Chechnya - Knowledge

433: 2200: 2163: 4256: 2096: 813: 2080: 1579: 668: 161: 1401: 2056: 1976: 1413: 2044: 2068: 3698: 966:, a Chechen with one arm, one eye, and one leg, in charge of command at Gunib. Baysangur broke through the siege and continued to fight Russia for another two years until he was captured and killed by Russians. The Russian tsar hoped that by sparing the life of Shamil, the resistance in the North Caucasus would stop, but it did not. Russia began to use a colonization tactic by destroying Nakh settlements and building Cossack defense lines in the lowlands. The Cossacks suffered defeat after defeat and were constantly attacked by mountaineers, who were robbing them of food and weaponry. 1723: 3989:, who was the spokesman for the president. Maskhadov had been elected for four years in an internationally monitored election in 1997, which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia. In 2001, he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government, and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offenses in Russia. Maskhadov left Grozny and moved to the separatist-controlled areas of the south at the onset of the 706:, discovered in modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks were discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were settlements made from stone and surrounded by walls; some of them dated back to 8000 BC. This period also saw the appearance of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron), dishes, armor, daggers, knives and arrow tips in the region. The artifacts were found near 3706: 1357: 1788: 95: 8846: 4077: 8724: 3880: 107: 2210: 8911: 8621: 943: 8988: 884:. In order to increase its influence in the Caucasus and to secure communications with Kartli and other Christian regions of the Transcaucasia which it considered useful in its wars against Persia and Turkey, the Russian Empire began conquering the Northern Caucasus mountains. The Russian Empire used Christianity to justify its conquests, allowing Islam to spread widely because it positioned itself as the religion of liberation from tsardom, which viewed Nakh tribes as "bandits". The rebellion was led by 8964: 4153:. A woman should know her place. A woman should give her love to us ... She would be property. And the man is the owner. Here, if a woman does not behave properly, her husband, father, and brother are responsible. According to our tradition, if a woman fools around, her family members kill her... That's how it happens, a brother kills his sister or a husband kills his wife... As a president, I cannot allow for them to kill. So, let women not wear shorts...". He has also openly defended 8831: 9052: 9000: 9040: 9028: 1008:, a prominent Chechen statesman, was elected the first prime minister of the state. The second prime minister elected was Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, an Ingush statesman, who also was the author of the constitution of the republic in 1917, and in 1920 he was re-elected for the third term. In 1921 the Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcibly absorbed it into the Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence restarted, and the government went into exile. 9017: 8894: 8947: 2391: 1387: 145: 1373: 8976: 8923: 8882: 8935: 1452: 2173: 8870: 8858: 1310:

were released, according to official accounts. President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on 25 October 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya's top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote-controlled car bombing. Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Political violence and religious extremism, blamed on "

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pressing the Russian government to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed. Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals. Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechnya's prewar population) had been internally displaced and lived in

149: 4073:, as well as federal police personnel, used torture to get information about separatist forces. "If you are detained in Chechnya, you face a real and immediate risk of torture. And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable", said Holly Cartner, Director of the Europe and Central Asia division of the Human Rights Watch. 1990:, one of the highest in Russia. But the pattern of life expectancy is unusual, and in according to numerous statistics, Chechnya stands out from the overall picture. In 2020, Chechnya had the deepest fall in life expectancy, but in 2021 it had the biggest rise. Chechnya has the highest excess of life expectancy in rural areas over cities. 3993:. Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory, and his power was diminished as a result. Russian forces killed Maskhadov on 8 March 2005, and the assassination was widely criticized since it left no legitimate Chechen separatist leader with whom to conduct peace talks. 7434:Референдум. 23 марта 2003 г. «Конституция Чеченской Республики», в ред. Конституционного закона №1-РКЗ от 30 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования по результатам голосования на референдуме Чеченской Республики. 3962:

government on 16 January 2000. This recognition ceased with the fall of the Taliban in 2001. However, despite Taliban recognition, there were no friendly relations between the Taliban and Ichkeria—Maskhadov rejected their recognition, stating that the Taliban were illegitimate. Ichkeria also received

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In response to these attacks, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region. Russia installed a pro-Russian Chechen regime. In 2003, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy.

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separatists. Some journalists contested the official explanation, instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya. In response to the bombings, a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the Ichkerian regime and

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On 26 November 1990, the Supreme Council of Chechen-Ingush ASSR adopted the "Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic". This declaration was part of the reorganisation of the Soviet Union. This new treaty was to be signed 22 August 1991, which would have transformed 15 republic

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noted "cases of abduction, arbitrary detention and torture ... with the direct involvement of Chechen law enforcement officials and on the orders of top-level Chechen authorities" and expressed dismay "at the statements of Chechen and Russian public officials denying the existence of LGBTI people in

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In light of the devastated economic structure, kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over US$ 200 million during the three-year independence of the chaotic fledgling state, although victims were rarely killed. In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom

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and his comrade-in-arms Ingush abrek Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski. Together they built up small units which constantly harassed Russian military convoys, government mints, and government post-service, mainly in Ingushetia and Chechnya. Ingush aul Kek was completely burned when the Ingush refused to hand

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reported that a number of people were extrajudicially executed on the night of 26 January 2017. It published a list of 27 names of the people known to be dead, but stressed that the list is "not all "; the newspaper asserted that 50 people may have been executed. Some of the dead were gay, but not

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against Chechen citizens. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into

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Islamist Extremism in Chechnya: A Threat to U.S. Homeland?: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress,

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Since 1990, the Chechen Republic has had many legal, military, and civil conflicts involving separatist movements and pro-Russian authorities. Chechnya has enjoyed a period of relative stability under the Russian-appointed government, although there is still some separatist movement activity. Its

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In late 1970s, Chechnya produced up to 20 million tons of oil annually, production declined sharply to approximately 3 million tons in the late 1980s, and to below 2 million tons before 1994, first (1994–1996) second Russian invasion of Chechnya (1999) inflicted material damage on the oil-sector

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After the war, parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government, for a five-year term. Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while

865:. The Russians were defeated again and withdrew, but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokchi came to be known as "Chechens" – the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place. The name Chechen was however already used since as early as 1692. 1500:

announced sweeping security and political reforms, sealing borders in the Caucasus region and revealing plans to give the central government more power. He also vowed to take tougher action against domestic terrorism, including preemptive strikes against Chechen separatists. In 2005 and 2006,

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Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ... Those who could not be moved were

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a ground offensive that began in October 1999 marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Much better organized and planned than the First Chechen War, the Russian armed forces took control of most regions. The Russian forces used brutal force, killing 60 Chechen civilians during a

1496:, demanding recognition of the independence of Chechnya and a Russian withdrawal. 1,100 people (including 777 children) were taken hostage. The attack lasted three days, resulting in the deaths of over 331 people, including 186 children. After the 2004 school siege, Russian president 2079: 4278:, major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made, and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry, though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced. 4005:, a relatively unknown Islamic judge who was previously the host of an Islamic program on Chechen television, to replace Maskhadov following his death. On 17 June 2006, it was reported that Russian special forces killed Abdul Khalim Saidullayev in a raid in the Chechen town of 7418:Президент Чеченской Республики. Указ №164 от 15 июля 2004 г. «О государственном гимне Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу после одобрения Государственным Советом Чеченской Республики и официального опубликования. Опубликован: БД "Консультант-Плюс". 3808:

did convert (conversion was largely by teips). However, during the Mongol invasions, these Christianized teips gradually reverted to paganism, perhaps due to the loss of trans-Caucasian contacts as the Georgians fought the Mongols and briefly fell under their dominion.

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was overthrown and Dzhokhar Dudayev seized power. On 1 November 1991, Dudaev's Chechnya issued a unilateral declaration of independence. In the ensuing decade, the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions, usually fighting unconventionally.

973:). It is estimated that about 80% of Chechens and Ingush left the Caucasus during the deportation. It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare. One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen 631:. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the 4121:

released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government. The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov's inner circle, 27-year-old

1219:, would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right. Finally, it argued that Chechnya was a major hub in the oil infrastructure of Russia and hence its secession would hurt the country's economy and energy access. 1101:

forces at Elbe river) were deported. There is a theory that the real reason why Chechens and Ingush were deported was the desire of Russia to attack Turkey, an anti-communist country, as Chechens and Ingush could impede such plans. In 2004, the

1930:(12,184, or 0.8%) and a host of other small groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The birth rate was 25.41 in 2004. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in 746:). The Chechen tribes built fortresses, castles, and defensive walls, protecting the mountains from the invaders. Part of the lowland tribes were occupied by Mongols. However, during the mid-14th century a strong Chechen Princedom called 2095: 4179:

In a case study published in 2021, Freedom House reported that Kadyrov also conducts a total transnational repression campaign against Chechen exiles outside of Russia, including assassinations of critics and digital intimidation.

3922:(son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been the caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed as the new president. Many allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic, with control over a large private militia (the 4239:

Foura ben Chikha described the "state-sponsored attacks carried out against LGBTI people in Chechnya in 2017" as "the single most egregious example of violence against LGBTI people in Europe that has occurred in decades".

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The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis

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Although homosexuality is officially legal in Chechnya per Russian law, it is de facto illegal. Chechen authorities have reportedly arrested, imprisoned and killed persons based on their perceived sexual orientation.

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vocal support from the Baltic countries, a group of Ukrainian nationalists, and Poland; Estonia once voted to recognize, but the act never was followed through due to pressure applied by both Russia and the EU.

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against stubborn Vainakh defenders. Chechnya was a nation in the Northern Caucasus that fought against foreign rule continually since the 15th century. Several Chechen leaders such as the 17th century Mehk-Da

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in which 35 citizens of Naursky and Shelkovsky districts were converted to Orthodoxy. As of 2020, there are eight Orthodox churches in Chechnya, the largest is the temple of the Archangel Michael in Grozny.

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when the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored but with both the boundaries and ethnic composition of the territory significantly changed. There were many (predominantly Russian) migrants from other parts of the

1412: 853:, Peter's forces ran into mountain tribes. Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them. In 1732, after Russia had already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia, now led by 683:. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence indicate continuous habitation for some 8,000 years. People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins. 6603: 3651:

2,515 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

7055: 2199: 7790: 6698: 639:. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most "Caucasian" people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition. 9106: 1089:

accusing Chechens and Ingush in a mass conspiracy preparing rebellion and providing assistance to the German forces. Many of the materials were later proven to be fabricated. Even distinguished

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The First Chechen War, during which Russian forces attempted to regain control over Chechnya, took place from 1994 to 1996. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority in troops, weaponry, and

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named Akhmad Kadyrov, and a Center of Islamic Medicine in Grozny which is the largest such institution in Europe. A supreme Islamic administrative territorial organisation in Chechnya is the

5676: 4995: 1207:, which argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Union—as the Baltic, Central Asian, and other Caucasian states such as Georgia had—but was part of the 432: 5467: 4267:, the Chechen economy fell apart. In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the 1620:. Its capital is Grozny. Chechnya is well known for being mountainous, but it is in fact split between the more flat areas north of the Terek, and the highlands south of the Terek. 1024:. As a result, many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen-Ingush ASSR permanently and survived the famine. Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against 6152: 758:

and defeated him in the Battle of Tatar-tup in 1362. The kingdom of Simsim was almost destroyed during the Timurid invasion of the Caucasus, when Khour II allied himself with the

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From April 2024, all music must have a tempo between 80 and 116 beats per minute, to comply with Chechen traditions. Borrowing musical culture from other peoples is not allowed.

