Vichy France - Knowledge

2934: 5230: 4218: 6007: 5456:

regeneration and used propaganda, women's organisations and legislation to promote maternity; patriotic duty and female submission to marriage, home and children's education. The falling birth rate appeared to be a grave problem to Vichy, which introduced family allowances and opposed birth control and abortion. Conditions were very difficult for housewives, as food was short as well as most necessities. Mother's Day became a major date in the Vichy calendar, with festivities in the towns and schools featuring the award of medals to mothers of numerous children. Divorce laws were made much more stringent, and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women. Family allowances, which had begun in the 1930s, were continued and became a vital lifeline for many families as a monthly cash bonus for having more children. In 1942, the birth rate started to rise, and

3964: 856: 3646:

Nouailhetas to use the port and railway. The suggestion was accepted by the British government but because of the concessions granted to the Vichy regime in Syria, proposals were made to invade the colony instead. In June, Nouailhetas was given an ultimatum, the blockade was tightened and the Italian garrison at Assab was defeated by an operation from Aden. For six months, Nouailhetas remained willing to grant concessions over the port and railway but would not tolerate Free French interference. In October, the blockade was reviewed, but the beginning of the war against Japan in December led to all but two blockade ships being withdrawn. On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade but the British refused and ended the blockade unilaterally in March.

2508: 2375: 4210: 4969: 2265:

Joan's example literally, saying: "Some of the most notable heroes in our history have been women. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation. They are destined to tend to the running of the household ... It is in love that our future mothers will find the strength to practise those virtues which best befit their sex and their condition". Exemplifying Vichy propaganda's synthesis of Joan the warrior and Joan the dutiful woman, Anne-Marie Hussenot, speaking at the school at Uriage, stated: "a woman should remember that, in the case of Joan of Arc, or other illustrious women throughout the exceptional mission that was confided to them, they first of all performed humbly and simply their woman's role".

5483: 2418: 4730: 1793: 1777: 162: 5353: 734: 693: 5129: 3056: 2113: 752: 3143: 2646: 6101:

Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession. The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population, a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Germans or volunteering to fight alongside them. The Walloon population, in turn, led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of

19644: 5498:) on 8 November 1942. Following the conclusion of the operation on 12 November, Vichy's remaining military forces were disbanded. Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944. On 7 September 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a 284: 5378: 5677: 5784:. In as much as blanket rescission of all acts taken by Vichy, including measures that might have been taken by a legitimate republican government, was deemed impractical, the order provided that acts not expressly noted as nullified in the order were to continue to receive "provisional application". Many acts were explicitly repealed, including all acts that Vichy had called "constitutional acts", all acts that discriminated against Jews, all acts related to so-called "secret societies" (such as 25: 5174:, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942. "France, on that day , committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state". 3591: 5669: 3780: 244: 3393:, the local administrator and bishop sided with Vichy but faced opposition from some of the population and clergy; their attempts at naming a local king in 1941 to buffer the territory from their opponents backfired as the newly elected king refused to declare allegiance to Pétain. The situation stagnated for a long while due to the remoteness of the islands and because no overseas ship visited the islands for 17 months after January 1941. An 148: 6260: 5825: 4749: 4512: 1704: 5394:

economy was not a success, as German demands grew heavier and more unrealistic, passive resistance and inefficiencies multiplied and Allied bombers hit the rail yards. Vichy made the first comprehensive long-range plans for the French economy, but the government had never attempted a comprehensive overview. De Gaulle's provisional government in 1944–45 quietly used the Vichy plans as a base for its own reconstruction program. The

1994:

debated the circumstances of the vote by the National Assembly of the Third Republic granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, a former prime minister in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship

6275: 1390: 2660: 794: 776: 675: 2457: 5590: 2801: 4404:

departments. The Vichy Minister of Interior wrote in 1942; "I am advised that the Travailleurs Étrangers...continue to be mobilization centres on behalf of the revolution. The responsible leaders of the communist activities have been recruiting among the Spanish Republicans...who, during the civil war in their own country, showed that they are capable of furnishing the core of an insurrectionary army".

1405: 2233:("deep France", denoting profoundly French aspects of French culture) still existed, and that the French people needed to return to what Pétain insisted was their true identity. Alongside this claim for a moral revolution was Pétain's call for France to turn inwards and to withdraw from the world, which Pétain always portrayed as a hostile and threatening place full of endless dangers for the French. 2472:

remaining two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ostensibly, the Vichy French government administered the whole of France (excluding Alsace-Lorraine), including Overseas Vichy France-North Africa.

4598:), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent". The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary 4871:, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons, unaware of the upcoming danger and assisted by the police, presented themselves at police stations in accordance with the military order. The registered information was then centralised by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the 5416:. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasant conditions of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. The workers finally returned home in the summer of 1945. The forced labour draft encouraged the French Resistance and undermined the Vichy government. 8924:

titre originaire ; la loi du 22 juillet 1940 établit un processus de révision des naturalisations acquises depuis 1927 ; enfin, la loi du 16 août 1940 réorganise la profession médicale et stipule que « nul ne peut exercer la profession de médecin en France s'il ne possède la nationalité française à titre originaire comme étant né de père français ».

2328:" and the relentless "eternal enemy" of France whose ruthlessness knew no bounds. Joan of Arc, who had fought against England, was made into the symbol of France partly for that reason. The chief themes of Vichy Anglophobia were British "selfishness" in using and then abandoning France after instigating wars, British "treachery" and British plans to take over 2023:'s attempts in London to dissuade them; only the German occupation of all of France in November 1942 ended diplomatic recognition. Supporters of Vichy point out that the grant of governmental powers was voted by a joint session of both chambers of the Third Republic Parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies) in keeping with the constitutional law. 1604:. In October 1940, during meeting with Adolf Hitler in Montoire sur le Loire, Petain officially announced the policy of collaboration with Germany while maintaining overall neutrality in the war, believing that improving relations with Germany would have been the only viable option to save France and preserve for it a dignified place within the context of 2443:

French territory, particularly as Hitler turned his attention toward Britain, which did not surrender and fought on against Germany. Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British the use of those territories was to maintain France's status as a

2746:

Blum, who voted no, wrote three months later that Laval's "obvious objective was to cut all the roots that bound France to its republican and revolutionary past. His 'national revolution' was to be a counter-revolution eliminating all the progress and human rights won in the last one hundred and fifty years". The minority of mostly

2313:, which was said to have destroyed French society and to have brought about the defeat of 1940. Such a harsh critique of French society could generate only so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via 9810: 5090:, less than half of them with French citizenship (the others being foreign, mostly exiles from Germany during the 1930s). About 200,000 of them, and the large majority of foreign Jews, resided in Paris and its outskirts. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native from Central Europe, had been 1625:) on young Frenchmen. The Vichy government tried to negotiate with Germany for the early release of the French prisoners of war. French soldiers were kept hostage to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to 215: 5102:, this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate). Paxton's numbers imply that 14,000 Jews died in French concentration camps, but the systematic census of Jewish deportees from France (citizens or not) drawn under 219: 1833:(French State). Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France"; "Vichy regime"; "government of Vichy"; or, in context, simply "Vichy". 218: 217: 7951:

L'Assemblée Nationale donne les plein pouvoirs au gouvernement de la République, sous l'autorité et la signature du maréchal Pétain, à l'effet de promulguer par un ou plusieurs actes une nouvelle Constitution de l'État français. Cette Constitution doit garantir les droits du travail, de la famille et

6100:

Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands, but the situation in

5434:

and hostility to state management of the food supply. The Germans seized about 20% of the French food production, causing severe disruption to the French household economy. French farm production fell by half because of lack of fuel, fertiliser and workers. Even so, the Germans seized half the meat,

5398:

of 1946 reaped the heritage of previous efforts at planning in the 1930s, Vichy, the Resistance, and the Provisional Government. Monnet's plan to modernise the economy was designed to improve the country's competitive position so as to prepare it for participation in an open multilateral system and,

5114:

Proportionally, either number makes for a lower death toll than in some other countries (in the Netherlands, 75% of the Jewish population was murdered). This fact has been used as arguments by supporters of Vichy; according to Paxton, the figure would have been greatly lower if the "French state" had

5018:

and shipped by rail to Auschwitz. Most of the victims died en route due to lack of food or water. The remaining survivors were sent to the gas chambers. This action alone represented more than a quarter of the 42,000 French Jews sent to concentration camps in 1942, of whom only 811 would return after

4403:

Suspicions had been raised among prefects and police officials by the Vichy Minister of Interior as to the intentions of the men working within the camps. Many were suspected of retaining ties to anti-fascist groups as well as the burgeoning maquis and resistance groups, in particular in the southern

2471:

As per the terms of the Franco-German armistice of June 22, 1940, Nazi Germany effectively annexed the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine while the German army occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the

5451:

The two million French soldiers held as prisoners-of-war and forced labourers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat, but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support

5438:

Some people, including German soldiers, benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers especially diverted meat to the black market and so there was much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from

5407:

Nazi Germany kept French prisoners-of-war as forced labourers throughout the war. They added compulsory and volunteer workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government to pass a law in September 1942 that effectively deported workers to

5385:

Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled labourer and small businessman. In practice, the needs of artisans for raw materials were neglected in favour of big businesses. The General Committee for the Organization of Commerce (CGOC) was a national program to modernise and professionalise small business. In

5185:

and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this," Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German" was directly involved," he added. Macron was even more specific than Chirac had been in stating that the Government during the War

5119:

of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of children, against explicit German orders. Paxton pointed out that if the total number of victims had not been higher, it was due to the shortage in wagons, the resistance of the civilian population, and deportation in other countries (notably in Italy).

2795:

The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. This constitution must guarantee the rights of labour, of family and of the

2783:

Out of a total of 544 Deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 senators, only 235 voted. Of these, 357 deputies voted in favour of Pétain and 57 against, while 212 senators voted for Pétain, and 23 against. Thus, Pétain was approved by 65% of all deputies and 70% of all senators. Although

2745:

Most legislators believed that democracy would continue, albeit with a new constitution. Although Laval said on 6 July that "parliamentary democracy has lost the war; it must disappear, ceding its place to an authoritarian, hierarchical, national and social regime", the majority trusted Pétain. Léon

2626:

The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. The French regarded this as a "dishonourable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany

2264:

declared "the Voices did speak!" in contrast with republican school texts, which had strongly implied Joan was mentally ill. Vichy instructors sometimes struggled to square Joan's military heroism with the classical virtues of womanhood, with one school textbook insisting that girls ought not follow

5435:

20% of the produce and 2% of the champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores, which lacked most items. The government answered by rationing, but German officials set the policies, and hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops.

5364:

Labour unions came under tight government control. There were no elections. The independence of women was reversed, with an emphasis put on motherhood. Government agencies had to fire married women employees. Conservative Catholics became prominent. Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art

3158:

made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and from outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan, the French allowed the Japanese to set up military bases in Indochina. That seemingly-subservient behaviour convinced Major-General

2548:

was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. Despite the influx of trained soldiers from the colonial forces (reduced in size in accordance with the armistice), there was a shortage of volunteers. As a result, 30,000 men of the class of 1939 were retained to fill the quota. In

2460:

The map clearly shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi Germany effectively annexed Alsace Lorraine and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining

2280:

were all Anglophobes. As early as February 1936, Pétain had told the Italian Ambassador to France that "England has always been France's most implacable enemy" and went on to say that France had "two hereditary enemies", namely Germany and Britain, with the latter being easily the more dangerous of

1993:

appointed prime minister by President Lebrun on 16 June 1940 and he was legally within his rights to sign the armistice with Germany; however, his decision to ask the National Assembly to dissolve itself while granting him dictatorial powers has been more controversial. Historians have particularly

1920:

never annexed the region. The Reich government at the time was not interested in attempting to enforce piecemeal annexations in the West although it later annexed Luxembourg; it operated under the assumption that Germany's new western border would be determined in peace negotiations, which would be

6717:

Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.

6236:

Though it is certain that the Vichy government and many of its top administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such co-operation is still debated. Compared with the Jewish communities established in other countries invaded by Germany, French Jews suffered

5779:

The provisional government considered the Vichy government to have been unconstitutional and all of its actions therefore without legitimate authority. All "constitutional acts, legislative or regulatory" taken by the Vichy government, as well as decrees taken to implement them, were declared null

5442:

Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1013 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by

5360:

Vichy authorities strongly opposed "modern" social trends and tried "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. Philip Manow argued that, "Vichy represents the authoritarian, antidemocratic solution that the French political right, in coalition with the

5150:

instituted a new French State during the war and that the Republic had been reestablished when the war was over. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it had not existed and that had been carried out by a State it did not recognise. For example, former

4643:

demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944. "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million

4047:

to gain the support of the civilian population. On 30 October 1940, Pétain made state collaboration official, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration." On 22 June 1942, Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany". The sincere desire to collaborate did

2843:

Pétain was a reactionary by nature and education, despite his status as a hero of the Third Republic during World War I. Almost as soon as he was granted full powers, Pétain began blaming the Third Republic's democracy and endemic corruption for France's humiliating defeat by Germany. Accordingly,

2486:

Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners-of-war and sent them to camps in Germany. About a third had been released on various terms by 1944. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. The privates were first

2409:

While the debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times to avoid capture by advancing German forces and finally reached Bordeaux. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In those chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the

5393:

In 1940, the government took direct control of all production, which was synchronised with German demands. It replaced free trade unions with compulsory state unions that dictated labour policy without regard to the voice or needs of the workers. The centralised bureaucratic control of the French

4945:

Along with many French police officials, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before

2552:

The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armoured vehicles and was desperately short of motorised transport, a particular problem for cavalry units. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the

220: 8923:

Dès juillet 1940, paraissent donc de nouveaux textes qui vont constituer un arsenal législatif antijuif visant en particulier les médecins juifs : la loi du 17 juillet 1940 stipule que, désormais, pour être employé par une administration publique, il faut posséder la nationalité française à

6214:

Historiographical debates are still passionate and oppose different views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy. Firstly, the Gaullist period aimed at

5455:

Meanwhile, the Vichy regime promoted a highly-traditional model of female roles. The National Revolution's official ideology fostered the patriarchal family, headed by a man with a subservient wife, who was devoted to her many children. It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national

3705:

The additional participation of Free French forces in the Syrian operation was controversial within Allied circles. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Additionally it was believed that the Free French were widely reviled within Vichy military

2973:

hoped to use American influence to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Washington also hoped to encourage Vichy to resist German war demands, such as for air bases in French-mandated Syria or moving war supplies through French territories in

2442:

had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from North Africa and that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering

1921:

attended by all of the Western Allies and thus producing a frontier that would be recognised by all of the major powers. Since Hitler's overall territorial ambitions were not limited to recovering Alsace-Lorraine, and Britain was never brought to terms, those peace negotiations never took place.

1764:. As the last French prime minister he blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany, rather than military weakness. He set up an authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with 5696:

was selected by the Germans to establish a pseudo-government in exile at Sigmaringen. Pétain refused to participate further and the Sigmaringen operation had little to no authority. The offices used the official title "French Government Commission for the Defense of National Interests" (French:

3645:

Wavell considered that if British pressure was applied, a rally would appear to have been coerced. Wavell preferred to let the propaganda continue and provided a small amount of supplies under strict control. When the policy had no effect, Wavell suggested negotiations with Vichy governor Louis

5106:

concluded that 3,000 had died in French concentration camps and 1,000 more had been shot. Of the approximately 76,000 deported, 2,566 survived. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940). Over half of the Jews

4123:

used their position to push various state, administrative, and economic reforms. These reforms have been cited as evidence of a continuity of the French administration before and after the war. Many of these civil servants and the reforms they advocated were retained after the war. Just as the

2014:

wrote, "There seems little doubt... that at the beginning Vichy was both legal and legitimate". He stated that if legitimacy comes from popular support, Pétain's massive popularity in France until 1942 made his government legitimate, and if legitimacy comes from diplomatic recognition, over 40

4694:

The conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to ensure order. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their

2019:'s Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates (16 June, 23 June and 10 July) for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule, implying that at least for some time, Vichy was still legitimate. Countries recognised the Vichy government despite 5463:

On the other side, women of the Resistance, many of whom were associated with combat groups linked to the French Communist Party, broke the gender barrier by fighting side by side with men. After the war, this was considered to have been a mistake, but France did give women the vote in 1944.

3606:, had a garrison of seven battalions of Senegalese and Somali infantry, three batteries of field guns, four batteries of anti-aircraft guns, a company of light tanks, four companies of militia and irregulars, two platoons of the camel corps and an assortment of aircraft. After visiting from 3008:

of the combined Allied command made Darlan sign on 22 November 1942 a treaty putting "North Africa at the disposition of the Americans" and making France "a vassal country". Washington then imagined, between 1941 and 1942, a protectorate status for France, which would be submitted after the

5748:

ordered his forces to take Sigmaringen. The end came within days, and by the 26th, Pétain was in the hands of French authorities in Switzerland while Laval had fled to Spain. Brinon, Luchaire, and Darnand were captured, tried, and executed by 1947. Other members escaped to Italy or Spain.

4369:

national) could also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. As the Wehrmacht advanced into Northern France, common prisoners evacuated from prisons were also interned in these camps. Camp Gurs received its first contingent of political prisoners in June 1940. It included left-wing activists

3242:, declared that the French colonies in India would continue to fight with the British allies. Free French forces from that area and others participated in the Western Desert campaign, although news of the death of French-Indian soldiers caused some disturbances in Pondicherry. The French 9807: 1640:

Most of the French public initially supported the regime, but opinion turned against the Vichy government and the occupying German forces as the war dragged on and living conditions in France worsened. Open opposition intensified as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. The

5740:

The Commission lasted for seven months, surviving Allied bombing runs, poor nutrition and housing, and a bitterly cold winter where temperatures plunged to −30 °C (−22 °F), while residents nervously watched the advancing Allied troops drawing closer and discussed rumours.

4875:, "this filing system is subdivided into files alphabetically classed, Jewish with French nationality and foreign Jewish having files of different colours, and the files were also classed, according to profession, nationality and street ". These files were then handed over to 2902:

There were five governments during the tenure of the Vichy regime, starting with the continuation of Pétain's position from the Third Republic, which dissolved itself and handed him full powers, leaving Pétain in absolute control of the new, "French State" as Pétain named it.

4043:) interview in Hitler's train on 24 October 1940, during which Pétain and Hitler shook hands and agreed on co-operation between the two states. Organised by Pierre Laval, a strong proponent of collaboration, the interview and the handshake were photographed and exploited by 3771:

initiated co-operation with the Allies, who recognised Darlan's self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (head of civil government) for North and West Africa. He ordered Vichy forces there to cease resisting and to co-operate with the Allies, and they did so. When the

2447:

independent and neutral nation and to send a message to Britain that it was alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral. However, German espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France.

2179:(French for the English word "I"), portrayed himself as a Christ-like figure sacrificing himself for France and assuming a God-like tone of a semi-omniscient narrator who knew truths about the world that the rest of the French did not. To justify the Vichy ideology of the 6108:

The proportion of collaborators was also higher in Norway, and collaboration occurred on a larger scale in the Netherlands (as in Flanders), based partly on linguistic and cultural commonality with Germany. The internments in Norway and the Netherlands, meanwhile, were

5881:, Fresnes prison or the Drancy internment camp. Women who were suspected of having romantic liaisons with Germans or more often of being prostitutes who had entertained German customers were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the 5361:

national Church hierarchy, had sought repeatedly during the interwar period and almost put in place in 1934". Calling for "National Regeneration", Vichy reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, with central planning as a key feature.

3167:, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a campaign by the Thai military to recover parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand by France in the early 20th century. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with 2414:, who headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all of Metropolitan France, the French fleet, or any of the French overseas territories. The Germans did not, however, make any of those demands. 2738:, to grant full and extraordinary powers to Pétain. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new constitution. By Act No. 2 on the following day, Pétain defined his own powers and abrogated any Third Republic laws that were in conflict with them. ( 2358:

to portray the British as a racially degenerate "mixed race" working for Jewish capitalists, in contrast to the "racially pure" peoples on the continent of Europe who were building a "New Order". In an interview conducted by Béraud with Admiral Darlan published in

3179:

over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty, which returned the disputed territory to Thai control. The French were left in place to administer the rump colony of Indochina until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese staged a

2257:

by René Jeanneret was required reading, and the anniversary of Joan's death became an occasion for school speeches commemorating her martyrdom. Joan's encounter with angelic voices, according to Catholic tradition, were presented as literal history. The textbook

2397:

on 10 May 1940. Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent. Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. Many officials, including Prime Minister

4941:

The police oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting in February 1942. They also enforced requirements that Jews not appear in public places and ride only on the last car of the Parisian metro.

3843:

Henri Giraud arrived in Algiers on 10 November 1942 and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the French Africa army commander. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including

3063:

The British feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining North Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the

3428:

in 1941 to enable private trans-Atlantic communications was blocked after pressure by Roosevelt. On 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from

2487:

sent to "Stalag" camps for processing and were then put to work. About half of them worked in German agriculture, where food rations were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.

4695:

savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.

3439:, on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy-supporting government on 22 March 1943, shortly after eight allied ships had been sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana, and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March. 3074:, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into German hands but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far-away French colonies such as in the West Indies. That did not satisfy 1945:

and pointedly the customs posts separating France from Germany were placed back where they had been between 1871 and 1918. Similarly, a sliver of French territory in the Alps was under direct Italian administration from June 1940 to September 1943.

9756: 4685:

The German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be

3832:, who refused to recognise Darlan's status. After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice with France and invaded Vichy France on 10 November 1942 in the operation code-named 2553:

general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as

9959: 5800:

The Provisional Government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected not later than 1939.

4229:

Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice, as long as public order was maintained. As soon as it was established, Pétain's government voluntarily took measures against "undesirables":

3759:), started on 8 November 1942, with landings in Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian forces from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean and prepare for an invasion of Italy in 1943. The 2410:

upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany with the understanding that if Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively-harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight. General

9427:

French: « ce fichier se subdivise en fichier simplement alphabétique, les Juifs de nationalité française et étrangère ayant respectivement des fiches de couleur différentes, et des fichiers professionnels par nationalité et par

4623:

and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported an 11 October 1946 law instituting

2872:), composed of notables from the countryside and the provinces, was instituted under the same conditions. Despite the clear authoritarian cast of Pétain's government, he did not formally institute a one-party state, maintained the 214: 4494:

Vichy also enacted racial laws in its territories in North Africa. "The history of the Holocaust in France's three North African colonies (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) is intrinsically tied to France's fate during this period."

15112: 2719:

to Pétain. They used every means available, such as promising ministerial posts to some and threatening and intimidating others. They were aided by the absence of popular, charismatic figures who might have opposed them, such as

2461:

two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain.

4030:

Historians distinguish between state collaboration followed by the Vichy regime, and "collaborationists", who were private French citizens eager to collaborate with Germany and who pushed towards a radicalisation of the regime.

1579:

At Vichy, Pétain established an authoritarian government that reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy. Conservative Catholics became prominent. The media were tightly controlled and promoted

1928:, replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to the region, but the restrictions were never thoroughly enforced and were basically abandoned following the 15710: 2402:, wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa and to continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and Commander-in-Chief General 216: 16276: 4183:(GMR, Reserve Mobile Groups), is another example of Vichy policy reform and restructuring maintained by subsequent governments. A national paramilitary police force, the GMR was occasionally used in actions against the 3401:

took over Wallis on behalf of the Free French on 27 May 1942 and Futuna on 29 May 1942. That allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations.

3883:

to counsel Giraud and to press him to repeal the Vichy laws. After difficult negotiations, Giraud agreed to suppress the racist laws and to liberate Vichy prisoners from the southern Algerian concentration camps. The

6018:

commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police, some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out, in particular concerning the events of the

2580:

after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast, the Milice continued to collaborate, and its members were subject to reprisals after the

13183: 13143: 13210: 13069: 13815: 3638:. The British changed policy, with encouragement from the Free French, to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a "voluntary ralliement" by propaganda ( 3544:

in response to the attack on Dakar. Shaken by the resolute Vichy defence and not wanting to further escalate the conflict, British and Free French forces withdrew on 25 September, bringing the battle to an end.

8159: 15715: 2539:

The exact strength of the Vichy French Metropolitan Army was set at 3,768 officers, 15,072 non-commissioned officers, and 75,360 men. All members had to be volunteers. In addition to the army, the size of the

1560:. By mid-June, the military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that it would lose the battle for Metropolitan France. The French government began to discuss the possibility of an armistice. 2549:

early 1942 those conscripts were released, but there were still not enough men. That shortage remained until the regime's dissolution, despite Vichy appeals to the Germans for a regular form of conscription.

15740: 855: 13364: 3622:

in June, the neutralisation of Vichy French colonies allowed the Italians to concentrate on the more lightly defended British Somaliland. On 23 July, Legentilhomme was ousted by the pro-Vichy naval officer

15105: 13620: 4073:

movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise", and many people of his persuasion believed it preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of

3856:. Numerous Jewish children were prohibited from going to school, which even Vichy had not implemented in Metropolitan France. Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist 13178: 9738: 4396:" (National Revolution), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that, as historian Maurice Rajsfus writes, "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the 2365:

newspaper in 1941, Darlan was quoted as saying that if the "New Order" failed in Europe, it would mean "here in France, the return to power of the Jews and Freemasons subservient to Anglo-Saxon policy".

8212: 2108:

rejects the idea that Vichy France was fascist, noting that "Pétain refused to create a single party state, avoided getting France involved in a new war, hated modernization, and supported the Church".

15745: 15725: 6041:

who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms. Some of them were given the option of doing time in

2588:

Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the armistice, but in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy still had nearly 150,000 men under arms. There were about 55,000 in

9941: 3460:

facilities from the Americans on the basis that it could be "acquired" at any time if needed. In July 1943, Free French sympathisers on the island took control of the gold and the fleet once Admiral

1954:, who coordinated raids with the Nazis. German laws took precedence over French laws in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators. 4906:

of French Jewish citizens. The law excluded Jews from the administration, the armed forces, entertainment, arts, media, and certain professions, such as teaching, law, and medicine. The next day, a

13193: 2428:

Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President

15098: 13643: 6822: 5186:

was certainly that of France. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."

13340: 15750: 1981:

Vichy's claim to be the legitimate French government was denied by Free France and by all subsequent French governments after the war. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by

13290: 9319: 6810:

Simultaneously, the French delegates at Wiesbaden were working to reach endurable levels of occupation costs, the early release of prisoners of war, and the return of the government to Paris.

6113:

and rather indiscriminate: there was a brief internment peak in these countries since internment was used partly for the purpose of separating collaborationists from others. Norway ended up

5529:, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralised within 15 hours by a 400-strong French resistance force. Roosevelt and Churchill accepted Darlan, rather than 5509:

Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General

3360:, where he took control on 19 September. Its location on the edge of the Coral Sea and on the flank of Australia made New Caledonia become strategically critical in the effort to combat the 2953:, as well as the United States and the Soviet Union. During the war, Vichy France conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents and was an example of 15828: 15705: 14411: 1518: 719: 698: 13324: 10129:

Philip Manow, "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime". Journal of European Social Policy 25.1 (2015): 32–49.

9879: 2436:

was signed on 22 June 1940. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided.

2251:

also fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. Under the Vichy regime, the school textbook

15735: 5387: 5189:

Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."

2808:

The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940 granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (

2974:

North Africa. The US position was essentially that unless explicitly required by the armistice terms, France should take no action that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war.

1611:

The Vichy government believed that with its policy of collaboration, it could have extracted significant concessions from Germany and avoid harsh terms in the peace treaty. Germany kept

8267: 12262:. (Comparative study of anti-Jewish policy implemented by the government in Nazi-Germany, by German occupational forces in France and by the semi-autonomic French government in Vichy) 3536:

was heavily damaged by torpedoes, and Free French troops landing at a beach south of the port were driven off by heavy fire. Even worse from a strategic point of view, bombers of the

6720:

Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...

5212: 4105: 11373:

Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941

5049:

near Aix-en-Provence before arriving at Drancy. Then, on 22, 23, and 24 January 1943, assisted by Bousquet's police force, the Germans organised a raid in Marseilles. During the

3614:

decided that Legentilhomme would command the military forces in both Somalilands in case of war against Italy. In June, an Italian force was assembled to capture the port city of

13276: 4260:'s conception of the "Anti-France" (which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons, and foreigners"), Vichy persecuted these supposed enemies. 4035:, on the other hand, were direct supporters of Marshal Pétain rather than of Germany (although they accepted Pétain's state collaboration). State collaboration was sealed by the 2344:

in September 1940. Typical of Vichy anti-British propaganda was the widely distributed pamphlet published in August 1940 and written by self-proclaimed "professional Anglophobe"

6956:(literally 'in spite of us' or 'against our wishes') was the name given to those inhabitants of the Alsace-Lorraine region forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS. 4635:

The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls (

14017: 2880:. Pétain excluded fascists from office in his government, and by and large, his cabinet comprised "February 6 men" (members of the "National Union government" formed after the 16236: 16055: 15960: 12818: 10787: 6694: 5533:, as the French leader in North Africa. De Gaulle had not even been informed of the landing in North Africa. The United States also resented the Free French taking control of 4187:, but its main purpose was to enforce Vichy authority through intimidation and repression of the civilian population. After Liberation, some of its units were merged with the 11035: 6114: 5439:

farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common although those activities were strictly forbidden and thus carried the risk of confiscation and fines.

2734:

on their way to North Africa and exile. On 10 July the National Assembly, comprising both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80, with 20 voluntary

4411:, and Romani. Social undesirables such as homosexuals, and prostitutes were also interned. Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on 5 October 1940, in 13304: 10927: 10818: 4644:

francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the German Occupation on the nation's resources. By way of comparison, the whole

4092: 2406:, insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people; they called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. 14265: 6233:, a civil servant in Bordeaux who had been in charge of "Jewish affairs" during the war and was convicted after a very long trial (1981–1998) for crimes against humanity. 5023:) had directed the action, French police authorities vigorously participated. "There was no effective police resistance until the end of Spring of 1944", wrote historians 4253: 3879:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander-in-chief, who was more qualified militarily. Later, the Americans sent 3281:'s agreement, organised "Operation Bobcat" to send nine ships with 5000 American soldiers to build a naval refuelling base and airstrip and set up coastal defence guns on 3456:

in June 1940. The island was blockaded by the British navy until an agreement was reached to immobilise French ships in port. The British used the gold as collateral for

18215: 12240: 11138: 4863:

of Paris, a filing system registering Jewish people was created. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the

3911:, which unified the Free French Forces and territories controlled by them and had been founded in late 1943. Democratic rule for the European population was restored in 3246:

joined the Free French in 1940 or in one case in 1942. They later served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces.

17960: 9715: 8111: 7023: 4271:. Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalised. This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment in the 17561: 13866: 13653: 9918: 8156: 3979: 13844: 13269: 11918: 2295:, Vichy needed to portray the French declaration of war on Germany as a hideous mistake and the French society under the Third Republic as degenerate and rotten. The 20426: 19566: 17577: 16251: 13283: 11233: 9443: 2836:("forced labor in perpetuity"). Reynaud was arrested in September 1940 by the Vichy government and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1941, before the opening of the 1836:

The territory under the control of the French State was based in the city of Vichy, in the unoccupied southern portion of Metropolitan France. This was south of the

11172: 9838: 2933: 2844:

his government soon began taking on authoritarian characteristics. Democratic liberties and guarantees were immediately suspended. The crime of "crime of opinion" (

20819: 16086: 15663: 15524: 15514: 15479: 14484: 13711: 12252:

Staaten als Täter. Ministerialbürokratie und 'Judenpolitik' in NS-Deutschland und Vichy-Frankreich. Ein Vergleich. Preface by Horst Möller and Georges-Henri Soutou

4606: 17904: 4468:, which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim of obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons for the use of Nazi professor 2576:(militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance. Members of the regular army could thus defect to the 20206: 17500: 17472: 16616: 14871: 13297: 5901:(GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order, and brought collaborationists before the courts. Many convicted collaborationists were then given amnesty under the 4055:

who felt that France's unfortunate fate was a result of its republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s, in particular of the

2243:

as the national symbol of France under Vichy, as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal, and the image of Joan as a devout

2216:

values – locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism". Pétain argued that rescuing the French people from

9051: 3674:, intervened in the fighting in small numbers. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. Consequently, on 8 June, British and 2004:, notably by the United States and several other major Allied powers. Diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom had been severed since 8 July 1940 after the 20849: 19545: 18224: 17911: 17038: 15818: 13820: 13678: 13318: 12477: 10068: 8216: 6623: 6093:, who estimated the number to be around 10,000, which is also the figure accepted today by mainstream historians. Approximately 9,000 of these 10,000 refer to 5315:

Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944.

