972:
Mexican state in the Altos and
Northern regions of Chiapas in the 90s continues in the form of illegally armed paramilitary groups who learned from those strategies. These groups are sustained by the criminal organizations of the region, and powerful groups whose aims oppose those of the local population. These groups are further supported by impunity from the municipal, state, and federal governments. Forced disappearances continue to permeate the socio-political landscape surrounding the Chiapas conflict as the generalized violence in the region in the last decade has forced many to leave their homes. Many Chiapans also continue to suffer threats of violence, abduction, and displacement. From 2010 to 2021, there were approximately 14,476 people displaced in the state of Chiapas.
939:) after a quote by Marcos. The Zapatistas expressed support for a Bill of Rights for the nation's minority Indigenous population and, in his speech to the crowds, Marcos demanded that President Fox "listen to us," despite Fox's vocal support for, and initial proposal of, the Zapatista-backed legislation. By the end of April 2001, the Bill was passed by Congress by a wide margin, with Fox's support, but underwent several amendments before it was passed that were criticized by a number of indigenous leaders. The Zapatistas referred to the final version of the law as a "betrayal" because of its failure to affirm the communal rights indigenous people had to land, other natural resources, and to have autonomous states within Mexico, contrary to the San Andrés Accords.
276:
320:
308:
178:
192:
148:
31:
650:
161:
755:. By 2 January, the rebels had already captured former Governor Castellanos DomĂnguez, and proceeded hold him hostage due to their own tribunal finding him guilty of anti-indigenous crimes and corruption, and sentenced him to forced labor. By 3 January, the EZLN had lost over 50 of its soldiers, and over 100 civilians had been killed, but had withdrawn from San CristĂłbal de las Casas, as they could not maintain their grip on it; they had also captured a government prison with about 180 inmates.
295:
137:
112:
675:
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organization started out as written communiques for media outlets, which were then uploaded to the
Internet. Many forums and websites dedicated to the discussion of the Chiapas conflict were sponsored by advocacy groups centered on Latin America and indigenous protection, mostly situated in North America and Western Europe. Soon after the uprising, fax campaigns and public caravans were popular methods of gaining media attention and organizing supporters.
208:
126:
1386:
1296:: Violent confrontation in the natural reserve of Montes Azules, Chiapas. Hundreds of armed peasants from the Lacandona Community attack 17 families living in Viejo Velasco Suárez. As it happened in a very isolated area, this aggression brought great confusion about the number of victims and their possible belonging to EZLN. Finally the outcome was: 4 people dead (including a pregnant woman) and 4 people disappeared, probably executed.
269:
257:
245:
233:
100:
923:
781:, to increase the pressure on the government after years of having little to no way to influence government policy or actions. On 11 June, the EZLN rejected the agreement proposed by the Mexican government, but reinforced its commitment to the ceasefire unless the government broke it first. By mid-October, tensions began escalating when the rebels threatened action if the Governor-Elect
1130:: During the year, the Fray Bartolomé de las Casas Center for Human Rights has documented 45 cases of human rights violations in Chiapas. It declares that it is an important decrease in terms of past governments, but at the same time the fact that there have not been forceful responses to the denunciations "opens the door for more violations to continue to be committed."
1196:: The houses of the community of Nuevo San Rafael in Montes Azules Reserve were all burned. According to the Secretary of Agrarian Reform (SRA), the inhabitants had voluntarily decided to abandon their homes and return to their places of origin. NGOs accused the SRA of having divided the population so as to force residents to leave the reserve.
1090:, 6 political assassinations and more than 185 expulsions of foreigners. It denounces that in these times there were in the state a number of cases of grave torture, dozens of attempts on the lives of Human Rights Defenders; and against civil organizations and social leaders; and hundreds of military and police actions in the conflict zone.
1096:: Significant increase in military and police incursions in Zapatista communities; arbitrary detentions of presumed Zapatistas; harassment by military personnel at the military bases; and concentration of troops. Each of the incursions involves the participation of between 100 and 1000 military and police personnel.
828:"While Chiapas, in our opinion, does not pose a fundamental threat to Mexican political stability, it is perceived to be so by many in the investment community. The government will need to eliminate the Zapatistas to demonstrate their effective control of the national territory and of security policy."
979:
On the sixth of
December 2019, around the hours 6:00 in the morning, an armed group of approximately 20 people of the community of Pechton Icotsilh’ the population of San Antonio Patbaxil with firearms. The same group of aggressors displaced the residents of the village of Carmen San José between the
983:
There are cases in which families and communities have been unable to return for over a decade since their displacement. These cases resulted from violent events that took place in the northern zone of
Chiapas from 1995-2000, encompassing the municipalities of Tumbalá, Sabanilla, Tila, Salto de Agua
947:
In response to the passage of the law with its new amendments, the EZLN suspended dialogue with the government and created a new system of leadership, which was necessary to govern autonomously as the San Andrés
Accords allowed, in principle, and created "Good Government Committees (JBG)" to do so.