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Khan Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River. Timur sought to punish the highlanders for their allegiance to Tokhtamysh and as a consequence invaded Simsim in 1395.

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Total revenue of the budget of Chechnya for 2017 was 59.2 billion rubles. Of these, 48.5 billion rubles were grants from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

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The republic covers an area of 17,300 square kilometres (6,700 square miles), with a population of over 1.5 million residents as of 2021. It is home to the indigenous

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Despite a relatively small territory, Chechnya is characterized by a variety of climate conditions. The average temperature in Grozny is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F).

1150: 6990: 3902:, looked upon as a traitor by many separatists, was elected president with 83% of the vote in an internationally monitored election on 5 October 2003. Incidents of 6575: 7114:

Russell, John (2007). Gammer, Moshe; Lokshina, Tanya; Thomas, Ray; Mayer, Mary; Dunlop, John B. (eds.). "Chechnya: Russia's 'War on Terror' or 'War of Terror'?".

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Roshchin, Mikhail; Lunkin, Roman (2005). "Ислам в Чеченской Республике" [Islam in the Chechen Republic]. In Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergei (eds.).

3954:, recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993. Diplomatic relations with Ichkeria were also established by the partially recognised 3856:

regional constitution entered into effect on 2 April 2003, after an all-Chechen referendum was held on 23 March 2003. Some Chechens were controlled by regional

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The tsarists' regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s. They offered Chechens and Ingush to leave the Caucasus for the Ottoman Empire (see

1000:, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state: "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as the 9131: 8794: 6502: 2055: 5938: 4243:

On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another "gay purge" had begun in the country in December 2018, with several men and women being detained. The

4062:Нuman rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military. 3997:, deputy prime minister and a foreign minister under Maskhadov, was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in 1566:. Meanwhile, a substantial number of Chechen separatists have allied themselves to the Ukrainian cause and are fighting a mutual Russian enemy in the 1257:, the Russian forces were unable to establish effective permanent control over the mountainous area due to numerous successful full-scale battles and 5725: 4176:

In December 2021, up to 50 family members of critics of the Kadyrov government were abducted in a wave of mass kidnappings beginning on 22 December.

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over Zelimkhan. Zelimkhan was killed at the beginning of the 20th century. The war between Nakh tribes and Russia resurfaced during the times of the

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infrastructure, oil production decreased to 750,000 tons in 2001 only to increase to 2 million tons in 2006, by 2012 production was 1 million tons.

7897: 2103: 1272:, was killed by Russian forces using a booby trap bomb and a missile fired from a warplane after he was located by triangulating the position of a 765:

The 16th century saw the first Russian involvement in the Caucasus. In 1558, Temryuk of Kabarda sent his emissaries to Moscow requesting help from

332: 4032:. This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic. 6846: 6331: 5680: 4219: 6809: 6085: 8787: 5338: 3955: 3939: 3926:). The militia, which began as his father's security force, has been accused of killings and kidnappings by human rights organisations such as 3743:). The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced. Many Chechens are also 1048:

after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were

4999: 6667: 5603: 5458: 1001: 707: 6548: 2043: 1570:. In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to Chechnya, due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest. 5750: 1318:. Tensions led to open clashes between the Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants, such as the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes. 1208: 715: 160: 4880: 4568: 812: 7086: 7017: 1440: 1188: 503: 5703: 3795: 1578: 8578: 6479: 6391: 4806: 1326: 7445:. Effective as of the day of the official publication in accordance with the results of the referendum of the Chechen Republic.). 6405: 4747: 1356: 9111: 8525: 8173: 5838: 5813: 5795: 4939: 4412: 4391: 3804:), there was a mission of Georgian Orthodox missionaries to the Nakh peoples. Their success was limited, though a couple of highland 807: 2086: 7228: 6633: 171: 6897: 5290: 4772: 1044:), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of 7429:. Effective as of after the ratification by the State Council of the Chechen Republic and subsequent official publication.). 6214: 1049: 6962: 3906:

and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by

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against Ottoman Turkey in 1828 and 1829, enabled Russia to use a much larger portion of its army in subduing the natives of the

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led the Chechen politics and fought off encroachments of foreign powers. He defended the borders of Chechnya from invasions of

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shot. ... few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.

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proficiency required in many aspects of life to provide Chechens better opportunities for advancement in the Soviet system.

8610: 8587: 7993: 7890: 6236: 5629: 2265: 2149: 1774: 1464: 754:, a Chechen king that led the Chechen politics and wars. He was in charge of an army of Chechens against the rogue warlord 111: 6306: 5515: 6455: 4169:

all. The killings appeared to have been precipitated by the death of a policeman; according to the author of the report,

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Chechen separatists continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terror attacks. In October 2002, 40–50 Chechen rebels

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is the predominant religion in Chechnya, practiced by 95% of those polled in Grozny in 2010. Most of the population is

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or overcrowded villages. There was an economic downturn. Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya.

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voted to recognize the "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as territory temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation".

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are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to

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and took about 900 civilians hostage. The crisis ended with 117 hostages and up to 50 rebels dead, mostly due to

880:. According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on 499: 4612: 1512:. Kadyrov's rule has been characterized by high-level corruption, a poor human rights record, widespread use of 94: 9021: 8571: 8400: 7711: 7707: 7698: 7688: 7639: 6499: 5108: 228: 6031: 1283:

of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive to re-take Grozny by Chechen rebel forces led by

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reported that since Chechenization, the government has pushed for enforced Islamic dress code. The president

1460: 652: 651:" and her research suggests that "farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians". Nichols stated: "The 8620: 4092:

included Chechnya in the "Worst of the Worst" list of most repressive societies in the world, together with

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According to the Chechen government, the referendum passed with 95.5% of the votes and almost 80% turnout.

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officers who fought bravely against Germans (e.g. the commander of 255th Separate Chechen-Ingush regiment

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Rasizade, Alec. Chechnya: the Achilles heel of Russia. = Contemporary Review (Oxford) in three parts: 1)

7056:"New wave of persecution against LGBT people in Chechnya: around 40 people detained, at least two killed" 5252: 5206: 4189: 4059:

conflicts in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999, more than 150,000 people still remain displaced in Russia today.

3915: 3775: 1555: 1521: 1053: 211: 8723: 5326: 4539: 8521: 7920: 7838: 2144: 1334: 896:) sheikh—with wavering military support from other North Caucasian tribes. Mansur hoped to establish a 388: 223: 6434:"A chain of wars, a chain of crimes, a chain of impunity: Russian wars in Chechnya, Syria and Ukraine" 6103:

Nazgul A. Mingisheva and Yesbossyn M. Smagulov, "Chechnya" in Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof,

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In April 2009, Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army. The

739: 647:"has used language to connect the modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the 598: 5767: 846:. Russian forces succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years. 9033: 8448: 8410: 8287: 7540:

Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture and Historic FBI & KGB Rescue

6413: 5809: 4002: 1648: 1604:, Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. In the west, it borders 1333:

in favor of the Shura of Dagestan which sought independence from Russia. In September, a series of

1199:. It campaigned for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation. This movement was opposed by 1029: 743: 687: 488: 6870:"Chechens tell of prison beatings and electric shocks in anti-gay purge: 'They called us animals'" 6843:"Persecution of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation), Resolution 2230 (2018)" 6659: 3791: 1211:

and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede. It also argued that other

1149:, who often settled in the abandoned family homes of Chechens and Ingushes. The republic lost its 9116: 8763: 8743: 8663: 8638: 8395: 7348: 6545: 5327:"Context of 'September 13, 1999: Second Moscow Apartment Bombing Kills 118; Chechen Rebels Blamed 4917: 4215: 4193: 4101: 4006: 2319: 2283: 2278: 2260: 2214: 1737: 1372: 904:

law. He was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the war he was betrayed by the

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is quoted as saying "I have the right to criticize my wife. She doesn't . With us , a wife is a

8658: 8643: 8043: 7507: 6500:"You Dress According to Their Rules" Enforcement of an Islamic Dress Code for Women in Chechnya 4449: 4387: 4013:, a leader of the Chechen rebel movement, was killed in a truck explosion during an arms deal. 1779:

The Chechen Republic is divided into 15 districts and three cities of republican significance.

1703: 862: 8830: 7642:. Fact-based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars. 7393: 7033: 6255:

Kullberg, Anssi. "The Background of Chechen Independence Movement III: The Secular Movement".

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that killed around 300 people in several Russian cities, including Moscow, were blamed on the

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The territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided between

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On Amending Article 71 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation–Russia

6402: 3820:, although currently only one church exists in Grozny. In August 2011, Archbishop Zosima of 1979:

Chechen World War II veterans during celebrations on the 66th anniversary of victory in the

8703: 8683: 8668: 8653: 6476: 4728: 4244: 3850: 2337: 2229: 1158: 877: 656: 6117: 4274:

The economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000. According to the

4218:, where gay men are interrogated and subjected to physical violence. On 27 June 2018, the 3716:

with Ramzan Kadyrov and Vladimir Putin at the Prophet Isa Mosque in Grozny, 20 August 2024

1386: 1187:

With the impending dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, an independence movement, the

8: 8993: 8648: 8515: 8262: 8252: 8183: 7448: 6215:

in 1993, ex –President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia recognized Chechnya's independence..

4227:

that gay people "simply do not exist in the republic" and made an approving reference to

3910:(OSCE) monitors. On 9 May 2004, Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a 1517: 1343: 1212: 1126: 1103: 1037: 747: 691: 587: 448: 82: 8779: 7441:, as amended by the Constitutional Law #1-RKZ of September 30, 2014 4051:Тhe Internal Displacement Monitoring Center reports that after hundreds of thousands of 950:

The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-

8969: 8698: 8693: 8556: 8480: 8242: 8053: 7978: 7963: 7943: 7749: 7163: 7139: 7131: 6725: 6495: 6387: 5294: 4590: 4310:. Chechen mythology along with art have helped shape the culture for over 1,000 years. 4268: 4211: 4142: 4134: 4117: 4105: 4066: 3990: 3951: 3947: 3927: 1562:, which is under Kadyrov's personal command, has played a leading role, notably in the 1315: 1248: 1223: 1204: 1033: 982: 970: 963: 920: 861:, Russian troops clashed again with Chechens in a village called Chechen-aul along the 791: 531: 6934: 3705: 2085:

Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the

1787: 1467:

pumped into the building by Russian special forces to incapacitate the people inside.

