355:
supposedly less seasoned than the first, 3 Republican
Security Companies (CRS), i.e. 360 men and a few hundred General Service "peacekeepers". There were therefore fewer law enforcement personnel than on 19 December 1961 - when the police headquarters had put 5,556 officers in front of the demonstrators, but more than on 17 October 1961 - when 1,658 officers were in front of the 20,000 or 30,000 protesters. Each squadron of mobile gendarmes is normally paired with an intervention company, and the whole is under the command of a
367:
stations (Ledru-Rollin, Sully - Morland, Filles du
Calvaire and Gare de Lyon) and St. Antoine Street. They should stop 50 or 75 meters from the police lines. The leaders of the processions should then read the press release prepared during the night and give the order to disperse at 7:30 p.m. According to Brunet, the organizers knew that the processions had little chance of reaching the Bastille, but they believed that the police would not charge static demonstrators.
415:, was charged by a unit of the special companies of intervention by the police headquarters when the dispersal order had just been given and the procession was beginning to disperse: "When the police charged, the first row of demonstrators had turned around and was looking in the direction of Place LĂ©on-Blum, because they wanted to show that the demonstration was over and that we had to break up. So they couldn't see the police coming and I saw them fall immediately."
1681:
45:
1692:
441:
died of suffocation; in other cases, the death appeared to be due to fractures of the skull under the effect of baton blows received. Such was also the cause of the ninth death, which occurred several months later, in hospital, as a result of these injuries. All the victims were union members of the CGT and, with one exception, members of the
Communist Party:
247:). Several protestors were killed during the attack, either by shots, heavy hand beating or were drowned. There were also cases of torture and executions of arrested protestors. For several days, corpses were found on the surface of the river Seine. The French government denied the events and censored the press, until 1998, when it acknowledged 40 deaths.
363:
number and the actions of the demonstrators made it necessary, the police should "show their energy" and use tear gas canisters and defense batons. Defense sticks commonly referred to as "bidules" were hardwood sticks 85 cm long and 4 cm in diameter. They were distributed to the police before contact with the demonstrators.
487:
The Prime
Minister, Michel Debré, went to the premises of the Paris police on 12 February 1962, to "bring the testimony of his confidence and his admiration"; then, on 13 April of the same year, he wrote a letter to Papon, paying "a particular tribute to qualities as a leader and organizer, as well
435:
Mention should be made here of the fact reported by certain witnesses, heard at the inquest, who indicated that they had witnessed acts of violence committed by some members of the police and which appeared to be highly reprehensible. These include the throwing of elements of iron grilles, which are
426:
The action came from the 31st
Division, commanded by Commissar Yser, to whom the order to charge "Disperse energetically" had just been given by the Prefecture at 7:37 p.m. At the same time, Commissar Dauvergne, commanding the 61st division, received the order to block the boulevard Voltaire in
219:
in Paris, but thousands of people, especially students, who were unable to enter the hall, came up against the forces of the police. Processions that formed in the Latin
Quarter were dispersed with beatings. Police violence also affected passers-by and journalists. According to Jean-Paul Brunet, the
354:
When questioned, General
Intelligence predicted 10,000 to 15,000 demonstrators. The prefecture, revising these forecasts downwards, was counting on a range of 6,000 to 7,000 and set up 13 intervention companies (CI), i.e. 1,000 seasoned police officers, 11 mobile gendarmerie squadrons, i.e. 825 men
312:
The
Communist Party and the CGT were determined to act quickly. The CFTC, which wondered about the type of action to be implemented, opted for the organization of a mass demonstration. The evening of 7 February, the leaders of the CGT and the CFTC met and decided to call for a massive demonstration
273:
At the beginning of 1962, under the impetus of André Canal, the OAS multiplied the attacks in the Paris region. On 4 January 1962, a commando in a car machine-gunned the
Communist Party building on Place Kossuth, seriously injuring a militant on the 2nd floor balcony. The communist demonstration of
269:
The demonstration of 19 December 1961 - convened in the Paris region by the CGT, the CFTC and the UNEF was part of a "day of action against the OAS and for peace in Algeria". The police let the demonstrators gather in Bastille but opposed any movement by part of the protestors. The director general
440:
Thus, it was indeed the "grids" launched by the police that were the origin of certain deaths. The metro station was not closed until 8:15 p.m., due to the persistence of tear gas, following the intervention of the police in the station. In the immediate future, there were eight victims. Some
362:
The instructions given to the police were to proceed from 6 p.m. to the mixing and dispersal of the demonstrators on the places of assembly, with arrests in the event of refusal. From 6:30 p.m., each officer was recommended to be "especially active", and not to tolerate any gatherings. If the
366:
At 2:00 p.m., the organizers of the demonstration broadcast a press release on the radio asking the demonstrators to show the greatest calm. At the beginning of the afternoon, the unions were instructed to try to reach the Bastille by five processions formed at 6:30 p.m. at four metro
322:
The OAS assassins have redoubled their activity. Several times during the day on Wednesday, the OAS attempted against the lives of political, trade union, academic, press and literary figures. Injuries are to be deplored; the writer Pozner is in serious condition. A 4-year-old girl is seriously
270:
of the municipal police reported 20,000 demonstrators. Among these, some refused to obey the dispersal orders given by the police and were charged. Young demonstrators fought back. The clashes resulted in 40 wounded among the police and hundreds among the protestors, two thirds of which women.
