590:
marriages of minors can be null and void before they reach adulthood. All valuables, money, and gifts must be returned if the marriage is nullified, and the girl must be provided with a place of residency until she marries or becomes an adult. Children born from child marriages are considered legitimate, and the courts are expected to give parental custody with the children's best interests in mind. Any male over 18 years of age who enters into a marriage with a minor or anyone who directs or conducts a child marriage ceremony can be punished with up to two years of imprisonment or a fine.
608:
example, ruled that
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 overrides all personal laws and governs each and every citizen of India The ruling stated that an under-age marriage, where either the man or woman is over 16 years old, would not be a void marriage but voidable one, which would become valid if no steps are taken by such court as has option to order otherwise. In case either of the parties is less than 18 years old, the marriage is void, given the age of consent is 18 in India, sex with minors under the age of 18 is a statutory crime under Section 376 of Indian Penal Code.
569:, or both. The punishment for a male above 21 years of age became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine. The punishment for anyone who performed or directed a child marriage ceremony became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine, unless he could prove the marriage he performed was not a child marriage. The punishment for a parent or guardian of a child taking place in the marriage became imprisonment of up to three months or a possible fine. It was amended in 1940 and 1978 to continue raising the ages of male and female children.
518:, which is collected every year. However, since the people know that child marriage is illegal in India, so they are less likely to tell the authorities that they have broken the law. Dhuwarakha Sriram, child protection specialist at UNICEF India, says that "everyone knows that there is underreporting in India – even the UNICEF is aware of it". According to Sriram, people are aware of the illegal age of marriage in India, so they are less likely to tell the truth, which in turn leads to underreporting.
83:
25:
802:
very effective in keeping girls in school and getting them immunized, but we don’t yet have proof that this strategy works for preventing marriage," said
Pranita Achyut, the program manager for Apni Beti, Apna Dhan. "If Haryana state’s approach proves to be valuable, it could potentially be scaled up to make a significant difference in many more girls' lives – and not only in India."
675:, and because of this, pregnancy-related deaths are known to be the leading cause of mortality among married girls between 15 and 19 years of age. These girls are twice more likely to die in childbirth than girls between 20 and 24 years of age. Girls younger than 15 years of age are five times more likely to die in childbirth.
653:(CEDAW) is an international bill attempting to end discrimination against women. Article 16, Marriage and Family Life, states that all women, as well as men, have the right to choose their spouse, to have the same responsibilities, and to decide on how many children and the spacing between them. This convention states that
148:
prevention laws have been challenged in Indian courts, with some Muslim Indian organizations seeking no minimum age and that the age matter be left to their personal law. Child marriage is an active political subject as well as a subject of continuing cases under review in the highest courts of India.
195:
The 1929 law for non-Muslims was amended twice after India gained independence in 1947. In 1949, the minimum age for girls was increased to 15, and in 1978 the minimum age was increased for both genders: to 18 for females and 21 for males. The applicability and permissibility of child marriage among
607:
Muslim organizations of India have long argued that Indian laws passed by its parliament, such as the 2006 child marriage law, do not apply to
Muslims, because marriage is a personal law subject. The Delhi High Court, as well as other state high courts of India, have disagreed. The Delhi Court, for
577:
In response to the plea (Writ
Petition (C) 212/2003) of the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy at the Supreme Court, the Government of India brought the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) in 2006, and it came into effect on 1 November 2007 to address and fix the shortcomings of
528:
have developed ways of evading the law. For example, marriage ceremonies for underage persons will be held at night, with small groups of people attending. This reduces the chance of neighbours or relatives alerting authorities. Once the marriage has taken place, the underage bride remains with her
378:
The small sample surveys have different methods of estimating overall child marriages in India, some using multi-year basis data. For example, NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 data for 2005 mentioned in above table, used a survey of women aged 20–24, where they were asked if they were married before they were 18.