4681:". In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel had added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing the following: 4609:", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to ensure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular with regard to 3634:

In March 1941, the British enforcement of a strict contraband regime to prevent supplies being passed on to the Italians, lost its point after the conquest of

11839: 9119: 5326: 2320:

No other nation was attacked as frequently and violently as Britain was in Vichy propaganda. In Pétain's radio speeches, Britain was always portrayed as the "

18527: 17890: 17192: 16817: 16121: 15504: 13333: 12793: 6450: 5721:

Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian consulate. The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers

1932:, which had the effect of turning German territorial ambitions almost exclusively to the East. German troops guarding the boundary line of the northeastern 11125: 6697:[Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944]. 2640: 1668:

in April 1945. Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life imprisonment by

821:

Although the French Republic's institutions were officially maintained, the word "Republic" never occurred in any official document of the Vichy government.

17533: 17479: 16665: 15509: 15499: 14583: 13968: 11771: 4361:

started with France's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939, these camps were used to intern enemy aliens. These included German Jews and

3714:

was forced to agree to a joint British and Free French proclamation promising that Syria and Lebanon would become fully independent at the end of the war.

12462: 11636:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 8959: 4144:(CNR), which gathered all Resistance movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a primary instrument in the establishment of post-war 20854: 17997: 17486: 17102: 15489: 15484: 5769: 5541:

believed, it interfered with a U.S.–Vichy agreement to maintain the status quo with respect to French territorial possessions in the western hemisphere.

3706:

circles and that Vichy forces in Syria were less likely to resist the British if they were not accompanied by elements of the Free French. Nevertheless,

3352:

promptly declared allegiance to the Free French on 20 July, the first colonial head to do so. The outcome was decided by a combination of patriotism and

3033: 3018: 2570:

The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving that role to the Vichy

2105: 1433: 9828:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)" 9243: 5166:

The first official admission that the French State had been complicit in the deportation of 76,000 Jews during WW II was made in 1995 by then President

4710: 283: 16512: 13594: 13255: 9336: 9110: 8330: 5024: 4907: 3010: 1592:. The terms of the armistice allowed some degree of independence, France was officially declared as neutral country, and the Vichy government kept the 12348: 9808:

Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)

9314: 8808: 17883: 17323: 17199: 16195: 15474: 15353: 15033: 14493: 13262: 13248: 13126: 13111: 12637: 9556: 6695:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944" 6571: 5430:

Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods. The rationing system was stringent and badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment,

4589: 4476: 4163: 3975: 3958: 3541: 3048:, Canada, despite being at war with the Axis since 1939, maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until early November 1942, when 2818:

as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto,

1498: 397: 5229: 2814:), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July, Pétain designated Laval as vice-president and his designated successor and appointed 17176: 16556: 16338: 15990: 14956: 14854: 12803: 10900: 6586: 5261:

to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Examples are the

3919: 3853: 3079: 10953: 6010:

Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets; they often had their hair cut off as a form of humiliation.

4217: 3989: 2354:("Should England Be Reduced to Slavery?"); the question in the title was merely rhetorical. Additionally, Vichy mixed Anglophobia with racism and 17613: 16925: 14859: 14842: 9863: 6576: 6249: 3238:. The colonies were small and non-contiguous but politically united. Immediately after the fall of France, the Governor General of French India, 2751: 1780:

Metropolitan/continental France under German occupation (Germans occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942 – Operation

13625: 12808: 9217: 9191: 9165: 9139: 4934: 4353:

was founded in 1939 for this use; it later became the central transit camp through which all deportees passed on their way to concentration and

3529:). After attempts to encourage them to join the Allies were rebuffed by the defenders, fierce fighting erupted between Vichy and Allied forces. 3040:

Moscow maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy government until 30 June 1941, when they were broken by Vichy expressing support for

1848:, which was "an integral part of Vichy", with antisemitic policies implemented in Vichy France also being implemented here. This was called the 20839: 17432: 16734: 14621: 13987: 12979: 12513: 6596: 6000: 5234: 5204: 4714: 3725:, which the British feared Japanese forces might use as a base to disrupt trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. The initial landing at 19438: 14074: 11484: 9381: 6078: 3078:, who ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. Shortly after the armistice (22 June 1940), Britain conducted the 20532: 20098: 18231: 18194: 18171: 17685: 16607: 16577: 15862: 15363: 14988: 14221: 13227: 12612: 12489: 8259: 6006: 5898: 5773: 5763: 5553: 4678: 4629: 3028: 2765:

and all postwar French governments have contended that this vote by the National Assembly was illegal. Three main arguments are put forward:

1654: 1256: 783: 17946: 6652:, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944 but was never submitted or ratified. 4813: 4460:) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the 3556:, had to be occupied by military force between 27 October and 12 November 1940. On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of 2788:, the dubious circumstances of the vote explain why most French historians do not consider Vichy a complete continuity of the French state. 410: 18324: 18180: 18164: 18136: 17377: 16584: 16333: 15038: 14968: 14477: 12587: 6110: 4718: 4647: 3269:, with outlying islands reporting agreement in the following days. The vote was 5564 to 18 in favour of joining the Free French. After the 3013:(AMGOT) like Germany. After the assassination of Darlan on 24 December 1942, the Americans turned again towards Giraud to whom had rallied 8421: 5369:

wrote that Vichy "is notorious for its enactment of anti-Semitic laws and decrees, and these were all loyally enforced by the judiciary".

4785: 4192: 20804: 20794: 19081: 18148: 18060: 18004: 17967: 17242: 14681: 14676: 13188: 12964: 10996: 7659: 7241: 7202: 11469:

Manow, Philip. "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime".

11355:

Kocher, Adam, Adria K. Lawrence and Nuno P. Monteiro. 2018. "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation."

7764: 7093: 5494:

to occupy Corsica and then the rest of the unoccupied southern zone in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa (

5181:

denounced the country's role in the Holocaust in France and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for the 1942

2915:

was then head of government until April 1942, followed by Pierre Laval again until August 1944. The Vichy government fled into exile in

2433: 1600:

under French control, avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany. Despite heavy pressure, the Vichy government never joined the

18053: 16778: 14864: 14849: 12582: 9580: 8694: 8402: 7003: 3963: 3899:

in January 1943. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and

2961:

on 27 November 1942 to prevent its capture by the Axis. Washington at first granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral

5094:

French during the 1930s. Of the total, approximately 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported. According to historian

20759: 20754: 19871: 19559: 18187: 16570: 16528: 15885: 15055: 14546: 14245: 12642: 7871: 4792: 3133: 1676:, although many had participated in the deportation of Jews, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance. 11019: 10783: 6702: 6077:

Executions without trials and other forms of "mob justice" were harshly criticised immediately after the war, with circles close to

5045:

The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. 2,500 of them transited through the

3474:, also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors, before he fled back to Europe. 19408: 17220: 16994: 16757: 16623: 16434: 16362: 15897: 15131: 12959: 10876: 5877:

After the liberation, France was swept for a short period with a wave of executions of collaborationists. Some were brought to the

4282:

inaugurated by the Third Republic were immediately put to new use, ultimately becoming transit camps for the implementation of the

4048:

not stop the Vichy government from organising the arrest and even sometimes the execution of German spies entering the Vichy zone.

2705:

hub. Toulouse was too remote and had a left-wing reputation. Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use.

2697:, their provisional capital in central France. Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor 1941:

Nevertheless, effectively Alsace-Lorraine was annexed: German law applied to the region, its inhabitants were conscripted into the

105: 10810: 8289: 5356:

Vichy French zinc and aluminium coins made during the war circulated in both the German–occupied zone and Vichy's unoccupied zone.

2507: 19697: 18303: 18100: 17752: 17130: 16630: 16542: 16478: 16126: 16106: 16030: 15730: 15013: 14470: 14393: 14098: 13753: 13615: 12717: 12622: 10920: 10093:

Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.

6874: 6591: 6149: 4911: 3908: 3837: 3742: 2958: 2758:. The deputies and senators who voted to grant full powers to Pétain were condemned on an individual basis after the Liberation. 2481: 2378: 1938:

were withdrawn on the night of 17–18 December 1941, but the line remained in place on paper for the remainder of the occupation.

1689: 1612: 1426: 15847: 9029: 5155:

had maintained that the Vichy Government, not France's Republic, was responsible. This position was more recently reiterated by

161: 20869: 20799: 20744: 20739: 20246: 20231: 20148: 18506: 18018: 16861: 16399: 16101: 16096: 15975: 15805: 13825: 13749: 13160: 12554: 6237:

proportionately lighter losses, but in 1942, repression and deportations started to strike French Jews, not just foreign Jews.

5776:

quickly. The first action of the Provisional Government was to reestablish republican legality throughout Metropolitan France.

5074:, in charge of the German Police in France, made the trip from Paris and transmitted to Bousquet orders directly received from 4845:

A Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940 forced Jews of the occupied zone to declare themselves as such at a police station or

4799: 4498:

With regard to economic contribution to the German economy, it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid.

4475:

The Vichy government took a number of racially motivated measures. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the

3815: 602: 15823: 13784: 13721: 11135: 9699: 9361: 9284: 4483:

a number of French citizens, in particular Jews from Eastern Europe. Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers' Groups" (

4435:, was the largest internment camp in the Southeast of France; twenty-five hundred Jews were deported from there following the 2784:

Pétain could claim legality for himself, particularly in comparison with the essentially self-appointed leadership of Charles

20814: 19999: 19102: 19007: 18534: 18280: 18155: 17234: 17208: 17065: 16771: 16688: 15852: 15842: 15720: 14032: 13881: 13876: 13026: 12421: 12392: 12288: 12259: 12205: 12171: 12042: 11998: 11685: 11667: 11641: 11536: 11502: 11460: 11381: 11349: 11285: 11254: 10963: 10852: 10577: 10552: 10527: 10428: 10403: 10309: 10276: 10150: 10114: 10078: 10040: 9533: 9475: 8836:"Discretionary Power in the Hands of an Authoritarian State: A Study of Denaturalizations under the Vichy Regime (1940–1944)" 8794: 8704: 8531: 8115: 8020: 7913: 7836: 7758: 7653: 7342: 7284: 7235: 7196: 7087: 7049: 7020: 6857: 6753: 6240:

Robert Paxton has denuded this weak defence of crimes against humanity in his book Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order (1972)

5320: 4565: 3572:, was bombed and captured. The final Vichy troops in Gabon surrendered without any military confrontation with the Allies at 2189:. During his radio speeches, the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours as a time of 1076: 10761: 9902: 6014:

Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles

3289:(phonetic pronunciation of the naval acronym, CB, or Construction Battalion) efforts in the Pacific, and the Bora Bora base 2374: 2229:, which Pétain claimed the French had forgotten. Despite his highly-negative view of the Third Republic, Pétain argued that 2150:

would again unify the nation. The Vichy government's "francisque" insignia featured two symbols from the Gallic period: the

20630: 19335: 18742: 18628: 17793: 17253: 17249: 17227: 16831: 16050: 15940: 15890: 15050: 14301: 14059: 13871: 13138: 9989: 9786: 8669: 5999:

Other historians have distinguished the purges against intellectuals (Brasillach, Céline, etc.), industrialists, fighters (

4166:(INED) after the war and exists to this day. Another example is the creation of the national statistics institute, renamed 16136: 11230: 9437: 5482: 5365:

and culture. The media were tightly controlled and stressed virulent anti-Semitism and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism.

4781: 4209: 4141: 3888:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by Gaulle. 3376:) and Army in the South Pacific, and as a repair base for Allied vessels. New Caledonia contributed personnel both to the 2820: 2779:

The 1884 constitutional amendment making it unconstitutional to put into question the "republican form" of the government.

167: 20353: 20116: 19772: 19762: 19250: 18714: 18046: 18032: 17238: 16162: 15985: 15600: 14837: 14799: 11169: 10735: 10708: 10327:"L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française dans l'industrie Siderurgique Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale" 10187:

Zdatny, Steven M. (1986). "The Corporatist Word and the Modernist Deed: Artisans and Political Economy in Vichy France".

9827: 7803: 5945:'s first ordonnance instituting purge Commissions was enacted on 18 August 1943): judgements of collaborationists by the 4968: 1194: 38: 13215: 8358:"Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940: Entre légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy" 6474: 5330:

and cadets of the Légion, who had never seen battle but supported Pétain's régime. The name was then quickly changed to

4390:

and Germany. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French State" and the beginning of the implementation of the "

20201: 19459: 19328: 19206: 18784: 18499: 18450: 18208: 17763: 17008: 16847: 16695: 16549: 14998: 13002: 12067: 11947: 11566: 9073: 8246: 7987: 6943: 6628: 4721:

have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.

3361: 3105: 2950: 2702: 2417: 1910:

and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of

1521:

at first affected only the northern and western portions of the country, but in November 1942 the Germans and Italians

1419: 15668: 15519: 12969: 3222:

and severed diplomatic ties with the Vichy government only when it became clear that Vichy would not join the Allies.

2997:'s turn towards the Free Forces (he had been prime minister from February 1941 to April 1942) they played him against 2858:, and critics were frequently arrested. Elective bodies were replaced by nominated ones. The "municipalities" and the 2804:

1943 1 Franc coin. Front: "French State". Back: "Work Family Homeland". Symbolism on coinage was a propaganda vehicle.

1829:(French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From then on, the regime was referred to officially as the 20844: 20829: 20764: 20173: 20158: 19575: 18457: 18429: 18246: 17828: 17540: 17507: 16131: 15857: 14553: 14497: 13729: 13369: 13121: 13116: 13074: 13064: 12974: 12750: 12139: 12110: 12093: 12020: 11980: 11911: 11826: 11742: 11516: 11434: 11410: 11114: 9047: 9013: 8976: 8944: 8757: 8460: 8145: 8088: 7937: 6649: 5864: 4832: 4551: 3697: 3585: 3290: 3258: 2928: 2739: 2636: 2614:. Colonial forces were allowed to keep some armoured vehicles, though these were mostly "vintage" World War I tanks ( 2001: 1743: 1549: 1541: 1355: 561: 80: 16723: 16323: 14462: 14234: 13923: 12471: 6371:, head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux. Condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998. 5793: 5610: 5340: 4447:. In contrast, French colonial soldiers were interned by the Germans in French territory instead of being deported. 2272:. In part, Vichy's virulent Anglophobia was due to its leaders' personal dislike of the British, as Marshal Pétain, 20874: 20824: 20441: 20282: 20236: 19612: 18770: 18707: 17842: 17671: 16794: 16040: 15154: 15023: 14946: 13599: 13551: 13419: 12627: 12198:

Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée : comment 75 % des juifs de France ont échappé à la mort

12163: 11836: 11213: 6313: 6179:. He had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. In 1994, former Vichy official 5552:) and the departure of the Vichy leaders, the U.S., the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union finally recognised the 5298:

refers to those, primarily from the fascist right, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas

4729: 4420: 4387: 3875:

successor in French Africa with Allied support. That occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and

3181: 3137: 3082:, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations with Britain. The French squadron at 1308: 17348: 15836: 15090: 10055:

In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.

7737:

French Colonial Soldiers in German Prisoner-of-War Camps (1940–1945), Raffael Scheck, 2010, French History, p. 421

6148:

spent part of their postwar effort trying to bring them before the courts. Some collaborationists then joined the

5457: 4998:, the state railway company. The police arrested 13,152 Jews, including 4,051 children – which the 2888:) and mainstream politicians whose career prospects had been blocked by the triumph of the Popular Front in 1936. 2104:

modernizers, and concluded that genuinely fascist elements had only minor roles in most sectors. French historian

2015:

countries, including the United States, Canada, and China, recognised the Vichy government. According to Jackson,

1925: 20809: 20769: 19136: 18977: 18966: 18802: 18561: 18520: 18413: 18351: 17731: 17001: 16870: 16838: 16045: 16015: 15028: 14661: 14240: 13526: 12632: 11200: 9656: 6715:

Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist.

5477: 3865: 3322: 1377: 1095: 17518: 17086: 15337: 14626: 13013: 11768: 10705:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental" 10029:

Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.).

9468:

The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'

4439:. Exiled Republican, antifascist Spaniards who had sought refuge in France after the Nationalist victory in the 3941:(PPA). On the day of the Liberation of France, the GPRF would harshly repress a rebellion in Algeria during the 3415: 1776: 20461: 20036: 19522: 19494: 19372: 19165: 18402: 17853: 17779: 17568: 16939: 16658: 16563: 16448: 16200: 16025: 15970: 15302: 14931: 13397: 13392: 13092: 12607: 12459: 11705: 8677: 7828:

Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)

5846: 5734: 5431: 5107:

deported from France were from Paris, with the majority of these Parisian Jews being taken into custody by the

4770: 4533: 3729:

was relatively quick, though it took British forces a further six months to gain control of the entire island.

2589: 1907: 1903: 1792: 1725: 1616: 12449: 12055:

Culture, médias, pouvoirs aux Etats-Unis et en Europe occidentale, France, Italie, RFA, Royaume-Uni, 1945–1991

6353:, delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone", charged with crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942 6165: 5098:, 76,000 Jews were deported and died in concentration and extermination camps. Including the Jews who died in 4154:. An example of such continuities is the creation of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems by 3450: 3239: 2989:, general delegate of Vichy for Africa until December 1941. After the first choice had failed, they turned to 20384: 20004: 19945: 19940: 19582: 19515: 19466: 19397: 19222: 18728: 18679: 18443: 18436: 18039: 17800: 17584: 16637: 16081: 16076: 15697: 15585: 15396: 14993: 14722: 13581: 13059: 13036: 12707: 12245: 11152: 9239: 5842: 5810: 5390:

under the cover of supporting French agriculture but in fact to support flagging German armament production.

5099: 4766: 4738: 4529: 4444: 4231: 3845: 2668: 1785: 1765: 1721: 1553: 1372: 1365: 1350: 1338: 1323: 1125: 20026: 15658: 11190: 9333: 9107: 8334: 6967:

Peter Jackson & Simon Kitson ‘The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France’ in Jonathan Adelman(ed),

1950:, the head of French police nominated by Vichy, exercised his power in Paris through his second-in-command, 20712: 20451: 19930: 19767: 19656: 19552: 18927: 18888: 17807: 17635: 17620: 17547: 17526: 17344: 17022: 16808: 16801: 16785: 16496: 16455: 16427: 16246: 16241: 16231: 16141: 15950: 15945: 15920: 15813: 14908: 14876: 13668: 13546: 12592: 12577: 11921:[Autumn publishing season launch – With Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, That's life in the castle]. 11588: 11302:

Jennings, Eric (1994). "'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc in Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44".

8783: 5425: 5302:

refers to those of the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans. Organisations such as

4888: 4806: 4610: 4101: 3892: 3791: 3776:

was fought, the French forces in North Africa had gone over to the Allied side and joined the Free French.

3125: 3059:

Memorial to the 1,297 French seamen who died during the British bombardment of their ships at Mers El Kebir

2678: 2627:

proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice.

1914:

was placed under direct German administration. Alsace-Lorraine was officially still part of France, as the

1837: 741: 14973: 14255: 12237:. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2008, Beiheft der Francia Nr. 67, hrsg. von Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris. 11598:; with Stitt, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1954). 10732:"Ordonnance du 21 avril 1944 relative à l'organisation des pouvoirs publics en France après la Libération" 9463:

Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français'

7474:

Cornick, Martyn "Fighting Myth with Reality: The Fall of France, Anglophobia, and the BBC" pp. 65–87 from

4140:– reforms adopted during World War II were kept and extended. Along with the 15 March 1944 Charter of the 3717:

From 5 May to 6 November 1942, British and Commonwealth forces conducted Operation Ironclad, known as the

3411: 1048: 20784: 20569: 20289: 20163: 20153: 19901: 19742: 19690: 19619: 18943: 18895: 18513: 18485: 18338: 17953: 17932: 17446: 17109: 17015: 16505: 16205: 16116: 15416: 14951: 14563: 13541: 13531: 13205: 12838: 11599: 9619: 6512: 6302: 6161: 5973:, executed on 6 February 1945, etc.), but many of those who survived that phase were later given amnesty. 5560:

as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944. Before that, the first return of democracy to

4346: 4051:

The composition and policies of the Vichy cabinet were mixed. Many Vichy officials, such as Pétain, were

4016: 3094:, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet. After the Mers-el-Kebir incident, the British recognised 2897: 2223: 2042: 1345: 230: 20834: 14260: 13930: 13635: 10897: 6486: 6391: 6067: 5408:

Germany, where they were 15% of the labour force by August 1944. The largest number worked in the giant

5262: 5224: 3852:. Jewish goods were "aryanized" (stolen), and a special Jewish Affairs service was created, directed by 2532:

overseas. The function of those forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from

20480: 20401: 20168: 20078: 20057: 19757: 19747: 19737: 19417: 18913: 18832: 18777: 18665: 18621: 18271: 17897: 17821: 17716: 17593: 17465: 17458: 17418: 17391: 17123: 17056: 16651: 16462: 16392: 16215: 16210: 15935: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15539: 15449: 15075: 15043: 15008: 14752: 14216: 14054: 13764: 12954: 12547: 10189: 6581: 5897:, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). The 5781: 4279: 4112: 3938: 1360: 1328: 1303: 863: 835: 615: 521: 14012: 11906:(dir. Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bédarida, Institut d'histoire du temps présent), Fayard, 1992, 10329:[The Exploitation of French Labor in the German Iron and Steel Industry During World War II]. 10224:

Jones, Joseph (1982). "Vichy France and Postwar Economic Modernization: The Case of the Shopkeepers".

6748:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71. 6187:

was likewise convicted in 1998 but was released three years later due to ill health and died in 2007.

5057:

of 40,000 people, and the operation sent 2,000 Marseillese people in the death trains, leading to the

4349:(the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) in August 1939, these camps were also used to intern French communists. 4306:

in the Unoccupied Zone; the regime even had a mixed-race cabinet minister, the Martinique-born lawyer

2830:(Work, Family, Homeland). It was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of 2337: 2005: 1665: 20660: 20416: 20331: 20304: 20221: 20016: 19861: 19319: 19236: 19021: 18881: 18853: 18686: 18591: 18381: 17814: 16881: 16535: 16146: 15832: 15062: 14983: 14784: 14774: 13589: 13449: 12755: 12745: 11807:

Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the Resistance in France: From History to Historiography",

11714: 10226: 9576: 9371: 9293: 9213: 9187: 9161: 9135: 8968: 6145: 5506:. That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945. 4929: 4899: 4488: 3499: 3425: 3014: 2772:

The impossibility for Parliament to delegate its constitutional powers without controlling their use

2466: 2386: 2053: 1841: 1825: 1573: 1490: 929: 872: 17079: 13769: 12853: 12527: 12103:

Vichy-Auschwitz. Le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. 1943–1944.

9639:

Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.

9240:"The Holocaust: Re-examining The Wannsee Conference, Himmler's Appointments Book, and Tunisian Jews" 7314: 6457: 6320: 5977: 5922:

made in 1948 and 1952 counted as many as 6,000 executions before the Liberation and 4,000 afterward.

5722: 5352: 3044:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In response to British requests and sensitivities of the 2908: 2340:

on the French Mediterranean fleet that killed over 1,300 French sailors in July 1940 and the failed

483: 20749: 20241: 20211: 19816: 19058: 19035: 18287: 18088: 18081: 17738: 17398: 17370: 17363: 16750: 15930: 15357: 15267: 15252: 15070: 14809: 14671: 14616: 14611: 14536: 13673: 13658: 13473: 12665: 12510: 11595: 11481: 9389: 8902: 8193:

Jouin, Yves (1965). "La Nouvelle-Calédonie et la Polynésie Française dans la Guerre du Pacifique".

7952:

de la patrie. Elle sera ratifiée par la nation et appliquée par les Assemblées qu'elle aura créées.

6493: 6355: 6138: 5976:

the third phase, more lenient towards collaborationists (the trial of Philippe Pétain or of writer

5526: 5381:

Vichy-era poster calling for volunteers to work in Germany in exchange for French prisoners of war.

5182: 5116: 4981: 4963: 4951: 4891:, which resulted in 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews being interned in various camps, including 4407:

Besides the political prisoners already detained there, Gurs was then used to intern foreign Jews,

3549: 3483: 3461: 3383: 3369: 3308: 3091: 2142:

as the "founder" of the French nation. It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the

1816: 1634: 891: 440: 183: 17095: 17072: 14079: 11220:

Historical Dictionary of World War Two France: The Occupation, Vichy and the Resistance, 1938–1946

7984:"Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940–1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan" 6046: 5768:

The Free French, concerned that the Allies might decide to put France under administration of the

5344:(SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis and was fully approved by Pétain. 5061:. The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighbourhood (30,000 persons) in the 5010:(Winter Velodrome) in unhygienic conditions. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi 2536:

assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces.

2515:

The French government had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile.

1501:. Though Paris was nominally its capital, the government established itself in the resort town of 20497: 20379: 20326: 20272: 20226: 19915: 19480: 19424: 19294: 19154: 18839: 18492: 18388: 18294: 17862: 17723: 17693: 17657: 17642: 17514: 17406: 17384: 17330: 17316: 17298: 16962: 16743: 16471: 16420: 16035: 15980: 15955: 15018: 14978: 14936: 14918: 14913: 14832: 14789: 14779: 14764: 14712: 14644: 14606: 14568: 14347: 14161: 13830: 12848: 12828: 12597: 12358: 12319: 8043:

John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation (New York, 1986), p. 33

6225: 6176: 6035: 5835: 5160: 5128: 5108: 5004:

had not asked for – and 5,082 women, on 16 and 17 July and imprisoned them in the

4868: 4759: 4522: 4313:

The Third Republic had first opened concentration camps during World War I for the internment of

4249: 3675: 3330: 3294: 1714: 1673: 1626: 1333: 1318: 1313: 1006: 13149: 11371: 9651: 8317: 5919: 5878: 5324:(LFC) (French Legion of Fighters), including at first only former combatants but quickly adding 5318:

To enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organisations were created. One example was the

5171: 5006: 4392: 4204: 2202:

Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed

2181: 2118: 2032: 1038: 20602: 20564: 20522: 20507: 20299: 20121: 20021: 19683: 19172: 19065: 18867: 18818: 18721: 18614: 18584: 18367: 18255: 17981: 17772: 17356: 17337: 17307: 16854: 16824: 15686: 15287: 14588: 14379: 14250: 13896: 13734: 13570: 13031: 12687: 12505: 12353: 10980: 10326: 10301: 10268: 10262: 6157: 6020: 5902: 5644:, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the 5641: 5534: 5309: 4892: 4864: 4350: 4342: 4330: 4303: 4268: 4245: 4056: 3912: 3857: 3683: 3537: 3270: 2881: 2796:

homeland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the assemblies which it has created.

2747: 2533: 2529: 2502: 2329: 2163: 2146:(52 BCE) had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the 2126:

The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the

1693: 1597: 1537: 1514: 1266: 1145: 387: 94: 12053: 11554: 8956: 8213:"Les ÉFO dans la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : la question du ralliement et ses conséquences" 8010: 7905: 7826: 7643: 7271:. Palgrave Studies in Political History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 311–326. 7225: 7186: 6849: 6362: 5961:, was thus condemned to a life sentence on 25 January 1945), including 1,500 death sentences ( 5152: 4464:, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. Natzweiler included a 147: 20779: 20774: 20734: 20527: 20517: 20309: 20133: 20041: 19976: 19663: 19386: 19229: 19125: 19095: 19051: 18791: 18756: 18749: 18672: 18570: 18011: 17988: 17835: 17439: 16976: 16716: 16702: 16385: 15867: 15429: 15401: 14794: 14451: 14227: 13981: 12888: 12702: 12540: 11933: 10364:

Kitson, Simon (2009). "The Marseille Police and the German Forced Labour Draft (1943–1944)".

10030: 9461: 8396: 8097: 7748: 7077: 6607: 6211:(1987), Vichy and the state collaboration of France remains a "past that doesn't pass away". 5995:, creator of the General Commission for Jewish Affairs, René Bousquet, head of French police) 5927: 5814: 5650: 5208: 5115:

not wilfully collaborated with Germany, which lacked staff for police activities. During the

5062: 4925: 4887:

IV-D. They were used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the

4846: 4625: 4241: 3945:

of 8 May 1945, which has been characterised by some historians as the "real beginning of the

3849: 2966: 2855: 2577: 2361: 2324:", a nation that was the complete antithesis of everything good in France, the blood-soaked " 2186: 1886:

were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied zone.

1820: 1533: 1276: 1203: 1165: 1105: 680: 17274: 11603: 10293: 10140: 7897: 7007: 3561: 3087: 2985:

and regarded him as an "apprentice dictator". The Americans first tried to support General

2866:(nominated by and dependent on the executive power). In January 1941, the National Council ( 62: 20864: 20789: 20552: 20093: 20031: 19920: 19811: 19487: 19342: 18993: 18950: 18920: 18846: 18656: 18635: 17554: 17031: 16709: 16359: 16318: 16281: 16010: 15791: 15444: 15406: 15327: 15322: 15242: 14886: 14759: 14747: 14737: 14631: 14596: 14386: 14211: 14069: 13906: 13739: 13648: 13199: 13007: 12712: 9638: 9499: 8175: 7697: 6618: 5705:). The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press ( 5050: 4860: 4585: 4272: 4137: 4133: 4078:'s Spain, even if under Germany's yoke, than to have a republican government. Others, like 3811: 3718: 3353: 3312: 3109: 3055: 3041: 2582: 2543: 2528:) – stationed in the unoccupied zone, and for the military provision of the 2112: 2101: 2073: 1929: 1650: 1585: 1544:. The German Army rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly fortified 1155: 881: 15424: 14105: 11893: 7867: 5254: 3142: 8: 20635: 20592: 20512: 20466: 20343: 20336: 20316: 20277: 20189: 19981: 19950: 19925: 19891: 19793: 19788: 19605: 19379: 19257: 19213: 18735: 17869: 17628: 17155: 16985: 16969: 16918: 16091: 15618: 15529: 15434: 15222: 15207: 15197: 14891: 14804: 14732: 14656: 14166: 14156: 13779: 13439: 13379: 13041: 13020: 11919:"Rentrée littéraire – Avec Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, c'est la vie de château !" 11871:(1962). "Pétain : sa carrière, son procès" [Pétain: his career, his trial]. 11731: 9946: 9743: 7964: 6935: 6444: 5685: 5663: 5561: 5503: 5087: 5078:. It is another notable case of the French police's wilful collaboration with the Nazis. 4620: 4371: 4322: 3635: 3530: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3113: 2916: 2081: 2072:. French communists, strongest in labour unions, turned against Vichy in June 1941, when 2045: 1895: 1845: 1526: 1486: 1115: 1024: 963: 953: 759: 628: 314: 14270: 12659: 10868: 9553:

La Police de Vichy. Les Forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

8481: 6530: 6175:

was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for

6125:

Some accused war criminals were judged, some for a second time, from the 1980s onwards:

5957: 5620: 5517:, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa – Admiral 5020: 4599: 4338: 4069: 4012:(General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941), creator of the GMRs; 2725: 2222:

required a period of authoritarian government that would restore national unity and the

544: 20547: 20492: 20446: 20294: 20260: 19844: 19598: 19431: 19356: 19310: 19280: 19188: 19028: 18693: 18577: 18471: 18422: 18360: 18116: 18067: 17876: 17493: 17148: 16946: 16178: 15775: 15610: 15494: 15439: 15247: 15187: 14666: 14151: 14042: 13891: 13789: 13536: 13454: 13411: 12938: 12724: 11319: 10622: 10516: 10346: 10243: 10206: 9673: 8863: 8835: 8627: 8619: 8379: 8293: 7302: 7290: 7149: 6788: 6207: 6062: 5988: 5545: 5366: 5058: 4674: 4354: 4299: 4188: 4001: 3819: 3624: 3603: 3522: 3471: 3373: 3211: 3112:

in 1944, when Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced

2859: 2851: 2645: 2607: 2597: 2333: 2321: 2069: 2038: 1605: 1513:), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its 15623: 14131: 14121: 12903: 12833: 12760: 12528:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, But Not for All: France and the "Alien" Jews, 1933–1942

12454: 12223: 12188:

Jacques Sabille. "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". Paris: Edition du

11495:

Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes – French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945

11187:

The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables, and Strangers

9264:

Christoph Buchheim, 'Die besetzten Lander im Dienste der Deutschen Kriegswirtschaft',

8497: 7682: 6882: 6504: 6463: 6374: 6296: 6031:

was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.