1422:

fighter stands near the government palace building during a short lull in fighting in

923:, Russia significantly widened its foothold in the Caucasus at the expense of Persia. 773:. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding 9101: 9091: 8940: 8713: 8113: 7929: 7780: 7756: 7739: 7724: 7678: 7660: 7635: 7624: 7606: 7592: 7577: 7563: 7543: 7529: 7515: 7498: 7484: 7467: 7403: 7143: 6904: 6786: 6064: 5982: 5942: 5260: 5257:

Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB

5146:"Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944" 5116: 4886: 4812: 4778: 4737: 4707: 4618: 4573: 4469: 4264: 4232: 4052: 3943: 3762:

in Chechnya, and in 2011 it was estimated that there were 465 mosques, including the

3672: 3668: 1722: 1676: 1668: 1617: 1563: 1288: 1240: 1141: 821: 774: 770: 766: 608: 515: 476: 398: 136: 5916: 4594: 8673: 8424: 8366: 8346: 8168: 8153: 8143: 8018: 7948: 7858: 7476: 7359: 7339: 7314: 7309: 7297: 7259: 7123: 6939: 6730: 5978: 5834: 4582: 4025: 3879: 3837: 3817: 1942: 1938: 1532: 1378: 1269: 1196: 1192: 1173: 1154: 1137: 648: 408: 404: 99: 71: 57: 6477:

Russian Federation Rule Without Law: Human Rights violations in the North Caucasus

4973: 4586: 3914:

explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade, and

2172: 849:

As the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian-ruled

514:, which declared independence, while the former sided with Russia. Following the 8499: 8336: 8317: 8163: 8148: 8108: 8093: 8063: 8048: 8038: 8003: 7988: 7953: 7866: 7826: 7795: 7702: 7652: 7554: 7399: 6995: 6782:"Over 100 people allegedly sent to 'concentration camps' for gay men in Chechnya" 6571: 6552: 6506: 6483: 6433: 6409: 6364: 6240: 6222: 6130: 5577: 5355: 5342: 5099:, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 2001, pp. 96–97. 4701: 4463: 4448:

Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the

4367: 4297: 4170: 4133:

released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the

4109: 4076: 3982: 3903: 3860:, or clans, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures. 3759: 3314: 2073:

Life expectancy in Chechnya in comparison with neighboring regions of the country

1987: 1950: 1392: 1322: 1284: 1273: 1094: 1041: 1005: 951: 942: 927:

against Persia several years later, starting in 1826 and ending in 1828 with the

858: 827: 787: 730:

In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was frequent warfare between the Chechens,

644: 6233: 5654: 5540: 5434: 5415: 5390: 5071: 4703:

Anciennes croyances des Ingouches et des Tchétchènes: peuples du Caucase du Nord

1329:(IIPB) began an unsuccessful incursion into the neighboring Russian republic of 820:

before the commander-in-chief Prince Bariatinsky on 25 August 1859; painting by

702:, and the domestication of animals in the region. Settlements near Ali-Yurt and 9057: 9005: 8738: 8361: 8356: 8341: 8331: 8292: 8197: 8158: 8103: 8028: 8023: 7973: 7968: 7958: 6299: 5519: 5176: 4146: 4081: 4070: 4040: 4010: 3994: 3986: 3970: 3919: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3868: 3813: 3656: 3133: 2296: 1954: 1919: 1762: 1654: 1613: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1478: 1162: 1136:

The Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their land after 1956 during

1114: 1086: 1069: 936: 905: 885: 839: 604: 552: 542: 538: 492: 460: 456: 266: 31: 7127: 4913: 4500:"An Essay on the History of the Vainakh People. On the origin of the Vainakhs" 2101:

Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy.

1922:

at 1,456,792 make up 96.4% of the republic's population. Other groups include

1068:

where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished. American historian

9085: 9045: 8471: 8272: 8202: 8138: 8118: 8098: 8088: 8083: 8033: 8008: 7983: 7670: 7389: 7028: 6816: 6580: 6432:

Cherkasov, Alexander; Golubev, Ostav; Malykhin, Vladimir (24 February 2023),

6418: 4228: 4205: 4163: 4154: 4123: 4089: 3740: 3713: 3660: 3432: 1605: 1493: 1473: 1303: 1291: 1227: 1200: 1169: 1122: 1098: 986: 897: 881: 869: 868:

Under intermittent Persian rule since 1555, in 1783 the eastern Georgians of

779: 636: 186: 173: 7695:. Biblion – Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online. 7621:

Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya

6634:"Dozens of relatives of government critics reportedly kidnapped in Chechnya" 4499: 4388:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" 3918:

was appointed acting prime minister after the incident. However, since 2005

911:

Following the forced ceding of the current territories of Dagestan, most of

534:

of 1999–2009, with Chechen politics being dominated by the former Ichkerian

8600: 8123: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8013: 7998: 7616: 7233: 6874: 6842: 3816:

and estimated as numbering approximately 25,000 in 2012, are predominantly

3664: 1752: 1698: 1444: 1295: 1146: 1130: 1118: 1065: 1025: 990: 783: 759: 680: 612: 575: 563: 4730:

The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present

1153:

which transferred to North Ossetian ASSR but gained predominantly Russian

530:

it remained a part of Russia. Russian federal control was restored in the

8768: 8133: 8128: 8058: 7938: 7875: 7212:"Does Chechnya Stand To Lose Out From Russian-Azerbaijani Oil Agreement?" 6576:"Это была казнь. В ночь на 26 января в Грозном расстреляли десятки людей" 5894: 5868: 4301: 4097: 4017: 3923: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3720: 2242: 2204: 1742: 1693: 1254: 955: 835: 817: 795: 769:

against the Vainakh tribes. Ivan the Terrible married Temryuk's daughter

695: 464: 370: 7512:

The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World

7135: 6520: 6153:"The extent of fraud in Russia's presidential election begins to emerge" 5975:

Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience

5783: 5489: 4774:

The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad

4414:"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации 1914:, the population of the republic is 1,510,824, up from 1,268,989 in the 8952: 8899: 8429: 8326: 8237: 6691:"Chechen Authorities Arresting and Killing Gay Men, Russian Paper Says" 6332:"Ukraine lawmakers brand Chechnya 'Russian-occupied' in dig at Kremlin" 5162:

James Hughes. "The Peace Process in Chechnya", in Richard Sakwa (ed.),

4726: 4683:"Предводитель Гази Алдамов, или Алдаман ГIеза (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру" 4236: 4056: 3771: 3752: 3728: 3493: 1642: 1609: 1559: 1268:

In April 1996, the first democratically elected president of Chechnya,

1258: 1061: 997: 912: 889: 854: 735: 699: 507: 484: 366: 351: 340: 5865:

Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia

4360: 1554:

The Chechen government has been outspoken in its support for the 2022

1016:

During Soviet rule, Chechnya and Ingushetia were combined to form the

962:). In 1859, Shamil was captured by Russians at aul Gunib. Shamil left 8758: 8351: 8297: 8267: 8217: 7852: 6967: 6604:"Who Is Afraid of Navalny, Killings in Chechnya, Trump-Putin Meeting" 6007:[High degree of religious intolerance observed in Chechnya]. 4231:

by family members "if there were such people in Chechnya". In a 2021

4150: 3911: 3554: 2390: 2314: 1757: 1311: 1216: 1021: 977: 959: 873: 731: 468: 361: 6721:"Chechnya police arrest 100 suspected gay men, three killed: report" 6519:правды», Александр ГАМОВ | Сайт «Комсомольской (24 September 2008). 5971:Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания 1451: 1020:. In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing a 679:

Traces of human settlement dating back to 40,000 BC were found near

8981: 8928: 8851: 8811: 8753: 8307: 8282: 8247: 8227: 8207: 7646: 6758: 6157: 5563: 5545: 5420: 4307: 4281:

Chechnya's unemployment was 67% in 2006 and fell to 21.5% in 2014.

4224: 3974: 3767: 3194: 2332: 2224: 2177: 1923: 1747: 1636: 1536: 1419: 1330: 1107: 1090: 1045: 850: 831: 798:, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment. 751: 711: 632: 628: 559: 520: 480: 378: 310: 304: 5706:. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies 5145: 8887: 8462: 8277: 7186:"Chechnya, Republic of Unemployment rate, 1990-2014 - knoema.com" 7019:«Новой газете» стало известно о новых преследованиях геев в Чечне 6392:

Chechnya: Research Shows Widespread and Systematic Use of Torture

6190: 6173:"Chechnya boosts Putin re-election with almost 100% of the votes" 5726:"Chechen volunteer fighters back up Ukraine's Russian resistance" 5677:"Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate" 4682: 3998: 3959: 3829: 1672: 1540: 1513: 672: 567: 526: 8461:

Considered by most of the international community to be part of

7451:. Law #4071-1 of 10 December 1992 4970:"Общественное движение чеченский комитет национального спасения" 4259:

Grozny in 2013, with the "Heart of Chechnya" Mosque on the right

3966: 3867:, which critics called rigged and fraudulent, Russian President 9107:

Countries and territories where Chechen is an official language

8875: 8863: 8748: 8605: 8419: 8192: 7087:"Activists Say 40 Detained And 2 Dead in Gay Purge in Chechnya" 6745: 6713: 5679:. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from 3780:

Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic

3748: 3732: 3373: 3255: 2368: 2190: 2185: 2167: 1931: 1927: 1731: 1586: 1567: 1548: 1489: 1423: 1347: 1280: 1106:

recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush as an act of

901: 794:

in 1667. The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to

719: 616: 571: 452: 316: 238: 7159:"Chechnya's Capital Rises From the Ashes, Atop Hidden Horrors" 6907:

Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination. pp. 15–16.

6086:"The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus" 4069:

reported that pro-Russian Chechen forces under the command of

3950:, deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the 548: 8501:

Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions

7574:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

7271: 7265: 5205:. Friends & Partners. 12 May 1997. part I. Archived from 5097:

Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe

4306:

The culture of Chechnya is based on the native traditions of

4247:

believes that around 40 people were detained and two killed.

4223:

the Chechen Republic". Kadyrov's spokesman Alvi Karimov told

4093: 3796:

Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia § Religious implications

3724: 3710: 2350: 2089:

in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.

1544: 974: 830:

first sought to increase Russia's political influence in the

755: 703: 535: 7736:

Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad

7425:. Decree #164 of 15 July 2004 6660:"Russia Case Study | Understanding Transnational Repression" 6118:"Chechnya saw the first mass baptism in its today's history" 6004:В Чечне наблюдается высокая степень религиозной нетерпимости 5790:[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. 4736:. UNESCO Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4210:

and human rights groups that Chechen authorities had set up

8302: 7280: 7277: 7268: 5837:[The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). 4940:"Independent Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus" 4029: 3857: 3805: 3744: 3736: 1717: 1436: 1082: 1081:

The deportation was justified by the materials prepared by

893: 524:

independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, although

419: 7731:. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.) 7721:

Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat

6357:

Government efforts help only some IDPs rebuild their lives

6300:"What is Hidden Behind the Idea of the Caucasian Emirate?" 5995: 4088:

In 2009, the US government financed American organization

8809: 7811: 7561:

Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

7090: 6935:"Reports: several gay men and women detained in Chechnya" 6403:

Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies

6032:"Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya" 5581: 5313: 5280:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p. 114. 4727:

Ilyasov, Lecha; Ziya Bazhayev Charity Foundation (2009).

4055:

and Chechens fled their homes following inter-ethnic and

3758:

Following the end of the Soviet Union, there has been an

1539:

jihadist group through its strict adherence to the Sunni

1431: 958:, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see 8586: 7775:

June 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1673, pages 327–332.