971:
Extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, forced displacement, torture, threats of violence and death, intimidation, arbitrary deprivations of liberty and destruction of property were some of the threats faced by these communities. Remnants of the counterinsurgency strategies enacted by the
628:
and other resources for the people of Mexico was granted in accordance with the principles set forth by Zapata. This part of the
Constitution more specifically gave the traditionally communal indigenous groups within the country the "legal capacity to enjoy common possession of the lands, forests,
967:
The counterinsurgent methods designed and implemented by the
Mexican government in 1994 intended to disrupt and dissolve the resistance of the EZLN. This provoked large amounts of forced displacement, threats and harassment by the Mexican army upon indigenous villages. This displacement has grown
1114:: The community of Miguel Utrilla, municipality of ChenalhĂł, violently prevents the Procurer General of the Republic from carrying out an operation composed of 150 federal judicial police and 20 agents of the Public Ministry the goal of which is to look for firearms in the hand of paramilitaries.
1373:
While the
Zapatistas had little physical effect outside of Chiapas, their domination of the "information space" has strengthened their image and allies from foreign activists and journalists. Because the members of EZLN were residents of Chiapas, living in the jungle, original material for the
975:
A violent incident occurred in 2014, with a
Zapatista-related teacher killed and 15 more wounded in Chiapas ambush by alleged anti-Zapatista militia; however, there appeared to be some dispute as to whether the casualties occurred due to a "confrontation" or an "ambush of unarmed" civilians.
550:
in 1997 by an anti-Zapatista militia with ties to the
Mexican government. Though at a low level, rebel activity continued and violence occasionally erupted between Zapatista supporters and anti-Zapatista militias along with the government. The last related incident occurred in 2014, when a
1330:: A violent operation carried out by federal and state police left a toll of six dead (4 of whom were executed according to the testimony of community members), 17 wounded, and 36 people detained, almost all of whom were members of the ejido Miguel Hidalgo, located in the municipality
968:
since the year 1996, and various paramilitary groups have been responsible for crimes against the indigenous population. An example of this is the Acteal Massacre, where on December 22, 1997, 45 people and four unborn children were murdered in the camp of Los Naranjos, ChenalhĂł.
699:— the eventual spokesman of the EZLN — moved into the area later that year, and by late 1983 the EZLN was formed by 3 indigenous people and 3 mestizos. As the group grew, it became more like the state of Chiapas, consisting primarily of indigenous or partly indigenous people.
3833:
758:
During the period of 1–12 January 1994, there was a large discrepancy between the information released and spread by the two respective sides. The government insisted that there were only a few hundred rebels, while the EZLN reported that they numbered in the thousands.
657:
Since the 1980s and 1990s, Mexico's economic policy concentrated more on industrial development and attracting foreign capital. However, this policy soon changed to try to brand Mexico as more of an agricultural power, which culminated in the administration of President
776:
mediated between the two parties. As peace talks continued, there were several high and low points in apparent progress in drafting an agreement, but eventually there was a shift in strategy on the part of the rebels to keep up the talks until the upcoming
2266:
883:, growing violence resulted in over 6,000 people being displaced, and 25 had been killed in the area. In December, 1997, this culminated in the largest incident of violence of the Chiapas Conflict since the initial rebellion took place in the village of
1183:
707:
In December 1993, The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) issued the First Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, which declared that the government of Mexico and President Gortari were illegitimate. This declaration was heavily rooted in
2236:
2206:
1054:: The autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores MagĂłn is dismantled in a police and military operation in the community of Taniperlas, municipality of Ocosingo. Nine Mexicans are detained and twelve foreigners are expelled from the country.
3924:
2790:
894:, and the witnesses/survivors of the Acteal Massacre have said that the attackers were loyalists to the governing PRI. By the end of the month, several people had been charged with the killings, including the de facto mayor of Acteal,
1866:
934:
to express their demands of the government; many of the rebels, led by Subcomandante Marcos, traveled for two weeks to reach the site of the political rally. This march was known as the "March of the Color of the Earth" (Spanish:
1152:: At the Amaytic Ranch, armed PRI supporters kill two Zapatista authorities of the autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores MagĂłn (Ocosingo). Another Zapatista is assassinated in the autonomous municipality of Olga Isabel (ChilĂłn).
1280:: In El Limar, in the municipality of Tila in the Northern Zone of Chiapas, over 200 people from eleven communities met to commemorate the more than 120 murdered or disappeared individuals from the region between 1994 and 2000.
2176:
1102:: Confrontation between the army and Zapatista support bases in the community of San José la Esperanza, municipality of Las Margaritas. Three indigenous people are detained and 7 military personnel receive machete wounds.
1324:: The Human Rights Center Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas denounced that state police assaulted campesinos as well as observers from the Other Campaign in the community of Cruztón, in the municipality of Venustiano Carranza.
734:
On 1 January 1994, the EZLN began their military insurrection in the southernmost province of Mexico, Chiapas, in the name of the rights of oppressed indigenous peoples and democracy; this was the same date on which the
1271:
2041:
1302:: A joint police and military operation to evict 39 families (members of the communities of Buen Samaritano and San Manuel, in the municipality of Ocosingo) was conducted in the Biospheric Reserve of Montes Azules.
1318:: A military and police incursion in the vicinity of the Zapatista Caracol (local administrative center) La Garrucha, as well as in the support base communities of the EZLN, Hermenegildo Galeana and San Alejandro.