5791:

Collaborationist paramilitary and political organisations, such as the Milice and the

5518: 5147: 3807: 3768: 2994: 2993:

shortly before the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Finally, after Admiral

2912: 2712: 2698: 2421: 2285:, an event that Pétain claimed would solve all of the economic problems caused by the 2277: 1757: 1565: 1564:

resigned as prime minister rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal

1474: 557: 495: 459: 429: 20693: 20675: 20670: 20655: 20640: 20579: 20542: 20456: 20389: 20367: 20348: 20216: 20143: 19966: 19866: 19752: 19732: 19709: 19589: 19473: 19363: 19303: 19264: 19197: 19179: 19145: 19088: 19042: 18986: 18811: 18549: 18541: 18478: 18331: 17925: 17450: 16911: 16890: 16600: 16286: 15312: 15237: 14961: 14492: 14416: 14340: 14326: 14171: 13901: 13794: 13663: 12868: 12863: 12427: 12417: 12398: 12388: 12362: 12294: 12284: 12255: 12201: 12177: 12167: 12135: 12106: 12089: 12073: 12063: 12038: 12016: 11994: 11986: 11976: 11953: 11943: 11907: 11882: 11822: 11738: 11681: 11663: 11637: 11613: 11572: 11562: 11532: 11512: 11498: 11456: 11449: 11430: 11415: 11387: 11377: 11345: 11323: 11281: 11260: 11250: 11110: 11027: 10988: 10959: 10848: 10573: 10548: 10523: 10496: 10461: 10424: 10399: 10305: 10294: 10272: 10210: 10156: 10146: 10110: 10084: 10074: 10046: 10036: 9951: 9910: 9871: 9748: 9707: 9677: 9529: 9481: 9471: 9033: 9009: 8972: 8940: 8867: 8855: 8800: 8790: 8753: 8719: 8700: 8631: 8456: 8242: 8141: 8026: 8016: 7933: 7909: 7898: 7842: 7832: 7754: 7649: 7613: 7338: 7294: 7280: 7231: 7192: 7141: 7083: 7045: 6985: 6939: 6853: 6842: 6768: 6749: 6613: 6601: 6557: 6543: 6433: 6338: 6332: 6094: 5970: 5918:– wild purge): extrajudicial executions and shaving of women's heads. Estimations by 5745: 5713: 5693: 5645: 5598: 5573: 5565: 5549: 5270: 5054: 5040: 4876: 4872: 4666: 4440: 4326: 4184: 4129: 3924: 3667: 3430: 3390: 3338: 3250: 3215: 3185: 3075: 2876:

and other symbols of republican France and, unlike many on the far right, was not an

2815: 2762: 2411: 2325: 2131: 2057: 2011: 1658: 1642: 1085: 984: 844: 818:

capital of the French State, although the Vichy government never operated from there.

15192: 14541: 14186: 12729: 11634:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)

10479:

Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".

10444:

Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".

7153: 7042:

Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate

4699:

Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organised by

4613:(STDs) and "life hygiene". Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" ( 3994: 3942: 2317:

to weaken France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in 1939.

1986: 20607: 20559: 20431: 20406: 19896: 19508: 19501: 19445: 19109: 18874: 18860: 18763: 18700: 18651: 18464: 18317: 18264: 18074: 18025: 17939: 17162: 17139: 16672: 16354: 15232: 15202: 15120: 14649: 14636: 14601: 14372: 14333: 13952: 13521: 13155: 12893: 12858: 12682: 12499: 12331: 11709: 11692:

Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II

11311: 10614: 10488: 10453: 10373: 10338: 10235: 10198: 9665: 9376: 9358: 9281: 8914: 8847: 8611: 8430: 8369: 7895: 7868:"Constitutional act no. 2, defining the authority of the chief of the French state" 7272: 7131: 6326: 6219:, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions. Then, the 1960s had 6102: 5733:, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and 5246: 5216: 5075: 4733:

Poster above the entrance of an anti-semitic exhibition called "The Jew and France"

4408: 4151: 4075: 3930: 3773: 3611: 3514: 3286: 3274: 3273:, American forces identified French Polynesia as an ideal refuelling point between 3254: 3243: 3045: 2962: 2954: 2863: 2611: 2394: 2286: 2143: 2085: 2077: 2061: 1990: 1877: 1810: 1761: 1058: 45: 20069: 19908: 16681: 13696: 12798: 12765: 12314: 11605:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

11197:

Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation

10840: 7478:

edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 69–74.

6507:, wore the Gestapo uniform during the war and participated in the creation of the 6290: 6220: 6172: 5067: 4174: 4009: 3090:, was effectively interned until 1943, when an agreement was reached with Admiral 2076:. Vichy was intensely anti-communist and generally pro-German; American historian 1947: 1225: 1030: 20702: 20665: 20650: 20645: 20587: 20502: 20062: 19803: 19531: 19243: 19158: 19116: 19014: 18957: 18825: 18607: 18598: 18127: 17702: 17678: 16932: 16020: 15638: 15628: 15257: 15146: 15003: 14703: 14084: 14037: 14027: 14022: 13744: 13496: 13459: 13444: 13311: 13132: 13081: 12788: 12671: 12617: 12517: 12481: 12466: 12411: 12382: 12270: 12149: 12098: 11872: 11843: 11775: 11488: 11244: 11237: 11176: 11142: 10904: 10757: 10570:

Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political-Sociology of Gender

9981: 9814: 9778: 9548: 9447: 9365: 9340: 9288: 9114: 8987: 8963: 8673: 8419:

Lestrade, Claude (1997). "Le ralliement de Wallis à la " France libre " (1942)".

8406: 8163: 8092: 7361:

edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 92–93

7276: 7027: 6929: 6803: 6525: 6519: 5952: 5730: 5495: 5178: 5143: 5103: 5046: 5028: 4432: 4428: 4375: 4257: 4116: 4064: 4044: 3885: 3764: 3738: 3655: 3639: 3615: 3565: 3356:

in the expectation that independence would result. Sautot subsequently sailed to

3172: 3129: 2885: 2877: 2682: 2518:

Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army – the

2341: 2281:

the two; and he wanted a Franco-German-Italian alliance that would partition the

2209: 2049: 1958: 1911: 1867: 1450: 1214: 574: 394: 367: 203: 128: 20048: 19643: 15925: 12923: 11608:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. 8666: 8237:

Triest, Willard G. "Gearing up for Operation Bobcat" in Mason, John T., editor,

4856: 4487:) and as with the colonial troops, used by the Germans as manpower. The October 4307: 2432:

appointed the 84-year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June 1940. The

2345: 2060:

but demanded a return to traditional lines of culture and religion. It embraced

1894:

In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of

1176: 20859: 20625: 20620: 20612: 20436: 20394: 19971: 19538: 19074: 19000: 17045: 16904: 16060: 15995: 15633: 15454: 14881: 14824: 14558: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14308: 14275: 14176: 13886: 13424: 13387: 13241: 12933: 12692: 12677: 12326: 11857: 11697: 11315: 11117:; Biography of Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs 11065: 10202: 8615: 8180: 7118:

Kocher, Matthew Adam; Lawrence, Adria K.; Monteiro, Nuno P. (1 November 2018).

6537: 6481: 6414: 6196: 6057: 5962: 5726: 5676: 5615: 5601: 5594: 5377: 5335: 5282: 5266: 5167: 4880: 4581: 4383: 4302:, and the first raids took place in May 1941. Vichy imposed no restrictions on 4264: 4128:

during the First World War had pushed forward state measures to reorganise the

4120: 4079: 3848:

in southern Algeria and racist laws. Detainees were also forced to work on the

3619: 3446: 3155: 2986: 2873: 2721: 2593: 2519: 2496: 2403: 2282: 2151: 2147: 1899: 1589: 1409: 995: 377: 153: 14191: 13759: 12843: 12431: 12402: 12077: 11957: 11391: 11180: 10731: 10704: 10088: 10050: 10028: 9485: 8511: 7846: 7799: 6308: 6133:, René Bousquet (the head of the French police during the war) and his deputy 5969:, head of the French government, were executed after trial on 4 October 1945, 5332:

Légion Française des Combattants et des volontaires de la Révolution Nationale

5274: 4661:("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Carrel had advocated the use of 4450:

Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some

3802:

by the French Resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General

3747:

Operation Torch was the American and British invasion of French North Africa (

2701:

was too associated with the Third Republic. Marseilles had a reputation as an

20728: 20707: 20537: 20321: 20009: 19349: 17267: 17116: 16955: 16111: 16000: 15317: 15307: 15277: 15262: 15217: 14573: 14524: 14354: 14181: 13774: 13434: 12997: 12928: 12913: 12908: 12898: 12883: 12813: 12366: 12298: 12181: 11617: 11576: 11205: 11103: 11031: 10992: 10160: 9955: 9914: 9875: 9752: 9739:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust" 9711: 9669: 9623: 8859: 8804: 8030: 7269:

Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century

7145: 6439: 6408: 6386: 6380: 6368: 6280: 6265: 6230: 6184: 6130: 6042: 6024: 5992: 5525:

the day before Operation Torch. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French

5250: 5156: 5095: 5011: 4921: 4670: 4636: 4569: 4480: 4416: 4287: 4155: 4083: 3803: 3436: 3421: 3357: 3298: 3005: 2715:

began their campaign to convince the assembled senators and deputies to vote

2686: 2429: 2355: 2314: 2196: 2139: 2093: 1797: 1649:

movement, increased in strength over the course of the occupation. After the

1557: 1394: 1135: 100:"French State" and "Fascist France" redirect here. For the modern state, see 12235:

Der verwaltete Raub. Die "Arisierung" der Wirtschaft in Frankreich 1940–1944

12228:

Frankreich in Hitlers Europa: die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im 2. Weltkrieg

11264: 11159:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

10396:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

9864:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity" 9077: 7983: 6401:, condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the 6137:. Bousquet and Leguay were both convicted for their responsibilities in the 4491:

excluded them from the civil administration and numerous other professions.

3690:, was captured on 17 June and the five-week campaign ended with the fall of 20421: 20126: 19883: 19854: 19648: 19452: 17650: 17281: 16644: 16408: 15332: 15177: 15122: 14686: 14519: 14126: 13706: 13701: 13556: 13516: 13491: 13486: 13429: 12918: 12873: 12823: 12500:

Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections

12445: 12266: 12145: 12008: 11886: 11814: 11528: 11337: 11274: 10605:

Schwartz, Paula (1989). "Partisianes and Gender Politics in Vichy France".

10500: 10465: 9411: 6499: 6427: 6398: 6344: 6202: 6190: 6180: 6153: 6126: 6089:

estimated the mob executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. This surprised

5966: 5882: 5699:

Commission gouvernementale française pour la défense des intérêts nationaux

5637: 5633: 5625: 5538: 5510: 5499: 4973: 4700: 4662: 4362: 4040: 4024: 3946: 3934: 3783: 3495: 3491: 3349: 3345: 3231: 3189: 2990: 2970: 2904: 2755: 2708: 2439: 2399: 2369: 2273: 1995: 1685: 1581: 1561: 1545: 1494: 1478: 974: 646: 531: 507: 471: 403: 400: 308: 11940:

And above all, not a word to the Maréchale ... : Pétain and his women

11555:"10 Collaboration and collaborators in Vichy France: An unfinished debate" 10760:. Axis and Foreign Volunteer Legion Military Awards & Postal History. 10342: 9577:""France" in U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum online Holocaust Encyclopedia" 8434: 8374: 8357: 8085: 7120:"Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation" 6317:(RNP) in 1941. Joined the government in the last months of the Occupation. 4060: 1957:

On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (

20088: 19991: 19836: 19287: 19273: 18935: 17604: 17425: 17410: 16764: 16271: 15292: 15227: 14691: 14510: 13944: 13799: 13481: 12878: 12159: 11868: 9652:"The Parisian Police and the Holocaust: Control, Round-ups, Hunt, 1940–4" 9440:

Disclosed: the zealous way Marshal Pétain enforced Nazi anti-Semitic laws

7136: 7119: 6350: 6142: 6134: 6086: 5718: 5689: 5569: 5395: 5239: 5091: 4991: 4469: 4465: 4397: 4366: 4314: 4125: 4052: 3880: 3726: 3628: 3590: 3573: 3487: 3464:

departed following a threat by America to launch a full-scale invasion.

3334: 3235: 3201: 3101: 3095: 3065: 2946: 2907:

formed the first government in 1940. The second government was formed by

2716: 2664: 2269: 2236: 2170: 2127: 2097: 1962: 1951: 1646: 1601: 1593: 1569: 1238: 357: 289: 16005: 12060:

Culture, Media, Power in the United States and Western Europe, 1945–1991

11120:

Campbell, Caroline. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France."

10492: 10457: 10377: 10350: 9359:

Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

9282:

Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

8918: 8383: 5692:

by the German forces. After both Pétain and Laval refused to cooperate,

4341:'s government (April 1938 – March 1940) took the decision to outlaw the 2332:. The three examples that were used to illustrate these themes were the 52: 20597: 19826: 18642: 18395: 18374: 17260: 16593: 16521: 16313: 15297: 15282: 15182: 14091: 13358: 13234: 13086: 12771: 12697: 12521: 9164:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 6 January 2011. 8820: 8739:

University of Chicago Press, 2008; the French edition appeared in 2005.

7264: 6744:

quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).

6468: 6082: 6053: 5937: 5849: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5473: 5334:(French Legion of Fighters and Volunteers of the National Revolution). 5304: 5071: 4903: 4773: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4577: 4536: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4461: 4358: 4263:

In July 1940, Vichy set up a special commission charged with reviewing

4150:, a kind of semi-planned economy which led to France becoming a modern 3968: 3833: 3760: 3722: 3569: 3510: 3467: 3457: 3442: 3326: 3083: 3049: 3023: 2837: 2735: 2653: 2390: 2248: 2213: 1966: 1856: 1781: 1728: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1633:

and political refugees, and at least 72,500 French Jews were killed in

1630: 1522: 1508: 1470: 911: 588: 12349:"Was Vichy France a Puppet Government or a Willing Nazi Collaborator?" 11802: 11792: 11246:

France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth, and Metaphor

11149:

France and the Second World War: Resistance, Occupation and Liberation

11084:

Collaboration and Resistance: Images of Life in Vichy France 1940–1944

10626: 10296:

France and the international economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome

10247: 8882:État et identité nationale. Un rapport ambigu à propos des naturalisés 8623: 5668: 5177:

On 16 July 2017, also at a ceremony at the Vel' d'Hiv site, President

3915:, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. 3779: 2862:

were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the

2800: 19935: 18905: 18310: 18107: 17918: 17709: 17664: 15379: 15212: 15172: 14941: 14901: 14896: 14727: 13974: 12280: 11935:

Et surtout, pas un mot à la Maréchale ... : Pétain et ses femmes

11107:

Bad Faith. A Forgotten History of Family, Fatherland and Vichy France

11091:

Voices from the Dark Years: The Truth About Occupied France 1940–1945

9903:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'" 6972: 5785: 5220: 4947: 4859:, head of the Service on Foreign Persons and Jewish Questions at the 4655:

Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book

4334: 4318: 4291: 4283: 4195:(CRS, Republican Security Companies), France's main anti-riot force. 4146: 4097: 3663: 3282: 3168: 2065: 2000:

and so could not take part in the vote. However, during the war, the

1942: 17185: 11407:

National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944

11249:. Contemporary France (Providence, R.I.). New York: Berghahn Books. 9006:

Beyond Death and Exile; the Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955

8602:

Funk, Arthur L. (April 1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'".

7173:

National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944

7021:

Canada's diplomatic relationships with Vichy: Foreign Affairs Canada

5824: 4748: 4511: 3984: 3398: 3365: 1703: 243: 17169: 16897: 16328: 15272: 14769: 14717: 14578: 12455:

Original "Establishment of the Vichy government" constitutional act

11923: 10618: 10239: 9334:

Eugenics in France (1913–1941) : a review of research findings

8851: 7645:

Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars

6508: 6085:", "anarchy", or "blind vengeance". The writer and Jewish internee 4980:

In July 1942, under German orders, the French police organised the

4573: 4412: 4379: 4294:). A Vichy law of 4 October 1940 authorised internments of foreign 4159: 4036: 3687: 3599: 3503: 2690: 2244: 2240: 2226: 390: 336: 11559:

Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust

6718:

This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.

4605:

The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the "

3364:

and to protect the sea lanes between North America and Australia.

2289:. Beyond that, to justify both the armistice with Germany and the 19849: 19717: 11782:

Vichy's Afterlife: History & Counterhistory in Postwar France

11632:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

11370:

Kroener, Bernhard R.; Muller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2000).

11166:

Vichy, Resistance, Liberation: New Perspectives on Wartime France

9048:"Saline royale d'Arc et Senans (25) – L'internement des Tsiganes" 7335:

Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy

6417:, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and Minister of Defense. 6259: 6071: 5672:

The Sigmaringen operation was based in the city's ancient castle.

5576:

was quashed by an overwhelming German attack by the end of July.

5522: 5213:

33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)

5015: 5000: 3933:, took advantage of his absence to exile anti-imperialist leader 3756: 3752: 3748: 3710:

convinced Churchill to allow his forces to participate, although

3679: 3654:

The next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a

3526: 2659: 2173:. In his radio speeches, Pétain always used the personal pronoun 2089: 1982: 1969:, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited " 938: 814: 19675: 12035:

Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961

11791:(1995) 19#2 pp 495–518, on the denial of the realities of Vichy 9942:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism" 9526:

Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961

6566: 6274: 5589: 4321:, for example, had been set up in southwestern France after the 4027:, although it has also been argued it had an agenda of its own. 3108:

maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the

2649:

Pierre Laval with the head of German police units in France, SS-

2456: 2185:("national revolution"), Pétain needed a radical break with the 1860:(Free Zone) in France, or less formally as the "Southern Zone" ( 1529:, ending any pretence of independence by the Vichy government. 20138: 19706: 17786: 16377: 15760: 13937: 12532: 11525:

Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941

11427:

France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1996

9344: 5984: 5701:) and informally was known as the "French Delegation" (French: 5200: 4222: 3799: 3691: 3266: 3262: 3147: 3052:

led to the complete occupation of Vichy France by the Germans.

2572: 2159: 2155: 942: 101: 11787:

Gordon, Bertram M. "The 'Vichy Syndrome' problem in history",

11439:

Lemmes, Fabian. "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944",

10847:(in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tanum-Norli. p. 59. 9620:

Le rôle du gouvernement de Vichy dans la déportation des juifs

8215:. Itereva Histoire-Géographie. 5 November 2006. Archived from 7896:

Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).

6215:

national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles

3721:, the seizure of the large, Vichy French-controlled island of 3218:

1940 radio address. Initially, Churchill was ambivalent about

3119: 2199:

were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline.

1823:

voted to give full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name

17974: 14742: 8547: 7870:. Journal Officiel de la République française. 11 July 1940. 6823:"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]" 6562: 5413: 5409: 5308:

opposed the Third Republic, particularly while the left-wing

4424: 4236: 4167: 3671: 3553: 3518: 3394: 2981:

was especially hesitant and inconsistent. Roosevelt disliked

2938: 2694: 2615: 2564: 2385:

France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 after the

2135: 1502: 1482: 343: 331: 12272:

Vichy: Frankreich unter deutscher Besatzung ; 1940–1944

12254:

München, Oldenbourg, 2010 (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte; 80).

11678:

England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy, 1940–1942

11660:

Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship

8737:

The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting Espionage in Vichy France.

8290:"Le Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique (BIMP)" 7583: 7559: 7537: 7535: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7481: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7364: 5544:

Following the invasion of France via Normandy and Provence (

4213:

French Police registering new inmates at the Pithiviers camp

1844:. It also included the overseas French territories, such as 1657:(GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by 20411: 19821: 12413:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944

12189: 11819:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944

11609: 11376:. Germany & Second World War. OUP Oxford. p. iii. 11342:

The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France

10633: 10586: 8583: 8571: 7405: 6097:

in the whole of the country, which occurred during battle.

4995: 4884: 4640: 4451: 4329:(1936–1939), to receive the Republican refugees, including 4173:

The reorganisation and unification of the French police by

4087: 3659: 2554: 1760:

was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the

901: 12502: – Pro-Nazi comics produced in Vichy France 11973:

L'Eglise sous Vichy. 1940–1945. La repentance en question.

11831:

Singer, Barnett. "The Changing Image of Vichy in France",

11130:

Christofferson, Thomas R., and Michael S. Christofferson.

7623: 7434: 7432: 7393: 7357:

Flood, Christopher "Pétain and de Gaulle" pp. 88–110 from

7167: 7165: 7163: 6931:

French Crime Fiction, 1945–2005 Investigating World War II

6909: 5688:

on 25 August 1944, Pétain and his ministers were taken to

5277:. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among 4419:

department, which it quickly filled with PCF members. The

2208:

on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive,

11702:

Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation

10518:

We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War, 1940–1945

7595: 7571: 7547: 7532: 7505: 7493: 7376: 7263:

Wiewiorka, Olivier (2019). "Vichy, a Fascist State?". In

4990:) under orders by René Bousquet and his second in Paris, 4479:) were repealed, while decree n°1775 of 5 September 1943 4295: 4286:

and the extermination of all undesirables, including the

3315:

and subsequently combining with another unit to form the

1481:. It was named after its seat of government, the city of 11210:

Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation

10921:"Bousquet, Touvier and Papon: Three Vichy personalities" 9622:, notes taken by Evelyne Marsura during a conference of 5908:

Four different periods are distinguished by historians:

4898:

On 3 October 1940, the Vichy government promulgated the

4090:

sympathizers. A number of these joined the units of the

3540:

based in North Africa began bombing the British base at

2370:

Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government

2307:("France alone") were meant to "regenerate" France from 11881:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin. 11547:

France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era

10681: 10421:

The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food

9216:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9190:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9138:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9008:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 124. 8903:"L'éviction des médecins juifs dans la France de Vichy" 8762: 7456: 7444: 7429: 7417: 7160: 7079:

France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era

6546:, chairman of the municipal council of Paris 1943–1944. 5629: 4665:

to rid humanity of its "inferior stock", endorsing the

4436: 3517:, an attempt to seize the strategic Vichy-held port of 1536:

had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the

17039:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

11966:

Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation

11797:

Munholland, Kim. "Wartime France: Remembering Vichy",

11561:. Routledge Jewish Studies series. London: Routledge. 11098:

France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise

10669: 10657: 10070:

Collaborationism in France During the Second World War

10032:

Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath

9375:, 25:2 Spring 2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by 8559: 8535: 8486:. Center of Military History United States Army. 1964. 8114:. International.gc.ca. 31 January 2011. Archived from 7779: 7690: 7618:

The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940

7117: 7057: 6624:

Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)

6572:

Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II

6183:(1915–1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity. 4619:"), which could be used to record students' grades in 4595:

Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains

3871:

After Darlan's assassination, Henri Giraud became his

2056:, had never accepted the republican traditions of the 304:

Independent state under partial occupation (1940–1942)

11132:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

11020:"Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide" 10568:

Muel-Dreyfus, Francine; Johnson, Kathleen A. (2001).

8409:, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 7900:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

7891: 7889: 7746: 6897: 6789:"Allocution Radiodiffusée [Broadcast Speech]" 6664:

J'entre aujourd'hui dans la voie de la collaboration.

6451:

Legion des volontaires francais contre le bolchevisme

6081:

advancing the figures of 100,000 and denouncing the "

5458:

by 1945, it was higher than it had been for a century

5034: 4879:, head of the Gestapo in France, under the orders of 4093:

Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme

3195: 3184:

and took control, establishing their own colony, the

11721:, Manchester University Press, 1998, paperback 2007. 8264:

for valor during the fourth battle of Monte Cassino"

6365:, later President of the French Republic (1981–1995) 5951:, who condemned approximately 120,000 persons (e.g. 5788:), and all acts that established special tribunals. 5593:

A recruitment poster for the Milice. The text says "

5564:

since 1940 had occurred with the declaration of the

5443:

home gardens and especially black market purchases.

4652:(CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs." 4198: 3368:

served as a headquarters of the United States Navy (

2096:

analysed the entire range of Vichy supporters, from

2068:. The Vichy regime also framed itself as decisively 10981:"Maurice Papon, Convicted Vichy Official, 96, Dies" 10567: 9528:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. p. 17. 9307: 9305: 9303: 9136:"Vichy discrimination against Jews in North Africa" 7188:

Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition

6436:, writer, executed for collaboration after the war. 6335:, Vichy ambassador to the United States of America. 5770:

Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories

5618:, became independent and was transformed into the " 5142:For decades, the French government argued that the 5065:

