218:, by the surrounding majority-white community. In the 1930s, a local historian recorded that "on several occasions suits have been entered in Taylor and Barbour courts seeking to prevent these people from sending their children to schools with whites but proof of claims they have negro blood in their veins never has been established". As recently as the late 1950s, a few Philippi businesses still posted notices proclaiming "White Trade Only", directed against the CRP, as they were believed to be part African-American. Although the local public schools were not segregated,
46:
569:
not known whether she was of native
Bahamian Indian ancestry or not. She eloped with a Cherokee Indian by the name of Harris and to these two Priscilla was born. French and Spanish settlers in America intermarried freely with the Indians, but the English seldom mixed with the natives. Hence it appears that among the pioneer families of our County, the Mayle, Mail or Male family have Indian blood in their veins.
293:). These included court records, indentures, land deeds, wills, etc. For instance, if a white woman had an illegitimate mixed-race child, the child had to serve a period of apprenticeship as an indentured servant to be trained in a trade and to prevent the community from having to support the woman and her child. Records of such indentures are among the court records he consulted.
581:, he has no direct connection to the rest of the family. However, the Peters & Thompson families, who did intermix with the CRP, may have had relatives who had intermarried into the Lenape people, even if they were not Lenape themselves. This is either the source of the Lenape ancestry itself, or the most likely reason for the implication.
573:
with a
Cherokee man, and they had a daughter known as Priscilla Harris. Priscilla grew up on the Calmes plantation, and was said to be beautiful, with an olive complexion, black eyes, and long hair — "so long that she could sit on it." Her descendants were said to have kept some of Priscilla's wonderful hair for many years.
572:
In 1936 a
Maryland local paper reported on Garrett County family history. It said that, according to family tradition, Marquis Calmes, a Frenchman residing in Virginia, had a French servant woman. It was not known whether she was from France or the French colony on Haiti. She was said to fall in love
468:
Mail settled in
Virginia with his parents William and Mary in the 1760s. As an adult, Mail purchased a black female slave named Nancy. In 1826, when he was 71, Mail both emancipated and claimed her as a common-law wife; interracial marriage was illegal in Virginia. The emancipation document reads as
576:
When the claim was looked into by Henry Louis Gates Jr., he surmised that an individual named Samuel Harris who married into the family may have been
Catawba and is the only remotely legitimate Native American connection discovered in the family's genealogy. Other members of the family had claimed
568:
Notes for
Priscilla (Nancy) Harris: It has been told that Priscilla was a pretty little daughter of a slave girl and a Cherokee Indian. Her mother was supposed to have been a slave girl brought to this country in the middle 1700s by a Frenchman from the Bahamas by the name of Marquis Calmes. It is
477:
and
Commonwealth of Virginia do by these presents liberate, emancipate, and forever set free ... my negro woman Nancy on the condition that she may remain with me during my natural life in the quality of my wife. I have set my hand and affixed my seal on this 6th day of May in the year of our Lord
197:
negroes. They vary in color from white to black, often have blue eyes and straight hair, and they are generally industrious. Their number in
Barbour is estimated at one thousand. They have been a puzzle to the investigator; for their origin is not generally known. They are among the earliest
545:
press had carried repeated sensational magazine articles in the early 1900s about the area, highlighting its poverty and mixed-race communities. He suggests this was the origin of accounts that the group was mixed-race. (Note: The account above predates such articles.) The photographs of Male
314:
migrated west with white neighbors and settled on the frontiers of
Virginia, what became West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, as these areas were less bound by racial caste than were the Tidewater plantation areas. On the frontier, settlers were more concerned about people fulfilling social
238:
are included, the CRP probably now number about 1,500, almost all of whom bear one of fewer than a dozen surnames. The Taylor County group (also long referred to by their neighbors as "Guineas" and mostly dispersed in the 1930s due to the flooding of their community — known as the "West Hill
169:
until West
Virginia was admitted to the Union as a separate state during the American Civil War. The mixed-race families that later became known as "Chestnut Ridge people" began to arrive after 1810, when Barbour was still part of Randolph and Harrison Counties, according to census records.
296:
He found that most of the families of free people of color were descended from unions between white women, free or indentured servants, and African or African-American men, slaves or indentured servants, in colonial Virginia. According to the law of the colony and the principle of
546:
descendants that are included in his book, many from this same time period, do not show physical characteristics associated with African phenotypes. (But, other photographs of self-identified Chestnut Ridge people now available on the Internet do show some with such phenotypes.)