386:
The first clashes take place on Boulevard Beaumarchais where a few thousand demonstrators were massed. In the Bastille - Chemin-Vert sector, the security forces charged the demonstrators without having, it seems, been attacked, while in the northern sector of Boulevard Beaumarchais, groups of
326:
Once again, the proof is made that the anti-fascists can only count on their forces, on their union, on their action. The undersigned organizations call on workers and all anti-fascists in the Paris region to proclaim their indignation, their desire to defeat fascism and impose peace in
323:
injured. We must put an end to these actions of the Fascist killers. It is necessary to impose their putting out of harm's way. The complicity and impunity from which they benefit from the power, despite speeches and official declarations, encourage the criminal acts of the OAS.
793:
430:
In the mouth of the metro, the crowding caused the fall of several people on whom the following piled up, clubbed by the police who projected gratings of trees on them, as well as ventilation grilles of the metro unsealed for this purpose. The public prosecutor writes:
797:
214:
took the initiative to contact the trade union organizations to organize demonstrations to encourage the government to resume negotiations. The first demonstration of a certain magnitude took place on 27 October 1960. A meeting had been authorized at the
543:
and the arrival of the left in power, a commemoration plaque was raised in the Charonne metro station to honor the victims of the victims of the 1962 massacre. The plaque was announced on the 20th anniversary of the event and raised on 20 March 1982.
261:
From November 1961, protests with thousands of inhabitants started taking place again. The demonstration were both to stimulate the peace process and to demand from the government a more resolute attitude against the far-right paramilitary
398:
and the procession which had been able to form at the Lyons station. With demonstrators turned back from Boulevard Beaumarchais, that made some 4,000 people who found themselves at the crossroads of Boulevard Voltaire and Rue de Charonne.
223:
Smaller demonstrations were held during the first 9 months of 1961 and were easily dispersed by the police. The protests started to grow in the fall with the apparent breakdown of negotiations between the French government and the GPRA.
491:
The repression aroused great emotion and work stoppages were widely followed. All activity was interrupted in the Paris region and a crowd estimated at several hundred thousand people (one million, according to
789:
274:
protest of January 6, 1962 took place without notable incident. On 24 January 1962, there were 21 explosions in the Seine department, targeting supposedly personalities or organizations hostile to OAS.
161:
Among the demonstrators who tried to take refuge in the metro station, eight people died, due to suffocation or skull fractures, and a ninth protestor died in hospital, as a result of his injuries.
1164:
351:, remained valid and prohibited demonstrations on the public highway. The delegates informed that they would maintain the peaceful demonstration. No other unofficial contact took place.
31:
1257:
379:
procession was an exception. The rue Saint-Antoine being blocked by the police, thousands of demonstrators found themselves on the Left Bank and were finally blocked on the
924:
1396:
1423:
1311:
1169:
1102:
331:
The text was signed by the trade unions CGT, CFTC, UNEF, SGEN, FEN and SNI. The PCF, the PSU and the Mouvement de la paix were associated with the call.
250:
The repression of the 17 October demonstration provoked a movement of indignation in left-wing circles but did not generate any massive response.
220:
repression of this demonstration revealed the bias of the police forces, which reacted much more sluggishly against supporters of French Algeria.