7767:

April 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1671, pages 193–197

7109: 7107: 6807: 6431: 1477:

was skeptical of the results, arguing that "few outside

6837: 6835: 6456:"Slain Exile Detailed Cruelty of the Ruler of Chechnya" 4173:, the victims were executed for engaging in terrorism. 3832:

ceremony in the history of the Chechen Republic in the

3766:

in Grozny accommodating 10,000 worshippers, as well 31

7771:

May 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1672, pages 277–284

7466:

Anderson, Scott. The Man Who Tried to Save the World.

6898:"Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe" 6281:

Kuzio, Taras. "The Chechen crisis and the 'near abroad

6094:

Chechnya Weekly, Volume 7, Issue 34 (8 September 2006)

5787:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 3667:

in 1944. They were, however, allowed to return to the

1298:

a year later that saw a withdrawal of Russian forces.

1234: 7370: 7353: 7325: 7289: 7274: 7104: 7026:

learned of new persecution of gays in Chechnya].

6754:"Chechnya has opened concentration camps for gay men" 3812:

The once-strong Russian minority in Chechnya, mostly

1971:

List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy

1172:

policies towards Chechens continued after 1956, with

129: 7443:

On Amending the Constitution of the Chechen Republic

6963:"Chechnya has reportedly launched a new 'gay purge'" 6832: 5126: 3908:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

1406:

Cadets of the Ichkeria Chechen national guard, 1999.

1314:", was rife. In 1998, Grozny authorities declared a 1018:

Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

510:

