826:
635:
498:
1172:
646:
479:
1250:
1221:
1206:
1187:
1153:
45:
1236:
487:
557:. These chieftains wielded militaristic authority over their country (even over the Brahmin temples and settlements in the nadu). The udaiyavar chieftains were liable to serve the Chera Perumal in battles (against invading Pandyas and Cholas) and the chiefdoms functioned as revenue collection units for the Chera kingdom. The Chera Perumal only held direct authority over the country that extended from Palakkad to Vembanad Lake, including the port of
2167:
4862:
3982:
532:"A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."
520:(a departure from the early historic system of clan-based societies). It is speculated that there was little economic pressure on the Kerala rulers for territorial conquest, the region being naturally rich and obtaining income from the trade with the Middle East. The Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly or hostile relations with the
436:"The Cera kingdom was not a strong, absolute monarchy by any means, but rather a confederation of lords and powerful Brahmin communities under the mantle of the Perumal...Therefore, the portrayal of the post Cera period as a time of major political decentralization attributes a false centrality to the Cera period itself..."
452:). His kingship was only ritual and remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains (the udaiyavar) exercised politically and militarily. Brahmins also possessed huge authority in religious and social subjects ('ritual sovereignty combined with a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy').
845:
An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the kings of the "Second/Later Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" borne the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara" (hence "Kulasekhara dynasty"). However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major
770:
were the personal protection guards of the udaiyavar. They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the udaiyavar. Prakrithi was a body of non-Brahmin or
Vellala notables assisting the udaiyavar. The Adhikarar were the temple or royal servants involved in management and collection of dues or a
414:
An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the "Second/Later Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" was a highly centralized monarchy (unitary or imperial state model, emphasizing centralized administration). Modern scholars have accused early Kerala historians of
422:
However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to this (a monarchy supported by a
Brahmin oligarchy). The theories of a Chera "empire", propounded by the early writers, were rejected. It was also discovered that the Chera kings did not bear the specific
426:
Suggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at
Kodungallur had only a "ritual sovereignty" and the actual political power rested with "a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy" has also emerged. It describes "a fragmented array of local chiefdoms ... held in check by a loose
382:(early historic) south India. The exact relationship between the medieval Chera rulers of present-day Kerala and that of western Tamil country is not known to scholars. The Chera Perumals are often described as the members of Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race). The
1132:
Both
Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972). This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014). The claim is disputed by Daud Ali
2097:
423:
abhisekanama "Kulasekhara". Some recent scholarship also proposes a gradual transition from 'a monarchy' to a 'ritual monarchy'. They question the general inclination to treat the three centuries of Chera
Perumal rule as a "single historical block".
763:
was the military organisation of each chiefdom (this body had no defined limits of territorial jurisdiction). The
Hundred multiple generally indicated the number of households in the nadu that could join the militia. The Shadow or the
542:
The
Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains, the so-called "nattu-udaiyavar" or "nadu-vazhumavar", exercised politically and militarily. Chiefdoms under Chera Perumal rule, known as
4709:
779:
Through the analysis of the medieval Kerala inscriptions relating to the Chera
Perumal period, scholars have substantiated the existence of several chieftaincies. From north to south, they are as follows: Kolla-desam
386:
had multiple branches, one of which was known as the Chera
Perumals, who ruled from the city of Makotai (modern-day Kodungallur) in Kerala. The Chera Perumals, like other Chera rulers, are often associated with the
1220:
513:(early historic) south India. There are clear indications as to how different branches of the Chera family managed different centres of power in Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the early Tamil poems.
398:, in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia. Settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support to
4920:
757:). They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the Perumal. Padai-nayakar or Padai-nair was the commander of the armed forces of the kingdom or a chiefdom. The Hundred or the
784:
Kolathu-nadu (proposed name), Purakizha-nadu, Kurumporai-nadu, Erala-nadu, Valluva-nadu, Kizhmalai-nadu (the
Eastern Hill Country), Vempala-nadu, Munji-nadu, Nanruzhai-nadu and
405:. The Cheraman Perumals are known for employing a single script (Vattezhuthu with Grantha characters) and language (early form of Malayalam) in all of their records in Kerala.
645:
528:. The kingdom was attacked, and eventually forced into submission, by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE (in order to break the monopoly of trade with the Middle East).
291:
277:
263:
238:
600:
had also established themselves as traders in the kingdom. Merchant guilds such as manigramam, and anjuvannam were active in the Perumal kingdom. The origin of the
1205:
4714:
795:
was probably formed under the influence of the Perumals during the early 9th century. The Perumal held direct authority over the country that extended from
2183:
1171:
44:
1152:
4925:
1249:
4910:
1186:
464:. This general catalogue lists records discovered till 1972 (some of the recently discovered inscriptions remain unreported and undeciphered).
4152:
4701:
825:
4090:
1681:
1630:
1343:
Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
394:
The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its wealth from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East. The port of
611:
In the 12th century, the Perumal kingdom was dissolved into several local powers. The Perumal dynasty was succeeded in south Kerala (
4828:
4808:
2828:
817:
were present as militaristic/revenue units (with members of martial families serving the Perumal king appointed as the Udayaivar).