124:
has counted and reported married women by age, with proportion of females in child marriage falling in each 10 year census period since 1981. In its 2001 census report, India stated at least a few married girls below the age of 10, 1.4 million married girls out of 59.2 million girls aged 10–14, and
801:
will evaluate Apni Beti, Apna Dhan over the course of the year 2012, when the program's initial participants turn 18, to see if the programme, particularly the cash incentive, has motivated parents to delay their daughters' marriages. "We have evidence that conditional cash transfer programmes are
635:
within prohibited Child
Marriages in India. Marital rape per se is not a crime in India; but the position with regard to children is confusing. While the exception under the criminal law (section 375, Indian Penal Code, 1860) applicable to adults puts an exception and allows marital rape of a girl
599:
increasing the age of marriage, it will eliminate the prevalence of child marriage. Shortly after the bill was introduced, Women and Child
Development Minister Smriti Irani stated that the bill aims to supersede all current laws, including any traditions, customs, or practices related to marriage.
497:
The states with highest observed marriage rates for under-18 girls in 2009, according to a
Registrar General of India report, were Jharkhand (14.1%), West Bengal (13.6%), Bihar (9.3%), Uttar Pradesh (8.9%) and Assam (8.8%). According to this report, despite sharp reductions in child marriage rates
215:
has been claimed by some as a personal law subject but has been ruled by various courts that it applies to
Muslims also. For all others, The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006 defines "child marriage" means a marriage, or a marriage about to be solemnized, to which either of the contracting
147:
Act was passed in 1937 that allowed child marriages with consent from a girl's guardian. After India's independence in 1947, the act underwent two revisions. The minimum legal age for marriage was increased to 15 for girls in 1949, and to 18 for females and 21 for males in 1978. The child marriage
640:
in
October 2017 and it declares that sexual intercourse with all wives below 18 years of age shall be considered as rape; another new and progressive legislation Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 disallows any such sexual relationships and puts such crimes with marriages as an
598:
In
December 2021, the Indian Government presented a bill called the 'Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021' in Parliament. The purpose of this bill is to equalize the age of marriage for women with that of men by raising it to 21 years. The underlying premise of the Bill is that by
513:
report might not be reflecting reality on the ground and the numbers are likely not as low as they appear in the report". They state that the data relating to child marriage is colled by local government and not by UNICEF. In India, the government ask about the age of bride and groom as a part of
191:
in 1929, which set the minimum age of marriage for females to be 14 and males 18. The law was opposed by Muslims and subsequently superseded for Muslims of British India by the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937, which implied no minimum limit and allowed parental or guardian
657:
should not have a legal effect, all action must be taken to enforce a minimum age, and that all marriages must be put into an official registry. India signed the convention on 30 July 1980 but made the declaration that, because of the nation's size and population, it is impractical to have a
589:
This Act kept the ages of adult males and females the same but made some significant changes to further protect the children. Boys and girls forced into child marriages as minors have the option of voiding their marriage up to two years after reaching adulthood, and in certain circumstances,
529:
parents until she reaches puberty. This way, even if the authorities have been tipped off, the families can deny any wrongdoing. Bharti states in addition to this, 'in some parts of India, authorities are not always interested and child marriage may be accepted as a part of the culture.
382:
According to UNICEF report published in 2005–06, child marriage rates in India were estimated to be around 47%. This figure declined to 27% in 2015–16 according to a new report published by UNICEF. UNICEF also reported that the child marriage was wide spread in three Indian states
379:
The NFHS-3 also surveyed older women, up to the age of 49, asking the same question. The survey found that many more 40–49 were married before they turned 18, than 20–24 age women who were interviewed. In 1970s, the minimum legal age of marriage, in India, for women was 15.
562:. This Act defined the age of marriage to be 18 for males and 14 for females. In 1949, after India's independence, the minimum age was increased to 15 for females, and in 1978, it was increased again for both females and males, to 18 and 21 years, respectively.
142:
Child marriage was outlawed in 1929, under Indian law. However, in British colonial times, the legal minimum age of marriage was set at 14 for girls and 18 for boys. Under protests from Muslim organizations in undivided British India, a personal law
712:
prior to having their first child. 23.9% reported having a child within the first year of marriage. 17.3% reported having three or more children over the course of the marriage. 23% reported a rapid repeat childbirth, and 15.2% reported an
235:
as a formal marriage or informal union before 18 years of age, because it can lead to a lifetime of suffering for girls who are more likely to experience domestic violence or die due to complications in pregnancy and childbirth.
749:
showed that girls married before 18 years of age are twice as likely to be beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbands and three times more likely to experience sexual violence. Young brides often show symptoms of
498:
since 1991, still 7% of women passing the age of 18 in India were married as of 2009. UNICEF India has played a significant role in highlighting the Indian child marriage rate prevalence data from its 1990s study.
