330:
249:
530:
283:
433:
616:
604:
1137:
38:
695:, or red pigment. The two mutant alleles "e" and "e" code for dysfunctional receptors unable to activate this pathway, so absent "E", only red pigment can be produced. At least one copy of the functional "E" allele is required to activate the signal and produce black pigment. In general, alleles that create fully functional MC1R proteins are inherited
714:
in the code for MC1R, which results in a protein that cannot bind to MSH. When only mutant copies ("e) of the gene are available, non-functional MC1R proteins are produced. As a result, no black pigment is deposited into the hair and the entire coat is red-based. However, the skin of chestnut horses
583:
horses typically have chocolate- to red-brown bodies with silvered mane, tail, and legs. The flat reddish-brown color and lack of easily identified black points can confuse even knowledgeable horse persons. Silver dapple horses usually hint at black or dark gray pigment at the roots of the mane and
661:
gene. If either copy is "E", then the horse will be bay- or black-based. But if the two copies are any combination of "e" and "e" (e/e, e/e, or e/e), then the horse will be red-based. Alternate extension "e" is rare and there is no known difference in appearance between it and the more common "e".
273:
registries to describe red horses with manes and tails the same shade or lighter than the body coat color. In these registries, chestnut describes the darker shades of red-based coats. Colloquially, in the
American west, almost all copper-red chestnuts are called "sorrel." In other parts of the
412:. Palominos can be distinguished from chestnuts by the lack of true red tones in the coat; even the palest chestnuts have slight red tints to their hair rather than gold. The eyes of chestnuts are usually dark brown, while those of a palomino are sometimes a slightly lighter amber. Some
300:
are not a separate genetic color, but a descriptive term. The genetic controls for the depth of shade are not presently understood. Liver chestnuts are a very dark-reddish brown. Liver chestnuts are included in the term "dark chestnut." The darkest chestnuts, particularly common in the
715:
is still generally black, unless affected by other genes. Some chestnut foals are also born with lighter eyes and lightened skin, which darken not long after birth. This is not the same as the blue eyes and pink skin seen at birth in foals carrying the
570:
horses are not chestnut but may be confused with a liver chestnut. Those unfamiliar with horse coat color terminology often call most horses "brown". including chestnuts. Brown, which may be difficult to distinguish visually from dark
455:(one or two copies). Their body color is pale, dusty tan shade that resembles the light undercoat color of a body-clipped chestnut but with a bold, dark dorsal stripe in dark red, a red mane, tail and legs. They may have additional
818:
Henner, J; PA Poncet; L Aebi; C Hagger; G Stranzinger; S Rieder (August 2002). "Horse breeding: genetic tests for the coat colors chestnut, bay and black. Results from a preliminary study in the Swiss
Freiberger horse breed".
256:
Chestnuts can vary widely in shade and different terms are sometimes used to describe these shades, even though they are genetically indistinguishable. Collectively, these coat colors are usually called "red" by geneticists.
837:
The statistical analysis of 1369 offspring from five stallions indicate, that darker shades of basic color phenotypes (dark chestnut, dark bay) follow a recessive mode of inheritance in the
Franches-Montagnes horse
986:
Marklund, L.; M. Johansson Moller; K. Sandberg; L. Andersson (1996). "A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses".
584:
tail, and where their silver points end on the legs. Silvers look a bit "off"-chestnut. To further confuse matters, some flaxen chestnuts have silverish streaks in their manes and tails. However,
469:(one or two copies). They resemble a palomino, or they may be an all-over apricot shade, but can be distinguished from other colors by amber or green eyes and lightened skin color with freckling.
396:
Chestnut is considered a "base color" in the discussion of equine coat color genetics. Additional coat colors based on chestnut are often described in terms of their relationship to chestnut:
183:. Chestnuts have dark brown eyes and black skin, and typically are some shade of red or reddish brown. The mane, tail, and legs may be lighter or darker than the body coat, but unlike the
850:
Locke, MM; LS Ruth; LV Millon; MCT Penedo; JC Murray; AT Bowling (2001). "The cream dilution gene, responsible for the palomino and buckskin coat colors, mapes to horse chromosome 21".