503:
testing, that Wilmore Mail is among his ancestors. Although no documentary connection was made, Mail is the only one of Gates' white ancestors for whom a name is known. This discovery was featured on the final second-season episode of Professor Gates' television series
717:"Clannish Group of Mixed Racial Blood in Taylor County" (1935), pg 2. This three-page manuscript by an anonymous local historian was published in 1972 by Paul C. Bartlett for the Taylor County Genealogical and Historical Society as part of a collection entitled
678:
Petitions of George W. Male and James Male, January Session, 1861; Petitions of Hiram Male, Stephen Newman, Richard Male, Stephen A. Male, Levi Collins, Franklin Male, George W. Collins, Elisha Male, Hezekiah Male and William Male, November Session,
521:) and Henry Dalton (1750–1836), as well as others arriving in the mid-19th century, such as Jacob Minerd (1816–1907). The descendants of each of these progenitors fostered their own local "race" complete with unique folklore and origin story.
153:, a mixed-race group based in Kentucky and Tennessee, and attended the Melungeon unions, or joined the Melungeon Heritage Association. In 1997 two local historians made a presentation about the "Guineas of West Virginia" at the
513:
In addition to the Mail family, Finley's work also identified a number of other CRP families that can trace their heritage back to Revolutionary War-era mixed-race forebears, notably Sam Norris (1750–1844), Gustavus D. Croston
206:. From that one man have sprung about 700 of the same name, not to speak of the half-breeds." Thus it would seem that the family was only half-black at the beginning, and by the inter-mixtures since, many are now almost white.
173:
By the 1860s, many individuals of these mixed-race families had married into the white community, and their descendants identified as white. Some of the men served in West Virginia Union army regiments during the
321:
Heinegg analyzed generations of many families classified as free blacks on those first two censuses. He noted that, for the early Mayle/Male family, many records from the 1790s to the 1850s classified members as
557:, all white units. (Note Heinegg's discussion above, that documents court records of twelve soldiers, including several of the Male/Mayle surname, petitioning to be declared legally white in 1861 and 1866.)
705:
The History of Barbour County, From its Earliest Exploration and Settlement to the Present Time, The Acme Publishing Company, Morgantown, W.Va. (Reprinted, McClain Printing Company, Parsons, W.Va., 1968)
307:
children of these unions and marriages were born free because the mothers were free. While they were subject to discrimination, gaining free status helped these families get ahead in society.
285:
Genealogist Paul Heinegg has used a variety of colonial era documents to trace the ancestors of families identified in the South as free blacks in the first two censuses of the United States (
1525:
538:
in 1980, with two updates. He documented the origins of the Male, Mahle, Mayle, Mayhle name in the United States. He claimed to have found only one incident of interracial union.
549:
Mayhle said that three brothers, direct descendants of Wilmore/William Male (the original Male immigrant), served in regular white units in the US Civil war. Two served in the
1490:
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Lenape ancestors. While a known Native American man (Henry Delay) & some of his direct descendants had settled in the same general area who may have been
565:"What Ms. Finley fails to state is, that Wilmore Mail is the son of Wilmore Sr. who died 1800. Wilmore Jr. married Priscilla "Nancy" Harris, a "Catawba."
202:, belongs to this clan, and after a thorough investigation, says "They originated from an Englishman named Male who came to America at the outbreak of the
920:
Gilbert, Jr., William Harlen. (1946), "Memorandum Concerning the Characteristics of the Larger Mixed-Blood Racial Islands of the Eastern United States",
329:
He suggests that the following individuals are sons of Wilmore Mayle (Mail, Male), Sr. (Note that, prior to 1843, the area of Barbour County west of the
165:
Barbour County was settled primarily by white people from eastern Virginia, beginning in the 1770s and '80s. It was part of the colony (later state) of
1515:
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1105:
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Smith, Joanne Johnson, Florence Kennedy Barnett, and Lois Kennedy Croston, "We The People Of Chestnut Ridge: A Native Community in Barbour County",
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127:. They are often referred to as "Mayles" (from the most common surname — Mayle or Male), or "Guineas" (now considered a pejorative term).