4017:
1370:"Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam"
4499:
2170:
634:
588:, founder of the Vedanta advaita, is also traced to 8th century Kerala. Copper-plate charters of the Perumals show grants to
4425:
4778:
4885:
4157:
1680:'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds),
1640:
657:
Koyil Adhikarikal or Ala Koyil was the Chera royal appointed to a chiefdom. This prince collected regular dues (the
4195:
2156:
2100:." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 70, no. 3, 2007, pp. 487–509.
1235:
497:
2841:
4251:
2856:
2836:
1279:
1211:
638:
673:
temples around Kodungallur, known as the Nalu Thali, acted as Chera Perumal's permanent council or ministers.
4838:
4788:
4200:
4172:
754:
4783:
478:
460:
An index of most of the so-called Chera Perumal inscriptions can be found in 'Perumals of Kerala' (1972) by
3297:
2861:
2851:
4905:
4895:
4721:
4167:
4162:
4144:
4010:
2846:
2205:
2197:
1285:
1177:
1158:
849:
It was also discovered that the Chera Permal kings did not bear the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara".
4223:
3658:
1430:, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.
846:
corrective to this. The theories of a Chera "empire", propounded by the early writers, were rejected.
4316:
4301:
4281:
1662:, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp. 111–119. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
1226:
914:
792:
785:
1629:
Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State".
448:
According to the third model, the power of the Perumal was restricted to the capital Mahodayapuram (
4915:
4900:
4276:
4218:
3447:
3372:
2871:
2788:
2768:
2430:
1192:
925:
706:
577:
501:
Fragmentary laterite walls, outside Thrikulasekharapuram Temple, Kodungallur (10th-11th centuries)
4385:
2215:
1241:
1162:
862:
697:
561:. Koyil Adhikarikal/Al Koyil, the Chera royal present in a chiefdom, collected regular dues (the
490:
2134:
4890:
4474:
4336:
4003:
2934:
2488:
2298:
605:
1725:
1526:
Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala."
4228:
4190:
4185:
4065:
3968:
3884:
3422:
3009:
2578:
442:
4833:
4818:
4696:
4489:
4306:
4140:
2718:
2483:
2343:
2149:
4748:
2166:
8:
4726:
4440:
4357:
4344:
4271:
4243:
4180:
4125:
4055:
2673:
2318:
2308:
2250:
1602:, ed., Sheldon Pollock. Berkeleyand Los Angeles: University of California Press. 444-445.
830:
604:
is also dated to the Chera Perumal period in Kerala. Temple architecture style known as "
550:
473:
243:
2098:
The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions
653:, with legend "Uttama Chola", showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).
4753:
4627:
4617:
4445:
4261:
4233:
4120:
4095:
4075:
4060:
2813:
2658:
2638:
2338:
2270:
2255:
2235:
2220:
2188:
1658:
Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. 'The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala', in
1369:
904:
858:
601:
461:
4798:
4793:
4773:
4758:
4740:
4479:
4457:
4435:
4405:
4367:
4340:
4321:
4266:
4130:
4110:
4037:
3953:
3829:
3749:
3663:
3477:
3164:
2743:
2618:
2348:
2333:
2303:
2293:
2245:
2240:
2225:
1636:
1229:(1225 CE) or Syrian Christian copper plates of Kottayam (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)
887:
720:
581:
256:
134:
1695:
Gurukkal, Rajan. "Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Historiographical Reconsideration."
4555:
4415:
4115:
3936:
3899:
3593:
3377:
3352:
2668:
2353:
2313:
2260:
1274:
1256:
1196:
1100:
1056:
650:
146:
791:
Kolathu-nadu came under the influence of the Perumals during the 11th century and
486:
391:
language and culture. They are mentioned in ancient Tamil texts and inscriptions.
4647:
4632:
4622:
4100:
4029:
3958:
3292:
3119:
2543:
2380:
2328:
2323:
2280:
2265:
2230:
2210:
2142:
808:
510:
401:
379:
284:
1959:
George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period',
4670:
4637:
4494:
4484:
4469:
4377:
4256:
3699:
3633:
3417:
3382:
3194:
3159:
3134:
3124:
3114:
2974:
2738:
2708:
2568:
2538:
2533:
2420:
2396:
2372:
2288:
1040:
1022:
585:
525:
428:
388:
355:. Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day
4879:
4326:
4286:
4070:
4050:
4045:
3946:
3941:
3854:
3819:
3789:
3784:
3689:
3578:
3312:
3089:
3074:
2914:
2733:
2723:
2683:
2573:
2523:
2503:
2463:
1584:
Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala.
1114:
800:
554:
521:
506:
416:
383:
375:
85:
17:
3918:
4866:
4768:
4675:
4545:
4535:
4430:
4390:
4311:
4296:
3986:
3904:
3889:
3839:
3779:
3774:
3764:
3744:
3648:
3603:
3598:
3583:
3523:
3472:
3432:
3412:
3322:
3317:
3257:
3189:
3099:
3064:
3019:
3004:
2949:
2793:
2758:
2698:
2663:
2633:
2598:
2583:
2563:
2528:
2513:
2498:
2453:
593:
309:
75:
865:(1963) Recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan are also employed.