before its destruction. For this occasion, then SS-

4920:) was created on 29 March 1941. It was directed by 3670:aircraft, staging through the French possession of 3445:became home to the bulk of the Gold reserve of the 3433:without reference to any of the Allied commanders. 3017:, who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and 2630: 2169:To advance his message, Pétain frequently spoke on 1985:, having come to power through an unconstitutional 1854:(Unoccupied Zone) by the Germans, and known as the 1645:, working largely in concert with the London-based 13595:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 13378: 11652:Reign of virtue: mobilising gender in Vichy France 11509:Darlan: Admiral and Statesman of France, 1881–1942 11448: 11273: 11227:Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France 10698: 10696: 10645: 10545:Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France 10515: 9601:Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.), 9313: 8967:. Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). 8782: 8355: 7886: 7681: 6841: 6023:, executed under the orders of Paris Police Chief 5399:thereby, to reduce the need for trade protection. 5138:after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris 4639:). The foundation, which after the war became the 3952: 3498:on 30 August 1940. They were joined by the French 3011:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories 2911:, and lasted just two months until February 1941. 2641:Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain 2511:French colonial prisoner in German captivity, 1940 1672:. Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for 1664:The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the 15609: 13127:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 13112:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 11862:La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation 10955:Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914–1945 10066: 9315:"Vichy mentally ill patients 'were not murdered'" 9188:"Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance" 8662: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8654: 5628:himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an 5537:on 24 December 1941, because, Secretary of State 5467: 5014:and French constabulary police) and crammed into 4590:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 4290:(who refer to the extermination of the Romani as 3959:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 3868:, he is believed to have acted as an individual. 3864:had been a member of the resistance group led by 3662:was put down by British forces in June 1941. The 3486:went over to the Free French almost immediately: 3482:In Central Africa, three of the four colonies in 3449:, with 286 tons of gold transported there on the 3386:that saw action in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. 3206:To counter the Vichy government, General Charles 2945:Vichy France in 1940–1942 was recognised by most 2824:(Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood) was replaced by 20726: 12032: 11585:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 9517: 9382:"Quand le négationnisme s'invite à l'université" 9300: 9214:"Jews in North Africa after the Allied Landings" 8262:bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique 7267:; Box, Zira; Morant, Toni; Sanz, Julián (eds.). 7184: 6848:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 6801: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6587:Italian occupation of France during World War II 6329:, State Secretary of Information and Propaganda. 5636:. Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as 5132:Commemorative plaque to the victims held in the 4357:in the Third Reich and Eastern Europe. When the 3967:23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in 3929:, secretary of the general government headed by 3642:), and the British were to blockade the colony. 3318:Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique 3080:destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir 3034:Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie 1973:" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice. 1457:; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the 1224: 46:http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331 20820:German occupation of France during World War II 13070:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime 11594: 11079:(The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1985) 10786:. german-foreign-policy.com. 11 December 2007. 10693: 10389: 10387: 10142:Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940–1945 10105:Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Wiewiorka, Olivier (2004). 10014:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy". 9700:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews" 9615: 9613: 9611: 9030:"Aincourt, camp d'internement et centre de tri" 8992:Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire 8667:Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer 8553: 8356:Regnault, Jean-Marc; Kurtovitch, Ismet (2002). 7860: 7831:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. 7337:. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128. 7004:"Historique des relations franco-australiennes" 6984: 6577:German occupation of France during World War II 6466:, co-founder of the right-wing terrorist group 6250:Category:French collaborators with Nazi Germany 4957: 3806:, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral 3564:, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy, 2002:Vichy government was internationally recognised 1485:. Officially independent, but with half of its 14622:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 14494:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 13988:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 10758:"Flemish Legion Military and Feldpost History" 10177:(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015) pp. 91–112. 10104: 10073:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143. 9450:, 3 October 2010, last accessed 3 October 2010 8774: 8651: 8002: 7818: 7075: 6875:"Vichy Web – The Occupiers and Their Policies" 6805:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-44 6597:Military history of France during World War II 6421: 6191:Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome" 5347: 5294:) should be distinguished from collaboration. 5205:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 4443:were then deported, and 5,000 of them died in 4136:theories – structures retained after the 1919 3311:in 1942, distinguishing themselves during the 3285:. That first experience was valuable in later 20850:States and territories disestablished in 1944 19691: 16393: 15106: 14478: 12548: 12460:Map of the "free" and "occupied" French zones 12277:Vichy: France under the Occupation: 1940–1944 12052:Delporte, Christian; Moine, Caroline (2018). 12051: 11451:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary 11364:The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944–1946 11332:Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance 10898:René Bousquet devant la Haute Cour de Justice 10729: 10702: 10132: 9120:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration 9074:"Listes des internés du camp des Milles 1941" 8724:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates 8331:"Document 3: le choix des Nouvelles-Hébrides" 7981: 7797: 7750:The Papon Affair: Memory and Justice on Trial 7704:. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7044:, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251, 6844:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary 6680: 6164:became counsellor to the Portuguese dictator 5899:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5774:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5764:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5554:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5086:In 1940, approximately 350,000 Jews lived in 4679:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 4630:Provisional Government of the French Republic 3686:, or Operation Exporter. The Syrian capital, 3513:and Free French forces under Gaulle launched 3477: 1655:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1427: 20067: 20046: 19906: 16176: 15377: 15152: 15144: 12346: 12279:]. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Munich: 11726:The Unfree French: Life Under the Occupation 10811:"War memories widen Belgium's communal rift" 10384: 10060: 10022: 9608: 9312:Broughton, Philip Delves (16 October 2003). 9276: 9274: 8241:U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003, pp. 41–51 7949: 7725:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation 7328: 7326: 7324: 6951: 6921: 6815: 6739: 6733: 6662: 6411:, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions. 6229:(1971). Finally, in the 1990s, the trial of 5946: 5913: 5892: 5886: 5706: 5133: 5123: 4994:, with co-operation from authorities of the 4985: 4915: 4850: 4704: 4656: 4648:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 4645: 4614: 4593: 4455: 4178: 3823: 3695: 3416:History of French Guiana § 20th century 3377: 3362:Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941–1942 3316: 3302: 3069: 2867: 2845: 2831: 2825: 2809: 2729: 2601: 2563:(buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by 2558: 2541: 2523: 2349: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2259: 2252: 2217: 2203: 2190: 2174: 1933: 1915: 1881: 1871: 1861: 1849: 1801: 1620: 1506: 1463: 228: 201: 181: 120: 104:. For the history of fascism in France, see 13189:Underground media in German-occupied France 12380: 12190:Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine 12062:] (in French). Malakoff: Armand Colin. 11874:Grands dossiers de l'histoire contemporaine 11242: 8693:Wright, Edmund (2006). "Vichy government". 8498:"Eight Allied Ships Sunk Off French Guiana" 8483:Guarding the United States and Its Outposts 8446: 8444: 8056:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 p. 83. 7601: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7526: 7514: 7499: 7487: 7399: 7387: 7370: 6833: 6701:. Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from 5885:were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" ( 5624:" (French Militia). Officially directed by 4972:Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing 4240:(immigrants from Mediterranean countries), 3798:In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942 3627:and left on 5 August for Aden, to join the 3120:French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War 2850:) was reestablished, effectively repealing 288:The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to 20855:States and territories established in 1940 19698: 19684: 16400: 16386: 15113: 15099: 14485: 14471: 12555: 12541: 12347:Boissoneault, Lorraine (9 November 2017). 10418: 10016:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau? 9453: 9418:New York: Syracuse University Press, 1977. 9162:"Jewish population of French North Africa" 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8054:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944 7800:"Loi constitutionnelle du 10 Juillet 1940" 6528:, writer and founder of royalist movement 6066:, prison guards asked him for autographs. 5931:or legal purge), which began with Charles 5614:(SOL) collaborationist militia, headed by 5584: 5249:in 1974 and then other historians such as 5019:the end of the war. Although the Nazi VT ( 4910:was signed authorising their detention. A 4400:never ceased to hire during this period." 4325:, in the first months of 1939, during the 4158:, a renowned physician who also supported 3765:killing 479 Allied forces and wounding 720 2451: 2351:Faut-il réduire l'Angleterre en esclavage? 2268:The key component of Vichy's ideology was 1434: 1420: 282: 242: 11931: 11690:Sutherland, Jonathan, and Diane Canwell. 11134:(2nd ed. 2006) 206pp; brief introduction 10331:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 10173:Hans Petter Graver, "The Opposition", in 9982:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews" 9311: 9271: 8888:, hors-série 2007, pp. 39–49 (see p. 48) 8450: 8373: 8362:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 8186: 8008: 7824: 7332: 7321: 7262: 7135: 5865:Learn how and when to remove this message 5757: 5657: 4917:Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives 4833:Learn how and when to remove this message 4588:(PPF), advocated for the creation of the 4552:Learn how and when to remove this message 4164:National Institute of Demographic Studies 4067:, a monarchist writer and founder of the 3412:History of Martinique § World War II 3341:and onwards to the Liberation of France. 3134:Japanese coup de main in French Indochina 2977:The US position towards Vichy France and 2957:. The most important such action was the 2742:would later be annulled in August 1944.) 2116:Propaganda poster for the Vichy Regime's 1924:The Nazis had some intention of annexing 1876:by German forces in November 1942. Other 1744:Learn how and when to remove this message 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 13211:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration 12027:La vie politique à Alger, de 1940 à 1944 11942:] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. 11631: 11455:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11301: 10951: 10833: 10604: 10547:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10267:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 10260: 10013: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 8780: 8589: 8577: 8441: 8418: 7791: 7462: 7450: 7438: 7423: 7411: 6879:French Studies, University of Birmingham 6872: 6731: 6725: 6005: 5983:finally came the period for amnesty and 5675: 5667: 5588: 5579: 5481: 5376: 5351: 5228: 5127: 4967: 4728: 4669:discourse. One of the founders of these 4317:and later used them for other purposes. 4216: 4208: 3962: 3814:finally accepted his self-nomination as 3778: 3589: 3141: 3054: 3037:(National Bank for Trade and Industry). 2932: 2799: 2663:Pierre Laval and Philippe Pétain in the 2658: 2644: 2506: 2455: 2416: 2381:are marched off under German guard, 1940 2373: 2342:Anglo-Free French attempt to seize Dakar 2111: 1791: 1775: 1572:. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the 106:History of far-right movements in France 34:lists the same citations more than once. 16:Client state of Nazi Germany (1940–1944) 13616:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 13194:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 12195: 12037:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. 11985: 11765:France at War: Vichy and the Historians 11522: 11446: 11369: 11344:, (University of Chicago Press, 2008). 11271: 11164:Diamond, Hanna, and Simon Kitson, eds. 11151:(Introduction to History) (2000) 128pp 11017: 10978: 10839: 10687: 10639: 10592: 10542: 10513: 10393: 10264:Jean Monnet: The Path to European Unity 10261:Brinkley, Douglas; et al. (1992). 10138: 10009: 10007: 9939: 9900: 9736: 9523: 8768: 8565: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8138:La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944 8072: 8012:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 7785: 7629: 7230:. U. of California Press. p. 298. 7223: 7063: 6915: 6903: 6839: 6592:List of French possessions and colonies 6003:etc.) and civil servants (Papon etc.). 5632:rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to 4935:Union générale des israélites de France 4912:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 4256:, and left-wing activists. Inspired by 3909:French Committee of National Liberation 3838:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon 3743:French Committee of National Liberation 3649: 3598:The governor of French Somaliland (now 3253:, debate arose among the population of 2959:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon 2791:The text voted by the Congress stated: 2482:French prisoners of war in World War II 2037:The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern 1690:Events preceding World War II in Europe 20727: 18254: 18232:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 15768: 15593: 15389: 15165: 13161:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 12409: 12265: 12144: 11552: 11480:. (Stanford University Press, 1995). 11476:Marrus, Michael R. and Robert Paxton. 11243:Holman, Valerie; Kelly, Debra (2000). 10979:Whitney, Craig R. (18 February 2007). 10363: 10324: 10186: 9894: 9856: 9771: 9697: 9470:] (in French). Editions Romillat. 8692: 8512:"Encyclopedia Britannica – Guadeloupe" 8086:When the US wanted to take over France 7641: 7476:France At War In the Twentieth Century 7359:France At War In the Twentieth Century 7244:from the original on 27 September 2015 7191:. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137. 6927: 5192: 4162:. This institution was renamed as the 3810:. Darlan was released, and US General 3732: 2389:on 1 September. After the eight-month 20840:Political history of France by period 19679: 19103:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 18535:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 18181:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 18137:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 17235:Rape during the occupation of Germany 16381: 15094: 14466: 12536: 11993:. Tempus (in French). Paris: Perrin. 11927:(in French). Le Point Communications. 11916: 11735:Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France 11657: 10999:from the original on 16 December 2017 10764:from the original on 24 February 2009 10651: 10478: 10443: 10291: 10223: 10145:. Montreal: McGill-Queen. p. 5. 9779:"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files" 9691: 9583:from the original on 2 September 2012 9322:from the original on 10 January 2022. 9092: 9003: 8900: 8541: 8313: 8311: 8192: 8157:Lawrence Journal-World – Aug 22, 1944 7904:. Fordham University Press. pp. 7722: 7113: 7111: 7039: 6783: 6781: 6648:Given full constituent powers in the 5568:on 3 July 1944, at the behest of the 5163:, during the 2017 election campaign. 4485:groupements de travailleurs étrangers 4096:(Legion of French Volunteers Against 4023:Vichy is often described as a German 3098:as the legitimate French government. 2965:as American ambassador. US President 264: German military occupation zone 53:https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025 18225:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 17250:Rape during the liberation of France 14302:The Destruction of the European Jews 13144:Political situation in French Africa 13139:Police collaboration in Vichy France 12162: ? n° 1720 (in French). Paris: 11879:Major issues in contemporary history 11867: 11809:French Politics, Culture and Society 11038:from the original on 2 February 2018 10879:from the original on 13 January 2014 10821:from the original on 31 January 2012 10808: 10711:from the original on 8 February 2012 10675: 10663: 10522:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 10004: 9992:from the original on 5 December 2017 9962:from the original on 1 February 2018 9921:from the original on 28 January 2018 9882:from the original on 24 October 2017 9789:from the original on 9 November 2017 9759:from the original on 13 January 2018 9718:from the original on 7 December 2017 9649: 9459: 8833: 8601: 8469: 8422:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 7874:from the original on 8 December 2015 7767:from the original on 2 November 2015 7683:"Spying for Germany in Vichy France" 7662:from the original on 1 November 2015 7205:from the original on 24 October 2015 7096:from the original on 24 October 2015 6034:The French members of the Waffen-SS 5847:adding citations to reliable sources 5818: 5081: 4771:adding citations to reliable sources 4742: 4690:Carrel also wrote this in his book: 4534:adding citations to reliable sources 4505: 4501: 4193:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité 3618:, the main military base. After the 3579: 3291:supplied the Allied ships and planes 3225: 2922: 1926:a large swath of northeastern France 1726:adding citations to reliable sources 1697: 1519:occupation of France by Nazi Germany 18: 14800:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 12381:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). 11737:. New York University Press. 1998. 11654:(University of Chicago Press, 2012) 11304:The Journal of Contemporary History 11077:From Munich to Liberation 1938–1944 9356:Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani. 8811:from the original on 15 August 2016 7006:. 27 September 2006. Archived from 6347:, Prime Minister (1940, 1942–1944). 6115:executing only 37 collaborationists 5486:Progressive end of the Vichy regime 4928:until February 1944. Mirroring the 4724: 4365:, but any German citizen (or other 4345:(PCF) following the signing of the 3325:, distinguishing themselves at the 3297:. Troops from French Polynesia and 1970: 1613:two million French prisoners-of-war 13: 20805:Former countries in French history 20795:Catholicism and far-right politics 18451:German invasion of the Netherlands 16724:Weather events during World War II 13003:French National-Collectivist Party 12340: 12200:(in French). Paris: Seuil Arènes. 11904:Le régime de Vichy et les Français 11018:Whitney, Craig R. (3 April 1998). 10918: 9194:from the original on 3 August 2009 9076:. Jewishtraces.org. Archived from 8308: 8101:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.) 7990:from the original on 29 March 2013 7965:"Centre for History and Economics" 7108: 6778: 6732:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre 6629:World War II in the Basque Country 6341:, general and Minister of Defense. 6305:, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs. 6243: 5572: – but that act of 5388:mobilisation of non-ferrous metals 5035:August 1942 and January 1943 raids 4019:(Commissioner for Jewish Affairs). 3196:Colonial struggle with Free France 2754:who opposed Laval became known as 1796:Personal flag of Philippe Pétain, 1608:shaped by the victorious Germany. 1489:occupied under the harsh terms of 14: 20886: 19705: 19082:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15548:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 14554:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 13117:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 13075:French Constitutional Law of 1940 12751:French Constitutional Law of 1940 12439: 11917:Béglé, Jérôme (20 January 2014). 11749: 11719:The French Empire at War, 1940–45 11497:. (Sussex Academic Press, 2016). 11471:Journal of European Social Policy 11276:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 10790:from the original on 23 July 2011 10572:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9901:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). 9844:from the original on 24 July 2014 9343:", Joint Programmatic Commission 8834:Zalc, Claire (16 November 2020). 8398:World War II Pacific Island Guide 8270:from the original on 11 July 2011 8112:"Canada and the World: A History" 7806:from the original on 23 July 2001 6773:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6268:in 1941, who was executed in 1944 5419: 4427:, was used to intern Romani. The 4347:German–Soviet non-aggression pact 4199:Racial policies and collaboration 4142:Conseil National de la Résistance 3907:then became co-presidents of the 3895:, with Roosevelt, Churchill, and 3816:High Commissioner of North Africa 3586:French Somaliland in World War II 2929:Foreign relations of Vichy France 2637:French Constitutional Law of 1940 2621: 2490: 2301:together with Pétain's policy of 2158:) arranged so as to resemble the 1766:the Germans' Nazi racial policies 1629:and other "undesirables" such as 20760:1944 disestablishments in France 20755:1944 disestablishments in Europe 19642: 16407: 16036:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 14650:Russian Liberation People's Army 13600:Second law on the status of Jews 13027:Légion Française des Combattants 12562: 12164:Presses Universitaires de France 12013:Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas 11694:(Pen & Sword Aviation, 2011) 11596:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 11011: 10972: 10945: 10933:from the original on 20 May 2011 10912: 10891: 10861: 10809:Helm, Sarah (16 February 1996). 10802: 10776: 10750: 10738:from the original on 12 May 2013 10723: 10598: 10561: 10536: 10507: 10472: 10437: 10412: 10357: 10318: 10285: 10254: 10217: 10180: 10167: 10123: 10098: 9974: 9933: 9820: 9801: 9737:McAuley, James (10 April 2017). 9730: 9698:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). 9643: 9632: 9595: 9569: 9542: 9492: 9431: 9421: 9404: 9350: 9326: 9258: 9246:from the original on 4 June 2011 9232: 9206: 9180: 9154: 9128: 9066: 9054:from the original on 21 May 2011 9040: 9022: 8997: 8981: 8949: 8929: 8894: 8874: 8827: 8789:. Paris: PUF. pp. 143–193. 8500:. The Advertiser. 12 March 1943. 7753:. Psychology Press. p. 14. 6565:, Allied intelligence center in 6475:Mouvement social révolutionnaire 6314:Rassemblement national populaire 6273: 6258: 6160:escaped to Quebec, then Brazil. 5912:the first phase of mob justice ( 5823: 5735:French civilian forced labourers 5402: 5321:Légion Française des Combattants 5053:, the French police checked the 4747: 4510: 4421:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans 3138:French Indochina in World War II 2728:, who were then aboard the ship 2631:10 July 1940 vote of full powers 2074:Germany invaded the Soviet Union 2048:in France, with strength in the 1702: 1403: 1388: 854: 792: 774: 750: 732: 691: 673: 212: 160: 146: 23: 16016:Norway (Administrative Council) 14662:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 13291:France, revue de l'État nouveau 13184:Censorship under the occupation 11756:Conan, Eric, and Henry Rousso. 11366:. (Duke University Press. 1999) 11053: 9940:McAuley, James (16 July 2017). 9657:Journal of Contemporary History 9220:from the original on 6 May 2009 9168:from the original on 6 May 2009 9142:from the original on 6 May 2009 8750:World War Two. Nation by Nation 8742: 8729: 8722:, "The Republic and Vichy." in 8713: 8686: 8638: 8604:Journal of Contemporary History 8595: 8525: 8504: 8490: 8412: 8390: 8349: 8323: 8282: 8252: 8231: 8205: 8169: 8150: 8130: 8104: 8059: 8046: 8037: 7975: 7957: 7942: 7922: 7740: 7731: 7716: 7674: 7635: 7607: 7468: 7351: 7256: 7217: 7178: 7069: 7033: 7014: 6996: 6978: 6961: 6655: 6642: 6171:In 1993, former Vichy official 6120: 5891:), and popularly called "BOF" ( 5834:needs additional citations for 5717:), and hosted the embassies of 5513:as a preferable alternative to 5478:Operation Attila (World War II) 4855:). Under the responsibility of 4782:"Vichy antisemitic legislation" 4758:needs additional citations for 4677:in his 1853–1855 essay titled " 4521:needs additional citations for 3953:Collaboration with Nazi Germany 3424:build powerful transmitters on 3182:coup d'état in French Indochina 2154:and the double-headed hatchet ( 1889: 1713:needs additional citations for 1653:began in 1944, the Free French 1505:in the unoccupied "free zone" ( 20037:Government of National Defense 19329:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 17032:Territorial changes of Germany 16940:Indonesian National Revolution 13093:Service du travail obligatoire 13065:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 12575:World War II collaboration in: 12086:Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation 11801:(1994) 18#3 pp. 801–820 8994:, Cherche Midi éditeur (2005). 8333:. 17 July 2010. Archived from 8009:Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2011). 7747:Richard Joseph Golsan (2000). 6928:Hutton, Margaret-Anne (2016). 6866: 6795: 6762: 6152:terrorist movement during the 5468:German invasion, November 1942 4333:from all nations, fleeing the 3937:and arrest the leaders of his 3698:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 3594:Map of French Somaliland, 1922 2891: 2424:meeting Hitler in October 1940 2080:found that it was "distinctly 1908:French protectorate of Tunisia 1904:French protectorate in Morocco 1771: 1622:service du travail obligatoire 1: 20870:Former states and territories 20800:Client states of Nazi Germany 20745:1940 establishments in France 20740:1940 establishments in Europe 19946:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 19941:War of the Spanish Succession 18729:Japanese invasion of Thailand 18680:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 18444:German invasion of Luxembourg 16818:Mediterranean and Middle East 16041:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 14723:Collaborationist Chinese Army 13216:Office français d'information 13037:Revolutionary Social Movement 12708:History of the Jews in France 11422:, (1947); U.S. policy 1940–42 11122:Contemporary European History 10300:. London: Routledge. p. 10292:Lynch, Frances M. B. (1997). 9650:Joly, Laurent (23 May 2019). 9605:, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993 9347:-ONG Science and Ethics, 2003 8840:The Journal of Modern History 8696:A Dictionary of World History 7333:Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011). 7082:. Princeton U.P. p. 12. 6674: 6323:, Prime Minister (1940–1941). 6299:, Prime Minister (1941–1942). 6060:; according to the newspaper 5955:, the leader of the royalist 5935:'s 26 and 27 June 1944 purge 5811:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators 5100:concentration camps in France 4739:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 4632:(GPRF) after the Liberation. 4611:sexually transmitted diseases 4445:Mauthausen concentration camp 4269:reform of the nationality law 3825:Afrique occidentale française 3230:Until 1962, France possessed 3175:. Although the French won an 3027:and entrepreneur, as well as 2769:Abrogation of legal procedure 2393:, the Germans launched their 1976: 1878:contemporary colloquial terms 1811:Zone libre § Other names 1784:). The yellow zone was under 65:to identify unique citations. 18636:Invasion of the Soviet Union 18325:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 17636:Independent State of Croatia 15814:Army Group Rear Area Command 15121:Administrative divisions in 13014:Jeunesse Populaire Française 12506:NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940 12416:. Harvard University Press. 11680:, London, Weidenfeld, 2009. 11334:(Oxford, 1985), short survey 10035:. CIUS Press. pp. 45–. 9817:, Président de la république 9050:. Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. 8726:(2011): 65–73 quoting p. 65. 8455:. Macmillan London Limited. 8166:. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 7277:10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0_17 6490:(PPF) and member of the LVF. 6430:, also known as Pierre Bony. 6293:, head of the French police. 6141:of July 1942. Among others, 5752: 5426:Black market in Vichy France 5386:1941 it also instituted the 5111:rather than by the Germans. 4958:July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4889:11th arrondissement of Paris 3866:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie 3828:, AOF), a move that enraged 3694:and the Convention of Acre ( 3420:A Vichy France plan to have 3307:in 1940; became part of the 3163:, the prime minister of the 3126:Invasion of French Indochina 2821:Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité 2475: 2336:in May 1940, the Royal Navy 1930:invasion of the Soviet Union 190:("Work, Family, Fatherland") 7: 19620:End of World War II in Asia 19460:Western invasion of Germany 18967:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 18944:Second Battle of El Alamein 18514:Hundred Regiments Offensive 18486:Battle of the Mediterranean 18339:Italian invasion of Albania 16506:Air warfare of World War II 16196:Belgium and Northern France 15819:Belgium and Northern France 14564:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 14241:Municipal elections of 1945 13924:Service d'ordre légionnaire 13532:French protectorate of Laos 13206:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 12839:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 12384:Vichy: An Ever-present Past 11758:Vichy: An ever-present past 11280:. Oxford University Press. 11272:Jackson, Julian T. (2001). 9837:(in French). 16 July 1995. 9626:at Lyon on 4 November 2000 9603:La France des années noires 8699:. Oxford University Press. 8451:Stevenson, William (1976). 8239:The Pacific War Remembered. 8195:Revue Historique des Armées 8015:. OUP Oxford. p. 291. 7969:www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk 6550: 6442:, founder of the far-right 6422:Non-Vichy collaborationists 6383:, Minister of the Interior. 6303:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6166:António de Oliveira Salazar 5794:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5611:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5348:Social and economic history 5341:Service d'Ordre Légionnaire 4924:until May 1942 and then by 4017:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 3405: 3240:Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin 2898:Governments of Vichy France 2833:travaux forcés à perpetuité 2596:, and almost 40,000 in the 2026: 1679: 231:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 10: 20891: 20427:French subdivisions by GDP 20174:2022 presidential election 20159:2017 presidential election 19546:Naval bombardment of Japan 18914:First Battle of El Alamein 18833:Battle of Christmas Island 18778:Japanese invasion of Burma 18542:Italian invasion of Greece 18458:German invasion of Belgium 18430:German invasion of Denmark 18403:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 18272:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 16529:Comparative military ranks 15698:Civil Administration Areas 15303:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 14753:First Indian National Army 14266:Holocaust denial in France 14217:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 12955:Government of Vichy France 11864:, 8 volumes, Laffont, 1976 11557:. In Stauber, Roni (ed.). 11441:European Review of History 11316:10.1177/002200949402900406 11058: 10419:Collingham, E. M. (2011). 10325:Berger, Françoise (2003). 10203:10.1177/026569148601600202 10190:European History Quarterly 10067:Bertram M. Gordon (1980). 8886:Journal des anthropologues 8752:, London, Cassell, p. 86. 8616:10.1177/002200947300800205 7648:. McFarland. p. 111. 6992:. Knopf. pp. 364–376. 