207:
418:
175:
Until 1960, demonstrations against the war in Algeria brought together only a few hundred participants, mostly intellectuals who denounced the
1475:
775:
Appel du commissaire Yser consigné sur la feuille de trafic radio de l'état-major de la préfecture : « action », cité dans
1806:
1262:
277:
In the afternoon of 7 February, ten plastic charges exploded in the homes of various personalities: two law professors, Roger Pinto and
1796:
211:
1654:
191:
187:
1716:
1115:
1433:
1786:
1781:
1025:
1540:
1440:
971:
202:
trade union centers overcome their differences to work together for the peace movement in Algeria. After the failure of the
1731:
1528:
1492:
527:
On 17 June 1966, an amnesty law was passed, covering in particular the repression of the demonstrations of 1961 and 1962.
1801:
1567:
228:
1746:
1572:
1776:
1726:
1721:
1523:
1513:
1301:
1296:
1236:
994:
540:
199:
143:
1125:
394:
ended up at the Voltaire - Charonne crossroads where it found a group which should have formed a procession at the
1771:
1766:
1761:
1638:
1518:
1343:
263:
176:
124:
1487:
1401:
313:
the next day. The FEN and the UNEF were also represented at this meeting. A leaflet of appeal was thus drawn up:
1274:
1741:
1811:
1696:
1535:
387:
demonstrators were much more aggressive and took the initiative to launch projectiles or storm police vans.
376:
1791:
1633:
1185:
886:
827:
1756:
1579:
1065:
1060:
1018:
635:
623:
516:, from 125,000 to 150,000 according to the Prefecture), in a large and imposing demonstration from the
391:
1158:
1664:
1458:
1348:
1316:
521:
517:
216:
1584:
1210:
1082:
747:
288:
115:
of 8 February 1962 demonstration was a case of police brutality that took place around and in the
1736:
1286:
1070:
240:
1751:
1605:
1358:
1323:
1218:
380:
348:
232:
135:
26:
536:
1685:
1463:
1011:
356:
347:
for the UNEF. Papon informed them that the decree of 23 April 1961, taken at the time of the
986:
1480:
1391:
1107:
395:
253:
8:
1616:
1610:
1224:
1050:
151:
339:
Maurice Papon met on the morning of 8 February with a trade union delegation made up of
138:
and other left-wing organizations, had been banned, and the prefect of police of Paris,
1291:
488:
as to the way in which knew how to carry out a mission often delicate and difficult".
412:
411:
200, two hundred meters beyond the Voltaire - Charonne crossroads, heading towards the
408:
1139:
1386:
1306:
1230:
990:
967:
383:. The organizers read the text and the demonstration was dispersed without violence.
195:
155:
375:
The processions could not be formed, as planned, at the various metro stations. The
1381:
1374:
898:
116:
1428:
845:
Un déchaînement de violences policières qui fera neuf morts et plus de 250 blessés
832:
475:
296:
1280:
1132:
961:
340:
1470:
1094:
1077:
1710:
1625:
292:
278:
236:
139:
22:
206:
talks conducted in the summer of 1960 between the French government and the
1152:
1034:
1003:
344:
244:
170:
128:
1589:
1145:
1120:
902:
983:
Charonne, 8 février 1962: Anthropologie historique d'un massacre d'État
147:
1179:
498:
283:
44:
1205:
929:
504:
925:"Commémoration en ordre dispersé pour les neuf morts de Charonne"
183:
512:(the latter favorable to the government), 150,000 according to
142:, had given the order to repress it, with the agreement of the
874:. No. 55315. London. 14 February 1962. col f, p. 12.
1659:
203:
177:
torture and expeditious methods of the French army in Algeria
120:
682:
680:
678:
665:
663:
661:
659:
524:, paid tribute to the victims and attended their funerals.
1501:
646:
644:
937:
728:
716:
692:
675:
595:
593:
656:
291:, seriously injured, two officers and Communist senator
641:
390:
Part of the procession which should have formed at the
227:
On 17 October 1961, a demonstration of some 30,000 pro-
851:
807:
757:
605:
590:
554:
473:
More than 250 injured were also counted, according to
1424:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
746:
Procès-verbal d'audition du témoin Chagnon devant la
704:
257:
Protest against the OAS in Toulouse, 16 January 1962.
578:
566:
402:
334:
887:"Les amnisties de la guerre d'Algérie (1962-1982)"
295:, whose wife was injured. A final attack aimed at
243:for his role under the collaborationist regime of
49:Commemorative plate at the Charonne subway station
370:
235:under orders of the head of the Parisian police,
1708:
870:"France Stops For Riot Victims' Funeral". News.