4843:
4591:
4586:
4530:
4504:
4400:
4105:
4085:
3926:
3844:
3834:
3714:
3573:
3563:
3457:
3452:
3437:
3302:
3277:
3267:
3204:
3174:
3139:
3084:
3059:
3034:
2994:
2959:
2783:
2648:
2613:
2608:
2558:
951:
804:
558:
449:
348:
340:
505:
The Chera Perumals of Makotai claimed that they were descended from the
482:
Remains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century CE, Aditya Chola)
4659:
4540:
4362:
3963:
3874:
3864:
3794:
3729:
3709:
3704:
3653:
3628:
3588:
3558:
3553:
3502:
3492:
3427:
3387:
3327:
3209:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3069:
3039:
2989:
2984:
2924:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2643:
2628:
2518:
2473:
1920:
Veluthat, Kesavan. "The Temple and the State in Medieval South India."
937:
615:) by the Kulasekhara dynasty (whose kings were also known as the Cheras
415:
inventing a "Second Chera Empire" to rival the glories of the imperial
352:
4823:
4612:
4596:
4520:
4210:
3694:
3684:
3668:
3623:
3613:
3543:
3407:
3392:
3342:
3332:
3262:
3094:
3029:
3014:
2979:
2969:
2944:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2889:
2688:
2653:
2603:
2593:
2548:
2493:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2412:
983:
834:
685:
670:
669:) from the chiefdoms for the Chera Perumal. The managers of the four
619:
368:
364:
108:
4352:
4291:
3894:
3824:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3769:
3759:
3719:
3618:
3608:
3533:
3518:
3402:
3397:
3362:
3347:
3337:
3307:
3287:
3252:
3214:
3154:
3129:
3104:
3079:
3054:
3024:
2999:
2964:
2904:
2899:
2808:
2778:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2678:
2623:
2588:
2404:
898:
796:
360:
98:
80:
1961:
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies
1780:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1713:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1506:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1493:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1480:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1357:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1313:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
4848:
4803:
4680:
4665:
4550:
4525:
4420:
4410:
3931:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3814:
3739:
3734:
3724:
3643:
3638:
3548:
3482:
3442:
3367:
3357:
3282:
3272:
3247:
3224:
3149:
3144:
3044:
2884:
2818:
2803:
2728:
2443:
2388:
2164:
597:
589:
344:
270:
115:
60:
3995:
4813:
4655:
4581:
4395:
4026:
3754:
3568:
3538:
3528:
3497:
3487:
3219:
3109:
3049:
2954:
2798:
2508:
2174:
517:
395:
356:
336:
1076:
Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya.
516:
The Chera/Perumal dynasty introduced rule through kingship in
374:
The medieval Cheras claimed that they were descended from the
4763:
4571:
4372:
4080:
3849:
3462:
3199:
2939:
2894:
2879:
2553:
2448:
2438:
1909:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1793:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1767:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1754:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1406:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1061:
Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya
623:
612:
753:
protection guards of the Chera Perumal king (related to the
4576:
3467:
750:
4921:
States and territories disestablished in the 12th century
1426:
Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
812:
765:
758:
664:
658:
618:). In other parts of Kerala, chieftains of Kolathunad,
568:
562:
544:
49:
Chera Perumal Kingdom with respect to the Chola Kingdom
2116:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 73-74 and 467-70.
2074:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 71-72 and 464-66.
2054:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 72-73 and 466-67.
1079:
Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya.
1446:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 89-90 and 92-93.
584:
are generally identified as Perumal kings of Kerala.
573:) from the chiefdoms for the Perumal at Kodungallur.
549:", are roughly comparable to the "rashtra" under the
335:
844 CE–1124 CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day
1318:
16:
For early historic Chera rulers of south India, see
1140:
4715:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)
1795:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 124-25.
1769:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 161-62.
1756:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136-37.
1408:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
4877:
1963:(Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
1683:Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan
4710:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)
1911:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.
1882:, (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4.
1598:Freeman, Rich (2003), 'Genre and Society', in
1064:Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above)
976:Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above)
629:
455:
4011:
2150:
1937:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438.
1827:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 118-119.
749:The Thousand or the Ayiram were the personal
343:. Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the
2036:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 461-62.
1950:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 442-43.
1856:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 234-36.
1840:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 189-90.
1811:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 161-63.
950:Married off his two daughters to Chola king
852:
2087:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 70-72.
2010:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 68-69.
1994:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 67-68.
1981:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67.
1895:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 79-80.
1869:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-73.
1635:. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
1462:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 80-81.
4018:
4004:
2157:
2143:
1660:State and Society in Premodern South India
829:Depiction of "Cherman Perumal" Nayanar in
820:
713:Mel-thali or Thrikkulasekharapuram Temple
43:
2129:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 470.
1699:, vol. 40, no. 2, Dec. 2013, pp. 181–206.
1628:
947:Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara.
4829:List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode
1275:The last Chera Perumal: Rama Kulasekhara
824:
644:
633:
608:" can be seen from the 11th century CE.