944:
and one of the variable chestnut phenotypes could be observed. Different individuals regarding to the shade of their chestnut coat colour were found in every group of the genotypes (
665:
Because the red color is recessive, two bay or black parents can produce a chestnut foal if both carry "e" or "e". However, two chestnut parents cannot produce a bay or black foal.
309:
without very careful inspection. Often confusingly called "black chestnuts", they may be identified by small amounts of reddish hair on the lower legs, mane and tail, or by
355:
are exclusively of this shade. It is considered desirable in other breeds, though the genetic mechanism is not fully understood. Some flaxen chestnuts can be mistaken for
351:, or significantly lighter than the body color. Sometimes this difference is only a shade or two, but other flaxen chestnuts have near-white or silverish manes and tails.
416:
registries that promote palomino coloring have accepted flaxen chestnuts because registration is based on a physical description rather than a genetic identity.
699:
and result in a black-based coat color ("E"), while mutated alleles that create "dysfunctional" MC1R are recessive and result in a lighter coat color ("e").
191:, and if such white markings include one or both eyes, the eyes may be blue. Chestnut foals may be born with pinkish skin, which darkens shortly afterwards.
792:
611:
characteristics of chestnut genetics. The skin will darken as the foal becomes older. Skin depigmentation is not always seen in chestnut foals.
1078:
222:
are predominantly chestnut. However, a chestnut horse need not have two chestnut parents. This is especially apparent in breeds like the
261:
A basic chestnut or "red" horse has a solid copper-reddish coat, with a mane and tail that is close to the same shade as the body coat.
1051:
175:
Chestnut is a very common coat color but the wide range of shades can cause confusion. The lightest chestnuts may be mistaken for
313:
or pedigree testing. Recently, it has been suggested that the trait or traits that produce certain darker shades of chestnut and
1557:
722:
Though "E" allows the production of black pigment, it can also allow for red pigment in some parts of the animal as seen in
710:
gland and stimulates the production and release of melanin in skin and hair. Red hair color in horses ("e") is created by a
371:
is thought to be controlled by a single gene, unrelated to chestnut color, and produces distinct characteristics common to
970:
198:
gene. Unlike many coat colors, chestnut can be true-breeding; that is, assuming they carry no recessive modifiers like
187:
they are never truly black. Like any other color of horse, chestnuts may have pink skin with white hair where there are
76:
1219:
1214:
1209:
206:, the mating between two chestnuts will produce chestnut offspring every time. This can be seen in breeds such as the
575:, is always accompanied by black points. Liver chestnuts, in particular, are mistakenly called brown or "seal brown".
719:. It is a genetic mechanism not fully understood, but may be related to the pheomelanistic characteristics of "e".
406:
1071:
657:"e" and "e", both of which are capable of causing the chestnut color. Each individual horse has two copies of the
703:
164:
and tail the same or lighter in color than the coat. Chestnut is characterized by the absolute absence of true
1547:
876:
The eyes and skin of palominos and buckskins are often slightly lighter than their non-dilute equivalents.
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have a chestnut base coat color that is genetically modified to a golden shade by a single copy of the
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A chestnut foal with body-clipped head and neck, showing two-toned hair shaft, lighter at the roots
22:
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Veterinary
Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
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Within the tested chestnut coloured horse population, no association between both alleles
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do not always have consistent names. For example, "dunalinos" are chestnuts with both the
8:
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1189:
771:
727:
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are examples of mealy chestnuts. The flaxen characteristic is sometimes associated with
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1259:
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Wagner, H-J; Reissmann, M. (2000). "New polymorphism detected in the horse MC1R gene".
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The chestnut or sorrel color, genetically considered "red", is caused by one of two
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634:
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683:(MC1R). This receptor is part of a signalling pathway which when activated causes
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A young chestnut foal, showing slight lightening of skin, possibly related to the
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horses also have reddish coats, but they have a black mane, tail, legs and other
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gene, which "suppresses" black color and allows some red pigment to be formed.
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English-speaking world, some consider a "sorrel" to be a light chestnut with a
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428:. They have a cream-colored coat, blue eyes and lightly pigmented pink skin.
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This light, flaxen, mealy chestnut
Haflinger might be mistaken for a palomino
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have a chestnut base coat and homozygous (two copies) for the
375:: pale hairs around the eyes and muzzle and a pale underside.