683:
Infants born to mothers under the age of 18 are 60% more likely to die in their first year than to mothers over the age of 19. If the children survive, they are more likely to suffer from low birth weight,
586:, rather than restraining it. The previous Act also made it difficult and time consuming to act against child marriages and did not focus on authorities as possible figures for preventing the marriages.
650:
1310:
794:
and adolescent girls said of this programme, "No other conditional cash transfer has this focus of delaying marriage... It's an incentive to encourage parents to value their daughters."
1685:
501:
According to 2011 nationwide census of India, the average age of marriage for women is 21.2. In the age group 15–19, 69.6% of all women surveyed in India had never been married.
1015:
1553:
1030:
139:
was reported to be the only state with lowest child marriage cases at 0.4% in 2009. Rural rates of child marriages were three times higher than urban India rates in 2009.
1635:
1423:
1272:
1297:
196:
Muslims under the 1937 Act, under India's Constitution adopted in 1950, remains a controversial subject, with a series of Supreme Court cases and rulings.
135:
is the state with highest child marriage rates in India (14.1%), while Kerala is the only state where child marriage rates have increased in recent years.
1809:"Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study"
1220:"Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study"
636:
child between the age of 15–18 years by her husband. However this provision of exception has been read down by the Supreme Court of India in the case of
1653:
1617:
1870:
United States Agency for International Development, 2007, "New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global Analysis of Factors and Programs," pg. 9
1568:
970:
240:
proposes that child marriage be defined as a forced marriage because they believe children under age are incapable of giving a legally valid consent.
1915:
701:
2336:
1689:
887:
1381:
1369:
Chapter 2, Population Composition, Table Statement 13, India totals for All ages, 2011 Census of India, Government of India (2013), page 27
2502:
200:
1710:
Chandrasekhar, S., 2010, "Factors Affecting Age and Marriage and Age at First Birth in India," Journal of Quantitative Economics, pg. 83
220:
for purposes of marriage is defined based on gender of the person – if a male, it is 21 years of age, and if a female, 18 years of age.
163:
program dedicated to delaying young marriages by providing a government paid bond in her name, payable to her parents, in the amount of
798:
746:
1086:
1504:
45:
1769:
1156:
1797:
Hervish, Alexandra, Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, 2011, "Who Speaks for Me? Ending Child Marriage," Population Reference Bureau, page 2
1738:
1012:
1116:
207:
and the renoucants of the union territory of Puducherry. For Muslims of India, child marriage definition and regulations based on
1473:
1027:
745:
are more likely to experience domestic violence in their marriages as opposed to older women. A study conducted in India by the
398:
Javier Aguilar, UNICEF’s chief of child protection, stated that the India accounts for the highest number of child marriages in
704:
and Macro International in 2005 and 2006 showed high fertility, low fertility control, and poor fertility outcomes data within
790:
25,000, or US$ 350, after her 18 birthday. She can only receive the money if she is not married. Anju Malhotra, an expert on
2533:
2100:
1908:
927:
509:
Several activists have expressed skepticism regarding the decline in child marriage cases in India. They believe that "the
836:
1333:
Jasodhara Bagchi et al., The Changing Status of Women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: The Challenge Ahead, SAGE Publications,
565:
The punishment for a male between 18 and 21 years marrying a child became imprisonment of up to 15 days, a fine of 1,000
1138:
1060:
2616:
1338:
1366:
1350:
550:. It was enacted on 1 April 1930, extended across the whole nation, with the exceptions of some princely states like
67:
2611:
2105:
1592:
985:
782:
500, or US$ 11 within the first 15 days to cover their post-delivery needs. Along with this, the government gives
2308:
2024:
1901:
948:
34:
865:
2512:
2507:
106:
900:
786:
2,500, or US$ 35, to invest in a long-term savings bond in the daughter's name, which can be later cashed for
2356:
2072:
1950:
2575:
2495:
2394:
2085:
1469:
579:
543:
188:
868:
Subtable C0402, India Total Females Married by Age Group, 2001 Census of India, Government of India (2009)
2442:
2346:
2207:
2009:
1940:
1671:
1182:
1201:
2384:
2285:
2255:
2197:
2126:
2095:
2039:
1987:
2590:
2341:
2202:
767:
204:
160:
136:
2404:
2389:
2328:
2265:
2212:
2136:
1883:
1397:
766:
Apni Beti, Apna Dhan (ABAD), which translates to "My daughter, My wealth", is one of India's first
131:
reported that 'since 2001, child marriage rates in India have fallen by 46% between 2005 and 2009.