and the Chechen Republic. The latter proclaimed the

7262: 6243:– By Nabi Abdullaev, 14 December 2001, Moscow Times 5941:. Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Archived from 4024:and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the 1350:in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart. 611:chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the 9122:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages 6808:Gordienko, Irina; Elena Milashina (4 April 2017). 6083: 5457: 5356:"Gay Chechens flee threats, beatings and exorcism" 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4439:Constitution of the Chechen Republic, Article 10.1 4338:Constitution of the Chechen Republic, Article 59.5 592: 7229:"Chechnya Forbids Music Outside 80-116 BPM Tempo" 5784:Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). 915:, and Georgia by Persia to Russia, following the 908:, handed over to Russians, and executed in 1794. 9083: 7754:A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya 6991:"Chechnya launches new gay 'purge', reports say" 6570: 6546:Chechen President Kadyrov Defends Honor Killings 5861:"Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении" 5792:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года 5023:"Chechnya's Forgotten Children of the Holodomor" 4972:. Savechechnya.com. 24 June 2008. Archived from 1986:Despite its difficult past, Chechnya has a high 6889: 6847:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 6521:"Рамзан КАДЫРОВ: "Россия – это матушка родная"" 6057:Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (9 November 2009). 6011:. Caucasus Times poll (in Russian). 16 May 2010 5630:"Kadyrov's Power and Cult of Personality Grows" 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 4757: 4220:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 3898:The former separatist religious leader (mufti) 1543:obedience to the literal interpretation of the 1184:led to the abandonment of this reorganisation. 7703:Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown 7647:"The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play" 7395:The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union 5968: 5604:"Ramzan Kadyrov: The warrior king of Chechnya" 5150:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 4465:The Territories of the Russian Federation 2012 3940:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation 8795: 8572: 7891: 7455:. Effective as of 10 January 1993.. 7432: 7416: 7062:(in Russian). 14 January 2019. Archived from 7032:(in Russian). 11 January 2019. Archived from 4203: 4161: 3800:From the 11th to 13th centuries (i.e. before 2394:Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region 1002:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 123: 63: 49: 6566: 6564: 5701: 5291:"Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya" 5248: 5246: 5040: 4847:. Linguistics.berkeley.edu. 28 November 1992 4606: 4604: 4461: 4382: 4380: 4378: 1624:Area: 17,300 km (6,700 sq mi) 1346:on 5 February 2000. After the re-capture of 1209:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 627:The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the 479:to its south; with the Russian republics of 7427:On the State Anthem of the Chechen Republic 6814:[Massacres of Chechen gays (18+)]. 6251: 6249: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5704:"The Chechens: Putin's Loyal Foot Soldiers" 4882:Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis 4706:(in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. 4346: 4344: 4020:. On 31 October 2007, Umarov abolished the 3942:between 1991 and 2010. Former president of 2061:Life expectancy with calculated differences 1768: 1616:, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, 1294:to declare a ceasefire in 1996, and sign a 1180:states into more than 80. The 19–21 August 9132:States and territories established in 1993 8802: 8788: 8579: 8565: 7905: 7898: 7884: 7526:To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus 6895: 6682: 5939:"Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" 5839:Federal State Statistics Service of Russia 5802: 5777: 5647: 5578:"Ramzan Kadyrov: Putin's key Chechen ally" 5317:. 19 August 1999. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 5309:"Moscow again plans wider war in Dagestan" 4643: 4641: 4562: 4560: 4538:. Tbilisi: Caucasian House. Archived from 4528: 4359:Official website of the Chechen Republic. 3977:and a leader of the Chechen rebel movement 1508:Since 2007, Chechnya has been governed by 1327:Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade 518:of 1994–1996 with Russia, Chechnya gained 7634:Hasanov, Zaur. The Man of the Mountains. 6960: 6932: 6779: 6596: 6561: 6378:, Morning Edition, NPR, 28 November 2005. 6270:The Finnish Yearbook of International Law 6179:. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 18 March 2024. 6060:Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader 5977:] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: 5243: 5199:"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty archive" 4699: 4693: 4647: 4610: 4601: 4566: 4375: 4108:considers Chechnya under Kadyrov to be a 3782:or the Muftiate of the Chechen Republic. 1524:were initially reported on 1 April 2017. 1325:began on 7 August 1999, during which the 808:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan 7823:AlertNet Chechnya and the North Caucasus 6289:, Volume 14, Issue 4 1995, pages 553–572 6246: 5957: 5516:"August 31, 2006: Beslan – Two Years On" 5102: 4770: 4617:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 110. 4433: 4341: 4254: 4075: 3965: 3933: 3878: 3770:, including an Islamic university named 3704: 3696: 2389: 1974: 1786: 1721: 1718:Cities and towns with over 20,000 people 1585: 1577: 1450: 1435: 941: 811: 666: 547: 431: 27:Republic of Russia in the North Caucasus 7587:Gall, Charlotta & de Waal, Thomas. 7113: 6988: 6933:Vasilyeva, Nataliya (11 January 2019). 6896:ben Chikha, Foura (21 September 2021). 6518: 6454:Chivers, C. J. (31 January 2009). 6453: 6084:Mairbek Vatchagaev (8 September 2006). 5020: 4914:"Человек из камня Байсангур Беноевский" 4839: 4837: 4835: 4804: 4720: 4638: 4557: 4462:Publications, Europa (21 August 2012). 2191:City of republic significance of Grozny 1937:The languages used in the Republic are 1501:separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and 491:to its east, north, and west; and with 14: 9084: 7538:Bornstein, Yvonne and Ribowsky, Mark. 7437:(Referendum. March 23, 2003 7156: 7084: 6914:from the original on 23 September 2021 6867: 6688: 6056: 5559:"The children of Beslan five years on" 5459:"Boycott call in Chechen poll ignored" 4944:Countries & Territories since 1900 4662: 4442: 4332: 3874: 3677:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 3037:(In the territory of modern Chechnya) 2284:Town of republic significance of Argun 1809: 1558:, where a Chechen military force, the 1432:Post-war reconstruction and insurgency 985:, which saw the Nakh struggle against 506:split into two parts: the Republic of 281:16,165 km (6,241 sq mi) 8783: 8560: 7879: 7791:"Chechnya: The Case For Independence" 7779:Seirstad, Asne. The Angel of Grozny. 7388: 7308: 6751: 6275: 6268:Kari Takamaa and Martti Koskenneimi. 6116:Interfax Information Services Group. 6029: 5702:Cranny-Evans, Sam (4 November 2022). 5435:"Moscow hostage relatives await news" 5132: 5057:Lieven, Dominic. "Russia: Chechnya". 4920:from the original on 24 November 2021 4878: 4532:The Vainakhs (the Chechen and Ingush) 4323: 4138:further devastating destabilization. 3981:The president of this government was 1949:language family, which also includes 1484:In September 2004, separatist rebels 714:, Ja-E-Bortz (alternatively known as 7918: 7675:Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power 7601:Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas 7439:Constitution of the Chechen Republic 6670:from the original on 21 October 2021 6441:Memorial Human Rights Defence Centre 6208: 6191:"UNPO: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" 5863:[Life expectancy at birth]. 5470:from the original on 10 January 2022 5455: 5378:Chechnya: To the Heart of a Conflict 5278:Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society 4869:, London, Curzon Press, 1999, p. 49. 4867:The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus 4832: 4611:Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (1 March 2005). 4235:report into anti-LGBTI hate crimes, 4016:The successor of Saidullayev became 3871:won 98.99% of the vote in Chechnya. 2049:Life expectancy at birth in Chechnya 1957:. Some scholars place it in a wider 1945:. Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or 1775:Administrative divisions of Chechnya 1596:Situated in the eastern part of the 1531:continued even after this date. The 1265:in 1995 shocked the Russian public. 1161:that is considered the homeland for 619:. According to George Anchabadze of 7449:President of the Russian Federation 7157:Kramer, Andrew E. (30 April 2008). 6989:Carroll, Oliver (11 January 2019). 6652: 5891:"Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости" 5072:"Remembering Stalin's deportations" 5021:Umarova, Amina (23 November 2013). 4805:Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). 4569:"Peering into the Past, With Words" 4353: 3792:History of Chechnya § Religion 2385: 2128:Largest cities or towns in Chechnya 1791:Chechen Republic population pyramid 1263:Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 1235:Chechen Wars and brief independence 725: 471:. The republic forms a part of the 24: 8829: 7603:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 7460: 6961:Damshenas, Sam (11 January 2019). 6780:Armstrong, Kathy (10 April 2017). 6701:from the original on 28 April 2019 6689:Kramer, Andrew E. (1 April 2017). 5835:"Демографический ежегодник России" 5655:"Russia 'ends Chechnya operation'" 5541:"Putin meets angry Beslan mothers" 5416:"Moscow court begins siege claims" 5229:"Chechnya [Russia] (2003)" 4567:Wuethrich, Bernice (19 May 2000). 4510:from the original on 10 April 2023 4160:On 9 July 2017, Russian newspaper 3865:2024 Russian presidential election 1964: 1804: 1726:Map of Chechen Republic (Chechnya) 1535:had fully adopted the tenets of a 1344:mop-up operation in Aldy, Chechnya 1195:general and new Chechen President 254:Parliament of the Chechen Republic 25: 9143: 8479:Administratively subordinated to 8470:Administratively subordinated to 7829: (archived 11 September 2012) 7803: 7555:Roy Conrad. Grozny. A few days... 7423:President of the Chechen Republic 7085:Ingber, Sasha (14 January 2019). 6376:Chechnya Holds Parliamentary Vote 4753:from the original on 5 July 2010. 4421:from the original on 22 June 2020 9112:North Caucasian Federal District 9050: 9038: 9026: 9015: 8998: 8986: 8974: 8962: 8945: 8933: 8921: 8909: 8892: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8844: 8722: 8619: 8526:Ministry of Economic Development 7589:Chechnya: A Small Victorious War 7258: 7222: 7204: 7178: 7150: 7078: 7048: 7010: 6982: 6954: 6926: 6861: 6801: 6773: 6626: 6539: 6312:from the original on 11 May 2011 5814:Federal State Statistics Service 5796:Federal State Statistics Service 5177:"'Dual attack' killed president" 4950:from the original on 25 May 2023 4392:Federal State Statistics Service 4037:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3032: 2208: 2198: 2171: 2161: 2094: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 1582:The mountains in the area Sharoy 1529:insurgency in the North Caucasus 1481:regard the referendum as fair". 1411: 1399: 1385: 1371: 1355: 801: 473:North Caucasian Federal District 295: 294: 159: 141: 105: 93: 7333: 7216:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6868:Walker, Shaun (13 April 2017). 6512: 6489: 6466: 6447: 6425: 6396: 6381: 6369: 6350: 6324: 6292: 6262: 6227: 6183: 6165: 6145: 6123: 6110: 6107:, Volume 1, SAGE, 2012, p. 193. 6105:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 6097: 6077: 6050: 6023: 5931: 5909: 5883: 5853: 5827: 5810:"Национальный состав населения" 5761: 5743: 5718: 5695: 5669: 5622: 5596: 5570: 5552: 5534: 5508: 5482: 5449: 5427: 5409: 5383: 5370: 5348: 5320: 5301: 5283: 5270: 5221: 5191: 5169: 5156: 5138: 5090: 5064: 5027:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5014: 4988: 4962: 4932: 4906: 4872: 4859: 4798: 4675: 4663:Tesaev, Amin (2018). "Симсим". 4656: 4522: 4492: 4482: 4455: 4046: 3985:, and the foreign minister was 3802:Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia 3785: 1782: 1362:A Chechen man prays during the 1182:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 925:Another successful Caucasus war 593:Origin of Chechnya's population 500:dissolution of the Soviet Union 475:, and shares land borders with 7659:(Interview with a barbarian). 7495:The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire 7363: 7318: 7251: 6610:. 14 July 2017. Archived from 5391:"Gas 'killed Moscow hostages'" 5259:. New York: Free Press, 2007. 