496:
485:
477:
4926:12th-century disestablishments in India
596:merchants of West Asia. The West Asian
211:50,000 km (19,000 sq mi)
4911:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
4878:
2108:
2106:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2002:
2000:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1924:, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.
1903:
1901:
1848:
1846:
1803:
1801:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1594:
1592:
1586:Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1530:, vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
774:
4702:Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
3999:
2138:
1819:
1817:
1748:
1746:
1707:
1705:
1654:
1652:
1632:The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1454:
1452:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1351:
1349:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
2103:
2077:
2057:
2039:
2013:
1997:
1984:
1966:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1898:
1885:
1843:
1798:
1772:
1665:
1605:
1589:
1511:
13:
3927:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)
1814:
1743:
1702:
1649:
1533:
1449:
1433:
1411:
14:
4937:
4025:
1465:
1387:
1346:
1298:
1113:Elder contemporary to Chola king
408:
347:, is identified with present-day
4860:
4784:Places of Interest in Malappuram
3980:
2165:
1878:Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan.
1686:, Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014.
1248:
1234:
1219:
1204:
1185:
1170:
1151:
1141:Chera Perumal epigraphic records
289:
275:
261:
236:
4799:Tourist attractions of Palakkad
4224:2001 Kadalundi Train derailment
2119:
2090:
1953:
1872:
1859:
1830:
1785:
1759:
1718:
1689:
1498:
1485:
1126:
840:
677:Four Temples (the Nalu Thali)
4252:Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
1362:
1280:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
1212:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
738:Chingapuram/Sringapuram Thali
698:Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple
639:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
491:Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple
363:, but later extended to up to
1:
4839:Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
4789:Tourist attractions in Kannur
1880:Cila Keralacaritra Prasnangal
1292:
1214:(Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)
755:Kodungallur Bhagavathi Temple
400:Mahodayapuram kingdom in the
1715:Penguin Books, 2002. 368-69.
1600:Literary Cultures in History
1508:Penguin Books, 2002. 379-80.
1495:Penguin Books, 2002. 382-83.
1482:Penguin Books, 2002. 364-65.
1359:Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.
1315:Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32.
1005:Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya
811:). Within this country, the
7:
4722:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
1922:Studies in People's History
1528:Studies in People's History
1286:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1268:
1178:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1159:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1055:Contemporary to Chola king
1039:Contemporary to Chola king
1021:Contemporary to Chola king
897:Contemporary to Chola king
813:
766:
759:
665:
659:
630:Organs of the Perumal state
569:
563:
545:
493:(northern entrance gateway)
456:Index to Chera inscriptions
10:
4942:
471:
467:
326:Chera Perumals of Makotai,
322:Perumal dynasty of Kerala,
15:
4886:Kodungallur Chera kingdom
4857:
4739:
4689:
4646:
4605:
4564:
4513:
4465:
4456:
4446:colleges and universities
4335:
4302:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
4242:
4209:
4139:
4036:
3977:
3917:
3677:
3511:
3240:
3233:
2870:
2827:
2429:
2362:
2279:
2196:
2181:
1782:Penguin Books, 2002. 368.
1227:Viraraghava copper plates
1033:
963:
877:Regnal years (tentative)
318:Cheraman Perumal dynasty,
305:
215:
205:
200:
196:
186:
176:
172:
164:
156:
152:
140:
128:
124:
114:
104:
94:
68:
54:
42:
37:
29:Chera Perumals of Makotai
27:
4277:Eravikulam National Park
4229:2016 Paravur temple fire
2206:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01
1907:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1791:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1765:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1752:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1730:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1697:Indian Historical Review
1404:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1193:Vazhappally copper plate
926:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
924:Probably identical with
903:Probably identical with
869:Lists of Chera Perumals
707:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
626:succeeded the Perumals.
578:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
142:• 1089-1124 (Last)
4386:Saint Thomas Christians
4196:United Democratic Front
1374:www.muzirisheritage.org
1282:(early 11th century CE)
1242:Tiruvalla copper plates
1163:Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara
1093:Adityan Kota Ranaditya
888:Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara
853:Chera Perumal genealogy
821:Chera Perumal genealogy
367:in north Kerala and to
130:• 844-870 (first)
4690:Organisations/Agencies
4514:Dance / Drama / Cinema
4297:Nelliampathi Mountains
2935:Chittur-Thathamangalam
2829:Municipal corporations
1582:Ganesh, K. N. (2009).
863:E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai
837:
654:
642:
540:
509:who flourished in pre-
502:
494:
483:
446:
378:who flourished in pre-
188:• Disestablished
4191:Left Democratic Front
4126:Perumpadapu Swaroopam
4066:Chovvanur burial cave
3010:Kothamangalam, Kerala
1428:South-Indian Horizons
1255:Perunna inscription (
995:Indu/Indesvaran Goda
828:
648:
637:
553:and "padi" under the
530:
500:
489:
481:
441:Donald R. Davis Jr.,
434:
69:Common languages
4834:Estuaries of Paravur
4819:Muzhappilangad Beach
4809:Tourism in Kasaragod
4697:Nair Service Society
4219:1988 Perumon tragedy
4168:Legislative Assembly
4086:Kingdom of Cannanore
2216:Pathanamthitta KL-03
2125:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2112:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2083:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2070:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2050:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2032:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2006:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1990:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1977:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1946:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1933:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1891:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1865:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1852:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1836:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1823:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1807:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1458:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1442:Narayanan, M. G. S.