116:. Estimates vary widely between sources as to the extent and scale of child marriages. A 2015–2016
1378:
2002:
1970:
1082:
151:
Several states of India have introduced incentives to delay marriages. For example, the state of
1351:
Percentage of Female by age at effective marriage and by residence India and bigger States, 2011
2558:
1997:
1924:
1856:
Chandrasekhar, S (2010). "Factors Affecting Age and Marriage and Age at First Birth in India".
1400:, International Institute for Population Sciences and Government of India (2009), see Table 6.1
38:
997:
2580:
2570:
2472:
2457:
2399:
2295:
2270:
2182:
2131:
2121:
2080:
2034:
2029:
1965:
1108:
755:
718:
689:
2553:
2318:
1992:
1960:
616:
1511:
623:– have ruled that the act prevails over any personal law (including Muslim personal law).
49:
8:
2585:
2490:
2429:
2374:
2351:
1037:
The Gazette of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India (January 11, 2007)
672:
1742:
2563:
2548:
2517:
2419:
2409:
2192:
2156:
2049:
2019:
1980:
1833:
1808:
1773:
1244:
1219:
1160:
714:
612:
1824:
1235:
2543:
2447:
2437:
2260:
2177:
2161:
2090:
2057:
1838:
1569:"Modi govt introduces bill to increase women's marriage age to 21 years in Lok Sabha"
1334:
1249:
816:
771:
620:
98:
778:. On the birth of a mother's first, second, or third child, they are set to receive
2538:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2379:
1975:
1932:
1828:
1820:
1367:
Mean age at effective marriage of Female by residence India and bigger States, 2011
1239:
1231:
1052:
2062:
2280:
1955:
1945:
1385:
1205:
1034:
931:
770:
programmes dedicated to delaying young marriages across the nation. In 1994, the
705:
551:
515:
121:
101:
where the woman and man both are younger than 21 years of age respectively. Most
924:
2482:
2414:
2366:
2303:
2222:
2151:
2014:
1311:"India's child marriage numbers drop sharply, driving down global rate: UNICEF"
811:
791:
742:
654:
583:
547:
232:
127:
102:
2605:
2275:
2235:
1537:"Child Marriage in India: Mapping the Trajectory of Legal Reforms at Sanhati"
709:
582:. The change in name was meant to reflect the prevention and prohibition of
2141:
1842:
1388:
CSO/Census India 2011, Government of India, See page xxi, Highlights item 5
1253:
986:
Muzaffar Ali Sajjad And Ors. vs State Of Andhra Pradesh on 9 November, 2001
751:
726:
685:
632:
521:
248:
Child marriage rate estimates in India vary significantly between sources.
82:
1654:"Madras HC says anti-child marriage act prevails over Muslim Personal Law"
1424:"UNICEF's Good News About Child Marriage Isn't Quite As Good As It Sounds"
651:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
2250:
2245:
2230:
2146:
1893:
1720:
722:
392:
1636:"Child Marriage Act overrides Muslim Personal Law: Karnataka high court"
1353:
Chapter 2, Population Composition, Table Statement 12, India totals for
1183:"United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics"
524:, who runs a non-government organization called Saarthi, says people in
593:
399:
184:
159:
program in 1994, which translates to "My daughter, My wealth". It is a
94:
1083:"Child marriage is a violation of human rights, but is all too common"
1618:"Prohibition of Child Marriage Act to prevail over personal laws: HC"
1536:
1455:
730:
671:
Girls who marry earlier in life are less likely to be informed about
525:
384:
132:
199:
The definition of child marriage was last updated by India with its
2240:
546:, also called the Sarda Act, was a law to restrict the practice of
395:) and there is a 40% prevalence of child marriage in these states.
237:
1456:"Child Marriage in India: Mapping the Trajectory of Legal Reforms"
775:
559:
152:
125:
11.3 million married girls out of 46.3 million girls aged 15–19.