458:
Work by Alexandra Finley has confirmed that the CRP descend in the direct paternal line from an immigrant Englishman, Wilmore Mail (1755–
243:) bore the surnames of Mayle, Male, Mahalie, Croston, Dalton, Kennedy, Johnson and Parsons, among others. A 1977 survey of obituaries in
154:
1121:
659:
Joanne Johnson Smith & Florence Kennedy Barnett, "The Guineas of West Virginia: A Transcript of A Presentation at First Union"
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indicate that a dozen men successfully petitioned the courts to be declared legally white after serving in the war for the Union.
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There is a clan of partly-colored people in Barbour County often called "Guineas", under the erroneous presumption that they are
142:, but they are not enrolled in any officially recognized tribe. Paul Heinegg documented that many individuals were classified as
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The group has been the subject of county histories and some scholarly studies. Some scholars have classified this group as a
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Over the following two decades, Mail was classified as "white", "colored" and "mulatto" in official documents. The
138:", implying African heritage. Thomas McElwain wrote that many CRP identified as an Indian-white mixed group, or as
647:
Our Kind of People: Identity, Community, and Religion on Chestnut Ridge, A Study of Native Americans in Appalachia
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showed that 135 of 163 "Ridge people" (83%) living in Barbour County were married to people having the last names
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laws — which were strictly enforced for white children — were typically neglected with regard to "Ridge people".
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Burnell, Jr, John F. (1952), "The Guineas of West Virginia" (unpublished M.A. thesis), Ohio State University.
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Gilbert, Jr., William Harlen. (1946), "Mixed Bloods of the Upper Monongahela Valley, West Virginia";
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Gaskins, Avery F. (1970), "The Epithet "Guinea" in Central West Virginia"; West Virginia University
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was bemused by the origin of these people when he studied Barbour County history in the late 1890s:
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Gaskins, Avery F. (Autumn 1973), "An Introduction to the Guineas: West Virginia's Melungeons";
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1830 - head of household that included 9 "free colored" persons in Frederick County, Virginia
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1810 - head of household that included 12 "other free" persons in Monongalia County, Virginia
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1840 - head of household that included 2 "free colored" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia
366:
1830 - head of household that included 2 "free colored" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia
211:
610:"A Geographical Analysis of White-Negro-Indian Racial Mixtures in the Eastern United States"
451:
1840 - head of household that included 4 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1830 - head of household that included 3 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1820 - head of household that included 7 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1840 - head of household that included 7 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1830 - head of household that included 6 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1820 - head of household that included 6 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1810 - head of household that included 6 "other free" persons in Monongalia County, Virginia
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1840 - head of household that included 2 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1820 - head of household that included 7 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
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1820 - head of household that included 8 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
277:. In 1984, of the 67 Mayles who had listed telephones, all but three lived on "The Ridge."
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1810 - head of household that included 8 "other free" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia
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831:; first broadcast by Public Broadcasting Service television stations on November 25, 2014.
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Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware,
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was part of Harrison County and the area east of the river was part of Randolph County.)
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Heinegg's work was praised by an expert in Southern history, and won a genealogy award.
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734:, Vol. 1, No. 3, Appalachian Journal & Appalachian State University (pp. 234-237).
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Founding Chestnut Ridge: the Origins of Central West Virginia's Multiracial Community
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1822-1829 - tax lists of "Free negroes & Mulattoes" in Randolph County, Virginia
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681:; Barbour County County Circuit Court Records. Cited in: Shaffer, John W. (2003),
510:. He visited Philippi and attended a "Heritage Day" gathering on Chestnut Ridge.)
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1812-1817 - described as "man of colour" in tax lists of Harrison County, Virginia
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1850 - widow Rhoda described as a "Mulatto" in census of Barbour County, Virginia
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1813-29 - described as "Mulo" or "Cold" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia
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1813-29 - described as "Mulo" or "Cold" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia
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1803 - described as a "free Mulatto" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia
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1813 - described as "man of colour" in tax list of Harrison County, Virginia
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1797 - described as "a free black" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia
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Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1995-2000, available online
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1816-1818 - described as "cold" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia
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134:. Contemporary census records frequently designate community members as "
940:, Fall 1999, published by West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
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Finley, Alexandra (2010), Undergraduate thesis, Ohio State University: "
303:, by which children in the colony took the status of their mothers, the
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Be it known to all to whom it may concern that I, Wilmore Mail, of the
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1810-1 - taxable for 2 "FM" in tax lists of Hampshire County, Virginia
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1813 - taxed as "of color" in tax list of Monongalia County, Virginia
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The people of "The Ridge" have traditionally been subject to severe
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1817 - described as "Cold" in tax list of Randolph County, Virginia
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1815 - described as "FN" in tax list of Monongalia County, Virginia
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721:. It has since been reprinted occasionally, most recently in 2011.