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214:, which are exclusively chestnut. Other breeds including the
157:
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3 (ECA3) and is part of the gene that codes for the equine
551:. The presence of true black points, even if obscured by
310:
37:
230:
which have been selected for many years to be uniformly
95:
reddish-brown color uniform over entire body other than
359:
and have been registered in palomino color registries.
234:, but on rare occasions still produce chestnut foals.
179:, while the darkest shades can be so dark they appear
436:
A red dun has a light reddish- tan body and dark red
135:
Usually black, may be lighter at birth in some breeds
795:. American Quarter Horse Association. Archived from
347:
are terms that describe manes and/or tails that are
1052:Chestnut Horse Genetics, Information, & Photos
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909:
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160:consisting of a reddish-to-brown coat with a
21:For the callosity called a "chestnut", see
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36:
891:. UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
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726:horses. This happens when it is locally
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172:, seen in almost every breed of horse.
1600:
1086:
975:MELANOCORTIN 1 RECEPTOR; MC1R - 155555
533:Bay horses have a red body but black "
1060:
555:, means that a horse is not chestnut.
305:, may be indistinguishable from true
168:hairs. It is one of the most common
1165:
252:A chestnut horse with white markings
971:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
479:have a chestnut base coat with the
465:have a chestnut base coat with the
451:have a chestnut base coat with the
143:Brown, eyes may be lighter at birth
13:
1026:
821:Schweizer Archiv fĂĽr Tierheilkunde
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119:same as body, occasionally lighter
14:
1619:
1045:
1135:
924:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00655.x
864:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00806.x
702:Normally MC1R would bind to the
505:with chestnut and white patches.
706:(MSH) which is released by the
691:, or black pigment, instead of
903:
764:
704:Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1:
758:
641:has three known alleles: the
1034:"Equine Coat Color Genetics"
7:
833:10.1024/0036-7281.144.8.405
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269:is a term used by American
10:
1624:
1589:Category:Horse coat colors
1558:Endothelin receptor type B
1523:Equine coat color genetics
753:Equine coat color genetics
599:Equine coat color genetics
596:
593:Inheritance and expression
241:
194:Chestnut is produced by a
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732:agouti signalling peptide
509:Combinations of multiple
483:gene (one or two copies).
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35:
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23:Chestnut (horse anatomy)
1578:Melanocortin 1 receptor
681:melanocortin 1 receptor
645:"E", necessary for the
653:coat colors, plus two
620:
612:
538:
444:
392:Chestnut family colors
334:
287:
253:
216:American Belgian Draft
1516:Genetics and breeding
1357:Base color variations
1286:Lethal white syndrome
1001:10.1007/s003359900264
618:
606:
532:
435:
332:
285:
251:
238:Visual identification
588:can clarify matters.
517:and one copy of the
325:mode of inheritance.
321:coloration follow a
51:Red, sorrel, chesnut
407:incomplete dominant
1487:Primitive markings
1088:Equine coat colors
793:"General Glossary"
621:
613:
539:
491:, "chestnut pinto"
477:"strawberry" roans
457:primitive markings
445:
438:primitive markings
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288:
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1608:Horse coat colors
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1227:
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1207:double dilution:
1176:single dilution:
748:Equine coat color
712:missense mutation
317:, referred to as
244:Equine coat color
170:horse coat colors
147:
146:
62:, Liver chestnut
1615:
1482:Point coloration
1425:Roaning patterns
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1096:Base coat colors
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989:Mammalian Genome
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673:locus (genetics)
635:locus (genetics)
609:pheomelaninistic
549:point coloration
286:A liver chestnut
42:A chestnut horse
40:
28:
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16:Horse coat color
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1397:Leopard complex
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1188:(also known as
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1112:(also known as
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1027:Further reading
1024:
995:(12): 895–899.