2258:
767:
The federal government reached a ceasefire agreement with the EZLN on 12 January, and on 17 February the peace negotiators of each party met for the first time, resulting in the freeing of Castellanos DomĂnguez.
1906:
529:
started in January 1994, and lasted less than two weeks, before a ceasefire was agreed upon. The principal belligerents of subsection of the conflict were the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Spanish:
1136:: The autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores MagĂłn denounces that a group of 40 armed paramilitaries from the PRI community San Antonio Escobar, attacked the Zapatista support bases in the La Culebra ejido.
870:
on the rights of indigenous people were held with support of the EZLN, and the people voted in support of the San Andrés Accords, although turnout was low compared to general elections in that time period.
789:(PRI) were to take office. Subcomandante Marcos also heightened the rhetoric in this situation: "If they want lead, we'll give them lead... We are an army, not a labor union or some neighborhood club."
2228:
2198:
2727:
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2435:
984:
y Palenque. The Fray Bartolomé de las Casas Center for Human Rights (Frayba) has documented the armed conflict to have forcibly displaced approximately 9,950 people in that region since 2006.
1166:
on the death of four Zapatistas last August conflict about "traditions and customs or bands of delinquents." "There have been found in these conflicts no undertones of an ideological order."
4111:
538:
stagnated. This resulted in an increasing division between communities with ties to the government and communities that sympathized with the Zapatistas. Social tensions, armed conflict and
1226:: Families from the community of San Francisco El Caracol in the Montes Azules Reserve were moved by the government to a "new population center" called Santa Martha in the municipality of
1854:
2146:
2070:
987:
A more serious flare-up took place in 2020, as several assassinations took place across Mexico, targeting indigenous rights advocates – including the murder of Pérez López in Chiapas.
1246:: The Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas Human Rights Center once again denounced the forced displacement of several families in the community of Andrés Quintana Roo, in the municipality of
2168:
633:
system was created, which organized lands that were able to be worked by various members of rural and indigenous communities, but were often sold off to multinational corporations.
534:
EZLN) and the government of Mexico. Negotiations between the government and Zapatistas led to agreements being signed, but were often not complied with in the following years as the
3469:
3178:
1467:
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After 2003, the peace process has been in a gridlock, the government officially ignored the EZLN, seeing it just as a political rival, but armed attacks involving pro-government
4131:
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2025:
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1060:: In a police and military operation the autonomous municipality of Tierra y Libertad, with its municipal seat in Amparo Agua Tinta, is dismantled. 53 people are detained.
1688:
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2405:
2343:
1163:
1108:: President Zedillo expropriates 3.5 hectares of the ejido Amador Hernández, a Zapatista community in the municipality of Ocosingo, to build new military installations.
782:
1631:
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initiating a process of privatization of land through several amendments in 1992, which put the process of determining communal land under federal jurisdiction. The
1902:
1076:: In a military and police operation to dismantle the autonomous municipality of San Juan de la Libertad, located in El Bosque, 8 civilians and 2 police are killed.
2757:
3750:
2526:
695:, increased acts of violent oppression against indigenous people. Members of the National Liberation Forces (FLN), including Rafael Vicente, eventually known as
428:
1437:
3171:
1202:: Zapatista supporters from the municipality of Zinacantán were ambushed by members of the PRD, leaving dozens wounded and displacing 125 Zapatista families.
832:
Just two days later the Mexican army came into action to bring the Zapatista occupied areas back under their control, but they did not succeed in arresting
3912:
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1510:
895:
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2886:
3818:
3327:
572:("purity of blood"), a legal code that distinguished those of Spanish ancestry from those of indigenous ancestry. This was the starting point for many
2719:
1489:
1008:: Violence in the Northern Zone (assassinations, displacements, ambushes, roadblocks, etc.) in the area of ChilĂłn-BachajĂłn, perpetrated by both sides.
2427:
2312:
3164:
739:(NAFTA) took effect. The EZLN based their operations out of the Lacandon Jungle, and used this as their launching point for capturing the towns of
1048:
of 45 people, the majority of whom are children and women belonging to the civil group "Las Abejas," refugees in Acteal, municipality of ChenalhĂł.
3896:
3489:
2546:
Chihu Amparán, A. (2002). La marcha del color de la Tierra. Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de FilosofĂa, PolĂtica y Humanidades, 4 (8), 63-79.
1829:
1286:: A violent police operation was carried out to expel 30 Zapatista families in the community of the Ch'oles, autonomous municipality El Trabajo (
1260:: A confrontation between Zapatista support bases and the rest of the population in the community of Belisario DomĂnguez in the municipality of
4136:
3884:
3509:
2879:
2138:
2062:
2006:
1746:
1602:
980:
20th and 25th of June 2018. In total 40 families, including men, women, children and the elderly, were displaced by the armed group of people.
2375:
1952:
1002:: the initial Zapatista uprising and declaration of war against the Mexican government; 54 killed by Zapatista forces in and around Ocosingo
3494:
3484:
887:, in which 45 indigenous people, 15 of whom were children, were murdered by people with machetes and AK-47 assault rifles inside a church.
1459:
1213:
2629:
1146:
campesino and EZLN supporter, is executed on the outskirts of the community 6 de August, of the autonomous municipality 17 de November.