1477:
1298:
23 million child brides in India, Supreme Court expresses dismay
566:
510:
345:
328:
228:
208:
144:
117:
1273:"Child marriage widespread in Bihar and Bengal: Unicef report"
572:
120:
report estimated that India's child marriage rate is 27%. The
2313:
1218:
Raj, A.; Saggurti, N.; Balaiah, D.; Silverman, J. G. (2009).
1198:
942:
940:
555:
388:
212:
113:
1772:. International Center for Research on Women. Archived from
1593:
Mrs. Tahra Begum vs State Of Delhi & Ors. on 9 May, 2012
733:). Fertility rates are higher in slums than in urban areas.
1806:
1357:, 2011 Census of India, Government of India (2013), page 26
1217:
537:
1886:. International Center for Research on Women. 26 May 2011.
1013:
Child Marriage in India: Achievements, Gaps and Challenges
937:
170:(US$ 300), after her 18th birthday if she is not married.
1208:
Ministry of Women and Child Welfare, Govt of India (2007)
1807:
Raj, A; Saggurti, N; Balaiah, D; Silverman, JG (2009).
837:"Ending Child Marriage: A profile of progress in India"
294:
1595:
Archive of Legal Proceedings, Delhi High Court, India
1199:
A Handbook of Statistical Indicators of Indian Women
946:
860:
858:
708:. 90.8% of young married women reported no use of a
594:
Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021
611:Various other High courts in India – including the
203:, which applies to all Indians except the state of
626:
1878:
1876:
1793:
1791:
1764:
1762:
1760:
855:
661:
2603:
1453:
173:
702:International Institute for Population Sciences
1873:
1788:
1757:
532:
1909:
1855:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1028:The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006
405:
201:The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006
1672:"CEDAW 29th Session 30 June to 25 July 2003"
1554:"Policy Initiative to Check Child Marriages"
1341:, Table 1.10, page 29, rows for India totals
1449:
1447:
1445:
774:implemented this programme in the state of
573:The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
1923:
1916:
1902:
1492:
1308:
1194:
1192:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1008:
1006:
888:Nearly 50% fall in brides married below 18
799:International Centre for Research on Women
747:International Centre for Research on Women
631:There is a standing legal confusion as to
183:Child marriage is a complex subject under
48:. Please do not remove this message until
1832:
1739:"Early marriage: A childhood interrupted"
1344:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1243:
1139:"Definition of forced and child marriage"
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
251:
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2513:Social impact of Indian television drama
1442:
981:
979:
761:
666:
538:The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929
81:
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1474:Ministry of Women and Child Development
1329:
1327:
1189:
1040:
1021:
1003:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
866:Table C-2 Marital Status by Age and Sex
2604:
1603:
1601:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1260:
1149:
998:The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
965:
963:
961:
959:
890:The Times of India (February 10, 2012)
871:
192:consent in case of Muslim marriages.
1897:
1548:
1546:
1398:National Family Health Survey – India
976:
695:
638:Independent Thought v. Union of India
105:involve women, many of whom are poor
1721:"Statistics by Area- Child Marriage"
1324:
1175:
1089:from the original on 27 October 2018
969:M.G. Radhakrishnan and J. Binduraj,
906:
18:
1598:
1566:
1403:
956:
13:
1884:"Child Marriage Facts and Figures"
1770:"Child Marriage Facts and Figures"
1543:
1470:"The Child Marriage Restraint Act"
1157:"Child Marriage Facts and Figures"
947:Sudhir Rao, Advocate, ed. (2024),
934:University of San Francisco (2009)
700:A study conducted in India by the
14:
2628:
1858:Journal of Quantitative Economics
1309:Srivastava, Roli (6 March 2018).
1119:from the original on 22 July 2021
1109:"Child marriage around the world"
1063:from the original on 28 July 2020
112:Child marriages are prevalent in
988:Andhra Pradesh High Court, India
678:
602:
23:
2337:Proposed states and territories
1864:
1849:
1800:
1731:
1713:
1704:
1678:
1664:
1646:
1628:
1610:
1586:
1560:
1529:
1462:
1391:
1372:
1360:
1302:
1291:
1211:
1131:
1101:
1075:
627:Legal action on legal confusion
402:given its size and population.