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912:Animal Genetics
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852:Animal Genetics
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799:on July 7, 2011
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586:genetic testing
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525:Chestnut mimics
463:Gold champagnes
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340:Flaxen chestnut
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154:hair coat color
127:flaxen to brown
84:Modifying genes
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1046:External links
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717:champagne gene
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293:Liver chestnut
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772:"Foal Colors"
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298:dark chestnut
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208:Suffolk Punch
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124:Mane and tail
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116:Head and Legs
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111:reddish-brown
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39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1573:STX17 (Gray)
1533:Horse genome
1415:Knabstrupper
1408:
1405:Varnish roan
1299:and patterns
1281:Sabino-white
1246:
1245:Blue dun or
1037:
992:
988:
981:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
935:
915:
911:
905:
893:. Retrieved
889:"Red Factor"
883:
875:
855:
851:
845:
836:
824:
820:
813:
803:December 25,
801:. Retrieved
797:the original
787:
777:November 30,
775:. Retrieved
766:
735:
721:
701:
675:is found on
669:
667:
664:
658:
638:
631:
622:
578:
564:
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494:
487:
481:classic roan
476:
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419:
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368:
362:
344:
338:
303:Morgan horse
297:
291:
264:
255:
193:
174:
149:
148:
18:
1528:Color breed
1383:Tricoloured
1360:(primarily
1220:Smoky cream
1197:Smoky black
734:(ASIP), or
728:antagonized
693:pheomelanin
687:to produce
685:melanocytes
503:pinto horse
414:color breed
373:wild equids
271:stock horse
92:Description
48:Other names
1362:UK English
1243:(see also
1190:Isabelline
1126:Seal brown
895:October 5,
759:References
697:dominantly
677:chromosome
597:See also:
580:Silver bay
560:Seal brown
519:cream gene
426:cream gene
410:cream gene
377:Haflingers
353:Haflingers
242:See also:
75:Recessive
72:Base color
1507:Tiger eye
1411:Appaloosa
1409:See also
1235:Champagne
1124:included
708:pituitary
689:eumelanin
670:extension
659:extension
655:mutations
639:Extension
632:extension
625:recessive
421:Cremellos
402:Palominos
357:palominos
323:recessive
212:Haflinger
196:recessive
177:palominos
103:Phenotype
77:extension
1602:Category
1553:KIT gene
1538:Wildtype
1502:Mushroom
1437:Rabicano
1378:Skewbald
1210:Cremello
1185:Palomino
1180:Buckskin
1109:Chestnut
1017:29095360
973:(OMIM):
932:11086549
872:11736803
742:See also
643:wildtype
515:dun gene
495:"sorrel
489:skewbald
453:dun gene
449:Red duns
381:Belgians
220:Budyonny
204:mushroom
150:Chestnut
97:markings
67:Genotype
56:Variants
31:Chestnut
1543:Melanin
1477:Pangaré
1467:Cropout
1462:Brindle
1373:Piebald
1342:Tobiano
1215:Perlino
1009:8995760
952:) and (
730:by the
630:at the
628:alleles
385:pangaré
364:Pangaré
319:"sooty"
1548:Agouti
1497:Flaxen
1347:Tovero
1335:Sabino
1247:Grullo
1114:Sorrel
1015:
1007:
930:
870:
838:breed.
736:agouti
535:points
442:points
349:flaxen
276:flaxen
266:Sorrel
158:horses
60:Flaxen
1492:Sooty
1472:Liver
1450:Other
1330:Frame
1320:Overo
1269:White
1255:Pearl
1167:Cream
1104:Black
1013:S2CID
651:black
565:dark
501:is a
497:Paint
369:mealy
307:black
232:black
200:pearl
181:black
166:black
152:is a
1568:PAX3
1563:MITF
1432:Roan
1413:and
1150:Gray
1145:Gray
1005:PMID
948:), (
928:PMID
897:2023
868:PMID
805:2010
779:2021
668:The
649:and
440:and
379:and
343:and
226:and
218:and
210:and
202:or
162:mane
140:Eyes
132:Skin
108:Body
87:none
1240:Dun
1121:Bay
997:doi
954:e/e
950:e/e
946:e/e
920:doi
860:doi
829:doi
825:144
724:bay
647:bay
573:bay
567:bay
563:or
544:Bay
493:or
475:or
473:Red
367:or
315:bay
311:DNA
296:or
185:bay
156:of
79:"e"
1604::
1036:.
1011:.
1003:.
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963:^
956:).
934:.
926:.
916:31
914:.
874:.
866:.
856:32
854:.
835:.
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486:A
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1073:t
1066:v
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1019:.
999::
993:7
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938:e
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899:.
862::
831::
807:.
781:.
537:"
499:"
387:.
25:.
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