421:
2690:
4007:
2918:
856:
2558:
914:, ending the PRI's 71 year grip on the office. His campaign focused on increasing economic growth and ending government corruption.
3740:
3385:
2961:
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1660:
1209:
472:
3520:
4034:
2842:
1018:), the state police assault civilians sympathetic to the EZLN, resulting in 4 deaths, 29 wounded, 27 detained and 300 displaced.
3730:
3320:
2464:
2496:
2291:
1681:
3615:
3514:
2902:
2597:
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2335:
1172:: Violent acts take place during the legislative elections in indigenous regions of Chiapas, principally in San Juan Cancuc,
808:
These developments attracted a lot of international attention and criticism. While human rights organizations emphasized the
414:
182:
3906:
3429:
3390:
3205:
1216:, was found murdered in Mexico City. Elements of the investigation point towards the involvement of the ultra-right group "
1623:
1240:, 160 Tzeltal families were displaced from the biosphere reserve of Montes Azules to the community of Nuevo Montes Azules.
848:, attacked the EZLN, which proved to be politically unpopular, resulting in new peace negotiations that culminated in the
736:
2749:
1176:
and ChenalhĂł. At the federal level, the largest rate of absenteeism was registered in the recent history of the country.
3890:
3578:
3395:
3210:
3200:
1982:
1773:
688:
3720:
2518:
4096:
3313:
2994:
2824:
1722:
1034:: More than 4,500 Indigenous (from "Las Abejas" and Zapatista sympathizers) fled the violence in the municipality of
786:
2861:
1560:
551:
Zapatista-affiliated teacher was killed and 15 more wounded in Chiapas. The armed conflict ended in the late 2010s.
4022:
3770:
3479:
3424:
3407:
3365:
3360:
1433:
1409:
1086:
Center for Human Rights releases a report that says that in the last 6 months in Chiapas there were registered 57
4146:
4141:
4101:
4091:
4044:
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1274:(OPDDIC) were planning to dismantle the autonomous municipality of Olga Isabel, and detain the local authorities.
898:, a member of the PRI, resulting in the national party denying any connection to the killings and to the mayor.
580:
struggles in Mexico, some of which can be attributed to the strict structure of Mexican social classes with the
4126:
3954:
3677:
3464:
1124:, lawyer and human rights defender. More than 80 NGOs demand an expeditious investigation of the assassination.
2783:"Horas de terror en comunidades de Aldama, Chiapas, registraron 26 ataques armados de presuntos paramilitares"
1083:
4121:
4116:
4017:
3785:
2923:
907:
778:
152:
3834:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
2063:"The First Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle and the Plan of Ayala: Laying out a Movement | Zapata Project"
752:
641:
Aldama, in the highlands region of Chiapas, has experienced a territorial dispute dating back to the 1970s.
4151:
3969:
3944:
1361:
1309:
1024:: Attack by anti-Zapatista paramilitaries on the bishops of the Diocese of San CristĂłbal de las Casas near
930:
In March 2001, about 100,000 supporters of the Zapatistas and the rights of indigenous people mobilized in
511:
507:
1532:
3765:
3625:
3499:
3084:
2320:
565:
604:, rebelled against the government and large land tenants due to failures of the authoritarian regime of
4062:
196:
1821:
1066:: In a joint police and military operation, more than a thousand members of the security forces enter
852:
of 1996. This treaty indicated an agreement on the importance of indigenous autonomy and land reform.
3454:
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1250:, due to aggression and threats made by people linked to "Development, Peace, and Justice" (Spanish:
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363:
237:
1594:
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3795:
2367:
1217:
867:
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claims that it has existed since 1983, although it only began to gain traction by the early 1990s.
1944:
961:
891:
3989:
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744:
515:
355:
347:
769:
592:
The same issue appeared amongst the non-Criollo population in later years, especially among the
573:
280:
249:
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Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
3573:
3504:
3370:
3305:
3278:
3007:
3000:
2988:
2871:
2091:
Stahler-Sholk, Richard (2010). "The Zapatista Social Movement: Innovation and Sustainability".
1399:
1331:
1227:
3979:
3600:
3402:
1360:: Paramilitary groups from Santa Martha, ChenalhĂł, carry out 26 attacks against villagers in
798:
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was the government's chief peace negotiator, Subcomandante Marcos was the EZLN's, and Bishop
503:
457:
2949:
849:
70:
3949:
3660:
3549:
3412:
3247:
3051:
1490:"Bienvenidos al Diario Correo – 5 de Febrero del 2008<--- Bad reference: change --->"
833:
821:
696:
617:
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The years after the revolution saw several agrarian reforms, and through Article 27 of the
340:
312:
3156:
30:
8:
3655:
3554:
3375:
3046:
1404:
1308:: At least 500 police violently entered the community of CruztĂłn, in the municipality of
748:
717:
692:
16:
Conflict in southern Mexico between the Mexican government and various left-wing militias
2658:
1652:
4039:
4029:
3630:
3595:
3539:
3380:
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2966:
2944:
2116:
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2000:
1929:
Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988-1995
1740:
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729:
629:
and waters belonging to them or which have been or may be restored to them." Thus, the
597:
569:
526:
499:
467:
452:
3031:
2839:
3865:
3474:
3337:
3104:
3041:
3036:
2849:, The Zapatista Effect: The Internet and the rise of an alternative political fabric.