991:
901:Child marriages high in Kerala
893:
829:
662:Consequences of child marriage
1:
1825:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60246-4
1236:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60246-4
950:Legal Age Marriage India 2024
903:Deccan Herald (June 19, 2013)
822:
243:
174:Definitions of child marriage
580:Child Marriage Restraint Act
544:Child Marriage Restraint Act
504:
485:
482:
469:
466:
453:
450:
437:
434:
367:
364:
352:
349:
335:
332:
317:
314:
301:
298:
283:
280:
189:Child Marriage Restraint Act
86:Child Marriage India by SDRC
7:
2101:Water supply and sanitation
1379:Women and men in India 2012
805:
736:
658:registration of marriages.
533:Laws against child marriage
50:conditions to do so are met
10:
2633:
1988:Public distribution system
973:India Today (July 5, 2013)
406:Indian government estimate
2617:Child marriage by country
2526:
2503:Films about social issues
2481:
2428:
2365:
2327:
2294:
2221:
2170:
2114:
2071:
2048:
1931:
1454:Goswami, Ruchira (2010).
768:conditional cash transfer
161:conditional cash transfer
107:socio-economic conditions
1741:. UNICEF. Archived from
1607:2012 JCC Page No. 2148
1567:PTI (21 December 2021).
971:In a league of their own
688:, and late physical and
644:
223:
216:parties is a child; and
187:. It was defined by The
178:
16:Child marriages in India
2612:Child marriage in India
1971:National Pension System
1505:"Unicef India – UNICEF"
1384:12 October 2013 at the
1033:27 January 2018 at the
925:Child marriage in India
91:Child marriage in India
2309:Caste-related violence
2025:Universal basic income
1925:Social issues in India
1472:. Government of India
252:UN and other estimates
87:
2508:Freedom of expression
762:Prevention programmes
756:post-traumatic stress
719:pregnancy termination
690:cognitive development
667:Early maternal deaths
85:
2357:Separatist movements
1624:. 25 September 2015.
1204:14 July 2014 at the
930:14 July 2014 at the
641:aggravated offense.
617:Karnataka High Court
157:Apni Beti, Apna Dhan
2395:Illegal immigration
2040:Widening income gap
1642:. 27 February 2013.
1230:(9678): 1883–1889.
717:. 15.3% reported a
673:reproductive issues
321:small sample survey
305:small sample survey
287:small sample survey
93:, according to the
37:of this article is
2347:Religious violence
2208:Female infanticide
2193:Child prostitution
2010:Standard of living
1640:The Times of India
1622:The Indian Express
1517:on 21 October 2014
1279:. 12 February 2019
843:. 28 February 2019
715:unwanted pregnancy
696:Fertility outcomes
613:Gujarat High Court
88:
2599:
2598:
2385:Human trafficking
2198:Child trafficking
2127:Domestic violence
2096:Natural disasters
2091:Manual scavenging
1951:Farmers' suicides
1776:on 28 August 2018
1745:on 14 August 2011
1692:on 23 August 2012
1163:on 28 August 2018
817:Teenage pregnancy
772:Indian government
741:Young girls in a
621:Madras High Court
495:
494:
489:Nationwide census
473:Nationwide census
457:Nationwide census
441:Nationwide census
416:% Females married
376:
375:
262:% Females married
205:Jammu and Kashmir
137:Jammu and Kashmir
78:
77:
70:
2624:
2591:Police brutality
2380:Groom kidnapping
2342:Ethnic relations
2203:Female foeticide
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1819:(9678): 1883–9.
1804:
1798:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1510:. Archived from
1509:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:on 27 March 2012
1476:. Archived from
1466:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1159:. Archived from
1153:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:"Child marriage"
1049:
1038:
1025:
1019:
1018:, United Nations
1010:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
974:
967:
954:
953:
944:
935:
921:
904:
897:
891:
884:
869:
862:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
789:
785:
781:
410:
409:
256:
255:
169:
167:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2522:
2477:
2424:
2405:Organised crime
2390:Illegal housing
2361:
2323:
2290:
2266:Menstrual taboo
2217:
2213:Street children
2166:
2137:Family planning
2110:
2067:
2044:
1927:
1922:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1660:. 1 April 2015.