5109:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev 4405: 4183: 3956:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 2111: 1011: 917:Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 844:Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 13: 1: 9097:1993 establishments in Russia 8810:Countries and regions of the 7854:First Session, April 26, 2013 7481:One Soldier's War in Chechnya 6811:Расправы над чеченскими геями 6752:Duffy, Nick (10 April 2017). 5164:Chechnya: From Past to Future 4998:. Vainah.info. Archived from 4811:. Osprey Publishing Limited. 4587:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158 4316: 3938:Ichkeria was a member of the 1028:on the front line (including 718:), Abbey-Gove (also known as 662: 7816:of the Republic of Chechnya 6234:Are Chechens in Afghanistan? 5867:(in Russian). Archived from 5774:. Retrieved 19 October 2020. 4771:Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). 4529:Anchabadze, George (2009) . 4202:In 2017, it was reported by 4022:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 3888:head of the Chechen Republic 3701:The Heart of Chechnya Mosque 2418:Crude death rate (per 1000) 2415:Crude birth rate (per 1000) 2403:Average population (x 1000) 2374:Shalinsky District, Chechnya 2302:Achkhoy-Martanovsky District 1573: 1245:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1226:, the Soviet Chechen leader 694:era saw the introduction of 512:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 7: 9074:Partially-recognized states 7371: 7354: 7326: 5981:; Logos. pp. 152–169. 5456:Aris, Ben (24 March 2003). 5437:. BBC News. 27 October 2002 5345:). Retrieved 23 April 2013. 4204: 4190:Anti-gay purges in Chechnya 4162: 3844: 3776:Kurchaloy Islamic Institute 3687: 1556:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1522:anti-gay purges in Chechnya 130: 10: 9148: 7381: 6608:Institute of Modern Russia 5567:. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 5549:. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 4700:Tsaroïeva, Mariel (2005). 4361:Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov 4295: 4291: 4250: 4187: 3848: 3789: 3649: 3553: 2421:Natural change (per 1000) 2197: 2160: 2119: 1968: 1772: 1709: 1238: 1064:) in 1944 near the end of 805: 653:Nakh–Dagestanian languages 596: 585: 581: 29: 9072: 8818: 8731: 8720: 8626: 8617: 8598: 8507: 8498: 8494: 8457: 8438: 8409: 8375: 8316: 8182: 7928: 7917: 7913: 7433: 7417: 7343: 7301: 7128:10.1080/09668130601072761 5893:. Fedstat. Archived from 5657:. BBC News. 16 April 2009 4865:John Frederick Baddeley, 4350:Constitution, Article 5.1 3890:, with Russian President 3828:performed the first mass 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3023: 2356:Urus-Martanovsky District 2248:Urus-Martanovsky District 2104:Original interactive file 1959:North Caucasian languages 1918:. As of the 2021 Census, 1903: 1822:— 1189:Chechen National Congress 740:Battle of the Terek River 599:Vainakh origin hypotheses 414: 397: 387: 377: 360: 349: 338: 328: 290: 285: 277: 272: 259: 249: 244: 234: 222: 210: 202: 167: 158: 124: 121: 89: 80: 64: 50: 44: 8627:Administrative districts 8588:Administrative divisions 7244: 7018: 6810: 6556:The St. Petersburg Times 6408:10 November 2011 at the 6359:, IDMC, 13 August 2007 6120:. Retrieved 9 July 2012. 6003: 5791: 5786: 5751:"Russia Travel Advisory" 5380:. New York: W. W. Norton 5358:. BBC News. 5 April 2018 5341:15 February 2013 at the 4996:"Вассан-Гирей Джабагиев" 4650:History of Ingush nation 4614:The Chechens: a handbook 4468:. Routledge. p. 8. 4413: 4003:Abdul Khalim Saidullayev 3886:, former separatist and 3692: 1769:Administrative divisions 1191:, was formed, led by ex- 688:Caucasian Epipaleolithic 455:. It is situated in the 30:Not to be confused with 7834:"Chechnya's Hidden War" 7508:Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie 7355:Chechenskaya Respublika 6482:3 February 2019 at the 6257:The Eurasian politician 5919:. Ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 5255:and Marina Litvinenko. 4885:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4777:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4194:LGBT rights in Chechnya 3727:and follows either the 2320:Kurchaloyevsky District 2150:Administrative Division 1947:North-central Caucasian 1461:seized a Moscow theater 1097:, the first to contact 9034:North Ossetia – Alania 8835: 7907:Subdivisions of Russia 7734:Pelton, Robert Young. 7344:Чече́нская Респу́блика 6363:21 August 2013 at the 6221:21 August 2013 at the 5059:Microsoft Encarta 2008 4808:Iran at War: 1500–1988 4450:Constitution of Russia 4366:11 August 2011 at the 4260: 4157:on several occasions. 4085: 4001:. He and others chose 3978: 3895: 3717: 3702: 2395: 1983: 1792: 1727: 1593: 1583: 1456: 1455:Minutka Square, Grozny 1448: 1443:issued in 2009 by the 1079: 989:and later against the 978:Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev 947: 876:and Russia signed the 824: 676: 641: 555: 437: 8833: 7623:. M E Sharpe (2003). 7572:Evangelista, Mathew. 7542:. AuthorHouse, 2004. 7483:. Portobello, London 6473:Amnesty International 6239:7 August 2009 at the 6133:. BBC. 28 August 2023 5490:"Putin's proposition" 5376:Andrew Meier (2005). 5293:. CNN. Archived from 4879:Cohen, Ariel (1998). 4258: 4214:, one of which is in 4131:Amnesty International 4079: 3969: 3934:Separatist government 3882: 3764:Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque 3708: 3700: 2424:Total fertility rate 2393: 1978: 1796:Historical population 1790: 1725: 1589: 1581: 1454: 1447:dedicated to Chechnya 1439: 1074: 996:On 21 December 1917, 945: 929:Treaty of Turkmenchay 842:when he launched the 815: 738:, culminating in the 671:Map of the Caucasian 670: 625: 621:Ilia State University 551: 435: 8288:North Ossetia–Alania 7693:Ya byl na etoy voyne 7060:Российская ЛГБТ-сеть 6505:2 April 2015 at the 6287:Central Asian Survey 5203:friends-partners.org 5179:. BBC. 21 April 1999 4928:– via YouTube. 4916:. 10 December 2010. 4245:Russian LGBT Network 4115:On 1 February 2009, 4041:Ukrainian parliament 4028:with himself as its 3851:Politics of Chechnya 2338:Gudermessky District 2230:Gudermessky District 1649:North Ossetia–Alania 1159:Shelkovskoy District 946:Chechen artillerymen 900:Islamic state under 878:Treaty of Georgievsk 744:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 657:Western civilisation 541:, and later his son 504:Checheno-Ingush ASSR 489:North Ossetia–Alania 436:Nikaroi combat tower 389:Vehicle registration 65:Чеченская Республика 9127:Republics of Russia 8994:Karachay-Cherkessia 8634:Achkhoy-Martanovsky 8536:Ministry of Defence 8253:Karachay-Cherkessia 7865:20 May 2021 at the 7750:Politkovskaya, Anna 7708:Mironov, Vyacheslav 7699:Mironov, Vyacheslav 7689:Mironov, Vyacheslav 7657:Razgovor s varvarom 7310:[tɕɪtɕˈnʲa] 7116:Europe-Asia Studies 6551:5 June 2011 at the 6092:on 11 October 2007. 5945:on 25 December 2018 5871:on 20 February 2022 5768:Climate of Chechnya 5755:Department of State 5683:on 3 September 2014 5464:The Daily Telegraph 5424:. 24 December 2002. 5297:on 3 December 2002. 5239:on 24 October 2011. 5209:on 17 November 2015 5002:on 21 February 2014 4976:on 23 February 2014 4845:"The Ingush People" 4545:on 25 February 2012 4506:. 14 January 2004. 4212:concentration camps 4009:. On 10 July 2006, 3973:, Chechen militant 3875:Regional government 2132:2021 Russian Census 1981:Great Patriotic War 1926:(18,225, or 1.2%), 1904:Source: Census data 1797: 1518:cult of personality 1213:republics of Russia 1151:Prigorodny District 1127:North Ossetian ASSR 1104:European Parliament 1038:Khanpasha Nuradilov 692:Caucasian Neolithic 607:, the 11th-century 588:History of Chechnya 566:, and of primarily 495:to its northwest. 183: / 8970:Kabardino-Balkaria 8836: 8824: 8542:Judicial districts 8532:Military districts 8481:Arkhangelsk Oblast 8243:Kabardino-Balkaria 7841:/ World Dispatches 7372:Noxçiyn Respublika 7364:Нохчийн Республика 7164:The New York Times 7036:on 11 October 2019 6726:The Globe and Mail 6695:The New York Times 6640:. 28 December 2021 6496:Human Rights Watch 6460:The New York Times 6388:Human Rights Watch 6131:"Chechnya profile" 6030:McDermott, Roger. 5152:. 2 November 2009. 5078:. 23 February 2004 4269:Second Chechen War 4261: 4143:Human Rights Watch 4141:On 10 March 2011, 4135:Russian Federation 4118:The New York Times 4086: 4067:Human Rights Watch 3991:Second Chechen War 3979: 3952:Georgian Civil War 3948:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 3928:Human Rights Watch 3896: 3718: 3703: 2396: 2266:Shalinsky District 1984: 1795: 1793: 1728: 1594: 1584: 1465:an unknown aerosol 1457: 1449: 1316:state of emergency 1249:Second Chechen War 1224:Chechen Revolution 1205:Russian Federation 1034:Abukhadzhi Idrisov 1030:Heroes of the USSR 983:Russian Revolution 971:Muhajir (Caucasus) 964:Baysangur of Benoa 948: 921:Treaty of Gulistan 919:and its resultant 838:at the expense of 825: 792:Battle of Khachara 677: 675:by J. Grassl, 1856 643:American linguist 578:and largest city. 556: 532:Second Chechen War 438: 407: • 291: • Total 278: • Total 51:Нохчийн Республика 39:Republic in Russia 9079: 9078: 9067: 9066: 8777: 8776: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8512:Federal districts 8490: 8489: 8440:Autonomous oblast 8377:Autonomous okrugs 7793:. Book review in 7785:978-1-84408-395-4 7713:I was in that war 7489:978-1-84627-039-0 7477:Babchenko, Arkady 7398:. New York City: 7369: 7352: 7324: 7218:. 30 August 2013. 6905:Council of Europe 6787:Irish Independent 6614:on 21 August 2017 6558:3 March 2009 6338:. 18 October 2022 5917:"НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ЧЕЧНИ" 5397:. 27 October 2002 5307:Harrigan, Steve. 5276:Tishkov, Valery. 5265:978-1-4165-5165-2 4743:978-5-904549-02-2 4713:978-2-7068-1792-2 4624:978-0-415-32328-4 4475:978-1-135-09584-0 4265:First Chechen War 4233:Council of Europe 3894:, 8 November 2000 3685: 3684: 3680: 3673:Nikita Khrushchev 3669:Northern Caucasus 3663:were deported to 3652: 3030: 3029: 2382: 2381: 2087:original svg-file 2038: 2037: 1910:According to the 1908: 1907: 1677:Mtskheta-Mtianeti 1564:Siege of Mariupol 1520:. Allegations of 1486:occupied a school 1289:Russian President 1241:First Chechen War 1142:Nikita Khrushchev 1121:was formed), the 822:Theodor Horschelt 775:Tsardom of Russia 771:Maria Temryukovna 767:Ivan the Terrible 516:First Chechen War 443:, officially the 430: 429: 399:Official language 329: • Rank 250: • Type 187:43.400°N 45.717°E 151: 16:(Redirected from 9139: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8821: 8820: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8732:Cities and towns 8726: 8709:Urus-Martanovsky 8679:Nozhay-Yurtovsky 8623: 8611:Rural localities 8581: 8574: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8522:Economic regions 8496: 8495: 8425:Saint Petersburg 7921:Federal subjects 7915: 7914: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7848: 7847:. 22 March 2010. 7819: 7815: 7814: 7812:Official website 7653:Khlebnikov, Paul 7559:Dunlop, John B. 7493:Baiev, Khassan. 7436: 7435: 7420: 7419: 7413: 7375: 7374: 7368:romanized: 7367: 7365: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7323:romanized: 7322: 7320: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7255: 7238: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7192:on 12 April 2017 7188:. 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Archived from 6081: 6075: 6074: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5979:Keston Institute 5966: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5781: 5775: 5772:Climate-Data.org 5765: 5759: 5758: 5757:. United States. 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5610:. 4 January 2007 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5556: 5550: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518:. Archived from 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5431: 5425: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5235:. Archived from 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5115:. Moscow, 2003, 5113:Time of darkness 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4876: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4768: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4735: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4384: 4373: 4372: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4209: 4167: 4129:On 1 July 2009, 4026:Caucasus Emirate 3838:Naursky District 3818:Russian Orthodox 3747:, of either the 3655:Practically all 3654: 3650: 3040: 3039: 2398: 2397: 2386:Vital statistics 2212: 2202: 2175: 2165: 2129: 2117: 2116: 2098: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 1993: 1992: 1811: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1612:, in the north, 1533:Caucasus Emirate 1516:, and a growing 1415: 1403: 1389: 1379:Dzhokhar Dudayev 1375: 1364:Battle of Grozny 1359: 1270:Dzhokhar Dudayev 1197:Dzhokhar Dudayev 1193:Soviet Air Force 1174:Russian language 1155:Naursky District 1138:de-Stalinisation 1054:Operation Lentil 857:, following the 726:Pre-imperial era 649:Fertile Crescent 445:Chechen Republic 426: 423: 421: 298: 297: 212:Federal district 198: 197: 195: 194: 193: 188: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 163: 153: 152: 133: 127: 126: 109: 97: 75: 67: 66: 61: 53: 52: 46:Chechen Republic 42: 41: 21: 18:Chechen Republic 9147: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9060: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9016: 9014: 9009: 9008: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8845: 8843: 8838: 8837: 8834:Soviet Caucasia 8814: 8808: 8778: 8773: 8727: 8718: 8624: 8613: 8594: 8585: 8555: 8546: 8503: 8486: 8453: 8434: 8405: 8371: 8312: 8178: 8044:Nizhny Novgorod 7924: 7909: 7904: 7870: 7867:Wayback Machine 7832: 7827:Wayback Machine 7817: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7796:The Independent 7463: 7461:Further reading 7458: 7410: 7400:Nova Publishers 7384: 7379: 7378: 7338: 7334: 7305: 7290: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7237:, April 5, 2024 7227: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7155: 7151: 7112: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7066:on 30 June 2019 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6996:The Independent 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6574:(9 July 2017). 