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Charles E. Hoye, "Garrett County History of Pioneer Families,"
827:"Decoding Our Past Through DNA", Episode 20 (second season) of
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119:, with smaller related communities in the adjacent counties of
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1812 - taxed as "FM" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia
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Mayhle, Bernard Victor (1980; 2nd ed., 1981, 3rd ed., 1983),
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Self-identification as Native American in the United States
529:
649:, (Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion, No. 20).
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If related individuals in the surrounding counties of
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Bernard V. Mayhle & Marg Mayle Dalton, posted at
534:
B.V. Mayhle self-published a family history entitled
683:
Clash of Loyalties: A Border County in the Civil War
915:Journal of the Washington Academy of the Sciences
16:Mixed-race community near Philippi, West Virginia
1482:
1168:Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
812:“Surprise! Finley related to 'Roots' show host”
107:community concentrated in an area northeast of
1491:Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States
877:http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvbarbou/maleboss.htm
829:Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
507:Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
959:
561:Dissenting view #2: Native American heritage
719:Historical Anecdotes of Early Taylor County
702:
966:
952:
929:"Barbour County Home Of 'Guinea' Colony,"
917:, Vol. 36, no. 1 (Jan. 15, 1946), pp 1–13.
861:The Males of Barbour County, West Virginia
621:Association of American Geographers Annals
536:The Males of Barbour County, West Virginia
1516:People from Barbour County, West Virginia
1511:African-American history of West Virginia
871:
869:
541:In an interview, he pointed out that the
1521:Multiracial affairs in the United States
326:", "free mulatto", "free colored", etc.
198:settlers of Barbour. Prof. W.W. Male of
155:University of Virginia's College at Wise
1483:
1122:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
866:
947:
530:Dissenting view #1: No black heritage
810:Ducibella, Jim (November 26, 2014),
38:Regions with significant populations
524:
13:
904:
492:classified him as "free colored".
185:The local West Virginia historian
14:
1537:
1496:African–Native American relations
623:, Vol. 43 (June 1953) pp. 138-55.
465:), born in Dover, Kent, England.
310:Heinegg noted that many of these
1009:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
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1506:Ethnic groups in West Virginia
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691:West Virginia University Press
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668:, 25 July 1997; Wise, Virginia
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1379:John Gordon (militia captain)
1083:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
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1458:The Hatfields and the McCoys
1432:Moonshine in popular culture
987:in the Eastern United States
926:21/4 (May 1946), pp 438–477.
898:(Oakland, MD), 16 April 1936
495:(In 2014, Harvard historian
149:Some CRP have identified as
7:
818:, William and Mary Website.
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10:
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1318:Cumberland Gap (folk song)
551:7th West Virginia Infantry
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1313:Cripple Creek (folk song)
1293:Blackberry Blossom (tune)
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1112:Kentucky County, Virginia
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992:
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687:Morgantown, West Virginia
645:McElwain, Thomas (1981),
555:1st West Virginia Cavalry
315:obligations as citizens.
180:Barbour County Courthouse
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27:
1147:1920 Alabama coal strike
1059:Battle of Blair Mountain
543:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1410:Appalachian stereotypes
1142:West Virginia coal wars
788:, accessed 26 Nov 2014.
765:Pittsburgh Post Gazette
300:partus sequitur ventrem
1357:Historical individuals
863:, Seattle, Washington.
490:Federal Census of 1840
486:
208:
200:Grafton, West Virginia
1501:Society of Appalachia
1173:Appalachian Americans
1031:Kanawha Valley people
1015:Chestnut Ridge people
985:Appalachian Mountains
497:Henry Louis Gates, Jr
471:
212:racial discrimination
191:
101:Chestnut Ridge people
82:Related ethnic groups
23:Chestnut Ridge people
1469:Part of a series on
1323:East Tennessee Blues
1288:Appalachian dulcimer
1209:Appalachian folk art
1074:French–Eversole feud
761:"My Melungeon Depot"
703:Maxwell, Hu (1899).
693:, pp 220-221, n. 81.