825:
299:disfigured a 4-year-old girl, Delphine Renard.
884:
343:for the CGT, Robert Duvivier for the CFTC and
1093:
1019:
985:. Folio histoire (in French). Vol. 141.
422:One of the entrances to the Charonne station.
302:
1033:
792:de l'information criminelle, rédigée par le
123:, against people demonstrating against the
1026:
1012:
407:One of the processions, whose head was at
281:, two journalists, Serge Bromberger, from
43:
1655:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
922:
828:"Ne pas oublier le massacre de Charonne"
417:
252:
980:
857:
813:
801:
796:, datée du 27 juin 1962 et adressée au
776:
763:
751:
502:, from 300,000 to 500,000 according to
318:ALL IN MASS, tonight at 18:30, Bastille
1709:
959:
943:
734:
722:
710:
698:
686:
669:
650:
611:
599:
584:
572:
560:
113:massacre at the Charonne metro station
1541:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
1007:
1691:
826:Eugénie Barbezat (7 February 2015).
182:After the week of the barricades in
134:The demonstration, organized by the
963:Charonne: lumières sur une tragédie
13:
1807:20th-century mass murder in France
445:Jean-Pierre Bernard, 30 years old;
307:
131:, ultimately killing nine people.
14:
1823:
1797:Massacres of protesters in Europe
1237:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
460:Édouard Lemarchand, 40 years old;
454:Anne-Claude Godeau, 24 years old;
233:was attacked by the French Police
1690:
1680:
1679:
530:
463:Suzanne Martorell, 36 years old;
403:Repression at the Charonne metro
392:Filles du Calvaire metro station
335:Prohibition of the demonstration
916:
878:
863:
819:
804:, p. 492 et 823 (note 87).
782:
769:
740:
466:Raymond Wintgens, 44 years old;
239:(who was convicted in 1998 for
81:Civilian massacre by the police
1717:February 1962 events in Europe
1275:Declaration of 1 November 1954
953:
891:Revue d'histoire de la justice
629:
617:
469:Maurice Pochard, 48 years old.
371:Gathering of the demonstrators
1:
1787:Massacres committed by France
1782:Massacres in the Algerian War
1397:Proposed partition of Algeria
923:M. B.-R. (10 February 1982).
547:
541:presidential election of 1981
457:Hippolyte Pina, 58 years old;
164:
1488:Effects in Algerian politics
482:
448:Fanny Dewerpe, 31 years old;
7:
1732:Anti-war protests in France
1103:Algerian popular resistance
10:
1828:
1802:Police brutality in France
1639:Organisation armée secrète
1580:Algerian National Movement
1302:Hijacking of the FLN plane
1061:French conquest of Algeria
960:Brunet, Jean-Paul (2003).
794:procureur de la RĂ©publique
750:, 14 mars 1962, cité dans
451:Daniel FĂ©ry, 15 years old;
396:Ledru-Rollin metro station
303:Protest of 8 February 1962
168:
1747:Paris in the Algerian War
1677:
1647:
1598:
1568:National Liberation Front
1560:
1553:
1510:1 November 1954 Stadiums
1449:
1416:
1367:
1349:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
1332:
1256:
1249:
1198:
1186:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
1049:
1042:
966:(in French). Flammarion.
229:National Liberation Front
152:President of the Republic
125:Secret Armed Organization
101:
93:
85:
77:
69:
58:8 February 1962
54:
42:
1777:1962 in the Algerian War
1727:Anti-communism in France
1722:Anti-communist terrorism
1585:Algerian Communist Party
1573:National Liberation Army
1354:Charonne subway massacre
1211:Decolonisation of Africa
144:Minister of the Interior
38:Charonne subway massacre
1634:Front Algérie Française
1287:Battle of Philippeville
981:Dewerpe, Alain (2006).
885:Stéphane Gacon (2005).