6569: 6562: 6553:Wayback Machine 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6517: 6513: 6509:, 10 March 2011 6507:Wayback Machine 6494: 6490: 6484:Wayback Machine 6471: 6467: 6452: 6448: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6410:Wayback Machine 6401: 6397: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6365:Wayback Machine 6355: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6247: 6241:Wayback Machine 6232: 6228: 6223:Wayback Machine 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6063:. M.E. Sharpe. 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6038:. Jamestown.org 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5967: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5897:on 2 April 2022 5889: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5766: 5762: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5608:The Independent 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5557: 5553: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5522:on 4 April 2009 5514: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5496:. 25 March 2003 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5343:Wayback Machine 5335:History Commons 5328: 5325: 5321: 5306: 5302: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5271: 5251: 5244: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4769: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4648:N. D. Kodzoev. 4646: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4609: 4602: 4565: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4368:Wayback Machine 4358: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4304: 4298:Chechen cuisine 4296:Main articles: 4294: 4253: 4196: 4188:Main articles: 4186: 4171:Elena Milashina 4080:Chechen leader 4053:ethnic Russians 4049: 3983:Aslan Maskhadov 3936: 3904:ballot stuffing 3877: 3853: 3847: 3798: 3788: 3760:Islamic revival 3695: 3690: 3044: 3035: 2412:Natural change 2388: 2383: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2083: 2074: 2071: 2062: 2059: 2050: 2047: 1988:life expectancy 1973: 1967: 1965:Life expectancy 1785: 1777: 1771: 1720: 1712: 1576: 1488:in the town of 1434: 1427: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1395: 1393:Aslan Maskhadov 1390: 1381: 1376: 1367: 1360: 1335:apartment bombs 1323:War of Dagestan 1285:Aslan Maskhadov 1279:The widespread 1274:satellite phone 1251: 1239:Main articles: 1237: 1095:Movlid Visaitov 1042:Movlid Visaitov 1014: 1006:Tapa Tchermoeff 859:Treaty of Resht 828:Peter the Great 810: 804: 728: 665: 645:Johanna Nichols 601: 595: 590: 584: 418: 324: 224:Economic region 217:North Caucasian 191: 189: 185: 182: 177: 174: 172: 170: 169: 154: 142: 134: 128: 117: 116: 115: 114: 103: 102: 85: 76: 69: 62: 55: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9145: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9117:North Caucasus 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058:Stavropol Krai 9013: 9012: 9010: 9006:Krasnodar Krai 8960: 8959: 8957: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8739:Achkhoy-Martan 8735: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8664:Kurchaloyevsky 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8639:Cheberloyevsky 8636: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8561: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8529: 8519: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8476: 8475: 8467: 8466: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8411:Federal cities 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7926: 7925: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7859:Chechnya Guide 7856: 7850: 7830: 7820: 7805: 7804:External links 7802: 7801: 7800: 7787: 7777: 7763: 7747: 7732: 7717: 7705: 7696: 7686: 7671:Lieven, Anatol 7668: 7650: 7643: 7632: 7629:0-312-268-74-2 7614: 7599: 7585: 7570: 7557: 7551: 7536: 7522: 7505: 7491: 7474: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7446: 7430: 7414: 7408: 7390:Bugay, Nikolay 7385: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7332: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7221: 7203: 7177: 7149: 7122:(1): 163–168. 7103: 7077: 7047: 7009: 6981: 6953: 6925: 6888: 6860: 6849:. 27 June 2018 6831: 6800: 6772: 6744: 6733:. 3 April 2017 6712: 6681: 6651: 6625: 6595: 6560: 6538: 6511: 6488: 6486:, 1 July 2009. 6465: 6446: 6424: 6395: 6380: 6368: 6349: 6323: 6291: 6274: 6261: 6245: 6226: 6207: 6182: 6164: 6144: 6122: 6109: 6096: 6076: 6069: 6049: 6022: 6009:Caucasus Times 5994: 5987: 5956: 5930: 5908: 5882: 5852: 5826: 5801: 5794:(in Russian). 5776: 5760: 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using. 1236: 1233: 1163:Terek Cossacks 1115:Stavropol Krai 1087:Bogdan Kobulov 1070:Norman Naimark 1013: 1010: 937:North Caucasus 933:successful war 886:Mansur Ushurma 840:Safavid Persia 806:Main article: 803: 800: 750:emerged under 727: 724: 664: 661: 605:Leonti Mroveli 597:Main article: 594: 591: 586:Main article: 583: 580: 562:, part of the 553:Lake Kezenoyam 543:Ramzan Kadyrov 539:Akhmad Kadyrov 493:Stavropol Krai 463:, between the 461:Eastern Europe 457:North Caucasus 428: 427: 416: 412: 411: 402: 395: 394: 391: 385: 384: 381: 375: 374: 364: 358: 357: 354: 347: 346: 343: 336: 335: 330: 326: 325: 323: 322: 319: 313: 307: 300: 292: 288: 287: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 270: 269: 267:Ramzan Kadyrov 264: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 229:North Caucasus 226: 220: 219: 214: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 192:43.400; 45.717 165: 164: 156: 155: 140: 137:Shatlak's Song 125:Шатлакхан Илли 119: 118: 110: 104: 98: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 78: 77: 48: 45: 38: 32:Czech Republic 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9144: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9047: 9046:South Ossetia 9035: 9023: 9011: 9007: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8958: 8954: 8942: 8930: 8918: 8905: 8901: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8853: 8840: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8800: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8659:Itum-Kalinsky 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644:Galanchozhsky 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8622: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8570: 8568: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8472:Tyumen Oblast 8469: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8401:Yamalo-Nenets 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8203:Bashkortostan 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7761:0-226-67432-0 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7744:1-58574-416-6 7741: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7729:0-8330-2998-3 7726: 7722: 7719:Oliker, Olga 7718: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683:0-300-07881-1 7680: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7665:5-89935-057-1 7662: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7617:Goltz, Thomas 7615: 7612: 7611:0-8147-3132-5 7608: 7604: 7600: 7598: 7597:0-330-35075-7 7594: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582:0-8157-2499-3 7579: 7575: 7571: 7569: 7568:0-521-63619-1 7565: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7553:Conrad, Roy. 7552: 7549: 7548:1-4184-9302-3 7545: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7534:0-7195-6506-5 7531: 7527: 7524:Bird, Chris. 7523: 7521: 7520:1-85065-069-1 7517: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7503:0-8027-1404-8 7500: 7496: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:0-385-48666-9 7469: 7465: 7464: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7415: 7411: 7409:9781560723714 7405: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7373: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7341: 7336: 7328: 7316: 7311: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7285: 7254: 7250: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7108: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7029:Novaya Gazeta 7025: 7024:Novaya Gazeta 7021: 7013: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6819: 6818: 6817:Novaya Gazeta 6813: 6804: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6664:Freedom House 6661: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6582: 6581:Novaya Gazeta 6577: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6420: 6419:Freedom House 6415: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6070:9780765629319 6066: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5988:5-98704-044-2 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5698: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5656: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5584:. 21 May 2020 5583: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5495: 5494:The Economist 5491: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5452: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:Alex Goldfarb 5249: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5233:Freedom House 5230: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5121:5-85646-097-9 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4894: 4892:9780275964818 4888: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4820: 4818:9781780962214 4814: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4786: 4784:9780313386343 4780: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4541: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4206:Novaya Gazeta 4200: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4164:Novaya Gazeta 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4124:Umar Israilov 4120: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090:Freedom House 4083: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3852: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741:jurisprudence 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3714:Salah Mezhiev 3712: 3707: 3699: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661:Ingush people 3658: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3041: 3038: 3033:Ethnic groups 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2118: 2105: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1764: 1763:Achkoy-Martan 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1715: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:North Ossetia 1603: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1505:were killed. 1504: 1499: 1495: 1494:North Ossetia 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1474:The Economist 1468: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1441:Postage stamp 1438: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1409: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1304:refugee camps 1299: 1297: 1293: 1292:Boris Yeltsin 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1229: 1228:Doku Zavgayev 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201:Boris Yeltsin 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:Russification 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Dagestan ASSR 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 987:Anton Denikin 984: 979: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 898:Transcaucasus 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Kartl-Kakheti 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 823: 819: 814: 809: 802:Imperial rule 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:Aldaman Gheza 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 674: 669: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 638: 634: 630: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603:According to 600: 589: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 554: 550: 546: 544: 540: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502:in 1991, the 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 425: 417: 413: 410: 406: 403: 400: 396: 392: 390: 386: 382: 380: 379:ISO 3166 code 376: 372: 368: 365: 363: 359: 355: 353: 350: • 348: 344: 342: 339: • 337: 334: 331: 327: 320: 318: 314: 312: 308: 306: 302: 301: 293: 289: 284: 280: 276: 271: 268: 265: 263: 260: • 258: 255: 252: 248: 243: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 225: 221: 218: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 168:Coordinates: 166: 162: 157: 138: 132: 131:Şatlaqan İlli 120: 113: 108: 101: 96: 88: 84: 79: 73: 59: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8916: 8604: 8591: 8500: 8391:Khanty-Mansi 8212: 7919: 7871:(in English) 7837: 7818:(in Russian) 7794: 7789:Wood, Tony. 7753: 7735: 7720: 7712: 7692: 7674: 7656: 7620: 7602: 7588: 7573: 7560: 7539: 7525: 7511: 7494: 7480: 7452: 7442: 7438: 7426: 7394: 7335: 7253: 7234:Moscow Times 7232: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7194:. 