788:or Kupaka (Kollam).
4727:Syro-Malabar Church
4181:Saptakakshi Munnani
4056:Ariyannur Umbrellas
2127:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2114:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2085:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2072:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2052:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2034:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2008:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1992:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1979:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1948:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1935:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1893:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1867:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1854:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1838:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1825:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1809:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1460:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1444:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1110:Crowned in 1089 CE.
870:
831:Brihadisvara Temple
775:Major chieftaincies
678:
649:Chola coin of king
474:Kongu Chera dynasty
244:Kongu Chera dynasty
178:• Established
4906:Kingdoms of Kerala
4896:Dynasties of India
4754:Athirappilly Falls
4628:Suriyani Malayalam
4618:Malayalam calendar
4262:Kavvayi Backwaters
4234:2018 Kerala floods
4121:Vaikom Satyagraham
4096:Battle of Kulachal
4076:Zamorin of Calicut
4061:Kudakkallu Parambu
3919:Historical regions
2837:Thiruvananthapuram
2769:Thiruvananthapuram
2189:Thiruvananthapuram
868:
859:M. G. S. Narayanan
838:
771:local arbitrator.
676:
655:
643:
641:(plate I, side I).
602:Malayalam language
503:
495:
484:
462:M. G. S. Narayanan
320:also known as the
4873:
4872:
4794:Islands of Kollam
4774:Kerala Backwaters
4759:Beaches in Kerala
4735:
4734:
4500:Triumvirate poets
4406:Jainism in Kerala
4322:Sasthamcotta Lake
4131:Malabar Migration
4111:Anglo-Mysore Wars
3993:
3992:
3969:Travancore–Cochin
3913:
3912:
1122:
1121:
1012:
905:Kulasekhara Alvar
783:
747:
746:
721:Kulasekhara Alvar
671:Nambudiri-Brahmin
582:Kulasekhara Alvar
365:Chandragiri river
345:Cheraman Perumals
315:
314:
301:
300:
297:
296:
257:Kingdom of Cochin
249:
248:
135:Sthanu Ravi Varma
4933:
4867:India portal
4865:
4864:
4863:
4556:Cinema of Kerala
4463:
4462:
4426:Scheduled Tribes
4116:Battle of Quilon
4020:
4013:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3987:India portal
3985:
3984:
3983:
3900:Thalayolaparambu
3659:Sreekrishnapuram
3594:Sreemoolanagaram
3238:
3237:
2251:Malappuram KL-10
2169:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2055:
2048:
2037:
2030:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1626:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1531:
1524:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1409:
1402:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1316:
1309:
1288:(9th century CE)
1257:Rama Kulasekhara
1252:
1238:
1223:
1208:
1197:Rama Rajasekhara
1189:
1174:
1155:
1134:
1130:
1101:Rama Kulasekhara
1010:
915:Rama Rajasekhara
871:
867:
816:
781:
769:
762:
705:Associated with
696:Nediya-thali or
679:
675:
668:
662:
572:
566:
548:
538:
444:
293:
292:
279:
278:
265:
264:
253:
252:
240:
239:
233:
232:
217:
216:
147:Rama Kulasekhara
47:
25:
24:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4916:Medieval Kerala
4901:Hindu dynasties
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4731:
4685:
4642:
4633:Judeo-Malayalam
4623:Arabi Malayalam
4601:
4560:
4509:
4452:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4317:Protected areas
4282:Flora and fauna
4238:
4205:
4158:Chief Ministers
4143:
4135:
4101:Arakkal kingdom
4081:Venad Swaroopam
4032:
4024:
3994:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3959:Venad (kingdom)
3909:
3673:
3507:
3373:Kottappadi Part
3229:
2866:
2823:
2425:
2381:Indian elephant
2358:
2275:
2271:Kasaragod KL-14
2256:Kozhikode KL-11
2236:Ernakulam KL-07
2221:Alappuzha KL-04
2192:
2177:
2163:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1627:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1412:
1403:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1319:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1127:
855:
843:
823:
777:
741:Iringalakkudai
632:
539:
537:Romila Thapar,
536:
476:
470:
458:
445:
440:
411:
290:
285:Venad (kingdom)
276:
262:
237:
208:
189:
179:
143:
131:
90:
50:
33:
32:Perumal dynasty
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4939:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4871:
4870:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:Panchari melam
4668:
4663:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4638:Irula language
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:Sarpam Thullal