496:, 400,000 according to
241:crimes against humanity
73:Charonne subway station
20:
16:1962 massacre in France
1772:1962 murders in France
1767:French Communist Party
1762:1960s murders in Paris
1219:Brazzaville Conference
788:Note de synthèse de l'
522:Père-Lachaise cemetery
518:Place de la RĂ©publique
438:
423:
381:boulevard Saint-Michel
349:Algiers putsch of 1961
329:
258:
217:Maison de la Mutualité
136:French Communist Party
117:Charonne metro station
32:considered for merging
1464:French Fifth Republic
1441:Algerian independence
535:After the victory of
433:
421:
357:commissaire de police
315:
256:
1812:Mass murder in Paris
1481:1962 Algerian crisis
1476:Aftermath in Algeria
1392:Manifesto of the 121
1376:Communauté française
1108:Algerian nationalism
903:10.3917/rhj.016.0271
790:enquête préliminaire
210:, the student union
1792:Massacres in France
1617:Commandos de Chasse
1611:French Armed Forces
1225:First Indochina War
1066:Invasion of Algiers
537:François Mitterrand
39:
1742:Paris MĂ©tro line 9
1312:Week of barricades
1292:Soummam conference
1112:Attempted reforms
946:, p. 298–299.
737:, p. 171–172.
725:, p. 159–160.
701:, p. 150–151.
689:, p. 127–137.
672:, p. 117–126.
424:
413:Place de la Nation
409:boulevard Voltaire
259:
102:Non-fatal injuries
37:
1757:Massacres in 1962
1704:
1703:
1673:
1672:
1599:Anti-independence
1549:
1548:
1536:Martyrs' Memorial
1412:
1411:
1387:FLN football team
1307:Operation Corsica
1297:Battle of Algiers
1245:
1244:
1231:Malagasy Uprising
1194:
1193:
973:978-2-08-068341-0
798:procureur général
748:police judiciaire
653:, p. 93–101.
156:Charles de Gaulle
109:
108:
1819:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1561:Pro-independence
1558:
1557:
1499:
1498:
1405:
1382:Constantine Plan
1320:
1266:
1254:
1253:
1173:
1091:
1090:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
977:
947:
941:
935:
934:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
882:
876:
875:
867:
861:
855:
849:
847:
842:
840:
823:
817:
811:
805:
786:
780:
773:
767:
761:
755:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
673:
667:
654:
648:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
614:, p. 89–90.
609:
603:
602:, p. 84–89.
597:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
563:, p. 77–78.
558:
231:(FLN) Algerians
65:
63:
47:
40:
36:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1669:
1643:
1594:
1545:
1503:
1497:
1459:May 1958 crisis
1451:
1445:
1408:
1399:
1363:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1314:
1281:Toussaint Rouge
1267:
1260:
1241:
1215:
1190:
1167:
1140:Crémieux Decree
1133:Divide and rule
1089:
1052:
1038:
1032:
997:
974:
956:
951:
950:
942:
938:
921:
917:
907:
905:
897:(16): 271–279.
883:
879:
869:
868:
864:
856:
852:
838:
836:
824:
820:
812:
808:
787:
783:
774:
770:
762:
758:
745:
741:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
685:
676:
668:
657:
649:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
606:
598:
591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
550:
533:
485:
405:
373:
337:
310:
308:Call to protest
305:
289:Vladimir Pozner
173:
167:
61:
59:
50:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:1962 in France
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1702:
1701:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1600:
1596:
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1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1504:commemorations
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1471:Year of Africa
1468:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1417:End of the war
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1359:Paris massacre
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1324:Algiers putsch
1321:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:1943 manifesto
1123:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:French Algeria
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1078:Mokrani Revolt
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1002:
1001:
995:
978:
972:
955:
952:
949:
948:
936:
915:
877:
862:
860:, p. 261.
850:
818:
816:, p. 165.
806:
781:
779:, p. 121.
768:
766:, p. 120.
756:
754:, p. 712.
739:
727:
715:
713:, p. 159.
703:
691:
674:
655:
640:
628:
616:
604:
589:
577:
565:
552:
551:
549:
546:
532:
529:
484:
481:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
404:
401:
372:
369:
336:
333:
309:
306:
304:
301:
169:Main article:
166:
163:
127:(OAS) and the
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
56:
52:
51:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:1962 in Paris
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1689: /
1688:
1687:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:La Main Rouge
1623:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:Monuments and
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:Évian Accords
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:of key events
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:Other factors
1197:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:1920 petition
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
998:
996:2-07-030770-0
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
969:
965:
964:
958:
957:
945:
940:
932:
931:
926:
919:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
873:
866:
859:
854:
846:
835:
834:
829:
822:
815:
810:
803:
800:, citée dans
799:
795:
791:
785:
778:
772:
765:
760:
753:
749:
743:
736:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
688:
683:
681:
679:
671:
666:
664:
662:
660:
652:
647:
645:
637:
632:
625:
620:
613:
608:
601:
596:
594:
587:, p. 81.