2820:
2567:
2120:
2033:
1988:
1978:
1779:
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1762:
1728:
1718:
1504:
1414:
1237:
1087:
649:
621:
324:
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3994:
3959:
3918:
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3355:
3263:
3231:
3143:
3129:
3015:
2971:
2488:
2428:"Governing Party in Mexico Denies Any Role in the Massacre of 45 Indians Last Week"
2287:
2100:
817:
491:
284:
2720:"Chiapas: Masojá Shucjá, conmemoraciĂłn de las vĂctimas del conflicto de ´95 y ´96"
1715:
Genealogical fictions: limpieza de sangre, religion, and gender in colonial Mexico
605:
169:
3902:
3341:
3089:
3072:
2954:
2846:
1045:
880:
845:
809:
709:
601:
543:
462:
261:
2691:"Desplazamiento forzado en Chiapas: los impactos de la violencia y la impunidad"
1067:
4012:
3984:
3825:
3672:
3640:
3605:
3566:
2866:
2104:
1143:
581:
130:
1973:
Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (22 September 2004).
4085:
3635:
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2037:
1992:
1732:
1391:
1261:
1025:
957:
813:
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625:
577:
535:
294:
117:
3110:
1783:
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Full chronology mentioning all events relevant to the history of the region
1903:"Killings of environmental and indigenous defenders in Mexico are alarming"
539:
299:
77:
3645:
863:) based on the San Andrés Accords to the EZLN and the federal government.
3544:
1564:
1121:
931:
911:
773:
674:
217:
141:
2112:
1035:
3999:
3682:
2659:"Zapatista teacher dead, 15 seriously wounded in deadly Chiapas ambush"
1653:"Zapatista teacher dead, 15 seriously wounded in deadly Chiapas ambush"
860:
1287:
1190:
by militants of the EZLN for the accused crime of abuse of confidence.
568:, Mexico kept many features of its Spanish colonial system, including
3650:
3620:
3561:
3116:
1247:
890:
Following the killing, the investigation was led by Attorney General
213:
165:
2457:"Vicente Fox Wins Election, Ending PRI's Grip on Mexican Presidency"
600:
of 1910, poor farmers and other marginalized groups, led in part by
3610:
3188:
3094:
740:
406:
1855:"Article 27 and Mexican Land Reform: The Legacy of Zapata's Dream"
1799:
From Insurrection to Revolution: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence
702:
3583:
3470:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
3067:
2259:"Insurgents in Mexico Threaten to Fight if Governor Is Installed"
1822:"Zapatista National Liberation Army | political movement, Mexico"
1184:
Independent Center of Agricultural Workers and Campesinos (CIOAC)
593:
519:
56:
3335:
2901:
2630:"Desplazarse para salvar la vida. Crisis humanitaria en Chiapas"
2139:"Mexican Negotiator Meets Rebels As Former Governor Is Released"
1768:. Chasteen, John Charles, 1955-. Durham: Duke University Press.
3761:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
1624:"Government apologizes for its role in Acteal massacre of 1997"
1524:
884:
547:
105:
1352:
Twenty-eight paramilitary attacks against Aldama Municipality.
1460:"How Mexico's guerrilla army stayed clear of organized crime"
922:
630:
4112:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
926:
Subcomandante Marcos at the March of the Color of the Earth.
859:(COCOPA) presented a proposal of constitutional reform (the
3897:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
3186:
1975:
Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history
663:
2132:
2130:
1340:: 1 soldier killed, 117 "Zapatista sympathizers" arrested.
2750:"Paramilitaries Are Still Murdering Zapatistas in Mexico"
584:
at the top, who were Mexicans of direct Spanish descent.
554:
2362:
2360:
1972:
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and proposed several measures to reform the government.
608:. It is from Zapata that the Zapatistas got their name.
2127:
4132:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
2313:"The History and Importance of the San Andrés Accords"
792:
678:
Subcomandante Marcos (In English: Subcommander Marcos)
2357:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1801:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 327.
3460:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
2862:
Brief history of the conflict in Chiapas (1994–2007)
2288:"Brad Parsons, Mexico: US Bank Orders Hit on Marcos"
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1381:
1070:. The police detain more than 100 community members.
960:
groups frequently made civilian casualties (see the
917:
3885:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
2483:
2481:
2229:"REBELS IN MEXICO SPURN PEACE PLAN FROM GOVERNMENT"
2557:
2489:"Vicente Fox | Biography, Presidency, & Facts"
2013:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1761:
1687:. Institute for Economics and Peace. 18 May 2022.
995:Total casualties during the conflict: 105 killed.
3913:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
2517:Weiner, Ginger Thompson and Tim (12 March 2001).
1578:
1272:Organization for Indigenous and Campesino Defense
942:
901:
4083:
2478:
1509:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
906:On 2 July 2000, the first non-PRI president was
3819:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
3490:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
2336:"In Mexican Village, Signs of Death Hang Heavy"
2199:"Rebel Leader Says Zapatistas Won't Disarm Yet"
1805:
1182:: A series of conflicts between members of the
703:First Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle (1993)
3510:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2598:"Mexico Congress Approves Altered Rights Bill"
2398:"Mexico Charges 16 in Killing of 45 Villagers"
3321:
3172:
2887:
2090:
1848:
1846:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
762:
422:
3495:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
3485:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
2904:Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)
2559:"100,000 welcome Zapatista march on capital"
1931:, 25 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 497 (1996).