4492:
4487:
4485:Kalarippayattu
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:Ashtamudi Lake
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3700:Chirayinkeezhu
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Vadakkencherry
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Muzhappilangad
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Padinharethara
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Thrippunithura
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Sreekandapuram
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Perinthalmanna
3132:
3127:
3125:Pathanamthitta
3122:
3117:
3115:Parappanangadi
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Karunagappalli
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2872:Municipalities
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Sultan Bathery
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Perinthalmanna
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Karunagappalli
2536:
2534:Karthikappally
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Chirayinkeezhu
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2421:Papilio buddha
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2373:Great hornbill
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Palakkad KL-09
2243:
2241:Thrissur KL-08
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Kottayam KL-05
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2118:
2102:
2089:
2076:
2056:
2038:
2012:
1996:
1983:
1965:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1842:
1829:
1813:
1797:
1784:
1778:Thapar, Romila
1771:
1758:
1742:
1717:
1711:Thapar, Romila
1701:
1688:
1664:
1648:
1641:
1604:
1588:
1532:
1510:
1504:Thapar, Romila
1497:
1491:Thapar, Romila
1484:
1478:Thapar, Romila
1464:
1448:
1432:
1410:
1386:
1361:
1355:Thapar, Romila
1345:
1317:
1311:Thapar, Romila
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
991:
989:
986:
980:
979:
978:
977:
972:
971:Kerala Kesari
968:
967:
965:
962:
958:
957:
956:
955:
948:
943:
940:
934:
933:
932:
931:
920:
917:
911:
910:
909:
908:
901:
893:
890:
884:
883:
880:
875:
874:Chera Perumal
854:
851:
842:
839:
822:
819:
809:Periyar Valley
776:
773:
745:
744:
742:
739:
735:
734:
732:
729:
725:
724:
717:
714:
710:
709:
703:
700:
693:
692:
689:
683:
631:
628:
606:Kerala-Dravida
586:Shankaracharya
576:Bhakti saints
534:
469:
466:
457:
454:
438:
433:
432:
424:
420:
410:
409:Historiography
407:
402:Periyar Valley
371:in the south.
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
287:
281:
280:
273:
267:
266:
259:
250:
247:
246:
241:
229:
228:
223:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
78:
72:
70:
66:
65:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
38:844 CE–1124 CE
35:
34:
31:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4938:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Chera dynasty
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4868:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4327:Vembanad Lake
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Nilgiri Hills
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Malabar Coast
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Aikya Munnani
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Kerala school
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Edakkal Caves
4049:
4047:
4046:Sangam period
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3988:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3947:South Malabar
3945:
3943:
3942:North Malabar
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Kanjirappally
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Vadasserikara
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Balaramapuram
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Lakkidi-Perur
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Chottanikkara
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Kunnamangalam
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:North Paravur
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Neyyattinkara
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Changanassery
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:North Paravur
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Neyyattinkara
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Kothamangalam
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Kanjirappally
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Changanassery
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Wayanad KL-12
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1726:"The Rajputs"
1721:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1692:
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1642:9781108494571
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1020:
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987:
985:
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966:
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949:
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936:
935:
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927:
923:
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918:
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895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
873:
872:
866:
864:
860:
857:Corrected by
850:
847:
836:
832:
827:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
801:Vembanad Lake
798:
794:
789:
787:
772:
768:
761:
756:
752:
743:
740:
737:
736:
733:
731:Airanikkalam
730:
727:
726:
722:
718:
715:
712:
711:
708:
704:
701:
699:
695:
694:
690:
687:
684:
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680:
674:
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627:
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621:
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437:
430:
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418:
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406:
404:
403:
397:
392:
390:
385:
384:Chera dynasty
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
308:
306:Today part of
304:
288:
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274:
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245:
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218:
214:
210:
204:
199:
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191:
185:
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175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:Establishment
155:
151:
148:
145:
139:
136:
133:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
87:
86:Old Malayalam
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
71:
67:
62:
61:Mahodayapuram
59:
58:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
26:
23:
19:
18:Chera dynasty
4769:Chembra Peak
4676:Panchavadyam
4546:Ottamthullal
4536:Mohiniyattam
4475:Architecture
4431:Kerala model
4391:Kerala Iyers
4358:Namboothiris
4337:Demographics
4312:Palakkad Gap
4173:
3905:Kaduthuruthy
3890:Kuravilangad
3840:Ambalappuzha
3780:Kozhencherry
3775:Kulathupuzha
3765:Pathanapuram
3745:Sasthamkotta
3649:Puthunagaram
3599:Nedumbassery
3584:Udayamperoor
3524:Vandiperiyar
3473:Vellarikundu
3433:Pappinisseri
3413:Anjarakkandy
3323:Thiruvambady
3318:Thamarassery
3258:Puthanathani
3190:Thrikkakkara
3065:Muvattupuzha
3020:Kottarakkara
3005:Kuthuparamba
2950:Irinjalakuda
2814:Vellarikundu
2794:Udumbanchola
2759:Thamarassery
2699:Pathanapuram
2664:Muvattupuzha
2659:Mukundapuram
2639:Manjeshwaram
2634:Mananthavady
2599:Kozhencherry
2584:Kottarakkara
2454:Ambalappuzha
2299:Demographics
2266:Kannur KL-13
2231:Idukki KL-06
2211:Kollam KL-02
2187:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2096:Ali, Daud. "
2092:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2051:
2033:
2007:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1808:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:
1720:
1712:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1659:
1631:
1599:
1583:
1527:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1459:
1443:
1427:
1405:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1356:
1312:
1128:
1014:
1009:
929:
878:
861:(1972) from
856:
848:
844:
841:Abhisekanama
790:
778:
748:
716:Muzhikkalam
656:
616:
610:
575:
551:Rashtrakutas
541:
531:
515:
504:
459:
447:
435:
399:
393:
373:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
310:Kerala,India
226:Succeeded by
225:
220:
207:• Total
76:Middle Tamil
22:
4844:Vallam kali
4592:Eid al-Adha
4587:Eid al-Fitr
4531:Koodiyattam
4505:Vallam kali
4401:Cochin Jews
4363:Ambalavasis
4201:Politicians
4106:Lakshadweep
3885:Puthuppally
3845:Mararikulam
3835:Charummoodu
3715:Chathannoor
3574:Malayattoor
3564:Kunnathunad
3458:Cheruvathur
3453:Thrikaripur
3438:Kalliasseri
3303:Vallikkunnu
3278:Kuttippuram
3268:Angadipuram
3234:Other towns
3205:Tirurangadi
3175:Taliparamba
3140:Perumbavoor
3085:Nileshwaram
3060:Mavelikkara
3035:Kunnamkulam
2995:Kodungallur
2960:Kalamassery
2789:Tirurangadi
2744:Taliparamba
2649:Mavelikkara
2614:Kunnathunad
2609:Kunnamkulam
2559:Kodungallur
2397:Golden rain
805:Kodungallur
803:(including
728:Kizh-thali
719:Founded by
688:settlement
559:Kodungallur
450:Kodungallur
351:in central
349:Kodungallur
341:South India
221:Preceded by
4880:Categories
4660:Thayambaka
4541:Margamkali
4490:Literature
4416:Dravidians
4267:Backwaters
4141:Government
3964:Travancore
3875:Karukachal
3865:Mundakayam
3795:Mallapally
3730:Neendakara
3710:Parippally
3705:Kilimanoor
3654:Malampuzha
3629:Chelakkara
3589:Varappuzha
3559:Puthencruz
3554:Kolenchery
3503:Manjeshwar
3493:Mangalpady
3428:Cherukunnu
3388:Meenangadi
3328:Kodencheri
3210:Valanchery
3185:Thodupuzha
3180:Thiruvalla
3170:Thalassery
3070:Nedumangad
3040:Malappuram
2990:Kayamkulam
2985:Kattappana
2925:Chengannur
2774:Thodupuzha
2764:Thiruvalla
2754:Thalassery
2749:Thalapilly