6746:La vie musicale sous Vichy 6582:Government of Vichy France 6247: 6194: 5965:, head of the Milice, and 5808: 5782:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 5772:, strove to establish the 5761: 5680:Liberation of France, 1944 5661: 5502:in exile in the so-called 5471: 5423: 5372: 5198: 5038: 4961: 4908:law regarding foreign Jews 4902:, which created a special 4736: 4280:Internment camps in France 4202: 4180:groupes mobiles de réserve 3956: 3736: 3583: 3509:On 23 September 1940, the 3478:Equatorial and West Africa 3409: 3337:; and participated in the 3232:four colonies across India 3199: 3123: 3046:French-Canadian population 3031:, general director of the 2926: 2895: 2634: 2500: 2494: 2479: 2464: 2030: 1808: 1683: 767:Commission for the Defense 491:• 1941–1942 (acting) 479:• 1940–1941 (acting) 272: French protectorates 248:The French State in 1942: 99: 92: 20688: 20578: 20488: 20479: 20375: 20366: 20268: 20259: 20197: 20188: 20109: 19990: 19959: 19931:Second Hundred Years' War 19882: 19835: 19802: 19781: 19773:Liberalism and radicalism 19725: 19716: 19635: 19467:Bratislava–Brno offensive 19407: 19398:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 19135: 19022:Allied invasion of Sicily 18976: 18882:Aleutian Islands campaign 18854:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 18801: 18792:Greek famine of 1941–1944 18687:Second Battle of Changsha 18592:German invasion of Greece 18560: 18437:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 18412: 18350: 18245: 18126: 17852: 17762: 17603: 17306: 17297: 17055: 16880: 16772:North and Central Pacific 16733: 16495: 16488: 16415: 16347: 16306: 16299: 16264: 16224: 16188: 16175: 16155: 16069: 15913: 15906: 15878: 15804: 15784: 15759: 15696: 15685: 15651: 15584: 15568:North Brabant and Limburg 15563:South Holland and Zeeland 15558:North Holland and Utrecht 15553:Gelderland and Overijssel 15538: 15467: 15415: 15376: 15346: 15143: 15130: 14822: 14702: 14518: 14508: 14504: 14407: 14364: 14318: 14293: 14284: 14246:1946 legislative election 14202: 14144: 14114: 14060:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14000: 13961: 13915: 13859: 13852: 13843: 13808: 13720: 13687: 13634: 13608: 13590:Law on the status of Jews 13580: 13569: 13509: 13472: 13410: 13370:Syria and Lebanon mandate 13350: 13169: 13102: 13050: 12988: 12947: 12781: 12746:Armistice of 22 June 1940 12738: 12651: 12570: 12480:27 September 2007 at the 12475:coverage of the armistice 12216: 12196:Sémelin, Jacques (2013). 12127:.: A documentary history. 12033:Jean-Luc Einaudi (2001). 11932:Bentégeat, Hervé (2014). 11896:& François Bedarida, 11850: 11799:French Historical Studies 11789:French Historical Studies 11760:(UP of New England, 1998) 11523:Mockler, Anthony (1984). 11478:Vichy France and the Jews 11447:Levieux, Eleanor (1999). 11109:. New York: Knopf. 2006. 11093:(The History Press, 2015) 11086:(2000) 220pp; photographs 10815:The Independent on Sunday 10607:French Historical Studies 10543:Pollard, Miranda (1998). 10227:French Historical Studies 9372:French Historical Studies 9294:French Historical Studies 8969:Stanford University Press 8957:Vichy France and the Jews 8939:, Romillat, 2004, p. 91, 8136:Burrin, Philippe (1997). 7930:De Munich à la Libération 7227:Fascism: A Reader's Guide 7185:Stanley G. Payne (1983). 6840:Levieux, Eleanor (1999). 6802:Robert O. Paxton (1972). 6146:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld 6103:Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse 5804: 5291: 5146:had been dismantled when 5124:Government responsibility 4930:Reich Association of Jews 4900:Law on the status of Jews 4646: 4489:law on the status of Jews 3999:(Commander of Marseilles 3678:forces invaded Syria and 3500:League of Nations mandate 3426:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3146:Japanese troops entering 3015:Maurice Couve de Murville 2567:and simplified uniforms. 2467:Armistice of 22 June 1940 2387:German invasion of Poland 1842:Armistice of 22 June 1940 1803:(Chef de l'État Français) 1574:Armistice of 22 June 1940 1540:. On 10 May 1940, it was 1499:a policy of collaboration 808: 652: 642: 638: 625: 612: 599: 584: 571: 554: 541: 537: 527: 517: 513: 501: 489: 477: 465: 453: 449: 439: 435: 423: 419: 409: 383: 373: 363: 353: 324: 297: 281: 241: 237:("Marshal, here we are!") 194: 176: 142: 137: 115: 20845:Politics of World War II 20830:Modern history of France 20815:France–Germany relations 20765:Anti-communism in France 20202:Administrative divisions 19059:Allied invasion of Italy 19036:Solomon Islands campaign 18785:Third Battle of Changsha 18382:First Battle of Changsha 18288:Second Sino-Japanese War 17221:German military brothels 17087:United States war crimes 15806:Military administrations 15338:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 14672:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 14617:National Republican Army 14612:Latvian Auxiliary Police 14537:Albanian Fascist Militia 14256:Trial of Philippe Pétain 13931:Groupe mobile de réserve 13474:French Equatorial Africa 13277:L'Émancipation nationale 13179:Antisemitic publications 12516:22 February 2019 at the 12490:"Obituary of a Republic" 12307: 11763:Fishman, Sarah, et al. 11236:13 December 2019 at the 11141:14 December 2019 at the 11082:Azema, Jean-Pierre, ed. 10845:Det vanskelige oppgjøret 9670:10.1177/0022009419839774 9561:La Bataille de Marseille 9460:Rémy, Dominique (1992). 9416:The Theology of Medicine 9339:18 February 2006 at the 8095:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in 8091:27 November 2010 at the 7932:, Le Seuil, 1979, p. 82 7825:Beigbeder, Yves (2006). 7642:Singer, Barnett (2008). 7224:Laqueur, Walter (1978). 6635: 6513:Service d'Action Civique 6494:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle 6487:Parti Populaire Français 6392:Parti Populaire Français 6162:Jacques Ploncard d'Assac 5566:Free Republic of Vercors 5446: 5263:Parti Populaire Français 5225:Groupe mobile de réserve 4621:French secondary schools 4572:, an early proponent of 3891:Giraud took part in the 3682:; this was known as the 3566:invaded Vichy-held Gabon 3550:French Equatorial Africa 3484:French Equatorial Africa 3384:Free French Naval Forces 3370:Naval Base New Caledonia 3309:1st Free French Division 3277:and Australia and, with 3259:referendum was organised 3092:Andrew Browne Cunningham 2860:departmental commissions 2827:Travail, Famille, Patrie 1635:Nazi concentration camps 1213: 1175: 1005: 994: 973: 184:Travail, Famille, Patrie 20875:Provisional governments 20825:The Holocaust in France 20422:Franc (former currency) 20027:Coup of 2 December 1851 20000:Long nineteenth century 19481:Second Guangxi campaign 19336:Philippines (1944–1945) 18840:Battle of the Coral Sea 18743:Fall of the Philippines 18389:Battle of South Guangxi 18295:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 17694:Italian Social Republic 14790:Royal Thai Armed Forces 14780:Manchukuo Imperial Army 14765:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 14713:Burma Independence Army 14645:Russian Liberation Army 14607:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 14569:Belarusian Home Defence 14533:Albanian collaborators 14348:The Sorrow and the Pity 14162:Siegfried Line campaign 13969:SS Charlemagne division 13831:The Holocaust in France 12980:Second Laval government 12849:Charles du Paty de Clam 12829:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau 12511:The Holocaust in France 12359:Smithsonian Institution 12320:The Sorrow and the Pity 12105:, Fayard, Paris, 1985, 12029:, L.G.D.J., Paris 1963. 12015:, Fayard, Paris, 1994, 11975:, Perrin, Paris, 1998. 11706:excerpt and text search 11589:excerpt and text search 11553:Michel, Alain (2014) . 11487:11 October 2017 at the 11443:(2008), 15#2 pp 157–177 11411:excerpt and text search 11222:(Westport, Conn., 1998) 11214:excerpt and text search 11201:excerpt and text search 11191:excerpt and text search 11153:excerpt and text search 10952:Traverso, Enzo (2016). 10903:3 December 2002 at the 10514:Fishman, Sarah (1991). 10394:Diamond, Hanna (1999). 10139:Hellman, John (2008) . 10109:. Perrin. p. 234. 9446:1 December 2016 at the 9364:4 February 2007 at the 9287:4 February 2007 at the 9113:28 January 2016 at the 8962:24 October 2015 at the 8781:Boninchi, Marc (2005). 8162:26 January 2016 at the 7723:Vinen, Richard (2006). 7602:Holman & Kelly 2000 7590:Holman & Kelly 2000 7578:Holman & Kelly 2000 7566:Holman & Kelly 2000 7554:Holman & Kelly 2000 7542:Holman & Kelly 2000 7527:Holman & Kelly 2000 7515:Holman & Kelly 2000 7500:Holman & Kelly 2000 7488:Holman & Kelly 2000 7400:Holman & Kelly 2000 7388:Holman & Kelly 2000 7371:Holman & Kelly 2000 7076:Philip G. Nord (2010). 6226:The Sorrow and the Pity 6177:crimes against humanity 5948:Commissions d'épuration 5797:, were also dissolved. 5585:Independence of the SOL 5109:Paris Police Prefecture 4976:before the mass arrests 4869:department of the Seine 4298:on the sole basis of a 4267:granted since the 1927 4132:against the prevailing 4119:and engineers from the 4106:SS Charlemagne Division 3939:Algerian People's Party 3494:on 29 August 1940, and 3331:Battle of Monte Cassino 3295:battle of the Coral Sea 3261:on 2 September 1940 in 3177:important naval victory 2969:and Secretary of State 2937:A propaganda poster in 2811:chef de l'État français 2452:Conditions of armistice 2379:French prisoners of war 2338:attack at Mers-el-Kébir 2195:("decadence") when the 2092:". Political scientist 2006:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1674:crimes against humanity 1556:, and as an extension, 1542:invaded by Nazi Germany 820: 811: 20810:France in World War II 20770:Antisemitism in France 20442:Science and technology 20099:Provisional Government 20068: 20047: 19907: 19066:Armistice of Cassibile 18868:Battle of Dutch Harbor 18819:Battle of the Java Sea 18722:Attack on Pearl Harbor 18622:Syria–Lebanon campaign 18615:Battle of South Shanxi 18585:Invasion of Yugoslavia 18368:Battle of the Atlantic 17982:Korean Liberation Army 17688:(until September 1943) 17645:(until September 1944) 17623:(until September 1944) 16177: 15907:Puppet administrations 15711:Carinthia and Carniola 15378: 15153: 15145: 15125:and German occupations 14775:Malayan Volunteer Army 14641:Russian collaborators 14589:Finnish Defence Forces 14222:Provisional Government 13882:15th Military Division 13877:14th Military Division 13712:Yellow badge in France 13032:National Popular Rally 12965:First Laval government 12854:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 12688:French colonial empire 12410:Rousso, Henry (1991). 12088:, Seuil, Paris, 1991, 11900:, Paris, Fayard, 1996. 11549:(Princeton U.P., 2010) 11473:(2015) 25#1 pp: 32–49. 11357:International Security 11124:27.3 (2018): 482–499. 10423:. London: Allen Lane. 10175:Judges Against Justice 9835:www.jacqueschirac-asso 9504:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 9117:on the website of the 8785:Vichy et l'ordre moral 8672:1 October 2013 at the 7950: 7702:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7124:International Security 7040:Young, Ernest (2013), 6952: 6808:. Barrie and Jenkins. 6740: 6734: 6663: 6458:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 6321:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 6158:Jacques de Bernonville 6105:, were controversial. 6052:Among artists, singer 6021:Paris massacre of 1961 6011: 5978:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 5947: 5914: 5893: 5887: 5758:Provisional government 5723:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 5707: 5702: 5698: 5681: 5673: 5658:Sigmaringen commission 5642:Jacques de Bernonville 5605: 5570:Free French government 5535:St Pierre and Miquelon 5487: 5382: 5357: 5243: 5235:Légion des Volontaires 5139: 5134: 4986: 4977: 4916: 4851: 4734: 4706:Entretiens de Pontigny 4705: 4697: 4688: 4657: 4615: 4607:prenuptial certificate 4594: 4456: 4351:Drancy internment camp 4343:French Communist Party 4226: 4214: 4179: 4170:after the Liberation. 4020: 3858:Bonnier de La Chapelle 3824: 3795: 3696: 3684:Syria-Lebanon campaign 3610:1940, British General 3595: 3538:Vichy French Air Force 3379:Bataillon du Pacifique 3378: 3317: 3304:Bataillon du Pacifique 3303: 3271:attack on Pearl Harbor 3244:possessions in Oceania 3151: 3070: 3060: 2942: 2909:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 2882:6 February 1934 crisis 2868: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2730: 2674: 2656: 2602: 2559: 2542: 2530:French colonial empire 2524: 2512: 2503:Vichy French Air Force 2462: 2434:armistice with Germany 2425: 2382: 2350: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2260: 2253: 2218: 2204: 2191: 2175: 2123: 1934: 1916: 1882: 1872: 1870:, the invasion of the 1862: 1850: 1840:as established by the 1806: 1802: 1789: 1694:Causes of World War II 1621: 1598:French colonial empire 1588:started in June 1941, 1507: 1464: 1454: 1049:Valois-Angoulême kings 787:of the French Republic 785:Provisional Government 627:• Capture of the 229: 202: 182: 121: 95:Vichy (disambiguation) 61:Please consider using 19230:Second Battle of Guam 19126:Bengal famine of 1943 19096:Second Battle of Kiev 19052:Battle of the Dnieper 18757:Battle of Wake Island 18629:East African campaign 18571:Battle of South Henan 18216:atrocities by Germans 17989:Korean Volunteer Army 16963:Occupation of Germany 16717:Music in World War II 15358:Reichsfestung Belgrad 14795:Russian Fascist Party 14584:Croatian Armed Forces 14452:Category:Vichy France 14075:Operation Bright Moon 13872:7th Military Division 13270:Documents maçonniques 12465:13 April 2005 at the 12123:, Julliard, , 1967. 11898:Vichy et les Français 11842:8 August 2020 at the 11774:5 August 2020 at the 11662:. London: Brassey's. 11658:Raugh, H. E. (1993). 11405:Lackerstein, Debbie. 11175:5 August 2020 at the 10398:. New York: Longman. 10343:10.3917/rhmc.503.0148 9813:13 April 2009 at the 9559:, 1995. Chapter XIV, 9004:Stein, Louis (1979). 8901:Nahum, Henri (2008). 8646:The Politics of Torch 8453:A man called Intrepid 8435:10.3406/jso.1997.2029 8405:19 March 2015 at the 8375:10.3917/rhmc.494.0071 8098:Le Monde diplomatique 7010:on 27 September 2006. 6969:Hitler and his Allies 6741:Maréchal, nous voilà! 6195:Further information: 6009: 5809:Further information: 5679: 5671: 5592: 5580:Decline of the regime 5485: 5380: 5355: 5232: 5170:, at the site of the 5131: 5039:Further information: 4971: 4926:Darquier de Pellepoix 4732: 4692: 4683: 4626:occupational medicine 4220: 4212: 4203:Further information: 4104:, later becoming the 3966: 3957:Further information: 3893:Casablanca Conference 3850:Trans-Saharan Railway 3792:Casablanca Conference 3782: 3602:), Brigadier-General 3593: 3192:controlled by Tokyo. 3145: 3058: 3021:, a former member of 2967:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2936: 2927:Further information: 2803: 2793: 2677:On 10 July 1940, the 2662: 2648: 2635:Further information: 2510: 2465:Further information: 2459: 2420: 2395:offensive in the West 2377: 2187:French Third Republic 2134:, and celebrated the 2115: 2031:Further information: 1809:Further information: 1795: 1779: 1684:Further information: 1534:Third French Republic 769:of National Interests 467:• 1940 (acting) 364:Common languages 292:and the Allied powers 256: Unoccupied zone 37:The reason given is: 20247:World Heritage Sites 20164:Coronavirus pandemic 19516:Surrender of Germany 18994:Battle of West Hubei 18951:Guadalcanal campaign 18921:Battle of Stalingrad 18847:Battle of Madagascar 17614:Albania protectorate 17401:(formerly Swaziland) 17110:Wehrmacht war crimes 16926:Expulsion of Germans 16710:Art and World War II 16608:British contribution 16557:Governments in exile 16360:Strength Through Joy 16319:Weather Station Kurt 16021:Norway (Quisling II) 15268:Munich–Upper Bavaria 15253:March of Brandenburg 14760:Inner Mongolian Army 14748:Indian National Army 14632:Royal Hungarian Army 14627:Romanian Land Forces 14387:Le Silence de la mer 14212:Liberation of France 13821:Deportation timeline 13326:Révolution nationale 13200:Le Juif et la France 13150:Révolution nationale 13008:French Popular Party 12713:Treaty of Versailles 12130:Herbert R. Lottman. 12115:Launay, Jacques de. 11968:(2nd ed. 2000) 732pp 11811:(2012) 30#2 pp 8–32. 11732:Weisberg, Richard H. 11591:; influential survey 11075:Azema, Jean-Pierre. 10869:"Vichy France Facts" 10734:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 10707:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 9785:. 28 December 2015. 9268:, 32, (1984), p. 119 8748:J.Lee Ready (1995), 8554:Playfair et al. 1954 8337:on 28 September 2011 7986:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 7802:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 7171:Debbie Lackerstein, 7137:10.1162/isec_a_00329 6936:Taylor & Francis 6619:Amy Elizabeth Thorpe 6472:in 1935 and fascist 6074:were also detained. 5888:profiteurs de guerre 5843:improve this article 5703:Délégation française 5242:on the Eastern Front 5161:National Front Party 5051:Battle of Marseilles 4861:Prefecture of Police 4767:improve this article 4709:". Scholars such as 4658:L'Homme, cet inconnu 4586:French Popular Party 4530:improve this article 4393:Révolution nationale 4273:green ticket roundup 4205:Révolution nationale 4138:Treaty of Versailles 3812:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3763:initially resisted, 3719:Battle of Madagascar 3650:Syria and Madagascar 3354:economic opportunism 3313:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3234:, the largest being 3110:liberation of France 3042:Operation Barbarossa 2525:Armée de l'Armistice 2298:Révolution nationale 2292:Révolution nationale 2182:Révolution nationale 2162:, the symbol of the 2119:Révolution nationale 2033:Révolution nationale 1826:République française 1722:improve this article 1651:liberation of France 1586:Operation Barbarossa 1257:Provisional Republic 1039:Valois-Orléans kings 93:For other uses, see 20385:Automotive industry 20169:2021 labor protests 19926:Peace of Westphalia 19794:History of Normandy 19789:History of Brittany 19606:Potsdam Declaration 19495:Italy (Spring 1945) 19258:Liberation of Paris 18715:Siege of Sevastopol 17726:(until August 1944) 17629:Wang Jingwei regime 17451:from September 1943 17411:from September 1944 17349:from September 1944 17209:Romanian war crimes 17200:Persecution of Jews 17186:Croatian war crimes 17156:Japanese war crimes 16970:Occupation of Japan 16919:First Indochina War 16631:Military production 16543:Declarations of war 16179:Reichskommissariats 16011:Norway (Quisling I) 15941:Chechnya-Ingushetia 15601:Bohemia and Moravia 15586:Partial annexations 15397:Danzig–West Prussia 14805:Takasago Volunteers 14733:Gando Special Force 14657:Security Battalions 14167:Sigmaringen enclave 14157:Liberation of Paris 13816:Deportation convoys 13785:Royallieu-Compiègne 13750:Natzweiler-Struthof 13621:Order of Physicians 13380:French North Africa 13042:Peasant Corporation 13021:Mouvement Franciste 12819:Jacques Charpentier 12794:Jean-Marie Bergeret 12473:National Geographic 12357:. Washington D.C.: 12121:Collection Archives 12117:Le Dossier de Vichy 12025:Yves Maxime Danan, 11833:Contemporary Review 11780:Golsan, Richard J. 11708:, focus on city of 11511:. (Praeger, 1998). 11507:Melton, George E. 11482:online 1981 edition 11429:(Oxford U P 1997). 11185:Fogg, Shannon Lee. 10730:Jean-Pierre Maury. 10703:Jean-Pierre Maury. 10642:, pp. 567–568. 10595:, pp. 331–332. 9947:The Washington Post 9744:The Washington Post 9297:, 2002; 25: 331–356 8919:10.3917/aj.411.0041 8592:, pp. 323–324. 8580:, pp. 322–323. 8320:Order of Liberation 8065:William L. Langer, 7982:Jean-Pierre Maury. 7928:Jean-Pierre Azéma, 7798:Jean-Pierre Maury. 7727:. pp. 183–214. 7632:, pp. 121–126. 7414:, pp. 712–714. 6918:, pp. 160–162. 6650:law of 10 July 1940 6516:(SAC) in the 1960s. 6445:Mouvement franciste 6363:François Mitterrand 6049:instead of prison. 6045:(1946–54) with the 5894:Beurre Oeuf Fromage 5686:liberation of Paris 5664:Sigmaringen enclave 5597:/ French Militia / 5562:Metropolitan France 5504:Sigmaringen enclave 5279:collaborationnistes 5259:collaborationnistes 5257:have used the term 5194:Collaborationnistes 5153:François Mitterrand 5088:metropolitan France 5059:extermination camps 4987:Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv 4374:, trade-unionists, 4355:extermination camps 4111:On the other hand, 4059:(1936–1938) led by 3918:In late April 1945 3846:concentration camps 3733:French North Africa 3702:) on 14 July 1941. 3636:Italian East Africa 3506:on 27 August 1940. 3490:on 26 August 1940, 3165:Kingdom of Thailand 3161:Plaek Pibulsonggram 3114:government-in-exile 2919:in September 1944. 2679:Chamber of Deputies 1896:Metropolitan France 1866:) especially after 1846:French North Africa 1838:Line of Demarcation 1666:Sigmaringen enclave 1527:Metropolitan France 812:Paris remained the 629:Sigmaringen enclave 616:Vichy laws repealed 315:Government-in-exile 39:DuplicateReferences 20785:Anti-Protestantism 20452:Telecommunications 20154:2015 Paris attacks 20017:Revolution of 1848 19845:Visigothic Kingdom 19599:Surrender of Japan 19432:Battle of Iwo Jima 19281:Belgrade offensive 18694:Siege of Leningrad 18578:Battle of Shanggao 18507:British Somaliland 18472:Dunkirk evacuation 18423:Norwegian campaign 18361:Invasion of Poland 18188:Japanese prisoners 17149:Italian war crimes 17080:British war crimes 16995:Soviet occupations 16779:South-West Pacific 16666:Allied cooperation 16624:Military equipment 15611:General Government 15288:Schleswig-Holstein 14667:Slovene Home Guard 14261:Klaus Barbie trial 14152:Operation Overlord 13892:Army of the Levant 13826:Holocaust timeline 13510:Asia & Oceania 13412:French West Africa 12970:Flandin government 12939:Carltheo Zeitschel 12725:War guilt question 12151:Le régime de Vichy 11987:Cointet, Jean-Paul 11964:Michèle Cointet. 11821:. (2nd ed. 2006). 11650:Pollard, Miranda. 11583:Paxton, Robert O. 11096:Burrin, Philippe. 11024:The New York Times 10985:The New York Times 10018:. Paris: Le Seuil. 9907:The New York Times 9704:The New York Times 9332:Gwen Terrenoire, " 8880:François Masure, " 7026:2011-08-11 at the 6885:on 11 October 2017 6356:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 6208:The Vichy Syndrome 6139:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 6095:summary executions 6012: 5989:Jean-Pierre Esteva 5925:the second phase ( 5682: 5674: 5606: 5546:Operation Overlord 5488: 5383: 5367:Hans Petter Graver 5358: 5288:Collaborationnisme 5244: 5238:fighting with the 5140: 5117:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 5055:identity documents 4982:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4978: 4964:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4735: 4675:Arthur de Gobineau 4673:theories had been 4671:pseudoscientifical 4580:, and a member of 4457:Internierungslager 4227: 4225:guarding detainees 4215: 4177:, who created the 4100:) fighting on the 4021: 4002:Sicherheitspolizei 3820:French West Africa 3796: 3625:Pierre Nouailhetas 3604:Paul Legentilhomme 3596: 3562:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 3523:French West Africa 3472:French West Indies 3374:South Pacific Area 3212:Free French Forces 3154:In June 1940, the 3152: 3088:René-Emile Godfroy 3061: 2943: 2852:freedom of thought 2806: 2675: 2670:Divide and Conquer 2657: 2598:Army of the Levant 2513: 2463: 2426: 2383: 2334:Dunkirk evacuation 2231:la France profonde 2124: 2039:counter-revolution 1851:Unbesetztes Gebiet 1807: 1790: 1606:New European Order 1491:the 1940 armistice 1473:headed by Marshal 1469:), was the French 1410:History portal 906: until 50 BC 307:Fully occupied by 20722: 20721: 20684: 20683: 20475: 20474: 20362: 20361: 20354:Political parties 20290:Foreign relations 20255: 20254: 20184: 20183: 19967:French Revolution 19921:Thirty Years' War 19902:Absolute monarchy 19867:Kingdom of France 19763:Foreign relations 19743:Political history 19673: 19672: 19631: 19630: 19474:Battle of Okinawa 19373:Burma (1944–1945) 19207:Mariana and Palau 18987:Tunisian campaign 18812:Fall of Singapore 18736:Fall of Hong Kong 18479:Battle of Britain 18332:Operation Himmler 18241: 18240: 17905:Dutch East Indies 17541:Southern Rhodesia 17293: 17292: 17193:Genocide of Serbs 17096:German war crimes 17073:Soviet war crimes 17066:Allied war crimes 16912:Division of Korea 16891:Chinese Civil War 16689:Strategic bombing 16601:Manhattan Project 16375: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16295: 16294: 16265:Other occupations 16260: 16259: 16171: 16170: 15886:Adriatic Littoral 15879:Operational Zones 15800: 15799: 15681: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15647: 15646: 15580: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15463: 15462: 15372: 15371: 15088: 15087: 15084: 15083: 15067: 14923: 14818: 14817: 14706:collaborationists 14682:Wehrmacht foreign 14677:Waffen-SS foreign 14593: 14527:collaborationists 14460: 14459: 14417:French Resistance 14403: 14402: 14341:Milice, film noir 14327:Bombing the Nazis 14235:Épuration sauvage 14172:Fernand de Brinon 14140: 14139: 14080:Wallis and Futuna 13996: 13995: 13839: 13838: 13730:Beaune-la-Rolande 13565: 13564: 13552:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 13505: 13504: 13468: 13467: 13406: 13405: 13341:L'Union française 13122:Foreign relations 12975:Darlan government 12960:Pétain government 12869:Charles Huntziger 12864:Gaston Henry-Haye 12423:978-0-674-93538-9 12394:978-0-87451-795-8 12290:978-3-406-58454-1 12260:978-3-486-58945-0 12230:, Stuttgart 1966. 12207:978-2-35204-235-8 12173:978-2-13-054077-9 12044:978-2-84405-173-8 12000:978-2-262-03300-2 11971:Michèle Cointet. 11894:Jean-Pierre Azéma 11704:(New York, 1986) 11686:978-0-297-85218-6 11669:978-0-08-040983-2 11643:978-1-84574-066-5 11538:978-0-394-54222-5 11503:978-1-84519-784-1 11493:Martin Mauthner. 11462:978-0-226-47502-8 11425:Larkin, Maurice. 11383:978-0-19-160683-0 11362:Kooreman, Megan. 11350:978-0-226-43893-1 11287:978-0-19-820706-1 11256:978-1-57181-701-3 11072:, (Longman, 1997) 10965:978-1-78478-134-7 10873:World War 2 Facts 10854:978-82-518-0917-7 10784:"Accession Plans" 10678:, pp. 81–82. 10666:, pp. 48–49. 10579:978-0-8223-2777-6 10554:978-0-226-67349-3 10529:978-0-300-04774-5 10493:10.1093/fh/crq025 10458:10.1093/fh/crq025 10430:978-0-7139-9964-8 10405:978-0-582-29909-2 10378:10.1093/fh/crp006 10311:978-0-415-14219-9 10278:978-0-312-04773-3 10152:978-0-7735-0973-3 10116:978-2-262-02229-7 10080:978-0-8014-1263-9 10042:978-0-920862-36-0 9535:978-2-84405-173-8 9477:978-2-87894-026-8 8937:Les Lois de Vichy 8796:978-2-13-055339-7 8720:Julian T. Jackson 8706:978-0-19-280700-7 8544:, pp. 75–76. 8260:"Citation of the 8219:on 17 August 2011 8118:on 11 August 2011 8022:978-0-19-956707-2 7915:978-0-8232-2562-0 7838:978-90-474-1070-6 7760:978-0-415-92365-1 7655:978-0-7864-3571-5 7614:Robert A. Doughty 7592:, pp. 75–76. 7568:, pp. 72–73. 7529:, pp. 71–76. 7490:, pp. 69–70. 7373:, pp. 96–98. 7344:978-0-8047-7018-7 7286:978-3-030-22411-0 7237:978-0-520-03642-0 7198:978-0-299-08064-8 7089:978-0-691-14297-5 7051:978-0-19-992462-2 6859:978-0-226-47502-8 6769:Julian T. Jackson 6755:978-2-87027-864-2 6661:French: Pétain: " 6614:Organisation Todt 6602:Oradour-sur-Glane 6558:Camp of Septfonds 6544:Pierre Taittinger 6484:, founder of the 6434:Robert Brasillach 6339:Charles Huntziger 6333:Gaston Henry-Haye 6311:, founder of the 6201:As the historian 5971:Robert Brasillach 5915:épuration sauvage 5879:Vélodrome d'hiver 5875: 5874: 5867: 5746:General de Lattre 5744:On 21 April 1945 5714:Le Petit Parisien 5694:Fernand de Brinon 5646:French Resistance 5599:Secretary-General 5595:Against Communism 5556:(GPRF) headed by 5550:Operation Dragoon 5500:puppet government 5327:Amis de la Légion 5271:Robert Brasillach 5255:Jean-Pierre Azéma 5172:Vélodrome d'Hiver 5082:Jewish death toll 5041:Marseille roundup 5007:Vélodrome d'Hiver 4877:Theodor Dannecker 4843: 4842: 4835: 4817: 4667:scientific racism 4628:, enacted by the 4562: 4561: 4554: 4502:Eugenics policies 4441:Spanish Civil War 4437:August 1942 raids 4409:stateless persons 4327:Spanish Civil War 4323:fall of Catalonia 4300:prefectoral order 4185:French Resistance 4134:classical liberal 4130:economy of France 4124:necessities of a 3836:, triggering the 3668:Italian Air Force 3580:French Somaliland 3431:Charles de Gaulle 3391:Wallis and Futuna 3339:Provence landings 3251:Appeal of 18 June 3226:India and Oceania 3216:Appeal of 18 June 3186:Empire of Vietnam 3171:and launched the 3076:Winston Churchill 3019:Lemaigre-Dubreuil 3009:Liberation to an 2923:Foreign relations 2816:Fernand de Brinon 2763:French historians 2667:documentary film 2412:Charles Huntziger 2326:Perfidious Albion 2261:Miracle de Jeanne 2254:Miracle de Jeanne 2106:Olivier Wiewiorka 2064:while dismissing 2058:French Revolution 2012:Julian T. Jackson 1817:National Assembly 1756:In 1940, Marshal 1754: 1753: 1746: 1659:Charles de Gaulle 1643:French Resistance 1525:the remainder of 1444: 1443: 1395:France portal 1288: 1287: 1185: 1184: 1096:Kingdom of France 1086:French Revolution 1077:Long 19th century 1067: 1066: 1015: 1014: 985:Kingdom of France 920: 919: 828: 827: 804: 803: 800: 799: 765:French Government 712: 711: 522:National Assembly 503:• 1942–1944 455:• 1940–1942 425:• 1940–1944 221: 91: 90: 83: 20882: 20486: 20485: 20402:Economic history 20373: 20372: 20266: 20265: 20195: 20194: 20073: 20052: 19951:Seven Years' War 19916:Wars of Religion 19912: 19897:House of Bourbon 19892:Early modern era 19872:Fundamental laws 19748:Military history 19723: 19722: 19700: 19693: 19686: 19677: 19676: 19666: 19659: 19652: 19649:World portal 19647: 19646: 19622: 19615: 19608: 19601: 19592: 19585: 19578: 19569: 19562: 19555: 19548: 19541: 19534: 19525: 19518: 19511: 19509:Prague offensive 19504: 19502:Battle of Berlin 19497: 19490: 19483: 19476: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19446:Vienna offensive 19441: 19434: 19427: 19425:Battle of Manila 19420: 19400: 19391: 19382: 19375: 19366: 19359: 19352: 19345: 19338: 19331: 19324: 19315: 19306: 19299: 19290: 19283: 19276: 19269: 19260: 19253: 19246: 19239: 19232: 19225: 19218: 19209: 19202: 19193: 19184: 19175: 19168: 19166:Korsun–Cherkassy 19161: 19150: 19128: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19098: 19091: 19084: 19077: 19068: 19061: 19054: 19047: 19038: 19031: 19024: 19017: 19010: 19008:Bombing of Gorky 19003: 18996: 18989: 18969: 18962: 18953: 18946: 18939: 18930: 18923: 18916: 18909: 18898: 18891: 18884: 18877: 18875:Battle of Midway 18870: 18863: 18861:Battle of Gazala 18856: 18849: 18842: 18835: 18828: 18821: 18814: 18794: 18787: 18780: 18773: 18771:Battle of Borneo 18766: 18764:Malayan campaign 18759: 18752: 18745: 18738: 18731: 18724: 18717: 18710: 18708:Bombing of Gorky 18703: 18701:Battle of Moscow 18696: 18689: 18682: 18675: 18668: 18661: 18645: 18638: 18631: 18624: 18617: 18610: 18601: 18594: 18587: 18580: 18573: 18553: 18544: 18537: 18530: 18523: 18516: 18509: 18502: 18495: 18488: 18481: 18474: 18467: 18465:Battle of France 18460: 18453: 18446: 18439: 18432: 18425: 18405: 18398: 18391: 18384: 18377: 18370: 18363: 18341: 18334: 18327: 18320: 18318:Munich Agreement 18313: 18306: 18297: 18290: 18283: 18274: 18267: 18252: 18251: 18234: 18227: 18218: 18211: 18204: 18203:Soviet prisoners 18197: 18190: 18183: 18174: 18167: 18158: 18151: 18144: 18143:German prisoners 18139: 18119: 18110: 18103: 18096: 18091: 18084: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18056: 18049: 18042: 18035: 18028: 18021: 18014: 18007: 18000: 17991: 17984: 17977: 17970: 17963: 17956: 17949: 17942: 17935: 17928: 17921: 17914: 17907: 17900: 17893: 17886: 17879: 17872: 17865: 17845: 17838: 17831: 17824: 17817: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17789: 17782: 17775: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17727: 17719: 17712: 17705: 17696: 17689: 17681: 17674: 17672:French Indochina 17667: 17660: 17653: 17646: 17638: 17631: 17624: 17616: 17596: 17587: 17580: 17571: 17564: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17519:from August 1944 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17442: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17402: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17340: 17333: 17326: 17319: 17304: 17303: 17284: 17277: 17270: 17263: 17256: 17245: 17230: 17223: 17216: 17211: 17202: 17195: 17188: 17179: 17172: 17165: 17163:Nanjing Massacre 17158: 17151: 17142: 17140:Nuremberg trials 17133: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17105: 17098: 17089: 17082: 17075: 17068: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16981: 16972: 16965: 16958: 16951: 16942: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16893: 16873: 16864: 16857: 16850: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16744:Asia and Pacific 16726: 16719: 16712: 16705: 16698: 16691: 16684: 16675: 16673:Mulberry harbour 16668: 16661: 16654: 16647: 16640: 16633: 16626: 16619: 16610: 16603: 16596: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16515: 16508: 16493: 16492: 16481: 16474: 16465: 16458: 16451: 16444: 16437: 16430: 16423: 16402: 16395: 16388: 16379: 16378: 16304: 16303: 16186: 16185: 16182: 15911: 15910: 15898:Alpine Foothills 15766: 15765: 15716:Gebiet Bialystok 15694: 15693: 15607: 15606: 15591: 15590: 15536: 15535: 15450:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 15413: 15412: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15328:Westphalia-South 15323:Westphalia-North 15243:Magdeburg-Anhalt 15163: 15162: 15158: 15150: 15141: 15140: 15115: 15108: 15101: 15092: 15091: 15065: 14921: 14637:Royal Iraqi Army 14591: 14516: 14515: 14506: 14505: 14487: 14480: 14473: 14464: 14463: 14380:Section spéciale 14373:Castle to Castle 14334:The Eye of Vichy 14291: 14290: 14271:Mission Mattéoli 14228:Épuration légale 13982:Légion impériale 13953:Special Brigades 13857: 13856: 13850: 13849: 13654:Clermont-Ferrand 13578: 13577: 13522:French Indochina 13507: 13506: 13470: 13469: 13408: 13407: 13376: 13375: 13256:Le Cri du peuple 13224: 13156:Special Sections 13060:Anti-Jewish laws 12894:George Montandon 12889:Bernard Ménétrel 12859:Philippe Henriot 12660:Action Française 12557: 12550: 12543: 12534: 12533: 12486: 12435: 12406: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12332:The Eye of Vichy 12302: 12249: 12233:Martin Jungius: 12211: 12185: 12156:The Vichy Regime 12081: 12048: 12004: 11961: 11928: 11890: 11724:Vinen, Richard. 11710:Clermont-Ferrand 11673: 11647: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11600:Butler, J. R. M. 11580: 11542: 11466: 11454: 11420:Our Vichy gamble 11402: 11400: 11398: 11327: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11279: 11268: 11195:Gildea, Robert. 11157:Diamond, Hanna. 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10932: 10925: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10700: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10521: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10299: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10184: 10178: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10136: 10130: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10011: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9988:. 16 July 2017. 