499:discovered, through
312:free people of color
246:The Barbour Democrat
144:free people of color
1415:Appalachian studies
1384:Devil Anse Hatfield
1237:chicken fried steak
1204:Appalachian English
1127:Southwest Territory
1089:Lincoln County feud
1079:Hatfield–McCoy feud
1069:Coal strike of 1902
931:Beckley Post Herald
780:"Male/Mail Family,"
768:. 31 December 1984.
732:Appalachian Journal
707:. pp. 310–311.
634:Philological Papers
475:County of Hampshire
331:Tygart Valley River
24:
1403:In popular culture
1343:Shady Grove (song)
1188:Urban Appalachians
882:2008-02-19 at the
743:"Clannish Group",
664:2007-09-28 at the
615:2008-03-30 at the
608:Price, Edward T.,
132:tri-racial isolate
22:
1478:
1477:
1348:Tom Dooley (song)
1283:Appalachian music
1276:Traditional music
1183:Settlement school
1094:Hillbilly Highway
896:Mountain Democrat
816:News & Events
239:settlement" — by
178:. Records in the
115:in north-central
97:
96:
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1473:around the world
1298:Bluegrass fiddle
1252:Goo Goo Clusters
1132:Trans-Appalachia
1117:Overmountain Men
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92:Native Americans
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983:People of the
982:
979:
978:
971:
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963:
956:
948:
942:
941:
934:
933:, 27 May 1965.
927:
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887:
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833:
820:
803:
790:
771:
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723:
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695:
670:
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638:
636:17: pp. 41-44.
625:
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113:Barbour County
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1374:Davy Crockett
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1338:Nottamun Town
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1262:sorghum syrup
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993:Ethnic groups
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923:Social Forces
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501:DNA genealogy
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117:West Virginia
114:
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61:
56:
53:
52:United States
41:
36:
31:
26:
1456:
1452:Redneck joke
1419:
1369:Daniel Boone
1333:In the Pines
1257:Shucky beans
1232:apple butter
1025:Scotch-Irish
1014:
937:
930:
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914:
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494:
487:
483:Wilmore Mail
472:
467:
457:
437:Richard Male
436:
435:
414:
413:
395:
394:
374:William Male
373:
372:
336:
335:
328:
320:
317:
309:
298:
295:
284:
244:
229:
226:Demographics
209:
192:
184:
172:
164:
148:
129:
103:(CRP) are a
100:
98:
19:Ethnic group
1471:hill people
1421:Deliverance
1394:Belle Starr
1247:country ham
1214:Affrilachia
1000:Black-Dutch
591:Scott Mayle
519: 1845
463: 1845
415:George Male
241:Tygart Lake
33:About 1,500
1485:Categories
1442:Poor White
1328:Hootenanny
1267:soup beans
1163:Appalachia
975:Appalachia
938:Goldenseal
597:References
396:James Male
324:free black
305:mixed-race
204:Revolution
187:Hu Maxwell
105:mixed-race
88:Melungeons
76:Protestant
1427:Hillbilly
1242:chow-chow
1098:Baltimore
1029:formerly
1020:Melungeon
469:follows:
216:ostracism
176:Civil War
151:Melungeon
58:Languages
1308:Clogging
1005:Cherokee
880:Archived
843:Op. cit.
840:Finley,
746:Op. cit.
662:Archived
613:Archived
585:See also
481:—
281:Ancestry
263:Prichard
232:Harrison
167:Virginia
136:mulattos
121:Harrison
109:Philippi
70:Religion
1447:Redneck
1224:Cuisine
1197:Culture
1156:Society
1106:Detroit
1102:Chicago
1052:History
1039:Shawnee
1035:Koasati
749:, pg 1.
275:Kennedy
267:Collins
259:Croston
220:truancy
161:History
64:English
1041:, and
848:passim
579:Lenape
514:(1757–
255:Norris
236:Taylor
195:Guinea
125:Taylor
49:
1043:Yuchi
478:1826.
273:, or
271:Adams
251:Mayle
679:1866
291:1800
287:1790
234:and
123:and
99:The
1487::
1104:,
1100:,
1037:,
1033:,
868:^
846:,
814:,
801:".
763:,
689::
685:,
619:,
516:c.
460:c.
289:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
157:.
111:,
90:,
1108:)
1096:(
1085:)
1081:(
1011:)
1007:(
967:e
960:t
953:v
850:.
322:"
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