2819:. Santa Monica: RAND Corp. pp. 64–66.
2810:
2808:
1214:National School of Anthropology and History
1014:: In San Pedro Nixtalucum (Municipality of
596:population during the 19th century. In the
3328:
3314:
3179:
3165:
2894:
2880:
2777:
2775:
2026:"BLOODY INDIAN REVOLT CONTINUES IN MEXICO"
2005:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1843:
1745:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1546:
1492:. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28
1434:"Desapariciones forzadas del calderonismo"
723:
532:Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional;
429:
415:
29:
3751:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
2919:Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
1764:The contemporary history of Latin America
874:
506:, and the subsequent tension between the
3741:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
3274:Internal conflict in Peru (1980–present)
2962:Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle
2814:
2805:
2595:
2555:
1939:
1937:
1712:
1210:National Autonomous University of Mexico
1186:and Zapatistas, around the detention of
921:
673:
648:
542:incidents increased, culminating in the
473:2006 civil unrest in San Salvador Atenco
3861:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
2817:The Zapatista "Social Netwar" in Mexico
2772:
2519:"Zapatista Rebels Rally in Mexico City"
2136:
1563:. Sipaz.org. 1994-01-01. Archived from
587:
559:
4084:
3731:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2833:
2516:
2425:
2395:
2333:
2305:
2256:
2226:
2196:
2166:
2093:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
1897:
1895:
1796:
1525:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
1440:from the original on 23 September 2015
1208:: Noel Pável González, student at the
555:History and socio-political background
4137:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
3616:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
3515:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
3309:
3279:Insurgency in Paraguay (2005–present)
3160:
2875:
2685:
2683:
2624:
2622:
2137:Depalma, Anthony (17 February 1994).
1934:
1852:
1759:
1046:Massacre by right-wing paramilitaries
991:List of violent incidents (1994–2020)
951:
844:In February 1995, the new President,
839:
410:
183:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
3206:List of conflicts in Central America
2793:from the original on August 23, 2020
2169:"Peacde Discussions Start in Mexico"
1694:from the original on 8 November 2023
857:ComisiĂłn de Concordia y PacificaciĂłn
611:
436:
1892:
793:1995 Zapatista crisis and aftermath
737:North American Free Trade Agreement
653:President Carlos Salinas de Gortari
13:
3891:Convention on Biological Diversity
3211:List of conflicts in South America
3201:List of conflicts in North America
2680:
2619:
2596:Thompson, Ginger (30 April 2001).
1368:
803:
716:(1911), which denounced President
14:
4163:
3919:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
3269:Colombian conflict (1964–present)
2855:
2319:. 1 December 2004. Archived from
1909:from the original on 16 July 2021
1470:from the original on 29 June 2020
918:March on the capital (March 2001)
787:Institutional Revolutionary Party
364:State and municipal police forces
4058:
4057:
3771:Government of the Sakha Republic
3480:Indigenous Environmental Network
3361:Free, prior and informed consent
3248:Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)
2426:Fisher, Ian (29 December 1997).
2396:Fisher, Ian (27 December 1997).
2334:Fisher, Ian (25 December 1997).
2167:Golden, Tim (22 February 1994).
1859:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
1410:Index of Mexico-related articles
1384:
937:La Marcha del Color de la Tierra
879:In the months leading up to the
318:
306:
293:
274:
267:
255:
243:
231:
206:
190:
176:
159:
146:
135:
124:
110:
98:
4045:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3907:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
3591:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
3264:Mapuche conflict (1997–present)
3232:Mexican Drug War (2006–present)
2760:from the original on 2016-01-27
2742:
2730:from the original on 2014-09-17
2712:
2701:from the original on 2022-05-13
2695:CDH Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas
2669:from the original on 2020-06-29
2651:
2640:from the original on 2022-05-22
2634:CDH Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas
2608:from the original on 2018-11-18
2589:
2578:from the original on 2022-01-12
2556:Buchanan, Ronald (2001-03-13).
2549:
2540:
2529:from the original on 2018-11-18
2510:
2499:from the original on 2018-11-17
2467:from the original on 2018-11-17
2449:
2438:from the original on 2018-11-17
2419:
2408:from the original on 2018-11-17
2389:
2378:from the original on 2018-11-17
2346:from the original on 2018-11-17
2327:
2294:from the original on 2016-03-03
2280:
2269:from the original on 2018-11-16
2257:Golden, Tim (18 October 1994).
2250:
2239:from the original on 2018-11-16
2220:
2209:from the original on 2018-11-16
2190:
2179:from the original on 2018-11-16
2160:
2149:from the original on 2018-12-18
2084:
2073:from the original on 2018-10-20
2055:
2044:from the original on 2018-11-16
1966:
1955:from the original on 2018-10-20
1921:
1880:
1869:from the original on 2019-12-29
1832:from the original on 2021-05-05
1790:
1760:Tulio, HalperĂn Donghi (1993).