9978: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9937: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9870:. 17 July 2017. 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9843: 9832: 9824: 9818: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9647: 9641: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9617: 9606: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9524:Einaudi (2001). 9521: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9457: 9451: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9392:on 16 March 2007 9388:. Archived from 9377:Didier Daeninckx 9354: 9348: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9317: 9309: 9298: 9278: 9269: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9108:Film documentary 9105: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9036:on 14 July 2006. 9032:. Archived from 9026: 9020: 9019: 9001: 8995: 8985: 8979: 8953: 8947: 8935:Dominique Rémy, 8933: 8927: 8926: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8816: 8788: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8746: 8740: 8733: 8727: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8664: 8649: 8644:Arthur L. Funk, 8642: 8636: 8635: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8478: 8467: 8466: 8448: 8439: 8438: 8416: 8410: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8292:. Archived from 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8266:. 22 July 1944. 8256: 8250: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8190: 8184: 8173: 8167: 8154: 8148: 8140:. Paris: Seuil. 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8108: 8102: 8083: 8070: 8067:Our Vichy Gamble 8063: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7946: 7940: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7903: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7330: 7319: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7298: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7182: 7176: 7169: 7158: 7157: 7139: 7115: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7037: 7031: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6990:Our Vichy gamble 6982: 6976: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6881:. Archived from 6870: 6864: 6863: 6847: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6785: 6776: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6743: 6737: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6691: 6668: 6666: 6659: 6653: 6646: 6531:Action Française 6377:, Head of State. 6327:Philippe Henriot 6277: 6262: 6218: 6111:highly temporary 6092: 6056:was detained in 6030: 6017: 5958:Action Française 5950: 5944: 5934: 5928:épuration légale 5917: 5896: 5890: 5870: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5850: 5827: 5819: 5815:Épuration légale 5780:and void by the 5710: 5621:Milice française 5559: 5532: 5516: 5452:their families. 5296:Collaborationism 5293: 5292:collaborationism 5247:Stanley Hoffmann 5217:Special Brigades 5209:Légion impériale 5159:, leader of the 5137: 5076:Heinrich Himmler 5025:Jean-Luc Einaudi 5021:Verfügungstruppe 4989: 4919: 4873:Dannecker report 4854: 4852:sous-préfectures 4838: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4775: 4751: 4743: 4725:Antisemitic laws 4708: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4618: 4616:"livret scolaire 4600:François Perroux 4597: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4514: 4506: 4459: 4376:anti-militarists 4339:Édouard Daladier 4189:Free French Army 4182: 4152:social democracy 4076:Francisco Franco 4070:Action Française 3998: 3931:Yves Chataigneau 3928: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3878: 3863: 3831: 3827: 3789: 3774:Tunisia Campaign 3713: 3709: 3701: 3612:Archibald Wavell 3609: 3559: 3515:Operation Menace 3381: 3323:Italian Campaign 3321:; fought in the 3320: 3306: 3293:that fought the 3280: 3255:French Polynesia 3221: 3214:(FFL) after his 3209: 3086:, under Admiral 3073: 3071:Marine Nationale 3000: 2984: 2980: 2963:William D. Leahy 2955:armed neutrality 2871: 2869:Conseil National 2849: 2835: 2829: 2813: 2787: 2761:The majority of 2733: 2726:Édouard Daladier 2605: 2562: 2547: 2527: 2353: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2287:Great Depression 2263: 2256: 2221: 2207: 2194: 2178: 2164:Italian Fascists 2144:Battle of Alesia 2132:France's history 2078:Stanley G. Payne 2062:authoritarianism 2022: 2018: 1991:constitutionally 1937: 1919: 1885: 1875: 1865: 1853: 1805: 1800:of Vichy France 1762:Battle of Verdun 1749: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1706: 1698: 1671: 1624: 1512: 1467: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1284: 1200: 1199: 1082: 1081: 1035: 1034: 996:Direct Capetians 935: 934: 878: 877: 858: 848: 830: 829: 796: 795: 788: 778: 777: 770: 754: 753: 746: 743:Italian military 736: 735: 728: 716: 715: 707: 695: 694: 685: 677: 676: 670: 669: 654: 653: 595:11 November 1942 545:Second Compiègne 398:collaborationist 354:Capital-in-exile 346:(constitutional) 286: 271: 263: 255: 246: 234: 223: 222: 207: 187: 164: 150: 132: 124: 113: 112: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 63:named references 55:(refs: 157, 158) 48:(refs: 117, 120) 27: 26: 19: 20890: 20889: 20885: 20884: 20883: 20881: 20880: 20879: 20835:Philippe Pétain 20750:1940s in France 20725: 20724: 20723: 20718: 20717: 20698: 20680: 20661:Public holidays 20574: 20533:Life expectancy 20471: 20358: 20251: 20180: 20149:Great Recession 20122:Fourth Republic 20117:1900 to present 20105: 20022:Second Republic 19986: 19955: 19878: 19831: 19798: 19777: 19712: 19704: 19674: 19669: 19662: 19655: 19641: 19639: 19627: 19618: 19611: 19604: 19597: 19588: 19581: 19574: 19565: 19560:Atomic bombings 19558: 19551: 19544: 19537: 19530: 19521: 19514: 19507: 19500: 19493: 19486: 19479: 19472: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19444: 19437: 19430: 19423: 19416: 19403: 19396: 19385: 19378: 19371: 19362: 19355: 19348: 19341: 19334: 19327: 19318: 19309: 19302: 19293: 19286: 19279: 19272: 19263: 19256: 19251:Eastern Romania 19249: 19244:Warsaw Uprising 19242: 19237:Tannenberg Line 19235: 19228: 19223:Western Ukraine 19221: 19212: 19205: 19196: 19187: 19178: 19171: 19164: 19153: 19144: 19131: 19124: 19115: 19108: 19101: 19094: 19087: 19080: 19073: 19064: 19057: 19050: 19041: 19034: 19027: 19020: 19015:Battle of Kursk 19013: 19006: 18999: 18992: 18985: 18972: 18965: 18956: 18949: 18942: 18933: 18926: 18919: 18912: 18903: 18894: 18887: 18880: 18873: 18866: 18859: 18852: 18845: 18838: 18831: 18826:St Nazaire Raid 18824: 18817: 18810: 18797: 18790: 18783: 18776: 18769: 18762: 18755: 18748: 18741: 18734: 18727: 18720: 18713: 18706: 18699: 18692: 18685: 18678: 18671: 18664: 18650: 18641: 18634: 18627: 18620: 18613: 18608:Anglo-Iraqi War 18606: 18599:Battle of Crete 18597: 18590: 18583: 18576: 18569: 18556: 18547: 18540: 18533: 18528:Eastern Romania 18526: 18519: 18512: 18505: 18498: 18491: 18484: 18477: 18470: 18463: 18456: 18449: 18442: 18435: 18428: 18421: 18408: 18401: 18394: 18387: 18380: 18373: 18366: 18359: 18346: 18337: 18330: 18323: 18316: 18309: 18302: 18293: 18286: 18279: 18270: 18263: 18237: 18230: 18223: 18214: 18207: 18202: 18193: 18186: 18179: 18170: 18163: 18154: 18147: 18142: 18135: 18122: 18115: 18106: 18099: 18094: 18089:Western Ukraine 18087: 18080: 18073: 18066: 18059: 18052: 18045: 18038: 18033:Northeast China 18031: 18024: 18017: 18010: 18003: 17996: 17987: 17980: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17952: 17945: 17938: 17931: 17924: 17917: 17910: 17903: 17896: 17889: 17882: 17875: 17868: 17861: 17848: 17841: 17834: 17827: 17820: 17813: 17806: 17799: 17792: 17785: 17778: 17771: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17732:Slovak Republic 17730: 17722: 17715: 17708: 17703:Empire of Japan 17701: 17692: 17684: 17677: 17670: 17663: 17656: 17649: 17641: 17634: 17627: 17619: 17612: 17599: 17592: 17583: 17576: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17513: 17506: 17499: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17457: 17445: 17438: 17431: 17424: 17417: 17405: 17397: 17390: 17383: 17376: 17369: 17362: 17355: 17343: 17336: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17289: 17280: 17273: 17266: 17259: 17248: 17233: 17226: 17219: 17215:Sexual violence 17214: 17207: 17198: 17191: 17184: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17154: 17147: 17138: 17129: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17094: 17085: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17051: 17044: 17037: 17030: 17021: 17014: 17007: 17000: 16993: 16984: 16975: 16968: 16961: 16954: 16945: 16938: 16933:Greek Civil War 16931: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16903: 16896: 16889: 16876: 16869: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16807: 16800: 16793: 16784: 16777: 16770: 16763: 16758:South-East Asia 16756: 16749: 16742: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16687: 16680: 16671: 16664: 16657: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16629: 16622: 16617:Military awards 16615: 16606: 16599: 16592: 16583: 16576: 16569: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16511: 16504: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16461: 16454: 16447: 16442: 16433: 16426: 16419: 16411: 16406: 16376: 16367: 16363:holiday resorts 16343: 16291: 16256: 16220: 16167: 16151: 16065: 15902: 15874: 15796: 15780: 15755: 15688: 15673: 15643: 15605: 15572: 15534: 15459: 15411: 15368: 15342: 15223:Halle-Merseburg 15208:Electoral Hesse 15198:Eastern Hanover 15135: 15133: 15126: 15119: 15089: 15080: 14843:Italian Albania 14814: 14698: 14523: 14500: 14491: 14461: 14456: 14421:Year in France 14412:Occupied France 14399: 14394:Suite française 14360: 14314: 14286: 14280: 14251:Fourth Republic 14204: 14198: 14136: 14132:Philippe Pétain 14122:François Darlan 14110: 14038:Franco-Thai War 13992: 13957: 13911: 13835: 13804: 13716: 13689: 13683: 13630: 13604: 13572: 13561: 13501: 13464: 13402: 13374: 13346: 13312:Je suis partout 13249:Le Cahier jaune 13222: 13218: 13171: 13165: 13133:La jeune France 13104: 13098: 13082:Paris Protocols 13052: 13046: 12990: 12984: 12943: 12904:Philippe Pétain 12834:François Darlan 12789:Joseph Antignac 12777: 12761:Philippe Pétain 12734: 12672:Camelots du Roi 12647: 12566: 12561: 12518:Wayback Machine 12484: 12482:Wayback Machine 12467:Wayback Machine 12442: 12424: 12395: 12371: 12369: 12343: 12341:Further reading 12338: 12310: 12305: 12291: 12243: 12224:Eberhard Jäckel 12219: 12214: 12208: 12174: 12099:Serge Klarsfeld 12070: 12045: 12001: 11950: 11853: 11848: 11844:Wayback Machine 11776:Wayback Machine 11752: 11747: 11698:Sweets, John F. 11670: 11644: 11622: 11620: 11587:(2nd ed. 2001) 11569: 11539: 11489:Wayback Machine 11463: 11416:Langer, William 11396: 11394: 11384: 11359:43(2): 117–150. 11330:Kedward, H. R. 11292: 11290: 11288: 11257: 11238:Wayback Machine 11225:Halls, W. D. 11177:Wayback Machine 11147:Davies, Peter. 11143:Wayback Machine 11089:Boyd, Douglas. 11066:Atkin, Nicholas 11061: 11056: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11016: 11012: 11002: 11000: 10977: 10973: 10966: 10958:. Verso Books. 10950: 10946: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10919:Kitson, Simon. 10917: 10913: 10907: 10905:Wayback Machine 10896: 10892: 10882: 10880: 10867: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10838: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10807: 10803: 10793: 10791: 10782: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10756: 10755: 10751: 10741: 10739: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10701: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10603: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10580: 10566: 10562: 10555: 10541: 10537: 10530: 10512: 10508: 10477: 10473: 10452:(2): 262–282 . 10442: 10438: 10431: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10392: 10385: 10362: 10358: 10323: 10319: 10312: 10290: 10286: 10279: 10259: 10255: 10222: 10218: 10185: 10181: 10172: 10168: 10153: 10137: 10133: 10128: 10124: 10117: 10103: 10099: 10081: 10065: 10061: 10043: 10027: 10023: 10012: 10005: 9995: 9993: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9965: 9963: 9938: 9934: 9924: 9922: 9899: 9895: 9885: 9883: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9815:Wayback Machine 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9762: 9760: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9618: 9609: 9600: 9596: 9586: 9584: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9563:, pp. 209–217. 9557:Le Cherche midi 9549:Maurice Rajsfus 9547: 9543: 9536: 9522: 9518: 9508: 9506: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9478: 9458: 9454: 9448:Wayback Machine 9436: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9380: 9366:Wayback Machine 9355: 9351: 9341:Wayback Machine 9331: 9327: 9310: 9301: 9289:Wayback Machine 9279: 9272: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9169: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9115:Wayback Machine 9106: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9080:on 22 July 2011 9072: 9071: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9046: 9045: 9041: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9002: 8998: 8988:Maurice Rajsfus 8986: 8982: 8971:. pp. 367–368. 8964:Wayback Machine 8954: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8907:Archives Juives 8899: 8895: 8889: 8879: 8875: 8832: 8828: 8814: 8812: 8797: 8779: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8747: 8743: 8734: 8730: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8674:Wayback Machine 8665: 8652: 8643: 8639: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8480: 8479: 8470: 8463: 8449: 8442: 8417: 8413: 8407:Wayback Machine 8395: 8391: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8296:on 23 July 2011 8288: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8236: 8232: 8222: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8191: 8187: 8174: 8170: 8164:Wayback Machine 8155: 8151: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8093:Wayback Machine 8084: 8073: 8064: 8060: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8023: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7980: 7976: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7947: 7943: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7894: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7839: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7796: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7612: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7331: 7322: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7287: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7238: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7116: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7090: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7038: 7034: 7028:Wayback Machine 7019: 7015: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6986:Langer, William 6983: 6979: 6966: 6962: 6946: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6838: 6834: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6800: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6735:La Marseillaise 6730: 6726: 6719: 6716: 6708: 6706: 6705:on 16 July 2009 6693: 6692: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6660: 6656: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6553: 6526:Charles Maurras 6520:Robert Le Vigan 6505:Étienne Leandri 6464:Eugène Deloncle 6424: 6375:Philippe Pétain 6297:François Darlan 6287: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6252: 6246: 6244:Notable figures 6216: 6199: 6193: 6123: 6090: 6028: 6015: 5953:Charles Maurras 5942: 5932: 5920:police prefects 5903:Fourth Republic 5871: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5840: 5828: 5817: 5807: 5766: 5760: 5755: 5731:Robert Le Vigan 5666: 5660: 5587: 5582: 5557: 5530: 5527:19th Army Corps 5519:François Darlan 5514: 5496:Operation Torch 5490:Hitler ordered 5480: 5470: 5449: 5428: 5422: 5412:steel works in 5405: 5375: 5350: 5227: 5199:Main articles: 5197: 5179:Emmanuel Macron 5148:Philippe Pétain 5144:French Republic 5126: 5104:Serge Klarsfeld 5084: 5047:Camp des Milles 5043: 5037: 5029:Maurice Rajsfus 4966: 4960: 4865:Communist Party 4847:sub-prefectures 4839: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4776: 4774: 4764: 4752: 4741: 4727: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4527: 4515: 4504: 4477:Marchandeau Act 4462:Natzweiler camp 4433:Aix-en-Provence 4429:Camp des Milles 4384:French fascists 4265:naturalisations 4258:Charles Maurras 4207: 4201: 4117:Jean Bichelonne 4065:Charles Maurras 4045:Nazi propaganda 3992: 3976:Bernhard Griese 3973:Sturmbannführer 3961: 3955: 3922: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3886:Cremieux decree 3876: 3861: 3829: 3808:François Darlan 3794:in January 1943 3787: 3769:François Darlan 3745: 3739:Operation Torch 3737:Main articles: 3735: 3711: 3707: 3652: 3640:Operation Marie 3607: 3588: 3582: 3568:. The capital, 3557: 3480: 3451:French cruiser 3418: 3410:Main articles: 3408: 3278: 3228: 3219: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3173:Franco-Thai War 3140: 3130:French-Thai War 3124:Main articles: 3122: 2998: 2995:François Darlan 2982: 2978: 2931: 2925: 2913:François Darlan 2900: 2894: 2886:Stavisky Affair 2878:anti-Dreyfusard 2847:délit d'opinion 2785: 2713:Raphaël Alibert 2703:organised crime 2699:Édouard Herriot 2643: 2633: 2624: 2603:Armée du Levant 2505: 2499: 2493: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2454: 2422:Philippe Pétain 2372: 2330:French colonies 2304:la France seule 2278:François Darlan 2210:individualistic 2054:Roman Catholics 2035: 2029: 2020: 2016: 1979: 1967:Operation Anton 1959:Operation Torch 1912:Alsace-Lorraine 1892: 1868:Operation Anton 1813: 1788:administration. 1774: 1758:Philippe Pétain 1750: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1719: 1707: 1696: 1682: 1669: 1566:Philippe Pétain 1550:through Belgium 1475:Philippe Pétain 1455:Régime de Vichy 1440: 1404: 1402: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1267:Fourth Republic 1248: 1215:Interwar period 1197: 1187: 1186: 1146:Second Republic 1079: 1069: 1068: 1027: 1017: 1016: 932: 922: 921: 875: 846: 839: 824: 793: 786: 784: 775: 768: 766: 764: 763: 751: 744: 742: 733: 726: 725:German military 724: 720: 705: 704:German military 703: 699: 692: 683: 681: 674: 631: 618: 605: 592: 580:8 November 1942 577: 575:Operation Torch 564: 547: 504: 496:François Darlan 492: 480: 468: 460:Philippe Pétain 456: 430:Philippe Pétain 426: 349: 340:administrative) 320: 293: 277: 276: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 236: 226: 225: 224: 213: 209: 204:La Marseillaise 199: 189: 172: 171: 170: 165: 157: 156: 151: 133: 126: 118: 109: 98: 87: 76: 70: 67: 60: 59: 56: 49: 42: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20888: 20878: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20737: 20720: 20719: 20716: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20699: 20697: 20696: 20690: 20689: 20686: 20685: 20682: 20681: 20679: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20623: 20618: 20617:Cultural icons 20615: 20610: 20605: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20584: 20582: 20576: 20575: 20573: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20556: 20555: 20545: 20540: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20489: 20483: 20477: 20476: 20473: 20472: 20470: 20469: 20464: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20437:Stock exchange 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20398: 20397: 20387: 20382: 20376: 20370: 20364: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20357: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20340: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20319: 20314: 20313: 20312: 20307: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20286: 20285: 20275: 20269: 20263: 20257: 20256: 20253: 20252: 20250: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20237:National parks 20234: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20212:Climate change 20209: 20204: 20198: 20192: 20186: 20185: 20182: 20181: 20179: 20178: 20177: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20134:Fifth Republic 20131: 20130: 20129: 20119: 20113: 20111: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20076: 20075: 20074: 20060: 20055: 20054: 20053: 20042:Third Republic 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20013: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19996: 19994: 19988: 19987: 19985: 19984: 19979: 19977:First Republic 19974: 19972:Napoleonic era 19969: 19963: 19961: 19957: 19956: 19954: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19888: 19886: 19880: 19879: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19864: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19847: 19841: 19839: 19833: 19832: 19830: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19817:Greek colonies 19814: 19808: 19806: 19800: 19799: 19797: 19796: 19791: 19785: 19783: 19779: 19778: 19776: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19729: 19727: 19720: 19714: 19713: 19703: 19702: 19695: 19688: 19680: 19671: 19670: 19668: 19667: 19660: 19653: 19636: 19633: 19632: 19629: 19628: 19626: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19595: 19594: 19593: 19579: 19576:South Sakhalin 19572: 19571: 19570: 19556: 19549: 19542: 19535: 19528: 19527: 19526: 19512: 19505: 19498: 19491: 19484: 19477: 19470: 19463: 19456: 19449: 19442: 19435: 19428: 19421: 19413: 19411: 19405: 19404: 19402: 19401: 19394: 19393: 19392: 19376: 19369: 19368: 19367: 19353: 19346: 19339: 19332: 19325: 19316: 19307: 19300: 19291: 19284: 19277: 19270: 19261: 19254: 19247: 19240: 19233: 19226: 19219: 19210: 19203: 19194: 19185: 19176: 19169: 19162: 19151: 19141: 19139: 19133: 19132: 19130: 19129: 19122: 19121: 19120: 19113: 19099: 19092: 19085: 19078: 19071: 19070: 19069: 19055: 19048: 19039: 19032: 19025: 19018: 19011: 19004: 19001:Battle of Attu 18997: 18990: 18982: 18980: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18970: 18963: 18954: 18947: 18940: 18931: 18924: 18917: 18910: 18901: 18900: 18899: 18892: 18878: 18871: 18864: 18857: 18850: 18843: 18836: 18829: 18822: 18815: 18807: 18805: 18799: 18798: 18796: 18795: 18788: 18781: 18774: 18767: 18760: 18753: 18750:Battle of Guam 18746: 18739: 18732: 18725: 18718: 18711: 18704: 18697: 18690: 18683: 18676: 18673:Battle of Kiev 18669: 18662: 18648: 18647: 18646: 18632: 18625: 18618: 18611: 18604: 18603: 18602: 18588: 18581: 18574: 18566: 18564: 18558: 18557: 18555: 18554: 18545: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18517: 18510: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18482: 18475: 18468: 18461: 18454: 18447: 18440: 18433: 18426: 18418: 18416: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18406: 18399: 18392: 18385: 18378: 18371: 18364: 18356: 18354: 18348: 18347: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18342: 18335: 18328: 18321: 18314: 18300: 18299: 18298: 18291: 18277: 18276: 18275: 18260: 18258: 18249: 18243: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18220: 18219: 18212: 18200: 18199: 18198: 18184: 18177: 18176: 18175: 18172:United Kingdom 18168: 18161: 18160: 18159: 18140: 18132: 18130: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18120: 18113: 18112: 18111: 18104: 18092: 18085: 18078: 18071: 18064: 18057: 18050: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18001: 17994: 17993: 17992: 17985: 17971: 17964: 17957: 17950: 17943: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17887: 17880: 17873: 17866: 17858: 17856: 17850: 17849: 17847: 17846: 17839: 17832: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17804: 17797: 17790: 17783: 17776: 17768: 17766: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17699: 17698: 17697: 17682: 17675: 17668: 17661: 17654: 17647: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17617: 17609: 17607: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17597: 17590: 17589: 17588: 17574: 17573: 17572: 17569:British Empire 17562:United Kingdom 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17511: 17504: 17497: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17462: 17455: 17443: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17403: 17395: 17388: 17381: 17378:Czechoslovakia 17374: 17367: 17360: 17353: 17341: 17334: 17327: 17320: 17312: 17310: 17301: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17285: 17278: 17275:Rape of Manila 17271: 17264: 17257: 17246: 17231: 17224: 17212: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17196: 17182: 17181: 17180: 17173: 17166: 17152: 17145: 17144: 17143: 17136: 17135: 17134: 17127: 17113: 17106: 17092: 17091: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17061: 17059: 17053: 17052: 17050: 17049: 17046:United Nations 17042: 17035: 17028: 17027: 17026: 17019: 17012: 17005: 16991: 16982: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16943: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16915: 16908: 16905:Decolonization 16901: 16894: 16886: 16884: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16874: 16867: 16866: 16865: 16851: 16844: 16843: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16805: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16739: 16737: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16727: 16720: 16713: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16685: 16678: 16677: 16676: 16669: 16655: 16648: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16597: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16581: 16578:United Kingdom 16574: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16501: 16499: 16490: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16482: 16475: 16468: 16467: 16466: 16459: 16452: 16440: 16439: 16438: 16424: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16405: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16382: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16366: 16365: 16357: 16351: 16349: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16310: 16308: 16301: 16297: 16296: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16192: 16190: 16183: 16173: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16165: 16159: 16157: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16073: 16071: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16063: 16061:Zuyev Republic 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15951:Czechoslovakia 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15917: 15915: 15908: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15900: 15895: 15894: 15893: 15882: 15880: 15876: 15875: 15873: 15872: 15871: 15870: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15810: 15808: 15802: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15788: 15786: 15782: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15772: 15770: 15763: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15702: 15700: 15691: 15683: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15675: 15674: 15672: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15655: 15653: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15615: 15613: 15604: 15603: 15597: 15595: 15588: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15544: 15542: 15533: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15471: 15469: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15421: 15419: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15393: 15391: 15384: 15374: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15361: 15350: 15348: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15248:Main Franconia 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15188:Cologne–Aachen 15185: 15180: 15175: 15169: 15167: 15160: 15138: 15132:Administrative 15128: 15127: 15118: 15117: 15110: 15103: 15095: 15086: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15060: 15059: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14840: 14838:German Albania 14829: 14827: 14825:Axis countries 14820: 14819: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14812: 14810:Vanguard Youth 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14709: 14707: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14689: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14653: 14652: 14647: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14559:Armistice Army 14556: 14551: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14542:Balli Kombëtar 14539: 14530: 14528: 14513: 14502: 14501: 14498:Imperial Japan 14490: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14467: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14419: 14414: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14376: 14368: 14366: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14358: 14351: 14344: 14337: 14330: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14309:Strange Defeat 14305: 14297: 14295: 14288: 14282: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14276:Vichy syndrome 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14231: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14187:Eugène Bridoux 14184: 14179: 14177:Joseph Darnand 14174: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14118: 14116: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14108: 14103: 14102: 14101: 14089: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13978: 13971: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13934: 13927: 13919: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13887:Armistice Army 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13863: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13812: 13810: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13726: 13724: 13718: 13717: 13715: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13693: 13691: 13688:Discrimination 13685: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13644:French Riviera 13640: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13612: 13610: 13609:Administration 13606: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13586: 13584: 13575: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13513: 13511: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13476: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13416: 13414: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13388:French Algeria 13384: 13382: 13373: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13337: 13330: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13245: 13238: 13231: 13219: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13175: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13108: 13106: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13067: 13062: 13056: 13054: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13017: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12994: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12934:Maxime Weygand 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12804:Louis Bourgain 12801: 12796: 12791: 12785: 12783: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12775: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12732: 12730:Henry Dorgères 12727: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12710: 12705: 12703:Third Republic 12700: 12695: 12693:Nuremberg Laws 12690: 12685: 12683:Fall of France 12680: 12678:Dreyfus affair 12675: 12668: 12663: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12560: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12537: 12531: 12530: 12525: 12508: 12503: 12497: 12496:, 22 July 1940 12487: 12469: 12457: 12452: 12450:Vichy web-page 12441: 12440:External links 12438: 12437: 12436: 12422: 12407: 12393: 12378: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12327:Claude Chabrol 12324: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12289: 12263: 12238: 12231: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12206: 12193: 12186: 12172: 12142: 12128: 12113: 12096: 12082: 12069:978-2200624187 12068: 12049: 12043: 12030: 12023: 12007:Eric Conan et 12005: 11999: 11983: 11969: 11962: 11949:978-2226256911 11948: 11929: 11914: 11901: 11891: 11865: 11858:Henri Amouroux 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11837:online edition 11829: 11812: 11805: 11795: 11785: 11778: 11769:online edition 11761: 11753: 11751: 11750:Historiography 11748: 11746: 11745: 11729: 11722: 11715:Thomas, Martin 11712: 11695: 11688: 11676:Smith, Colin. 11674: 11668: 11655: 11648: 11642: 11629: 11592: 11581: 11568:978-1138788770 11567: 11550: 11545:Nord, Philip. 11543: 11537: 11520: 11505: 11491: 11474: 11467: 11461: 11444: 11437: 11423: 11413: 11403: 11382: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11335: 11328: 11310:(4): 711–734. 11299: 11286: 11269: 11255: 11240: 11231:online edition 11223: 11216: 11206:Glass, Charles 11203: 11193: 11189:(2009), 226pp 11183: 11170:online edition 11162: 11155: 11145: 11136:online edition 11128: 11118: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11010: 10971: 10964: 10944: 10911: 10890: 10860: 10853: 10832: 10801: 10775: 10749: 10722: 10692: 10690:, p. 426. 10680: 10668: 10656: 10644: 10632: 10619:10.2307/286436 10613:(1): 126–151. 10597: 10585: 10578: 10560: 10553: 10535: 10528: 10506: 10487:(2): 262–282. 10481:French History 10471: 10446:French History 10436: 10429: 10411: 10404: 10383: 10372:(2): 241–260. 10366:French History 10356: 10337:(3): 148–181. 10317: 10310: 10284: 10277: 10253: 10240:10.2307/286424 10234:(4): 541–563. 10216: 10197:(2): 155–179. 10179: 10166: 10151: 10131: 10122: 10115: 10097: 10079: 10059: 10041: 10021: 10003: 9973: 9932: 9893: 9855: 9819: 9800: 9770: 9729: 9690: 9664:(3): 557–578. 9642: 9631: 9607: 9594: 9568: 9541: 9534: 9516: 9491: 9476: 9452: 9438:The Guardian: 9430: 9420: 9403: 9349: 9325: 9299: 9280:See Reggiani, 9270: 9257: 9242:. Nizkor.org. 9231: 9205: 9179: 9153: 9127: 9091: 9065: 9039: 9021: 9014: 8996: 8980: 8948: 8928: 8893: 8873: 8852:10.1086/711477 8846:(4): 817–858. 8826: 8795: 8773: 8771:, p. 139. 8761: 8741: 8735:Simon Kitson, 8728: 8712: 8705: 8685: 8650: 8637: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8568:, p. 241. 8558: 8546: 8534: 8524: 8503: 8489: 8468: 8461: 8440: 8429:(2): 199–203. 8411: 8389: 8348: 8322: 8307: 8281: 8251: 8247:978-1591144786 8230: 8204: 8185: 8181:The Rising Sun 8168: 8149: 8129: 8103: 8071: 8058: 8045: 8036: 8021: 8001: 7974: 7956: 7941: 7921: 7914: 7885: 7859: 7837: 7817: 7790: 7788:, p. 142. 7778: 7759: 7739: 7730: 7715: 7689: 7673: 7654: 7634: 7622: 7606: 7594: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7531: 7519: 7504: 7492: 7480: 7467: 7465:, p. 724. 7455: 7453:, p. 725. 7443: 7441:, p. 717. 7428: 7426:, p. 716. 7416: 7404: 7402:, p. 101. 7392: 7375: 7363: 7350: 7343: 7320: 7285: 7255: 7236: 7216: 7197: 7177: 7159: 7130:(2): 117–150. 7107: 7088: 7068: 7066:, p. 134. 7056: 7050: 7032: 7013: 6995: 6977: 6960: 6945:978-1317132691 6944: 6920: 6908: 6906:, p. iii. 6896: 6873:Simon Kitson. 