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The 1255:air support 1222:During the 1012:Soviet rule 956:Imam Shamil 954:commander, 863:Argun River 836:Caspian Sea 818:Imam Shamil 796:Sunni Islam 790:during the 708:Nasare-Cort 696:agriculture 465:Caspian Sea 190: / 9086:Categories 9022:Nakhchivan 8953:Ingushetia 8900:Azerbaijan 8649:Groznensky 8430:Sevastopol 8337:Khabarovsk 8238:Ingushetia 8174:Zaporozhye 8114:Sverdlovsk 7640:099304445X 7040:14 January 7002:14 January 6974:13 January 6946:14 January 6342:20 October 6177:Yahoo News 5466:. London. 5362:10 October 5133:Bugay 1996 4549:3 November 4425:19 January 4317:References 4237:rapporteur 4057:separatist 3958:under the 3790:See also: 3772:Kunta-haji 3753:Naqshbandi 3494:Ukrainians 3186:1,456,792 3180:1,206,551 3174:1,031,647 1969:See also: 1643:Ingushetia 1610:Ingushetia 1560:Kadyrovtsy 1259:insurgency 1215:, such as 1129:, and the 1062:Kazakhstan 1058:Kazakh SSR 998:Ingushetia 913:Azerbaijan 890:Naqshbandi 855:Nader Shah 736:Tokhtamysh 716:Surkha-khi 700:irrigation 690:and early 663:Prehistory 508:Ingushetia 498:After the 485:Ingushetia 321:1.6% other 299:1,510,824 286:Population 245:Government 8759:Kurchaloy 8699:Shatoysky 8694:Sharoysky 8689:Shalinsky 8516:President 8362:Stavropol 8357:Primorsky 8342:Krasnodar 8332:Kamchatka 8298:Tatarstan 8268:Khakassia 8218:Chuvashia 8184:Republics 8169:Yaroslavl 8154:Volgograd 8144:Ulyanovsk 8019:Leningrad 7949:Astrakhan 7839:Frontline 7349:romanized 7319:Нохчийчоь 7144:153481090 7096:27 August 7070:27 August 6968:Gay Times 6531:27 August 6200:27 August 6036:Jamestown 5841:(Rosstat) 5735:14 August 5687:27 August 5639:1 January 5634:Jamestown 5614:1 January 5213:1 January 5183:1 January 5166:, p. 271. 4665:Рефлексия 4630:14 August 4151:housewife 4065:In 2006, 3739:(Islamic 3555:Armenians 2315:Kurchaloy 2006:Average: 1896:1,510,824 1885:1,268,989 1874:1,103,686 1863:1,275,513 1852:1,153,450 1841:1,064,471 1758:Kurchaloy 1734:(capital) 1627:Borders: 1574:Geography 1312:Wahhabism 1287:prompted 1217:Tatarstan 960:Murid War 874:Erekle II 816:Captured 732:Tamerlane 615:ancestor 469:Black Sea 367:UTC+03:00 362:Time zone 9102:Caucasus 9092:Chechnya 8982:Kalmykia 8929:Dagestan 8917:Chechnya 8852:Abkhazia 8812:Caucasus 8754:Gudermes 8714:Vedensky 8592:Chechnya 8386:Chukotka 8308:Udmurtia 8283:Mordovia 8248:Kalmykia 8228:Dagestan 8213:Chechnya 8208:Buryatia 8164:Voronezh 8149:Vladimir 8109:Smolensk 8094:Sakhalin 8064:Orenburg 8049:Novgorod 8039:Murmansk 8004:Kostroma 7989:Kemerovo 7954:Belgorod 7863:Archived 7392:(1996). 7327:Noxçiyçö 7196:11 April 7136:20451332 6909:Archived 6824:12 April 6793:11 April 6765:10 April 6759:PinkNews 6737:10 April 6705:15 April 6699:Archived 6668:Archived 6638:OC Media 6584:. Moscow 6549:Archived 6503:Archived 6480:Archived 6406:Archived 6361:Archived 6316:19 April 6307:Archived 6237:Archived 6219:Archived 6195:unpo.org 6158:Le Monde 6137:15 April 6042:19 April 6015:10 April 5949:19 April 5923:19 April 5901:5 August 5730:ABC News 5661:14 April 5564:BBC News 5546:BBC News 5500:22 April 5474:22 April 5468:Archived 5421:BBC News 5401:19 April 5395:BBC News 5339:Archived 5082:19 April 5076:BBC News 5032:14 March 5006:14 March 4980:14 March 4948:Archived 4924:14 March 4918:Archived 4851:14 March 4748:Archived 4687:proza.ru 4671:: 61–67. 4595:82205296 4508:Archived 4419:Archived 4364:Archived 4225:Interfax 4112:regime. 4106:Memorial 3975:Islamist 3912:landmine 3845:Politics 3768:madrasas 3755:orders. 3688:Religion 3229:269,130 3223:307,079 3217:327,701 3211:296,794 3205:213,354 3199:103,271 3195:Russians 3168:715,306 3162:602,223 3156:499,962 3150:238,331 3144:360,889 3138:293,298 3134:Chechens 2333:Oyskhara 2225:Gudermes 2195:328,533 2178:Gudermes 2028:Female: 1924:Russians 1920:Chechens 1748:Gudermes 1637:Dagestan 1631:Internal 1547:and the 1537:Salafist 1331:Dagestan 1108:genocide 1099:American 1091:Red Army 1085:officer 1072:writes: 1050:deported 1046:Malgobek 931:, and a 906:Ottomans 851:Dagestan 834:and the 832:Caucasus 752:Khour II 712:Muzhichi 633:Chechens 629:Caucasus 609:Georgian 560:Chechens 521:de facto 481:Dagestan 449:republic 441:Chechnya 420:chechnya 311:Russians 305:Chechens 122:Anthem: 83:Republic 8941:Georgia 8888:Armenia 8674:Naursky 8601:Capital 8463:Ukraine 8278:Mari El 8263:Karelia 8258:Luhansk 8233:Donetsk 8159:Vologda 8104:Saratov 8029:Magadan 8024:Lipetsk 7994:Kherson 7974:Ivanovo 7969:Irkutsk 7959:Bryansk 7930:Oblasts 7849:(video) 7843:. USA: 7825:at the 7799:, 2007. 7382:Sources 7360:Chechen 7351:: 7340:Russian 7330:, IPA: 7315:Chechen 7298:Russian 7170:1 April 6618:17 July 6588:10 July 6525:Kp.ru - 6336:Reuters 5588:7 March 5526:4 April 4574:Science 4292:Culture 4251:Economy 4084:in 2018 3999:England 3960:Taliban 3944:Georgia 3863:In the 3830:baptism 3731:or the 3729:Shafi'i 3657:Chechen 3642:10,639 3636:25,800 3630:27,621 3624:30,057 3618:37,550 3612:18,646 3606:18,840 3603:Others 3589:14,666 3583:14,438 3577:13,948 3571:12,136 3546:15,625 3540:13,716 3528:11,884 3522:11,334 3516:11,608 3510:11,947 3498:11,474 3467:25,136 3461:20,855 3455:14,543 3306:12,184 3300:12,221 3247:18,225 3241:24,382 3235:40,645 3125:Number 3119:Number 3113:Number 3107:Number 3101:Number 3095:Number 3089:Number 3083:Number 3077:Number 3025:Source: 3007:23,835 2979:23,451 2951:21,441 2922:20,923 2893:21,788 2864:23,453 2835:23,304 2806:23,263 2777:25,329 2748:26,085 2719:26,382 2690:27,193 2661:30,525 2632:30,711 2603:29,903 2574:30,450 2545:26,819 2519:22,100 2493:22,795 2467:22,149 2441:20 580 2409:Deaths 2378:18,446 2360:19,198 2342:19,415 2324:23,425 2306:30,739 2288:41,622 2270:55,054 2252:63,449 2234:64,376 1943:Russian 1939:Chechen 1830:710,424 1819:510,055 1710:Climate 1688:Rivers: 1673:Kakheti 1669:Georgia 1663:Foreign 1618:Georgia 1541:Hanbali 1514:torture 1420:Chechen 1339:Chechen 1117:(where 1060:(later 1056:to the 1052:during 872:led by 673:isthmus 582:History 576:capital 574:is the 570:faith. 527:de jure 477:Georgia 447:, is a 415:Website 409:Russian 405:Chechen 235:Capital 203:Country 178:45°43′E 175:43°24′N 72:Russian 58:Chechen 9055: 9043: 9031: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8897: 8885: 8876:Adygea 8873: 8864:Adjara 8861: 8849: 8749:Grozny 8606:Grozny 8449:Jewish 8420:Moscow 8396:Nenets 8223:Crimea 8193:Adygea 8139:Tyumen 8119:Tambov 8099:Samara 8089:Ryazan 8084:Rostov 8034:Moscow 8009:Kurgan 7984:Kaluga 7783: 7759: 7742: 7727: 7681: 7663: 7638: 7627: 7609: 7595: 7580: 7566: 7546: 7532: 7518: 7501: 7487: 7470: 7406: 7302:Чечня́ 7293:-nee-ə 7291:CHETCH 7142: 7134: 6272:. p147 6067: 5985: 5875:1 June 5845:1 June 5710:23 May 5441:30 May 5263: 5119: 4954:25 May 4889: 4815: 4781: 4740: 4710: 4621: 4593: 4514:25 May 4472: 4039:, the 3794:, and 3774:, the 3749:Qadiri 3733:Hanafi 3675:. See 3609:4.13% 3565:8,396 3559:5,978 3504:8,614 3485:1,100 3479:1,296 3473:2,914 3449:3,639 3443:4,338 3433:Ingush 3424:2,819 3418:3,444 3412:3,572 3406:6,885 3400:6,079 3394:5,503 3384:1,302 3374:Nogais 3365:4,079 3359:4,864 3353:4,133 3347:6,035 3341:4,793 3335:4,196 3325:2,906 3294:8,883 3288:9,591 3282:7,808 3276:6,865 3266:3,575 3260:2,217 3256:Kumyks 3232:24.8% 3226:30.6% 3220:35.8% 3214:49.4% 3208:34.3% 3202:23.5% 3189:96.4% 3183:95.3% 3177:93.5% 3171:66.0% 3165:60.1% 3159:54.7% 3153:39.7% 3147:58.0% 3141:67.3% 3045:group 3043:Ethnic 3001:30,418 2973:30,821 2945:30,345 2942:1,509 2916:30,111 2913:1,488 2887:28,145 2884:1,467 2858:29,883 2855:1,444 2829:29,890 2826:1,425 2800:29,893 2797:1,404 2771:32,057 2768:1,383 2742:32,949 2739:1,358 2713:32,963 2710:1,336 2684:34,385 2681:1,314 2655:37,335 2652:1,289 2626:37,753 2623:1,260 2597:36,523 2594:1,235 2568:35,897 2565:1,210 2539:32,449 2536:1,187 2513:27,989 2510:1,167 2487:28,652 2484:1,150 2461:28,496 2458:1,133 2435:27,774 2432:1,117 2369:Avtury 2186:Grozny 2168:Grozny 2124: 2121: 2017:Male: 1951:Ingush 1932:Vedeno 1928:Kumyks 1899:+19.1% 1888:+15.0% 1877:−13.5% 1866:+10.6% 1844:+49.8% 1833:+39.3% 1732:Grozny 1699:Sunzha 1568:Donbas 1549:Sunnah 1490:Beslan 1424:Grozny 1348:Grozny 1247:, and 1140:under 1125:, the 1022:famine 902:sharia 748:Simsim 720:Nazran 637:Ingush 617:Kavkas 572:Grozny 568:Muslim 487:, and 453:Russia 317:Kumyks 303:96.4% 239:Grozny 206:Russia 68: 54: 8764:Shali 8744:Argun 8327:Altai 8318:Krais 8293:Sakha 8198:Altai 8124:Tomsk 8079:Pskov 8074:Penza 8069:Oryol 8014:Kursk 7999:Kirov 7773:; 3) 7769:; 2) 7245:Notes 7140:S2CID 7132:JSTOR 7022:[ 6912:(PDF) 6901:(PDF) 6437:(PDF) 6310:(PDF) 6303:(PDF) 5973:[ 4751:(PDF) 4734:(PDF) 4591:S2CID 4543:(PDF) 4536:(PDF) 4216:Argun 4102:Tibet 4094:Burma 4007:Argun 3858:teips 3806:teips 3745:Sufis 3725:Sunni 3711:mufti 3693:Islam 3645:1.0% 3639:2.4% 3633:2.8% 3627:3.3% 3621:6.3% 3615:3.0% 3598:0.0% 3592:1.4% 3586:1.4% 3580:1.5% 3574:2.0% 3568:1.3% 3562:1.4% 3549:1.0% 3543:1.1% 3537:0.1% 3531:1.1% 3525:1.1% 3519:1.3% 3513:2.0% 3507:1.4% 3501:2.6% 3488:0.1% 3482:0.1% 3476:0.3% 3470:2.3% 3464:2.1% 3458:1.6% 3452:0.6% 3446:0.7% 3440:0.2% 3427:0.2% 3421:0.3% 3415:0.3% 3409:0.6% 3403:0.6% 3397:0.6% 3387:0.2% 3381:0.0% 3368:0.3% 3362:0.4% 3356:0.4% 3350:0.6% 3344:0.5% 3338:0.5% 3328:0.5% 3322:0.2% 3315:Avars 3309:0.8% 3303:1.0% 3297:0.8% 3291:0.9% 3285:0.8% 3279:0.8% 3269:0.6% 3263:0.5% 3250:1.2% 3244:1.9% 3238:3.7% 3019:2.66 3004:6,583 2996:2023 2991:2.74 2976:7,370 2968:2022 2963:2.50 2948:8,904 2939:2021 2934:2.57 2919:9,188 2910:2020 2905:2.58 2890:6,357 2881:2019 2876:2.60 2861:6,430 2852:2018 2847:2.73 2832:6,586 2823:2017 2818:2.62 2803:6,630 2794:2016 2789:2.80 2774:6,728 2765:2015 2760:2.91 2745:6,864 2736:2014 2731:2.93 2716:6,581 2707:2013 2702:3.08 2687:7,192 2678:2012 2673:3.36 2658:6,810 2649:2011 2644:3.45 2629:7,042 2620:2010 2615:3.41 2600:6,620 2591:2009 2586:3.44 2571:5,447 2562:2008 2557:3.18 2542:5,630 2533:2007 2528:18.9 2516:5,889 2507:2006 2502:19.8 2490:5,857 2481:2005 2476:19.5 2464:6,347 2455:2004 2450:18.4 2438:7,194 2429:2003 2351:Goyty 2279:Argun 2261:Shali 2215:Shali 2154:Pop. 2141:Rank 2001:2021 1998:2019 1955:Batsb 1855:+8.4% 1753:Argun 1738:Shali 1704:Argun 1694:Terek 1679:) (S) 1545:Quran 975:abrek 788:Avars 756:Mamai 742:(see 704:Magas 536:Mufti 383:RU-CE 356:61.8% 352:Rural 345:38.2% 341:Urban 315:0.8% 309:1.2% 8534:(by 8524:(by 8514:(by 8352:Perm 8303:Tuva 8273:Komi 8186:(24) 8134:Tver 8129:Tula 8059:Omsk 7939:Amur 7932:(48) 7781:ISBN 7757:ISBN 7740:ISBN 7725:ISBN 7679:ISBN 7661:ISBN 7636:ISBN 7625:ISBN 7607:ISBN 7593:ISBN 7578:ISBN 7564:ISBN 7544:ISBN 7530:ISBN 7516:ISBN 7499:ISBN 7485:ISBN 7468:ISBN 7404:ISBN 7306:IPA: 7198:2017 7172:2010 7098:2019 7072:2019 7042:2019 7004:2019 6976:2019 6948:2019 6920:2021 6883:2021 6855:2021 6826:2017 6795:2017 6767:2017 6739:2017 6707:2017 6676:2024 6646:2021 6620:2017 6590:2017 6533:2019 6344:2022 6318:2013 6202:2019 6139:2024 6065:ISBN 6044:2013 6017:2017 5983:ISBN 5951:2013 5925:2013 5903:2022 5877:2022 5847:2022 5821:2022 5737:2023 5712:2023 5689:2019 5663:2009 5641:2016 5616:2016 5590:2022 5528:2009 5502:2013 5476:2013 5443:2011 5403:2013 5364:2018 5261:ISBN 5215:2016 5185:2016 5117:ISBN 5084:2013 5034:2014 5008:2014 4982:2014 4956:2023 4926:2014 4900:2014 4887:ISBN 4853:2014 4826:2014 4813:ISBN 4792:2014 4779:ISBN 4738:ISBN 4708:ISBN 4632:2009 4619:ISBN 4551:2012 4516:2023 4470:ISBN 4427:2019 4399:2022 4300:and 4192:and 4030:Emir 3824:and 3737:fiqh 3659:and 3595:424 3534:829 3437:798 3378:162 3319:830 3016:15.4 3010:19.7 2988:15.4 2982:20.2 2960:14.2 2954:20.1 2931:14.0 2925:20.2 2902:14.9 2896:19.2 2873:16.2 2867:20.6 2844:16.4 2838:21.0 2815:16.6 2809:21.3 2786:18.3 2780:23.2 2757:19.2 2751:24.3 2728:19.8 2722:24.7 2699:20.7 2693:26.2 2670:23.6 2664:28.9 2641:24.4 2635:30.0 2612:24.2 2606:29.6 2583:25.2 2577:29.7 2554:22.6 2548:27.3 2522:24.0 2496:24.9 2470:25.2 2444:24.9 2145:Name 1953:and 1941:and 1893:2021 1882:2010 1871:2002 1860:1989 1849:1979 1838:1970 1827:1959 1816:1926 1805:Pop. 1801:Year 1675:and 1657:(NW) 1639:(NE) 1608:and 1321:The 1168:The 1157:and 1083:NKVD 952:Avar 894:Sufi 882:Iran 786:and 734:and 686:The 635:and 613:Nakh 467:and 422:.gov 333:31st 273:Area 262:Head 100:Flag 8590:of 8442:(1) 8413:(3) 8379:(4) 8320:(9) 7845:PBS 7124:doi 7091:NPR 6416:), 6414:PDF 6285:". 5582:BBC 5337:. 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