1753:
1706:
1663:from the original on 2020-06-29
1634:from the original on 2021-07-11
1605:from the original on 2011-03-26
1535:from the original on 2021-06-27
624:was abolished and the right to
3955:2009 Peruvian political crisis
3465:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1713:MartĂnez, MarĂa Elena (2008).
1674:
1645:
1616:
1517:
1482:
1452:
1426:
943:EZLN dialogue suspended (2003)
902:PRI power downfall (2000–2001)
836:or other leaders of the EZLN.
812:of the indigenous population,
644:
1:
3786:Council of Indigenous Peoples
2924:Zapatista coffee cooperatives
2197:Golden, Tim (18 March 1994).
1561:"sipaz.org/crono/proceng.htm"
1420:
689:AbsalĂłn Castellanos DomĂnguez
522:from the 1990s to the 2010s.
153:Jalisco New Generation Cartel
3970:Expulsion of the Chagossians
3227:Chiapas conflict (1994–2014)
2227:Golden, Tim (13 June 1994).
1362:Aldama Municipality, Chiapas
1094:First two weeks of June 1999
7:
3766:Government of Bashkortostan
3631:American Indian reservation
3500:Native American Rights Fund
1377:
1160:Attorney General of Chiapas
1084:Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
1028:, Northern zone of Chiapas.
682:
669:
566:Mexican War of Independence
10:
4168:
3721:Fundação Nacional do Índio
2105:10.1177/030437541003500306
1006:Throughout 1995 & 1996
866:On 21 March 1999, several
824:) stated in January 1995:
796:
763:Initial peace negotiations
753:San CristĂłbal de las Casas
727:
197:Popular Revolutionary Army
4053:
3937:
3874:
3849:
3806:
3698:
3691:
3532:
3455:Assembly of First Nations
3440:
3348:
3287:
3256:
3240:
3219:
3196:
3191:conflicts in the Americas
3125:
3060:
3024:
2980:
2932:
2911:
1682:"Mexico Peace Index 2022"
1595:"Zapatista Timeline 1994"
1252:Desarollo, Paz y Justicia
1236:: In the municipality of
660:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
448:
400:
387:
374:
331:
238:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
224:
90:
39:
28:
23:
4097:20th-century revolutions
3945:Chechen–Russian conflict
3796:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2815:Ronfeldt, David (1999).
1977:. Santa Barbara, Calif.
1853:Kelly, James J. (1994).
1717:. Stanford, California.
1290:), in the Northern Zone.
1158:: Declarations from the
636:
3990:Little Danes experiment
3776:Government of Tatarstan
3443:political organizations
2789:(in European Spanish).
2493:Encyclopedia Britannica
1826:Encyclopedia Britannica
1346:: 1 killed, 15 wounded.
1120:: The assassination of
724:1994 Zapatista uprising
500:1994 Zapatista uprising
4147:21st century in Mexico
4142:20th century in Mexico
4102:21st-century conflicts
4092:20th-century conflicts
3975:High Arctic relocation
3877:Declarations of Rights
3574:Cultural appropriation
3505:Survival International
3008:The Uncomfortable Dead
3001:Our Word Is Our Weapon
2989:A Place Called Chiapas
1400:A Place Called Chiapas
1180:September/October 2003
1164:Mariano Herrán Salvati
927:
875:Acteal massacre (1997)
830:
783:Eduardo Robledo RincĂłn
679:
654:
225:Commanders and leaders
4127:Wars involving Mexico
3980:Human rights in Tibet
3707:Aotearoa-New Zealand
3601:Fortress conservation
3403:Traditional knowledge
3366:Intellectual property
1797:Tutino, John (1986).
1188:ArmĂn Morales JimĂ©nez
1142:: José López Santiz,
925:
892:Jorge Madrazo Cuéllar
826:
799:1995 Zapatista Crisis
677:
652:
504:1995 Zapatista crisis
388:Casualties and losses
4122:Separatism in Mexico
4117:Rebellions in Mexico
4004:Residential schools
3950:Sri Lankan Civil War
3692:Legal representation
3661:Urban Indian reserve
3550:Internal colonialism
3441:Non-governmental and
3396:in the United States
3052:Subcomandante Marcos
2374:. 25 December 1997.
2290:. Hartford-hwp.com.
1945:"Zapatista Timeline"
1464:www.insightcrime.org
1358:14 to 17 August 2020
1032:End of November 1997
834:subcomandante Marcos
822:Chase Manhattan Bank
770:Manuel Camacho SolĂs
697:Subcomandante Marcos
618:Mexican Constitution
588:Revolutionary Mexico
560:Post-colonial Mexico
544:killing of 45 people
496:Conflicto de Chiapas
313:Subcomandante Marcos
281:Arturo Guzmán Decena
250:Manuel Camacho SolĂs
80:conflicts until 2020
35:The State of Chiapas
4152:Anarchism in Mexico
3555:Settler colonialism
3047:Subcomandante Elisa
2663:Schools for Chiapas
2461:Wall Street Journal
1949:Schools for Chiapas
1657:Schools for Chiapas
1405:A Massacre Foretold
1350:15 to 17 July 2020:
1310:Venustiano Carranza
1228:Marqués de Comillas
693:Governor of Chiapas
516:subsistence farmers
498:) consisted of the
401:In total 316 deaths
283:(Until 1997)
4040:Stolen Generations
3841:BBNJ ABS Committee
3596:Discovery doctrine
3540:Civilizing mission
3381:Self-determination
2967:The Other Campaign
2950:San Andrés Accords
2945:Zapatista uprising
2845:2014-08-04 at the
2602:The New York Times
2523:The New York Times
2432:The New York Times
2402:The New York Times
2372:The New York Times
2368:"Death in Chiapas"
2340:The New York Times
2263:The New York Times
2233:The New York Times
2203:The New York Times
2173:The New York Times
2143:The New York Times
1466:. 9 January 2012.