586:
581:
575:, p. 80.
574:
569:
562:
557:
553:
545:
542:
538:
531:Commemoration
528:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
489:
480:
478:
477:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
428:
420:
416:
414:
410:
400:
397:
393:
388:
384:
382:
378:
368:
364:
360:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
300:
298:
297:André Malraux
294:
293:Raymond Guyot
290:
286:
285:
280:
279:Georges Vedel
275:
271:
267:
265:
255:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:Maurice Papon
234:
230:
225:
221:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:in 1960, the
185:
180:
178:
172:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Maurice Papon
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:French police
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
29:
28:
27:Infobox event
24:
19:
1695:
1684:
1648:Other groups
1624:
1615:
1375:
1353:
1335:human rights
1333:War crimes /
1279:
1178:
1165:Legal status
1157:
1153:French Union
1138:
1083:Deportations
1035:Algerian War
982:
962:
939:
928:
918:
906:. Retrieved
894:
890:
880:
871:
865:
858:Dewerpe 2006
853:
844:
837:. Retrieved
831:
821:
814:Dewerpe 2006
809:
802:Dewerpe 2006
784:
777:Dewerpe 2006
771:
764:Dewerpe 2006
759:
752:Dewerpe 2006
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
636:Einaudi 1991
631:
624:Einaudi 1991
619:
607:
580:
568:
556:
534:
526:
513:
509:
503:
497:
493:
490:
486:
474:
472:
439:
434:
429:
425:
406:
389:
385:
377:Gare de Lyon
374:
365:
361:
353:
345:Tony Dreyfus
341:André Tollet
338:
330:
325:
321:
317:
316:
311:
282:
276:
272:
268:
260:
249:
245:Vichy France
226:
222:
181:
174:
171:Algerian War
160:
133:
129:Algerian War
112:
110:
25:
18:
1590:Oujda Group
1400: [
1315: [
1261: [
1168: [
1146:Kabyle myth
1121:Jonnart Law
1053:colonialism
1037:(1954–1962)
954:Works cited
944:Brunet 2003
908:26 February
839:26 February
735:Brunet 2003
723:Brunet 2003
711:Brunet 2003
699:Brunet 2003
687:Brunet 2003
670:Brunet 2003
651:Brunet 2003
612:Brunet 2003
600:Brunet 2003
585:Brunet 2003
573:Brunet 2003
561:Brunet 2003
86:Perpetrator
21:‹ The
1711:Categories
1529:Tizi Ouzou
1450:Legacy and
1434:referendum
1337:violations
1258:Chronology
1071:Atrocities
1043:Background
833:L'Humanité
548:References
510:Paris Jour
494:L'Humanité
476:L'Humanité
165:Background
150:, and the
148:Roger Frey
62:1962-02-08
1452:aftermath
1368:Reactions
1233:(1947–49)
1227:(1946–54)
1180:Pied noir
1159:Indigénat
1135:policies
987:Gallimard
872:The Times
514:Le Figaro
499:The Times
483:Reactions
284:Le Figaro
30:is being
1686:Category
1206:Cold War
930:Le Monde
505:Le Monde
327:Algeria.
70:Location
34:. ›
23:template
1697:Commons
1524:El Oued
1514:Algiers
1344:Torture
1051:Settler
638:, p.82.
626:, p.82.
539:in the
520:to the
184:Algiers
60: (
1660:Harkis
1606:France
1554:Groups
1221:(1944)
993:
970:
287:, and
94:Deaths
1665:Women
1519:Batna
1493:Films
1404:]
1319:]
1265:]
1172:]
204:Melun
121:Paris
991:ISBN
968:ISBN
910:2017
841:2017
508:and
212:UNEF
208:GPRA
198:and
192:CFTC
111:The
78:Type
55:Date
1250:War
899:doi
264:OAS
200:FEN
188:CGT
119:in
105:250
1713::
1402:fr
1317:fr
1263:fr
1170:fr
989:.
927:.
895:16
893:.
889:.
843:.
830:.
677:^
658:^
643:^
592:^
479:.
359:.
266:.
196:FO
194:,
190:,
179:.
158:.
154:,
146:,
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
999:.
976:.
933:.
912:.
901::
848:.
97:9
64:)
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