6865: 6858: 6832: 6814: 6794: 6777: 6761: 6754: 6724: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6654: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6538:Lucien Rebatet 6535: 6523: 6517: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6482:Jacques Doriot 6479: 6461: 6455: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415:Maxime Weygand 6412: 6406: 6396: 6389:, head of the 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6279: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6245: 6242: 6197:Vichy syndrome 6192: 6189: 6122: 6119: 6058:Fresnes Prison 6047:Foreign Legion 6027:while Charles 5997: 5996: 5981: 5974: 5963:Joseph Darnand 5923: 5873: 5872: 5831: 5829: 5822: 5806: 5803: 5762:Main article: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5727:Lucien Rebatet 5684:Following the 5662:Main article: 5659: 5656: 5616:Joseph Darnand 5602:Joseph Darnand 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5521:had landed in 5469: 5466: 5448: 5445: 5421: 5420:Food shortages 5418: 5404: 5401: 5374: 5371: 5349: 5346: 5336:Joseph Darnand 5312:was in power. 5283:anticommunism. 5267:Jacques Doriot 5196: 5191: 5168:Jacques Chirac 5125: 5122: 5083: 5080: 5036: 5033: 4962:Main article: 4959: 4956: 4883:, head of the 4881:Adolf Eichmann 4867:(PCF). In the 4841: 4840: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4737:Main article: 4726: 4723: 4711:Lucien Bonnafé 4582:Jacques Doriot 4560: 4559: 4518: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4386:who supported 4200: 4197: 4121:Groupe X-Crise 4082:, were strong 4080:Joseph Darnand 3980:Marcel Lemoine 3954: 3951: 3943:Sétif massacre 3920:Pierre Gazagne 3913:French Algeria 3862:de La Chapelle 3854:Pierre Gazagne 3734: 3731: 3651: 3648: 3620:Fall of France 3584:Main article: 3581: 3578: 3548:One colony in 3479: 3476: 3462:Georges Robert 3447:Bank of France 3407: 3404: 3249:Following the 3227: 3224: 3200:Main article: 3197: 3194: 3156:Fall of France 3121: 3118: 3106:neutral states 2987:Maxime Weygand 2951:neutral powers 2924: 2921: 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2770: 2722:Georges Mandel 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622:German custody 2620: 2590:French Morocco 2520:Armistice Army 2497:Armistice Army 2495:Main article: 2492: 2491:Armistice Army 2489: 2480:Main article: 2477: 2474: 2453: 2450: 2404:Maxime Weygand 2371: 2368: 2315:Masonic lodges 2283:British Empire 2224:traditionalist 2148:defeat of 1940 2043:traditionalist 2028: 2025: 1978: 1975: 1971:Armistice Army 1935:Zone interdite 1900:French Algeria 1891: 1888: 1821:Third Republic 1798:Chief of State 1773: 1770: 1752: 1751: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1681: 1678: 1590:anti-Sovietism 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1277:Fifth Republic 1273: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204:Third Republic 1198: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1166:Third Republic 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1106:First Republic 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1002: 1001: 998: 991: 990: 987: 981: 980: 977: 970: 969: 966: 960: 959: 956: 950: 949: 946: 933: 928: 927: 924: 923: 918: 917: 916:50 BC – 486 AD 914: 908: 907: 904: 898: 897: 896:600 BC – 49 BC 894: 892:Greek colonies 888: 887: 884: 876: 871: 870: 867: 866: 860: 859: 851: 850: 841: 840: 833: 826: 825: 823: 822: 819: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 790: 780: 779: 772: 756: 755: 748: 745:administration 738: 737: 730: 727:administration 713: 710: 709: 706:administration 696: 688: 687: 678: 666: 665: 660: 650: 649: 644: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 613: 610: 609: 606: 603:German retreat 600: 597: 596: 593: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 568: 565: 555: 552: 551: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 528:Historical era 525: 524: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 502: 499: 498: 493: 490: 487: 486: 481: 478: 475: 474: 469: 466: 463: 462: 457: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 441:Prime Minister 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 411:Chief of State 407: 406: 385: 381: 380: 378:Roman Catholic 375: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 348: 347: 341: 328: 326: 322: 321: 319: 318: 312: 305: 301: 299: 295: 294: 287: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 266: 260: 258: 252: 249: 247: 239: 238: 235:" (unofficial) 211: 210: 192: 191: 174: 173: 166: 159: 158: 152: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 135: 134: 119: 116: 89: 88: 71:September 2024 58: 57: 50: 36: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20887: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20732: 20730: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20700: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20687: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20585: 20583: 20581: 20577: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20554: 20551: 20550: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20498:Birth control 20496: 20494: 20491: 20490: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20478: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20396: 20393: 20392: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20377: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20365: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20324: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20302: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20284: 20281: 20280: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20273:Constitutions 20271: 20270: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20258: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20203: 20200: 20199: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20187: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20132: 20128: 20125: 20124: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20114: 20112: 20108: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20081: 20080: 20077: 20072: 20071: 20070:Années folles 20066: 20065: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20051: 20050: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20032:Second Empire 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20014: 20011: 20010:July Monarchy 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19993: 19989: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19958: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19911: 19910: 19909:Ancien Régime 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19889: 19887: 19885: 19881: 19873: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19853: 19852: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19842: 19840: 19838: 19834: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19809: 19807: 19805: 19801: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19786: 19784: 19780: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19728: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19708: 19701: 19696: 19694: 19689: 19687: 19682: 19681: 19678: 19665: 19661: 19658: 19654: 19651: 19650: 19645: 19638: 19637: 19634: 19621: 19617: 19614: 19610: 19607: 19603: 19602: 19600: 19596: 19591: 19587: 19586: 19584: 19583:Kuril Islands 19580: 19577: 19573: 19568: 19564: 19563: 19561: 19557: 19554: 19550: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19536: 19533: 19529: 19524: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19513: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19499: 19496: 19492: 19489: 19485: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19471: 19468: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19454: 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19436: 19433: 19429: 19426: 19422: 19419: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19410: 19406: 19399: 19395: 19390: 19389: 19384: 19383: 19381: 19377: 19374: 19370: 19365: 19361: 19360: 19358: 19354: 19351: 19350:Syrmian Front 19347: 19344: 19340: 19337: 19333: 19330: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19317: 19314: 19313: 19308: 19305: 19301: 19298: 19297: 19296:Market Garden 19292: 19289: 19285: 19282: 19278: 19275: 19271: 19268: 19267: 19262: 19259: 19255: 19252: 19248: 19245: 19241: 19238: 19234: 19231: 19227: 19224: 19220: 19217: 19216: 19211: 19208: 19204: 19201: 19200: 19195: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19183: 19182: 19177: 19174: 19170: 19167: 19163: 19160: 19156: 19155:Monte Cassino 19152: 19149: 19148: 19143: 19142: 19140: 19138: 19134: 19127: 19123: 19118: 19114: 19111: 19107: 19106: 19104: 19100: 19097: 19093: 19090: 19086: 19083: 19079: 19076: 19072: 19067: 19063: 19062: 19060: 19056: 19053: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19040: 19037: 19033: 19030: 19026: 19023: 19019: 19016: 19012: 19009: 19005: 19002: 18998: 18995: 18991: 18988: 18984: 18983: 18981: 18979: 18975: 18968: 18964: 18961: 18960: 18955: 18952: 18948: 18945: 18941: 18938: 18937: 18932: 18929: 18925: 18922: 18918: 18915: 18911: 18908: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18893: 18890: 18886: 18885: 18883: 18879: 18876: 18872: 18869: 18865: 18862: 18858: 18855: 18851: 18848: 18844: 18841: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18827: 18823: 18820: 18816: 18813: 18809: 18808: 18806: 18804: 18800: 18793: 18789: 18786: 18782: 18779: 18775: 18772: 18768: 18765: 18761: 18758: 18754: 18751: 18747: 18744: 18740: 18737: 18733: 18730: 18726: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18712: 18709: 18705: 18702: 18698: 18695: 18691: 18688: 18684: 18681: 18677: 18674: 18670: 18667: 18663: 18659: 18658: 18653: 18649: 18644: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18633: 18630: 18626: 18623: 18619: 18616: 18612: 18609: 18605: 18600: 18596: 18595: 18593: 18589: 18586: 18582: 18579: 18575: 18572: 18568: 18567: 18565: 18563: 18559: 18552: 18551: 18546: 18543: 18539: 18536: 18532: 18529: 18525: 18522: 18521:Baltic states 18518: 18515: 18511: 18508: 18504: 18501: 18497: 18494: 18490: 18487: 18483: 18480: 18476: 18473: 18469: 18466: 18462: 18459: 18455: 18452: 18448: 18445: 18441: 18438: 18434: 18431: 18427: 18424: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18415: 18411: 18404: 18400: 18397: 18393: 18390: 18386: 18383: 18379: 18376: 18372: 18369: 18365: 18362: 18358: 18357: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18340: 18336: 18333: 18329: 18326: 18322: 18319: 18315: 18312: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18301: 18296: 18292: 18289: 18285: 18284: 18282: 18278: 18273: 18269: 18268: 18266: 18262: 18261: 18259: 18257: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18244: 18233: 18229: 18226: 18222: 18217: 18213: 18210: 18206: 18205: 18201: 18196: 18192: 18191: 18189: 18185: 18182: 18178: 18173: 18169: 18166: 18165:United States 18162: 18157: 18153: 18152: 18150: 18146: 18145: 18141: 18138: 18134: 18133: 18131: 18129: 18125: 18118: 18114: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18101:Quốc dân Đảng 18098: 18097: 18093: 18090: 18086: 18083: 18079: 18076: 18072: 18069: 18065: 18062: 18058: 18055: 18051: 18048: 18044: 18041: 18037: 18034: 18030: 18027: 18023: 18020: 18016: 18013: 18009: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17995: 17990: 17986: 17983: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17972: 17969: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17955: 17951: 17948: 17944: 17941: 17937: 17934: 17930: 17927: 17923: 17920: 17916: 17913: 17909: 17906: 17902: 17899: 17895: 17892: 17888: 17885: 17881: 17878: 17874: 17871: 17867: 17864: 17860: 17859: 17857: 17855: 17851: 17844: 17840: 17837: 17833: 17830: 17826: 17823: 17819: 17816: 17812: 17809: 17805: 17802: 17801:Liechtenstein 17798: 17795: 17791: 17788: 17784: 17781: 17777: 17774: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17765: 17761: 17754: 17753:Collaboration 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17718: 17714: 17711: 17707: 17704: 17700: 17695: 17691: 17690: 17687: 17683: 17680: 17676: 17673: 17669: 17666: 17662: 17659: 17655: 17652: 17648: 17644: 17640: 17637: 17633: 17630: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17615: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17606: 17602: 17595: 17591: 17586: 17582: 17581: 17579: 17578:United States 17575: 17570: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17528: 17524: 17520: 17516: 17512: 17509: 17505: 17502: 17498: 17495: 17491: 17488: 17484: 17481: 17477: 17474: 17470: 17467: 17463: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17430: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17412: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17393: 17389: 17386: 17382: 17379: 17375: 17372: 17368: 17365: 17361: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17339: 17335: 17332: 17328: 17325: 17321: 17318: 17314: 17313: 17311: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17296: 17283: 17279: 17276: 17272: 17269: 17268:Comfort women 17265: 17262: 17258: 17255: 17252: / 17251: 17247: 17244: 17241: / 17240: 17237: / 17236: 17232: 17229: 17228:Camp brothels 17225: 17222: 17218: 17217: 17213: 17210: 17206: 17201: 17197: 17194: 17190: 17189: 17187: 17183: 17178: 17174: 17171: 17167: 17164: 17160: 17159: 17157: 17153: 17150: 17146: 17141: 17137: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17121: 17120: 17118: 17117:The Holocaust 17114: 17111: 17107: 17104: 17103:forced labour 17100: 17099: 17097: 17093: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17077: 17074: 17070: 17069: 17067: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17058: 17054: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17036: 17033: 17029: 17024: 17020: 17017: 17013: 17010: 17006: 17003: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16980: 16979: 16974: 16971: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16956:Marshall Plan 16953: 16950: 16949: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16934: 16930: 16927: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16909: 16906: 16902: 16899: 16895: 16892: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16883: 16879: 16872: 16868: 16863: 16859: 16858: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16845: 16840: 16836: 16833: 16829: 16826: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16810: 16809:Eastern Front 16806: 16803: 16802:Western Front 16799: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16776: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16755: 16752: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16741: 16740: 16738: 16736: 16732: 16725: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16700: 16697: 16696:Puppet states 16693: 16690: 16686: 16683: 16679: 16674: 16670: 16667: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16653: 16649: 16646: 16642: 16639: 16638:Naval history 16635: 16632: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16614: 16609: 16605: 16604: 16602: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16586: 16585:United States 16582: 16579: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16544: 16540: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16519: 16514: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16491: 16487: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16469: 16464: 16460: 16457: 16453: 16450: 16446: 16445: 16441: 16436: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16425: 16422: 16418: 16417: 16414: 16410: 16403: 16398: 16396: 16391: 16389: 16384: 16383: 16380: 16364: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16298: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16263: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16223: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16174: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16122:Russia (KONR) 16120: 16118: 16117:Russia (ODNR) 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15912: 15909: 15905: 15899: 15896: 15892: 15889: 15888: 15887: 15884: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15838: 15837:zone réservée 15834: 15833:Atlantic Wall 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15811: 15809: 15807: 15803: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15758: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15684: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15659:Burgundy (SS) 15657: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15608: 15602: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15583: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15472: 15470: 15466: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15375: 15365: 15362: 15359: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15313:Upper Silesia 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15238:Lower Silesia 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15149: 15148: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15129: 15124: 15116: 15111: 15109: 15104: 15102: 15097: 15096: 15093: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15064: 15061: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14850:Baltic states 14848: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14834: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14826: 14821: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14738:Golden Square 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14597:Golden Square 14595: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14574:Blue Division 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14548: 14547:Cham Albanian 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14521: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14488: 14483: 14481: 14476: 14474: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14453: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14396: 14395: 14391: 14389: 14388: 14384: 14382: 14381: 14377: 14375: 14374: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14345: 14343: 14342: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14331: 14329: 14328: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14306: 14304: 14303: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14283: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14182:Jean Luchaire 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14104: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14094: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14055:Syria–Lebanon 14053: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14040: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14013:Mers-el-Kébir 14011: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13983: 13979: 13977: 13976: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13935: 13933: 13932: 13928: 13926: 13925: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13811: 13807: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13633: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13583: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13568: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13508: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13365:Occupied zone 13363: 13361: 13360: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13338: 13336: 13335: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13309: 13307: 13306: 13302: 13300: 13299: 13298:Ici la France 13295: 13293: 13292: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13281: 13279: 13278: 13274: 13272: 13271: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13253: 13251: 13250: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13239: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13225: 13220: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13134: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13094: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13049: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12998:French League 12996: 12995: 12993: 12991:organizations 12987: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12929:Xavier Vallat 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12914:Simon Sabiani 12912: 12910: 12909:Pierre Pucheu 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12899:Maurice Papon 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12884:Jean Luchaire 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12814:Alexis Carrel 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12799:René Bousquet 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12773: 12769: 12767: 12766:Hôtel du Parc 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12583:Baltic states 12581: 12579: 12576: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12558: 12553: 12551: 12546: 12544: 12539: 12538: 12535: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12464: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12386: 12385: 12379: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12344: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12315:Marcel Ophüls 12313: 12312: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12267:Rousso, Henry 12264: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12242: 12241:Michael Mayer 12239: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12152: 12147: 12146:Rousso, Henry 12143: 12141: 12140:2-02-006763-3 12137: 12134:Seuil, 1984, 12133: 12129: 12126: 12122: 12119:, in series, 12118: 12114: 12112: 12111:2-213-01573-2 12108: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12094:2-02-013509-4 12091: 12087: 12084:André Kaspi. 12083: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12036: 12031: 12028: 12024: 12022: 12021:2-213-59237-3 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11982: 11981:2-262-01231-8 11978: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11913: 11912:2-213-02683-1 11909: 11905: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11828: 11827:0-674-93539-X 11824: 11820: 11816: 11815:Rousso, Henry 11813: 11810: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11744: 11743:0-8147-9336-3 11740: 11736: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11661: 11656: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11521: 11518: 11517:0-275-95973-2 11514: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11458: 11453: 11452: 11445: 11442: 11438: 11436: 11435:0-19-873151-5 11432: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11338:Kitson, Simon 11336: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11289: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11182: 11181:online review 11178: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11115:0-375-41131-3 11112: 11108: 11105: 11104:Carmen Callil 11102: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11014: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10975: 10967: 10961: 10957: 10956: 10948: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10894: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10856: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10841:Andenæs, Johs 10836: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10805: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10710: 10706: 10699: 10697: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10665: 10660: 10653: 10648: 10641: 10636: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10589: 10581: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10556: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10440: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10407: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10388: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10313: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10297: 10288: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10257: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10191: 10183: 10176: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10144: 10143: 10135: 10126: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10107:Vichy 1940–44 10101: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10063: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10025: 10017: 10010: 10008: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9936: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9897: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9823: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9640: 9635: 9625: 9624:Robert Paxton 9621: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9604: 9598: 9582: 9579:. Ushmm.org. 9578: 9572: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9434: 9424: 9417: 9413: 9412:Szasz, Thomas 9407: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9329: 9321: 9316: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9277: 9275: 9267: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9017: 9015:0-674-06888-2 9011: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8977:0-8047-2499-7 8974: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8945:2-87894-026-1 8942: 8938: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8822: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8787: 8786: 8777: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8758:1-85409-290-1 8755: 8751: 8745: 8738: 8732: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8689: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8610:(2): 81–117. 8609: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8590:Playfair 2004 8586: 8579: 8578:Playfair 2004 8574: 8567: 8562: 8556:, p. 89. 8555: 8550: 8543: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8513: 8507: 8499: 8493: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8462:0-333-19377-6 8458: 8454: 8447: 8445: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8319: 8314: 8312: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8263: 8255: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8201:(3): 155–164. 8200: 8196: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8146:2-02-031477-0 8143: 8139: 8133: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8062: 8055: 8049: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7953: 7945: 7939: 7938:2-02-005215-6 7935: 7931: 7925: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7892: 7890: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7734: 7726: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7604:, p. 76. 7603: 7598: 7591: 7586: 7580:, p. 75. 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7556:, p. 72. 7555: 7550: 7544:, p. 97. 7543: 7538: 7536: 7528: 7523: 7517:, p. 70. 7516: 7511: 7509: 7502:, p. 69. 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7471: 7464: 7463:Jennings 1994 7459: 7452: 7451:Jennings 1994 7447: 7440: 7439:Jennings 1994 7435: 7433: 7425: 7424:Jennings 1994 7420: 7413: 7412:Jennings 1994 7408: 7401: 7396: 7390:, p. 99. 7389: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7354: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7316: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6957: 6954: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6861: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6836: 6828: 6827:bseditions.fr 6824: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6728: 6721: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6608:Ordre Nouveau 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6440:Marcel Bucard 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409:Xavier Vallat 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6395:in Marseille. 6394: 6393: 6388: 6387:Simon Sabiani 6385: 6382: 6381:Pierre Pucheu 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6369:Maurice Papon 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6291:René Bousquet 6289: 6288: 6282: 6281:Xavier Vallat 6276: 6267: 6266:Pierre Pucheu 6261: 6251: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6232: 6231:Maurice Papon 6228: 6227: 6222: 6221:Marcel Ophüls 6212: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6185:Maurice Papon 6182: 6178: 6174: 6173:René Bousquet 6169: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131:Maurice Papon 6128: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068:Pierre Benoit 6065: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6025:Maurice Papon 6022: 6008: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5993:Xavier Vallat 5990: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5869: 5866: 5858: 5855:December 2016 5848: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5832:This section 5830: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432:black markets 5427: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5403:Forced labour 5400: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310:Popular Front 5307: 5306: 5301: 5300:collaboration 5297: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269:, the writer 5268: 5265:(PPF) leader 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5251:Robert Paxton 5248: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157:Marine Le Pen 5154: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5130: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5096:Robert Paxton 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068:Gruppenführer 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5012:Alois Brunner 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4975: 4974:yellow badges 4970: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4938:was founded. 4937: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922:Xavier Vallat 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4837: 4834: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: – 4783: 4779: 4778:Find sources: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4756:This section 4754: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4637:Jean Stoetzel 4633: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570:Alexis Carrel 4567: 4556: 4553: 4545: 4542:February 2012 4535: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4519:This section 4517: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481:denaturalised 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417:Seine-et-Oise 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4382:, as well as 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370:(communists, 4368: 4364: 4363:anti-fascists 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288:Romani people 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4224: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4175:René Bousquet 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156:Alexis Carrel 4153: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4102:Eastern Front 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057:Popular Front 4054: 4053:reactionaries 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4010:René Bousquet 4008: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3903:. Giraud and 3894: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:Alphonse Juin 3801: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3437:French Guiana 3434: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3422:Western Union 3417: 3413: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:New Caledonia 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3299:New Caledonia 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3006:Mark W. Clark 3002: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689:in the quiet 2688: 2687:joint session 2684: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2651:Gruppenführer 2647: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2468: 2458: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430:Albert Lebrun 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2356:anti-Semitism 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2197:French people 2193: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140:Vercingetorix 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122:program, 1942 2121: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:reactionaries 2095: 2094:Robert Paxton 2091: 2087: 2086:authoritarian 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2024: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1989:. Pétain was 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948:René Bousquet 1944: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1831:État Français 1828: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1748: 1745: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1711:This section 1709: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:round up Jews 1623: 1618: 1617:forced labour 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548:and invading 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1497:, it adopted 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465:État français 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1226:Années folles 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1156:Second Empire 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1136:July Monarchy 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1059:Bourbon kings 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031:Ancien Régime 1026: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 992: 988: 986: 983: 982: 978: 976: 972: 971: 967: 965: 962: 961: 957: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 940: 937: 936: 931: 926: 925: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 903: 900: 899: 895: 893: 890: 889: 885: 883: 880: 879: 874: 869: 868: 865: 862: 861: 857: 853: 852: 849: 843: 842: 837: 832: 831: 817: 816: 810: 807: 791: 789: 782: 781: 773: 771: 762: 758: 757: 749: 747: 740: 739: 731: 729: 723: 718: 717: 714: 708: 702: 697: 690: 689: 686: 679: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 637: 634:22 April 1945 633: 630: 624: 621:9 August 1944 620: 617: 611: 607: 604: 598: 594: 591: 590: 583: 579: 576: 570: 566: 563: 559: 553: 549: 546: 540: 536: 533: 530: 526: 523: 520: 516: 512: 509: 506: 500: 497: 494: 488: 485: 482: 476: 473: 470: 464: 461: 458: 452: 448: 444: 442: 438: 434: 431: 428: 422: 418: 414: 412: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 392: 389: 386: 382: 379: 376: 372: 369: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 345: 342: 339: 338: 333: 330: 329: 327: 323: 316: 313: 310: 306: 303: 302: 300: 296: 291: 285: 280: 267: 259: 251: 250: 245: 240: 233: 232: 206: 205: 197: 193: 186: 185: 179: 175: 169: 163: 155: 149: 141: 136: 130: 123: 122:État français 114: 111: 107: 103: 96: 85: 82: 74: 64: 54: 51: 47: 44: 43: 40: 35: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 20780:Anti-Masonry 20775:Anti-Marxism 20735:Vichy France 20603:Coat of arms 20593:Architecture 20565:Social class 20523:Homelessness 20508:Demographics 20462:Trade unions 20395:Central bank 20337:criminal law 20300:Human rights 20283:presidential 20127:Algerian War 20110:Contemporary 20084:Vichy France 20083: 20079:World War II 20049:Belle Époque 19982:First Empire 19884:Early Modern 19855:West Francia 19657:Bibliography 19640: 19453:Project Hula 19418:Vistula–Oder 19387: 19320: 19311: 19295: 19265: 19214: 19198: 19189: 19180: 19146: 19043: 18958: 18934: 18904: 18655: 18548: 18493:North Africa 18195:Soviet Union 18149:Soviet Union 18075:Soviet Union 17843:Vatican City 17746:Vichy France 17745: 17651:German Reich 17548:Soviet Union 17534:South Africa 17527:Sierra Leone 17480:Newfoundland 17299:Participants 17282:Marocchinate 16986: 16977: 16947: 16825:North Africa 16786:Indian Ocean 16645:Nazi plunder 16536:Cryptography 16409:World War II 16324:Schatzgräber 15965: 15746:West Prussia 15726:Lower Styria 15664:Holland (SS) 15435:Upper Danube 15430:Lower Danube 15233:Hesse-Nassau 15203:East Prussia 15173:Baden-Alsace 15136:Nazi Germany 15134:divisions of 15123:Nazi Germany 15034:Soviet Union 14926: 14922:(until 1944) 14687:Afrika Korps 14592:(until 1944) 14392: 14385: 14378: 14371: 14353: 14346: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14307: 14300: 14233: 14226: 14205:& Impact 14127:Henri Giraud 14092: 14085: 14064: 14049: 14007: 13980: 13973: 13943: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13867:1st Regiment 13707:Yellow badge 13702:Nazi plunder 13697:Aryanisation 13679:Villeurbanne 13649:Green ticket 13557:New Hebrides 13517:French India 13492:Ubangi-Shari 13487:Middle Congo 13357: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13317: 13310: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13282: 13275: 13268: 13261: 13254: 13247: 13240: 13233: 13226: 13221: 13198: 13148: 13131: 13103:Policy & 13091: 13019: 13012: 12924:André Tulard 12919:Paul Touvier 12874:Pierre Laval 12824:Henry Coston 12782:Participants 12770: 12670: 12658: 12638:Soviet Union 12602: 12574: 12564:Vichy France 12563: 12493: 12472: 12446:Simon Kitson 12412: 12383: 12370:. Retrieved 12352: 12330: 12318: 12276: 12271: 12251: 12234: 12227: 12197: 12155: 12150: 12131: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12102: 12085: 12059: 12054: 12034: 12026: 12012: 12009:Henry Rousso 11990: 11972: 11965: 11939: 11934: 11922: 11903: 11897: 11878: 11873: 11869:Aron, Robert 11861: 11835:Summer 2009 11832: 11818: 11808: 11798: 11788: 11781: 11764: 11757: 11734: 11725: 11718: 11701: 11691: 11677: 11659: 11651: 11633: 11621:. Retrieved 11604: 11584: 11558: 11546: 11529:Random House 11527:. New York: 11524: 11508: 11494: 11477: 11470: 11450: 11440: 11426: 11419: 11406: 11395:. Retrieved 11372: 11363: 11356: 11341: 11331: 11307: 11303: 11291:. Retrieved 11275: 11245: 11226: 11219: 11209: 11196: 11186: 11165: 11158: 11148: 11131: 11121: 11106: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11076: 11069: 11054:Bibliography 11040:. Retrieved 11023: 11013: 11001:. Retrieved 10984: 10974: 10954: 10947: 10935:. Retrieved 10914: 10893: 10881:. Retrieved 10872: 10863: 10844: 10835: 10823:. Retrieved 10814: 10804: 10792:. Retrieved 10778: 10766:. Retrieved 10752: 10740:. Retrieved 10725: 10713:. Retrieved 10688:Cointet 2014 10683: 10671: 10659: 10647: 10640:Jackson 2001 10635: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10593:Jackson 2001 10588: 10569: 10563: 10544: 10538: 10517: 10509: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10420: 10414: 10395: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10334: 10330: 10320: 10295: 10287: 10263: 10256: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10174: 10169: 10141: 10134: 10125: 10106: 10100: 10092: 10069: 10062: 10054: 10031: 10024: 10015: 9994:. Retrieved 9985: 9976: 9964:. Retrieved 9945: 9935: 9923:. Retrieved 9906: 9896: 9884:. Retrieved 9868:The Guardian 9867: 9858: 9846:. Retrieved 9834: 9822: 9803: 9791:. Retrieved 9782: 9773: 9761:. Retrieved 9742: 9732: 9720:. Retrieved 9703: 9693: 9681:. Retrieved 9661: 9655: 9645: 9634: 9602: 9597: 9585:. Retrieved 9571: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9525: 9519: 9507:. Retrieved 9503: 9494: 9467: 9462: 9455: 9439: 9433: 9423: 9415: 9406: 9394:. Retrieved 9390:the original 9386:amnistia.net 9385: 9370: 9357: 9352: 9328: 9292: 9265: 9260: 9248:. Retrieved 9234: 9222:. Retrieved 9208: 9196:. Retrieved 9182: 9170:. Retrieved 9156: 9144:. Retrieved 9130: 9118: 9082:. Retrieved 9078:the original 9068: 9056:. Retrieved 9042: 9034:the original 9024: 9005: 8999: 8991: 8983: 8955: 8951: 8936: 8931: 8922: 8913:(1): 41–58. 