2669:Nedumangad
2644:Mannarkkad
2629:Mallapally
2519:Kanayannur
2474:Chengannur
2344:Government
1379:1 February
1293:References
1105:1089—1122
1086:Ravi Rama
1071:Raja Raja
1050:Rajasimha
1034:1021—1089
1031:Ravi Goda
961:Goda Goda
938:Vijayaraga
472:See also:
431:hegemony".
105:Government
4824:Peruvanam
4749:Alappuzha
4706:Samastha
4613:Malayalam
4606:Languages
4597:Christmas
4565:Festivals
4521:Kathakali
4441:Education
4368:Samanthas
4353:Malayalis
4272:Districts
4244:Geography
4211:Incidents
4176:elections
4174:Panchayat
4163:Governors
3750:Kunnathur
3695:Kattakada
3685:Parassala
3669:Thrithala
3624:Pavaratty
3614:Puthukkad
3544:Devikulam
3408:Dharmadom
3393:Panamaram
3343:Nadapuram
3333:Balussery
3263:Kottakkal
3095:Ottapalam
3030:Koyilandy
3015:Kottakkal
2980:Kasaragod
2970:Kanhangad
2945:Guruvayur
2930:Cherthala
2920:Chavakkad
2910:Chalakudy
2890:Alappuzha
2842:Kozhikode
2689:Ottapalam
2654:Meenachil
2619:Kunnathur
2604:Kozhikode
2594:Koyilandy
2549:Kattakada
2544:Kasaragod
2494:Devikulam
2479:Cherthala
2469:Chavakkad
2459:Chalakudy
2413:Jackfruit
2319:Geography
2309:Education
2198:Districts
1180:(plate 6)
1015:959–1025
1008:962–1021
984:Goda Ravi
952:Parantaka
835:Thanjavur
660:attaikkol
620:Kozhikode
594:Christian
564:attaikkol
369:Nagercoil
109:Oligarchy
95:Religion
4421:Adivasis
4378:Mappilas
4345:Religion
4292:Marayoor
4153:Agencies
4145:Politics
3895:Uzhavoor
3825:Parumala
3810:Kulanada
3805:Aranmula
3800:Kumbanad
3770:Thenmala
3760:Kadakkal
3720:Kottiyam
3619:Manaloor
3609:Kodakara
3534:Rajakkad
3519:Peermade
3423:Azhikode
3403:Peravoor
3398:Pulpally
3363:Chundale
3348:Kuttiady
3338:Perambra
3308:Olavanna
3288:Areekode
3253:Thavanur
3215:Vatakara
3155:Shoranur
3130:Payyanur
3105:Palakkad
3080:Nilambur
3055:Mattanur
3025:Kottayam
3000:Kondotty
2965:Kalpetta
2905:Attingal
2900:Angamaly
2857:Thrissur
2809:Vatakara
2779:Thrissur
2714:Peermade
2709:Payyanur
2704:Pattambi
2694:Palakkad
2679:Nilambur
2624:Kuttanad
2589:Kottayam
2569:Kondotty
2405:Karimeen
2339:Wildlife
1269:See also
1057:Rajendra
1041:Rajendra
1023:Rajendra
998:943–962
988:905–943
964:895—905
942:883–895
919:870–883
899:Aditya I
892:844–870
797:Palakkad
760:Nutruvar
702:Paravur
651:Rajendra
535:—
524:and the
439:—
361:Quilandy
99:Hinduism
81:Sanskrit
4849:Wayanad
4804:Kovalam
4741:Tourism
4681:Sopanam
4666:Kolkali
4551:Theyyam
4526:Kolkali
4480:Cuisine
4458:Culture
4436:Tourism
4411:Pulayar
4396:Ezhavas
4382:Thiyyas
4341:Economy
4038:History
3937:Malabar
3932:Zamorin
3880:Pampady
3870:Vazhoor
3860:Erumely
3815:Omallur
3740:Oachira
3735:Chavara
3725:Kundara
3644:Nemmara
3639:Alathur
3549:Adimali
3512:Central
3483:Karadka
3478:Parappa
3448:Alakode
3443:Irikkur
3368:Meppadi
3358:Vythiri
3353:Lakkidi
3298:Vengara
3293:Wandoor
3283:Karipur
3273:Mankada
3248:Edappal
3225:Varkala
3150:Punalur
3145:Ponnani
3120:Paravur
3045:Manjeri
2885:Anthoor
2819:Vythiri
2804:Varkala
2729:Punalur
2724:Ponnani
2504:Hosdurg
2489:Chittur
2444:Alathur
2389:Coconut
2363:Symbols
2349:Tourism
2334:History
2304:Economy
2294:Culture
2184:Capital
1735:10 July
1133:(2007).
1115:Vikrama
807:in the
686:Brahmin
682:Temple
666:arantai
598:Muslims
570:arantai
526:Pandyas
511:Pallava
468:History
380:Pallava
271:Zamorin
192:1124 CE
165:History
116:Perumal
55:Capital
4814:Munnar
4779:Kollam
4656:Chenda
4582:Pooram
4030:topics
4027:Kerala
3954:Cochin
3830:Mannar
3755:Anchal
3569:Kalady
3539:Munnar
3529:Kumily
3498:Uppala
3488:Kumbla
3378:Muttil
3220:Vaikom
3110:Panoor
3050:Maradu
2955:Iritty
2862:Kannur
2852:Kollam
2799:Vaikom
2564:Kollam
2529:Kannur
2514:Iritty
2509:Idukki
2499:Eranad
2431:Taluks
2417:Insect
2393:Flower
2377:Animal
2354:Sports
2281:Topics
2175:Kerala
1639:
882:Notes
793:Venadu
786:Venadu
767:Nizhal
691:Notes
590:Jewish
555:Cholas
522:Cholas
518:Kerala
507:Cheras
417:Cholas
396:Kollam
376:Cheras
357:Quilon
353:Kerala
337:Kerala
182:844 CE
168:
160:844 CE
120:
4764:Bekal
4648:Music
4572:Vishu
4373:Nairs
4071:Chera
3850:Aroor
3790:Ranni
3785:Konni
3678:South
3463:Bekal
3241:North
3200:Tirur
3165:Tanur
2940:Eloor
2895:Aluva
2880:Adoor
2847:Kochi
2784:Tirur
2734:Ranni
2574:Konni
2554:Kochi
2449:Aluva
2439:Adoor
2409:Fruit
2329:Ports
2324:Roads
2171:State
814:nadus
624:Kochi
613:Venad
546:nadus
429:Tamil
389:Tamil
4577:Onam
4470:Arts
3604:Mala
3468:Udma
3100:Pala
2401:Fish
2385:Tree
2369:Bird
2314:Film
2289:Arts
1737:2020
1637:ISBN
1381:2023
1011:(or)
782:(or)
751:Nair
663:and
622:and
592:and
580:and
567:and
359:and
201:Area
2173:of
799:to
330:fl.
324:or
4882::
2186::
2105:^
2059:^
2041:^
2015:^
1999:^
1968:^
1900:^
1845:^
1816:^
1800:^
1745:^
1728:.
1704:^
1667:^
1651:^
1607:^
1591:^
1535:^
1513:^
1467:^
1451:^
1435:^
1413:^
1389:^
1372:.
1348:^
1320:^
1300:^
833:,
723:.
339:,
333:c.
4662:)
4658:(
4019:e
4012:t
4005:v
2158:e
2151:t
2144:v
1739:.
1645:.
1383:.
1259:)
1199:)
1195:(
1165:)
1161:(
1043:.
954:.
928:.
907:.
543:"
419:.
328:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