1088:summary executions
1000:January 1–12, 1994
952:Later developments
928:
896:Jacinto Arias Cruz
850:San Andrés Accords
840:Peace negotiations
774:Samuel Ruiz GarcĂa
730:Zapatista uprising
680:
655:
598:Mexican Revolution
570:limpieza de sangre
546:in the village of
527:Zapatista uprising
512:indigenous peoples
468:The Other Campaign
453:Zapatista uprising
71:San Andrés Accords
4079:
4078:
4064:Indigenous rights
3933:
3932:
3866:Indigenous Caucus
3807:Intergovernmental
3656:Russian republics
3626:Autonomous okrugs
3475:Cultural Survival
3303:
3302:
3154:
3153:
3105:Women in the EZLN
3042:Comandanta Ramona
3037:Comandanta Esther
2067:zapataproject.org
1927:Jorge A. Vargas,
1628:Mexico News Daily
1415:Women in the EZLN
1270:: Members of the
687:In 1982, General
622:encomienda system
612:Democratic Mexico
481:
480:
405:
404:
325:Comandanta Ramona
86:
85:
4159:
4061:
4060:
3995:Mapuche conflict
3965:Chiapas conflict
3960:Alta controversy
3938:Historical cases
3696:
3695:
3678:Rainbow Warriors
3668:Manifest destiny
3356:Ancestral domain
3330:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3146:
3145:Socialism portal
3139:
3132:
3131:Anarchism portal
3016:Radio Insurgente
2972:Journey for Life
2940:Chiapas conflict
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1996:
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1905:. 15 July 2021.
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1294:13 November 2006
1268:Mid October 2005
1258:6 September 2005
1156:2 September 2002
1112:13 November 2000
1042:22 December 1997
818:Emerging Markets
816:(adviser to the
779:Mexican Election
718:Francisco Madero
488:Chiapas conflict
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3090:Lacandon Jungle
3073:Emiliano Zapata
3056:
3032:Major Ana MarĂa
3020:
2976:
2955:Acteal massacre
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2847:Wayback Machine
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1427:
1423:
1390:
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1383:
1380:
1371:
1369:Media influence
1338:2 February 2011
1278:2 November 2005
1234:23 January 2005
1194:22 January 2004
1128:7 December 2001
1118:19 October 2001
1106:18 October 2000
1022:4 November 1997
993:
954:
945:
920:
904:
881:Acteal massacre
877:
846:Ernesto Zedillo
842:
810:marginalization
806:
804:Media attention
801:
795:
765:
732:
726:
710:Emiliano Zapata
705:
685:
672:
647:
639:
614:
602:Emiliano Zapata
590:
562:
557:
484:
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477:
463:Acteal massacre
444:
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435:
358:
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3997:
3992:
3987:
3985:Indian removal
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3850:Indigenous-led
3847:
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3711:Te Puni KĹŤkiri
3704:
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3693:
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3680:
3675:
3673:Plastic shaman
3670:
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3641:Indian reserve
3638:
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3608:
3606:Green grabbing
3603:
3598:
3593:
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3586:
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3579:Sports mascots
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3452:
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3438:
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3430:in New Zealand
3427:
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3336:International
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3102:
3097:
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3079:EstaciĂłn Libre
3075:
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3061:Related topics
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2856:External links
2854:
2852:
2851:
2832:
2825:
2804:
2771:
2756:. 2014-05-21.
2741:
2726:. 2011-10-04.
2711:
2697:(in Spanish).
2679:
2665:. 2014-05-07.
2650:
2636:(in Spanish).
2618:
2588:
2548:
2539:
2509:
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2326:
2323:on 2007-02-06.
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2099:(3): 269–290.
2083:
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2032:. 1994-01-04.
2012:
1984:978-1851095179
1983:
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1951:. 2014-06-19.
1933:
1920:
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1887:Mexican Const.
1879:
1842:
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1659:. 2014-05-07.
1644:
1630:. 2020-09-04.
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1567:on 2012-01-19
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1012:14 March 1997
1010:
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1001:
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958:para-military
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913:
909:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
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869:
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858:
855:In 1996, the
853:
851:
847:
837:
835:
829:
825:
823:
820:Group of the
819:
815:
814:Riordan Roett
811:
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665:
661:
651:
642:
634:
632:
627:
626:communal land
623:
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609:
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606:Porfirio DĂaz
603:
599:
595:
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583:
579:
578:social rights
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536:peace process
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508:Mexican state
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