8910: 8906: 8896: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8843: 8839: 8829: 8819:– via 8813:. Retrieved 8784: 8776: 8769:Jackson 2001 8764: 8749: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8723: 8715: 8695: 8688: 8645: 8640: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8585: 8573: 8566:Mockler 1984 8561: 8549: 8537: 8527: 8515:. Retrieved 8506: 8492: 8482: 8452: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8397: 8392: 8368:(4): 71–90. 8365: 8361: 8351: 8339:. Retrieved 8335:the original 8325: 8318:Henri Sautot 8298:. Retrieved 8294:the original 8284: 8272:. Retrieved 8261: 8254: 8238: 8233: 8221:. Retrieved 8217:the original 8207: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8179: 8171: 8152: 8137: 8132: 8120:. Retrieved 8116:the original 8106: 8096: 8066: 8061: 8053: 8048: 8039: 8011: 8004: 7992:. Retrieved 7977: 7968: 7959: 7944: 7929: 7924: 7899: 7876:. Retrieved 7862: 7850:. Retrieved 7827: 7820: 7808:. Retrieved 7793: 7786:Jackson 2001 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7749: 7742: 7733: 7724: 7718: 7706:. Retrieved 7701: 7692: 7676: 7664:. Retrieved 7644: 7637: 7630:Jackson 2001 7625: 7617: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7522: 7495: 7483: 7475: 7470: 7458: 7446: 7419: 7407: 7395: 7366: 7358: 7353: 7334: 7268: 7258: 7246:. Retrieved 7226: 7219: 7207:. Retrieved 7187: 7180: 7172: 7127: 7123: 7098:. Retrieved 7078: 7071: 7064:Jackson 2001 7059: 7041: 7035: 7016: 7008:the original 6998: 6989: 6980: 6968: 6963: 6949: 6930: 6923: 6916:Kroener 2000 6911: 6904:Kroener 2000 6899: 6887:. Retrieved 6883:the original 6878: 6868: 6843: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6772: 6764: 6745: 6727: 6714: 6707:. Retrieved 6703:the original 6698: 6657: 6644: 6606: 6529: 6511: 6500:Henri Lafont 6485: 6473: 6467: 6449: 6443: 6428:Pierre Bonny 6402: 6399:Paul Touvier 6390: 6354: 6345:Pierre Laval 6312: 6239: 6235: 6224: 6213: 6206: 6203:Henry Rousso 6200: 6181:Paul Touvier 6170: 6154:Algerian War 6143:Nazi hunters 6127:Paul Touvier 6124: 6121:1980s trials 6107: 6099: 6076: 6061: 6051: 6036: 6033: 6013: 5998: 5967:Pierre Laval 5956: 5936: 5926: 5907: 5883:black market 5876: 5861: 5852: 5841:Please help 5836:verification 5833: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5778: 5767: 5743: 5739: 5729:, the actor 5712: 5683: 5649: 5638:Paul Touvier 5634:Adolf Hitler 5626:Pierre Laval 5619: 5609: 5608:In 1943 the 5607: 5543: 5539:Cordell Hull 5511:Henri Giraud 5508: 5491: 5489: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5406: 5392: 5384: 5363: 5359: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5258: 5245: 5233: 5193: 5188: 5176: 5165: 5141: 5113: 5085: 5066: 5044: 5005: 4999: 4979: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4897: 4857:André Tulard 4844: 4829: 4820: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4777: 4765:Please help 4760:verification 4757: 4715:Patrick Tort 4701:Jean Coutrot 4698: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4663:gas chambers 4654: 4634: 4604: 4563: 4548: 4539: 4528:Please help 4523:verification 4520: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4474: 4449: 4406: 4402: 4391: 4315:enemy aliens 4312: 4308:Henry Lémery 4304:black people 4277: 4262: 4235: 4228: 4191:to form the 4172: 4145: 4110: 4091: 4084:anti-Semites 4068: 4050: 4041:Loir-et-Cher 4032: 4029: 4025:puppet state 4022: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3983: 3972: 3947:Algerian War 3935:Messali Hadj 3917: 3890: 3872: 3870: 3842: 3797: 3784:Henri Giraud 3761:Vichy forces 3746: 3727:Diégo-Suarez 3716: 3704: 3676:Commonwealth 3653: 3644: 3633: 3608:8–13 January 3597: 3547: 3532: 3508: 3496:Ubangi-Shari 3492:French Congo 3481: 3466: 3453:Émile Bertin 3452: 3441: 3435: 3419: 3388: 3350:Henri Sautot 3346:New Hebrides 3343: 3248: 3229: 3210:created the 3205: 3190:puppet state 3153: 3100: 3062: 3039: 3032: 3022: 3003: 2991:Henri Giraud 2976: 2971:Cordell Hull 2944: 2905:Pierre Laval 2901: 2842: 2819: 2807: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2774:a posteriori 2773: 2760: 2756:the Vichy 80 2744: 2709:Pierre Laval 2707: 2685:gathered in 2676: 2669: 2650: 2625: 2592:, 50,000 in 2587: 2571: 2569: 2551: 2538: 2517: 2514: 2485: 2470: 2444: 2440:Adolf Hitler 2438: 2427: 2408: 2400:Paul Reynaud 2384: 2360: 2346:Henri Béraud 2319: 2310:la décadence 2276:and Admiral 2274:Pierre Laval 2267: 2235: 2230: 2205:la décadence 2201: 2180: 2171:French radio 2168: 2125: 2117: 2100:to moderate 2036: 2010: 1996: 1980: 1956: 1940: 1923: 1893: 1890:Jurisdiction 1855: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1814: 1755: 1740: 1731: 1720:Please help 1715:verification 1712: 1686:World War II 1663: 1639: 1615:and imposed 1610: 1582:antisemitism 1578: 1568:, a hero of 1562:Paul Reynaud 1558:the Ardennes 1546:Maginot Line 1531: 1495:Nazi Germany 1479:World War II 1462: 1459:French State 1458: 1447:Vichy France 1446: 1445: 1398: 1356:Christianity 1244:Vichy France 1243: 1195:20th century 1177:Belle Époque 1116:First Empire 1029: 1025:Early modern 975:West Francia 964:Carolingians 954:Merovingians 813: 760: 721: 700: 682:French Third 663:Succeeded by 662: 657: 647:French franc 587: 567:10 July 1940 550:22 June 1940 532:World War II 508:Pierre Laval 484:P.É. Flandin 472:Pierre Laval 404:dictatorship 401:totalitarian 335: 208:" (official) 195: 178:Motto: 177: 117:French State 110: 77: 68: 33: 20865:Rump states 20790:Axis powers 20713:WikiProject 20528:Immigration 20518:Health care 20380:Agriculture 20332:enforcement 20089:Free France 20058:World War I 20005:Restoration 19992:Late Modern 19862:Middle Ages 19837:Middle Ages 19822:Celtic Gaul 19388:Bodenplatte 19274:Gothic Line 18500:West Africa 18047:Philippines 18026:Netherlands 17891:Czech lands 17829:Switzerland 17773:Afghanistan 17717:Philippines 17585:Puerto Rico 17501:Philippines 17487:New Zealand 17473:Netherlands 17426:Free France 17177:Prosecution 16978:Osoaviakhim 16848:West Africa 16832:East Africa 16479:Conferences 16201:Netherlands 16001:Netherlands 15741:Sudetenland 15689:occupations 15525:Vistulaland 15402:Sudetenland 15354:Prinz-Eugen 15258:Mecklenburg 15039:Byelorussia 15009:Philippines 14999:Netherlands 14692:Ostlegionen 14511:Axis forces 14287:& Media 14192:Marcel Déat 14145:Dissolution 13945:Franc-Garde 13809:Deportation 13780:Romainville 13690:and plunder 13537:Cochinchina 13455:Upper Volta 13420:Ivory Coast 13328:(newspaper) 13242:Aujourd'hui 12989:Parties and 12948:Governments 12879:Jean Leguay 12844:Marcel Déat 12718:Article 231 12485:(in French) 12354:Smithsonian 12244: [ 12160:Que sais-je 11991:Sigmaringen 11623:3 September 11218:Gordon, B. 11003:16 December 10908:(in French) 9996:16 December 9966:16 December 9925:16 December 9886:16 December 9793:16 December 9763:16 December 9722:16 December 9683:12 February 9628:(in French) 9565:(in French) 9428:rue. » 9124:(in French) 8890:(in French) 8682:(in French) 8052:Ousby, Ian 7708:22 December 7311:|work= 7265:Saz, Ismael 6953:Malgré nous 6351:Jean Leguay 6309:Marcel Déat 6156:(1954–62). 6135:Jean Leguay 6087:Robert Aron 6037:Charlemagne 5938:ordonnances 5905:(1946–54). 5719:Axis powers 5690:Sigmaringen 5396:Monnet Plan 5275:Marcel Déat 5092:naturalised 4992:Jean Leguay 4946:heading to 4566:Nobel Prize 4470:August Hirt 4466:gas chamber 4398:Gendarmerie 4254:homosexuals 4126:war economy 4113:technocrats 4033:Pétainistes 3993: [ 3990:Rolf Mühler 3923: [ 3881:Jean Monnet 3860:. Although 3790:during the 3629:Free French 3574:Port-Gentil 3488:French Chad 3382:and to the 3329:during the 3236:Pondicherry 3202:Free France 3102:Switzerland 3096:Free France 3066:French Navy 3029:Alfred Pose 3004:US General 2917:Sigmaringen 2892:Governments 2736:abstentions 2717:full powers 2665:Frank Capra 2544:Gendarmerie 2270:Anglophobia 2237:Joan of Arc 2128:Gallo-Roman 2070:nationalist 2050:aristocracy 1987:coup d'état 1952:Jean Leguay 1863:zone du sud 1772:Terminology 1647:Free France 1602:Axis powers 1594:French Navy 1584:and, after 1570:World War I 1309:Health care 1239:Free France 1126:Restoration 930:Middle Ages 902:Celtic Gaul 845:History of 658:Preceded by 608:Summer 1944 562:full powers 518:Legislature 395:nonpartisan 388:Provisional 358:Sigmaringen 317:(1944–1945) 311:(1942–1944) 290:Free France 20729:Categories 20656:Philosophy 20641:Literature 20553:secularism 20349:Parliament 20144:2005 riots 20094:Liberation 19960:Revolution 19827:Roman Gaul 19812:Prehistory 19768:Journalism 19488:West Hunan 19321:Pointblank 18657:Silver Fox 18643:Summer War 18396:Winter War 18375:Phoney War 18156:Azerbaijan 18117:Yugoslavia 18012:Luxembourg 17854:Resistance 17594:Yugoslavia 17459:Luxembourg 17261:Sook Ching 17057:War crimes 16659:Technology 16652:Opposition 16594:Lend-Lease 16571:Australian 16564:Home front 16522:Blitzkrieg 16472:Casualties 16463:Commanders 16435:Operations 16334:Bassgeiger 16314:New Swabia 16282:San Marino 16107:Montenegro 16031:Montenegro 15853:Luxembourg 15731:Luxembourg 15515:Vandalland 15480:Beskidland 15407:Wartheland 15380:Reichsgaus 15193:Düsseldorf 14989:Luxembourg 14070:Madagascar 13790:Rivesaltes 13765:Pithiviers 13674:Vel' d'Hiv 13440:Mauritania 13359:Zone libre 13334:La Semaine 13172:propaganda 13087:Riom Trial 12809:André Broc 12772:Zone libre 12756:The Eighty 12739:Beginnings 12698:Phoney War 12666:Boulangism 12613:Luxembourg 12522:Yad Vashem 12432:1034576435 12403:1137403989 12078:1191067431 11958:1015992303 11392:1058510505 11042:2 February 10883:12 January 10652:Béglé 2014 10089:1004807892 10051:1065422517 9509:20 October 9486:1038535440 9410:Quoted in 9396:28 January 8821:Cairn.info 8542:Raugh 1993 7878:24 October 7847:1058436580 6971:, London, 6709:21 October 6675:References 6469:La Cagoule 6248:See also: 6205:put it in 6083:Red Terror 6079:Pétainists 6054:Tino Rossi 5786:Freemasons 5574:resistance 5492:Case Anton 5474:Case Anton 5472:See also: 5424:See also: 5338:created a 5305:La Cagoule 5290:(English: 5151:President 5135:Vel' d'Hiv 5072:Carl Oberg 4950:and other 4904:underclass 4793:newspapers 4719:Max Lafont 4686:dangerous. 4578:euthanasia 4372:anarchists 4359:Phoney War 4335:Francoists 4331:Brigadists 4246:Communists 4242:Freemasons 4098:Bolshevism 4086:and overt 3982:(regional 3969:Marseilles 3834:Case Anton 3767:. Admiral 3723:Madagascar 3570:Libreville 3533:Resolution 3511:Royal Navy 3468:Guadeloupe 3458:Lend-Lease 3443:Martinique 3397:sent from 3333:and on to 3327:Garigliano 3104:and other 3084:Alexandria 3050:Case Anton 3024:La Cagoule 2884:after the 2856:expression 2838:Riom Trial 2752:Socialists 2740:These acts 2654:Carl Oberg 2616:Renault FT 2583:Liberation 2557:and heavy 2501:See also: 2391:Phoney War 2348:entitled, 2214:hedonistic 2138:chieftain 2130:period of 2088:but never 2052:and among 1977:Legitimacy 1883:Zone libre 1873:Zone libre 1857:Zone libre 1819:under the 1815:After the 1782:Case Anton 1734:April 2013 1631:communists 1554:Luxembourg 1509:zone libre 1471:rump state 945:settlement 912:Roman Gaul 882:Prehistory 589:Case Anton 384:Government 20513:Education 20467:Transport 20317:Judiciary 20278:Elections 20232:Mountains 20190:Geography 19936:Louis XIV 19726:Overviews 19553:Manchuria 19439:Indochina 19215:Bagration 18666:Lithuania 18311:Anschluss 18108:Viet Minh 18005:Lithuania 17947:Hong Kong 17710:Manchukuo 17665:Azad Hind 17324:Australia 17124:Aftermath 16987:Paperclip 16882:Aftermath 16682:Total war 16550:Diplomacy 16513:In Europe 16355:Nordstern 16339:Edelweiss 16247:Turkestan 16237:Don-Volga 16137:Turkestan 16087:Cossackia 16026:Macedonia 15986:Lithuania 15891:Ljubljana 15776:Bialystok 15761:Districts 15425:Carinthia 15318:Weser-Ems 15308:Thuringia 15278:Pomerania 15263:Moselland 15218:Franconia 15066:(limited) 14969:Indonesia 14947:Indochina 14897:Manchukuo 14865:Lithuania 14823:Lists by 14728:Gakutotai 14509:Lists by 14203:Aftermath 14033:Indochina 14018:Gibraltar 13975:Carlingue 13962:Auxiliary 13897:Air Force 13795:Septfonds 13770:Récébédou 13664:Marseille 13351:Territory 13284:La France 13170:Press and 13051:Legal and 12367:0037-7333 12299:316118163 12281:C.H. Beck 12269:(2009) . 12182:777999316 11618:494123451 11577:876293139 11324:159656095 11293:15 August 11032:0362-4331 10993:0362-4331 10843:(1980) . 10676:Aron 1962 10664:Aron 1962 10211:145622142 10161:757514437 9956:0190-8286 9915:0362-4331 9876:0261-3077 9753:0190-8286 9712:0362-4331 9678:181982155 8868:226968304 8860:0022-2801 8815:11 August 8805:420826274 8676:, on the 8632:159589846 8031:706628672 7313:ignored ( 7303:cite book 7295:200108437 7146:0162-2889 6973:Routledge 6540:, writer. 6496:, writer. 6460:, writer. 6217:de Gaulle 6091:de Gaulle 6043:Indochina 6029:de Gaulle 6016:de Gaulle 5987:(such as 5943:de Gaulle 5933:de Gaulle 5753:Aftermath 5708:La France 5558:de Gaulle 5531:de Gaulle 5515:de Gaulle 5221:Carlingue 4948:Auschwitz 4564:In 1941, 4423:, in the 4415:, in the 4380:pacifists 4319:Camp Gurs 4292:Porrajmos 4284:Holocaust 4147:dirigisme 4061:Léon Blum 4007:laughing: 3905:de Gaulle 3901:de Gaulle 3897:de Gaulle 3877:de Gaulle 3830:de Gaulle 3788:de Gaulle 3712:de Gaulle 3708:de Gaulle 3664:Luftwaffe 3558:de Gaulle 3542:Gibraltar 3531:HMS 3470:, in the 3301:formed a 3283:Bora Bora 3279:de Gaulle 3220:de Gaulle 3208:de Gaulle 3169:Indochina 2999:de Gaulle 2983:de Gaulle 2979:de Gaulle 2786:de Gaulle 2476:Prisoners 2362:Gringoire 2239:replaced 2219:décadence 2192:décadence 2066:democracy 2021:de Gaulle 2017:de Gaulle 1965:launched 1943:Wehrmacht 1670:de Gaulle 1487:territory 1378:Territory 1271:1946–1958 1261:1944–1946 1251:1940–1944 1230:1920–1929 1219:1919–1939 1208:1870–1940 1181:1871–1914 1170:1870–1940 1160:1852–1870 1150:1848–1852 1140:1830–1848 1130:1814–1830 1120:1804–1814 1110:1792–1804 1100:1791–1792 1090:1789–1799 1063:1589–1792 1053:1515–1589 1043:1498–1515 1011:1328–1498 374:Religion 168:Cartouche 138:1940–1944 41:detected: 20703:Category 20636:Language 20548:Religion 20493:Abortion 20447:Taxation 20344:Military 20305:Intersex 20295:Politics 20261:Politics 20063:Interwar 19758:Economic 19753:Language 19738:Timeline 19664:Category 19613:document 19523:document 19380:Ardennes 19364:Budapest 19312:Crossbow 19190:Overlord 19029:Smolensk 18247:Timeline 18082:Slovakia 18068:Thailand 17919:Ethiopia 17884:Bulgaria 17808:Portugal 17739:Thailand 17621:Bulgaria 17399:Eswatini 17392:Ethiopia 17345:Bulgaria 17170:Unit 731 17131:Response 16948:Keelhaul 16898:Cold War 16871:Americas 16862:timeline 16855:Atlantic 16735:Theaters 16348:Proposed 16329:Holzauge 16232:Caucasia 16225:Proposed 16163:Brittany 16156:Proposed 16147:Wallonia 16132:Slovakia 16082:Bulgaria 16056:Wallonia 16046:Slovakia 15961:Flanders 15843:Slovakia 15792:Brussels 15785:Proposed 15751:Zichenau 15721:Lorraine 15669:Lombardy 15652:Proposed 15540:Westland 15530:Wallonia 15510:Nordmark 15505:Gothland 15495:Flanders 15490:Burgundy 15468:Proposed 15440:Salzburg 15347:Proposed 15333:Westmark 15273:NSDAP/AO 15178:Bayreuth 15155:Altreich 15071:Thailand 15051:Chechnya 15029:Slovakia 14952:Cambodia 14902:Mongolia 14877:Bulgaria 14770:Makapili 14718:Chinilpa 14704:Japanese 14579:Chetniks 14115:Officers 14043:Ko Chang 13845:Military 13775:Rieucros 13754:subcamps 13636:Roundups 13527:Cambodia 13497:Cameroon 13460:Togoland 13228:L'Alerte 13105:politics 13053:treaties 12633:Slovakia 12514:Archived 12478:Archived 12463:Archived 12387:. UPNE. 12148:(2007). 11989:(2014). 11924:Le Point 11840:Archived 11803:in JSTOR 11793:in JSTOR 11772:Archived 11485:Archived 11265:41497185 11234:Archived 11173:Archived 11139:Archived 11036:Archived 10997:Archived 10937:30 March 10928:Archived 10901:Archived 10877:Archived 10819:Archived 10788:Archived 10762:Archived 10736:Archived 10709:Archived 10501:20672479 10466:20672479 10351:20530987 9990:Archived 9986:BBC News 9960:Archived 9919:Archived 9880:Archived 9839:Archived 9811:Archived 9787:Archived 9783:BBC News 9757:Archived 9716:Archived 9581:Archived 9500:"Drancy" 9444:Archived 9362:Archived 9337:Archived 9320:Archived 9285:Archived 9244:Archived 9218:Archived 9192:Archived 9166:Archived 9140:Archived 9111:Archived 9052:Archived 8960:Archived 8809:Archived 8680:website 8670:Archived 8403:Archived 8384:20530880 8341:16 March 8300:16 March 8274:16 March 8268:Archived 8223:16 March 8160:Archived 8089:Archived 7988:Archived 7948:French: 7872:Archived 7804:Archived 7765:Archived 7698:"France" 7660:Archived 7242:Archived 7203:Archived 7154:57561272 7094:Archived 7024:Archived 6988:(1947). 6551:See also 6522:, actor. 6509:Gaullist 6478:in 1940. 6405:in Lyon. 6223:'s film 6039:Division 5063:Old Port 5016:box cars 4823:May 2021 4574:eugenics 4413:Aincourt 4337:. After 4237:métèques 4160:eugenics 4115:such as 4037:Montoire 3873:de facto 3688:Damascus 3616:Djibouti 3600:Djibouti 3525:(modern 3504:Cameroun 3406:Americas 2874:Tricolor 2864:prefects 2748:Radicals 2731:Massilia 2691:spa town 2681:and the 2245:Catholic 2241:Marianne 2227:morality 2082:rightist 2027:Ideology 1997:Massilia 1983:traitors 1880:for the 1680:Overview 1523:occupied 1515:colonies 1373:Taxation 1351:Religion 1346:Politics 1339:Consorts 1334:Monarchs 1329:Military 1324:Medicine 1000:987–1328 989:987–1792 943:Frankish 941:and the 864:Timeline 836:a series 834:Part of 684:Republic 643:Currency 393:under a 391:republic 337:de facto 20694:Outline 20676:Theatre 20671:Symbols 20631:Gardens 20621:Fashion 20613:Cuisine 20580:Culture 20570:Welfare 20543:Poverty 20481:Society 20457:Tourism 20417:Exports 20390:Banking 20368:Economy 20327:history 20222:Islands 20217:Borders 19850:Francia 19804:Ancient 19782:Regions 19733:History 19718:History 19590:Shumshu 19357:Hungary 19304:Estonia 19288:Lapland 19266:Dragoon 19199:Neptune 19181:Ichi-Go 19147:Tempest 19089:Changde 19044:Cottage 18936:Jubilee 18652:Finland 18550:Compass 18256:Prelude 18209:Finland 18095:Vietnam 18061:Romania 17933:Germany 17912:Estonia 17898:Denmark 17877:Belgium 17870:Austria 17863:Albania 17794:Ireland 17780:Andorra 17764:Neutral 17724:Romania 17658:Hungary 17643:Finland 17515:Romania 17407:Finland 17385:Denmark 17331:Belgium 17317:Algeria 17023:Romania 17009:Hungary 16765:Pacific 16489:General 16443:Leaders 16428:Battles 16421:Outline 16307:Founded 16287:Tunisia 16272:Finland 16242:Muscovy 16216:Ukraine 16211:Ostland 16189:Founded 16142:Ukraine 16112:Romania 16102:Hungary 16077:Belarus 16051:Ukraine 15976:Hungary 15956:Denmark 15946:Croatia 15936:Belarus 15931:Austria 15921:Albania 15914:Founded 15824:Croatia 15769:Founded 15619:Galicia 15594:Founded 15500:Galicia 15485:Brabant 15417:Austria 15390:Founded 15364:Holland 15293:Silesia 15228:Hamburg 15166:Founded 15056:Ukraine 15044:Belarus 15019:Romania 14962:Vietnam 14937:Hungary 14919:Finland 14914:Denmark 14909:Croatia 14872:Belgium 14855:Estonia 14833:Albania 14525:Italian 14365:Fiction 14294:History 14285:History 14106:Réunion 14001:Battles 13916:Militia 13860:Regular 13573:affairs 13450:Senegal 13425:Dahomey 13398:Tunisia 13393:Morocco 13319:Revivre 13263:Combats 13235:L'Appel 12652:Prelude 12643:Ukraine 12598:Denmark 12593:Croatia 12588:Belarus 12578:Albania 12524:website 12372:2 April 12335:(1993). 12323:(1969). 12158:]. 12132:Pétain. 11887:1356008 11767:(2000) 11602:(ed.). 11409:(2013) 11397:28 July 11229:(1995) 11212:(2009) 11199:(2004) 11168:(2005) 11059:English 9848:17 July 8517:27 July 8400:, p. 71 7852:20 July 6889:18 June 6775:(2001). 6699:gouv.fr 6072:Arletty 5523:Algiers 5373:Economy 5183:roundup 5001:Gestapo 4914:(CGQJ, 4807:scholar 4703:, the " 4568:winner 4431:, near 4221:French 4014:behind: 3757:Tunisia 3753:Algeria 3749:Morocco 3680:Lebanon 3527:Senegal 3344:In the 3335:Tuscany 3188:, as a 3150:in 1941 2608:Lebanon 2594:Algeria 2560:capotes 2445:de jure 2249:patriot 2136:Gaulish 2102:liberal 2090:fascist 1961:), the 1786:Italian 1477:during 1366:Judaism 1304:Economy 1283:present 979:843–987 968:751–987 958:481–751 939:Francia 873:Ancient 815:de jure 614:• 601:• 586:• 573:• 556:• 543:• 325:Capital 309:Germany 196:Anthem: 20708:Portal 20608:Cinema 20588:Anthem 20560:Racism 20538:People 20432:Mining 20407:Energy 20242:Rivers 20207:Cities 20139:May 68 19710:topics 19707:France 19567:Debate 19539:Taipei 19532:Borneo 19110:Tarawa 18304:Europe 18265:Africa 18054:Poland 18040:Norway 18019:Malaya 17998:Latvia 17940:Greece 17926:France 17822:Sweden 17787:Bhutan 17508:Poland 17494:Norway 17466:Mexico 17433:Greece 17419:France 17357:Canada 17338:Brazil 17308:Allies 17254:Serbia 17243:Poland 17016:Poland 17002:Baltic 16795:Europe 16497:Topics 16449:Allied 16277:Monaco 16206:Norway 16127:Serbia 16097:Greece 16092:France 16070:Exiled 15971:Greece 15966:France 15863:Serbia 15858:Poland 15848:Greece 15829:France 15706:Alsace 15687:German 15639:Warsaw 15629:Lublin 15624:Kraków 15520:Venice 15455:Vienna 15445:Styria 15298:Swabia 15283:Saxony 15183:Berlin 15076:Taiwan 15024:Serbia 15014:Poland 15004:Norway 14994:Malaya 14932:Greece 14927:France 14887:Ceylon 14860:Latvia 14520:German 14355:Uranus 14099:Toulon 13938:Milice 13853:Forces 13800:Vernet 13745:Milles 13735:Drancy 13571:Jewish 13547:Tonkin 13435:Guinea 13223:Press: 12628:Serbia 12623:Poland 12618:Norway 12608:Greece 12603:France 12430: 12420: 12401: 12391: 12365: 12297: 12287: 12258: 12217:German 12204: 12192:, 1954 12180: 12170: 12138: 12109: 12092: 12076: 12066: 12041: 12019: 11997: 11979: 11956: 11946: 11910: 11885: 11851:French 11825: 11784:(2000) 11741: 11728:(2007) 11684: 11666: 11640: 11616: 11575: 11565: 11535: 11515: 11501: 11459: 11433: 11390: 11380: 11348: 11322: 11284: 11263: 11253: 11161:(1999) 11126:online 11113: 11100:(1998) 11070:Pétain 11030: 10991: 10962: 10851: 10825:23 May 10794:23 May 10768:23 May 10742:31 May 10715:31 May 10627:286436 10625: 10576: 10551: 10526: 10499: 10464: 10427: 10402: 10349: 10308: 10275: 10248:286424 10246: 10209: 10159: 10149: 10113: 10087: 10077: 10049: 10039: 9954: 9913: 9874: 9751: 9710: 9676: 9587:31 May 9532: 9484: 9474: 9345:UNESCO 9250:31 May 9224:31 May 9198:31 May 9172:31 May 9146:31 May 9084:31 May 9058:31 May 9012: 8975: 8943: 8884:", in 8866: 8858: 8803: 8793: 8756: 8703: 8648:(1974) 8630: 8624:259995 8622: 8459: 8382: 8245: 8176:Toland 8144: 8122:31 May 8069:(1947) 8029: 8019: 7994:31 May 7936: 7912: 7845: 7835: 7810:31 May 7771:1 July 7757: 7666:1 July 7652: 7620:(1990) 7341: 7293: 7283: 7248:1 July 7234: 7209:1 July 7195: 7175:(2013) 7152: 7144: 7100:1 July 7086: 7048: 6975:, 2007 6942: 6856: 6752: 6454:(LVF). 6403:Milice 6063:Combat 5985:graces 5805:Purges 5651:Maquis 5223:, and 5201:Milice 4932:, the 4893:Drancy 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4717:, and 4378:) and 4250:Romani 4223:Milice 3985:préfet 3800:putsch 3755:, and 3692:Beirut 3656:revolt 3414:, and 3399:Nouméa 3366:Nouméa 3287:Seabee 3275:Hawaii 3267:Moorea 3263:Tahiti 3148:Saigon 3136:, and 3068:, the 2683:Senate 2672:(1943) 2606:), in 2578:Maquis 2573:Milice 2565:berets 2534:Allied 2160:fasces 2156:labrys 2041:. The 1906:, the 1902:, the 1692:, and 1538:Allies 1517:. The 1451:French 1399:· 1397: 1295:Topics 1007:Valois 948: 886: 847:France 838:on the 560:given 558:Pétain 445: 415: 368:French 298:Status 270: 262: 254: 198: 129:French 125: 102:France 20860:Vichy 20666:Sport 20651:Music 20646:Media 20503:Crime 20227:Lakes 19343:Leyte 19173:Narva 19159:Anzio 19117:Makin 19075:Burma 18959:Torch 18928:Rzhev 18889:Kiska 17975:Korea 17961:Japan 17954:Italy 17836:Tibet 17815:Spain 17686:Italy 17447:Italy 17440:India 17364:China 17239:Japan 16839:Italy 16751:China 16703:Women 16300:Other 15996:Lokot 15991:Lepel 15981:Italy 15868:Banat 15736:Posen 15634:Radom 15475:Banat 15213:Essen 15063:Spain 14984:Korea 14979:Italy 14942:India 14892:China 14882:Burma 14743:Heiho 14093:Anton 14086:Torch 14028:Gabon 14023:Dakar 13907:Guard 13722:Camps 13659:Izieu 13542:Annam 13445:Niger 13430:Sudan 13305:Idées 12520:, at 12308:Films 12275:[ 12248:] 12154:[ 12058:[ 11938:[ 11877:[ 11320:S2CID 10931:(PDF) 10924:(PDF) 10623:JSTOR 10347:JSTOR 10244:JSTOR 10207:S2CID 9842:(PDF) 9831:(PDF) 9674:S2CID 9466:[ 8864:S2CID 8628:S2CID 8620:JSTOR 8380:JSTOR 7908:–40. 7291:S2CID 7150:S2CID 6636:Notes 6563:Cadix 5447:Women 5414:Essen 5410:Krupp 4952:camps 4814:JSTOR 4800:books 4452:Ilags 4425:Doubs 4388:Italy 4168:INSEE 3997:] 3971:. SS- 3927:] 3672:Syria 3554:Gabon 3519:Dakar 3395:aviso 2939:Hanoi 2695:Vichy 2612:Syria 2555:kepis 2322:Other 2152:baton 2046:right 1917:Reich 1503:Vichy 1493:with 1483:Vichy 1401: 1361:Islam 1319:LGBTQ 1281:1958– 761:1944: 722:1942: 701:1940: 344:Paris 332:Vichy 20626:Flag 20412:Euro 20310:LGBT 19409:1945 19137:1944 18978:1943 18906:Blue 18896:Attu 18803:1942 18562:1941 18414:1940 18352:1939 18281:Asia 18128:POWs 17968:Jews 17679:Iraq 17605:Axis 17555:Tuva 17371:Cuba 16456:Axis 16252:Ural 16006:Nias 15926:Asch 15147:Gaus 14974:Iraq 14957:Laos 14785:PETA 14602:Hiwi 14496:and 14445:1944 14440:1943 14435:1942 14430:1941 14425:1940 14319:Film 14065:1942 14050:1941 14008:1940 13902:Navy 13740:Gurs 13669:Lyon 13626:UGIF 13582:Laws 13482:Chad 12494:Time 12428:OCLC 12418:ISBN 12399:OCLC 12389:ISBN 12374:2023 12363:ISSN 12295:OCLC 12285:ISBN 12256:ISBN 12202:ISBN 12178:OCLC 12168:ISBN 12136:ISBN 12107:ISBN 12090:ISBN 12074:OCLC 12064:ISBN 12039:ISBN 12017:ISBN 11995:ISBN 11977:ISBN 11954:OCLC 11944:ISBN 11908:ISBN 11883:OCLC 11823:ISBN 11739:ISBN 11682:ISBN 11664:ISBN 11638:ISBN 11625:2015 11614:OCLC 11610:HMSO 11573:OCLC 11563:ISBN 11533:ISBN 11513:ISBN 11499:ISBN 11457:ISBN 11431:ISBN 11399:2021 11388:OCLC 11378:ISBN 11346:ISBN 11295:2020 11282:ISBN 11261:OCLC 11251:ISBN 11111:ISBN 11044:2018 11028:ISSN 11005:2017 10989:ISSN 10960:ISBN 10939:2011 10885:2014 10849:ISBN 10827:2009 10796:2009 10770:2009 10744:2011 10717:2011 10574:ISBN 10549:ISBN 10524:ISBN 10497:PMID 10462:PMID 10425:ISBN 10400:ISBN 10306:ISBN 10273:ISBN 10157:OCLC 10147:ISBN 10111:ISBN 10085:OCLC 10075:ISBN 10047:OCLC 10037:ISBN 9998:2017 9968:2017 9952:ISSN 9927:2017 9911:ISSN 9888:2017 9872:ISSN 9850:2014 9795:2017 9765:2017 9749:ISSN 9724:2017 9708:ISSN 9685:2023 9589:2011 9530:ISBN 9511:2021 9482:OCLC 9472:ISBN 9398:2007 9252:2011 9226:2011 9200:2011 9174:2011 9148:2011 9086:2011 9060:2011 9010:ISBN 8973:ISBN 8941:ISBN 8856:ISSN 8817:2016 8801:OCLC 8791:ISBN 8754:ISBN 8701:ISBN 8519:2019 8457:ISBN 8343:2011 8302:2011 8276:2011 8243:ISBN 8225:2011 8142:ISBN 8124:2011 8027:OCLC 8017:ISBN 7996:2011 7934:ISBN 7910:ISBN 7880:2015 7854:2020 7843:OCLC 7833:ISBN 7812:2011 7773:2015 7755:ISBN 7710:2022 7668:2015 7650:ISBN 7339:ISBN 7315:help 7281:ISBN 7250:2015 7232:ISBN 7211:2015 7193:ISBN 7142:ISSN 7102:2015 7084:ISBN 7046:ISBN 6950:The 6940:ISBN 6891:2017 6854:ISBN 6750:ISBN 6711:2015 6567:Uzès 6448:and 6070:and 5813:and 5725:and 5648:and 5640:and 5548:and 5476:and 5281:was 5253:and 5240:Axis 5027:and 4996:SNCF 4885:RSHA 4786:news 4641:INED 4576:and 4367:Axis 4296:Jews 4278:The 4232:Jews 4088:Nazi 3818:and 3786:and 3741:and 3666:and 3660:Iraq 3560:and 3265:and 3257:. A 2949:and 2947:Axis 2854:and 2750:and 2724:and 2711:and 2639:and 2610:and 2247:and 2212:and 2084:and 1963:Axis 1596:and 1532:The 154:Flag 20598:Art 20322:Law 14522:and 13760:Noé 12448:'s 12125:N.B 11312:doi 10615:doi 10489:doi 10454:doi 10374:doi 10339:doi 10302:185 10236:doi 10199:doi 9666:doi 9379:in 9266:VfZ 8915:doi 8848:doi 8678:LDH 8612:doi 8431:doi 8427:105 8370:doi 7273:doi 7132:doi 6850:239 6738:et 6150:OAS 6001:LVF 5845:by 5273:or 4769:by 4584:'s 4532:by 4005:); 3988:), 3949:". 3658:in 3521:in 3502:of 3389:In 2693:of 2618:). 1724:by 1314:Law 20731:: 19157:/ 15835:‧ 12492:, 12426:. 12397:. 12361:. 12351:. 12329:, 12317:, 12293:. 12283:. 12250:: 12246:de 12226:: 12176:. 12166:. 12101:. 12072:. 12011:. 11952:. 11860:, 11817:. 11717:, 11700:, 11612:. 11571:. 11531:. 11418:, 11386:. 11340:, 11318:. 11308:29 11306:. 11259:. 11208:, 11179:; 11068:, 11034:. 11026:. 11022:. 10995:. 10987:. 10983:. 10926:. 10875:. 10871:. 10817:. 10813:. 10695:^ 10621:. 10611:16 10609:. 10495:. 10485:24 10483:. 10460:. 10450:24 10448:. 10386:^ 10370:23 10368:. 10345:. 10335:50 10333:. 10304:. 10271:. 10269:87 10242:. 10232:12 10230:. 10205:. 10195:16 10193:. 10155:. 10091:. 10083:. 10053:. 10045:. 10006:^ 9984:. 9958:. 9950:. 9944:. 9917:. 9909:. 9905:. 9878:. 9866:. 9833:. 9781:. 9755:. 9747:. 9741:. 9714:. 9706:. 9702:. 9672:. 9662:55 9660:. 9654:. 9610:^ 9555:, 9551:, 9502:. 9480:. 9414:. 9384:. 9318:. 9302:^ 9291:, 9273:^ 9094:^ 8990:, 8921:. 8911:41 8909:. 8905:. 8862:. 8854:. 8844:92 8842:. 8838:. 8807:. 8799:. 8653:^ 8626:. 8618:. 8606:. 8471:^ 8443:^ 8425:. 8378:. 8366:49 8364:. 8360:. 8310:^ 8199:21 8197:. 8178:, 8074:^ 8025:. 7967:. 7906:37 7888:^ 7841:. 7763:. 7700:. 7658:. 7616:, 7534:^ 7507:^ 7431:^ 7378:^ 7323:^ 7307:: 7305:}} 7301:{{ 7289:. 7279:. 7240:. 7201:. 7162:^ 7148:. 7140:. 7128:43 7126:. 7122:. 7110:^ 7092:. 6948:. 6938:. 6934:. 6877:. 6852:. 6825:. 6780:^ 6771:, 6713:. 6682:^ 6168:. 6129:, 6117:. 5991:, 5980:). 5737:. 5711:, 5654:. 5630:SS 5604:". 5460:. 5219:, 5215:, 5211:, 5207:, 5203:, 5031:. 4954:. 4895:. 4713:, 4602:. 4472:. 4310:. 4275:. 4252:, 4248:, 4244:, 4234:, 4108:. 4063:. 3995:de 3978:, 3925:fr 3840:. 3751:, 3631:. 3576:. 3552:, 3372:, 3348:, 3132:, 3128:, 3116:. 3001:. 2840:. 2585:. 2176:je 2166:. 2008:. 1898:, 1768:. 1688:, 1661:. 1637:. 1576:. 1552:, 1453:: 19699:e 19692:t 19685:v 18660:) 18654:( 17521:) 17517:( 17453:) 17449:( 17413:) 17409:( 17351:) 17347:( 16401:e 16394:t 16387:v 15839:) 15831:( 15360:) 15356:( 15159:) 15151:( 15114:e 15107:t 15100:v 14486:e 14479:t 14472:v 13756:) 13752:( 12556:e 12549:t 12542:v 12434:. 12405:. 12376:. 12301:. 12210:. 12184:. 12080:. 12047:. 12003:. 11960:. 11889:. 11672:. 11646:. 11627:. 11579:. 11541:. 11519:. 11465:. 11401:. 11352:. 11326:. 11314:: 11297:. 11267:. 11046:. 11007:. 10968:. 10941:. 10887:. 10857:. 10829:. 10798:. 10772:. 10746:. 10719:. 10654:. 10629:. 10617:: 10582:. 10557:. 10532:. 10503:. 10491:: 10468:. 10456:: 10433:. 10408:. 10380:. 10376:: 10353:. 10341:: 10314:. 10281:. 10250:. 10238:: 10213:. 10201:: 10163:. 10119:. 10000:. 9970:. 9929:. 9890:. 9852:. 9797:. 9767:. 9726:. 9687:. 9668:: 9591:. 9538:. 9513:. 9488:. 9400:. 9369:( 9254:. 9228:. 9202:. 9176:. 9150:. 9088:. 9062:. 9018:. 8917:: 8870:. 8850:: 8823:. 8709:. 8634:. 8614:: 8608:8 8521:. 8465:. 8437:. 8433:: 8386:. 8372:: 8345:. 8304:. 8278:. 8249:. 8227:. 8126:. 8033:. 7998:. 7971:. 7918:. 7882:. 7856:. 7814:. 7775:. 7712:. 7686:. 7670:. 7347:. 7317:) 7297:. 7275:: 7252:. 7213:. 7156:. 7134:: 7104:. 7030:. 6893:. 6862:. 6829:. 6791:. 6758:. 6667:" 6534:. 6359:. 5941:( 5868:) 5862:( 5857:) 5853:( 5839:. 4984:( 4849:( 4836:) 4830:( 4825:) 4821:( 4811:· 4804:· 4797:· 4790:· 4763:. 4592:( 4555:) 4549:( 4544:) 4540:( 4526:. 4454:( 4039:( 3822:( 2941:. 2776:. 2600:( 2522:( 1747:) 1741:( 1736:) 1732:( 1718:. 1619:( 1461:( 1449:( 1435:e 1428:t 1421:v 334:( 227:" 200:" 188:" 180:" 131:) 127:( 108:. 97:. 84:) 78:( 73:) 69:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index