1652:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1452:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1430:. 14 March 2018
1422:
1421:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1386:Wayback Machine
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1332:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1216:
1212:
1206:Wayback Machine
1197:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1035:Wayback Machine
1026:
1022:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
977:
968:
957:
945:
938:
932:Wayback Machine
923:Hilary Amster,
922:
907:
898:
894:
885:
872:
863:
856:
846:
844:
835:
834:
830:
825:
808:
787:
783:
779:
764:
739:
706:child marriages
698:
681:
669:
664:
647:
629:
605:
596:
575:
540:
535:
507:
480:Census of India
464:Census of India
448:Census of India
432:Census of India
424:Sampling method
417:
408:
270:Sampling method
263:
254:
246:
226:
181:
176:
165:
164:
155:introduced the
122:Census of India
103:child marriages
74:
63:
57:
54:
43:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2597:
2596:
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2588:
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2578:
2573:
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2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
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2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2487:
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2479:
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2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Illegal mining
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Caste politics
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Women's health
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Child marriage
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Nuclear family
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2106:Water disputes
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Climate change
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Street vendors
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Communications
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1872:
1863:
1848:
1799:
1787:
1756:
1730:
1712:
1703:
1677:
1663:
1645:
1627:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1559:
1542:
1528:
1491:
1461:
1441:
1402:
1390:
1371:
1359:
1343:
1339:978-0761932420
1323:
1301:
1290:
1259:
1210:
1188:
1174:
1148:
1130:
1100:
1074:
1039:
1020:
1002:
990:
975:
955:
936:
905:
892:
870:
854:
827:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
814:
812:Child marriage
807:
804:
792:child marriage
763:
760:
743:child marriage
738:
735:
697:
694:
680:
677:
668:
665:
663:
660:
655:child marriage
646:
643:
628:
625:
604:
601:
595:
592:
584:child marriage
574:
571:
548:child marriage
539:
536:
534:
531:
506:
503:
493:
492:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
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471:
468:
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449:
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407:
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374:
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291:
290:
288:
285:
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268:
265:
260:
253:
250:
245:
242:
233:child marriage
225:
222:
180:
177:
175:
172:
128:Times of India
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2629:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Superstitions
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Homosexuality
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
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2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
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2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Bride burning
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1725:childinfo.org
1722:
1716:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1637:
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1602:
1594:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
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1450:
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1446:
1429:
1425:
1419:
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1413:
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1407:
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1255:
1251:
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1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1207:
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1200:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1000:British India
999:
994:
987:
982:
980:
972:
966:
964:
962:
960:
952:
951:
943:
941:
933:
929:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
902:
899:R Gopakumar,
896:
889:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
867:
861:
859:
842:
838:
832:
828:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
803:
800:
795:
793:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
710:contraceptive
707:
703:
693:
691:
687:
679:Infant health
676:
674:
659:
656:
652:
642:
639:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
603:Applicability
600:
591:
587:
585:
581:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
530:
527:
523:
519:
517:
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502:
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491:
488:
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431:
430:
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84:
80:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
36:
30:
21:
20:
2571:Human rights
2527:Other issues
2473:Tuberculosis
2458:Malnutrition
2296:Caste system
2271:Prostitution
2187:
2183:Child labour
2142:Joint family
2132:Dowry system
2122:Cohabitation
2081:Conservation
2035:Unemployment
2030:Urbanisation
1966:Debt bondage
1961:Land reforms
1866:
1857:
1851:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1464:
1432:. Retrieved
1427:
1393:
1374:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1314:. Retrieved
1304:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1276:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:the original
1151:
1142:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1023:
993:
949:
895:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
796:
765:
752:sexual abuse
740:
727:miscarriages
699:
686:malnutrition
682:
670:
648:
637:
633:Marital Rape
630:
610:
606:
597:
588:
576:
564:
541:
522:Kriti Bharti
520:
508:
500:
496:
397:
381:
377:
247:
227:
217:
198:
194:
182:
156:
150:
141:
126:
111:
90:
89:
79:
64:
55:
33:
2576:Prohibition
2415:Vigilantism
2329:Communalism
2319:Reservation
2251:Eve teasing
2246:Dowry death
2231:Acid attack
2147:Infertility
2073:Environment
1993:Remittances
1434:27 December
1316:27 December
1283:27 December
1277:India Today
841:UNICEF DATA
723:stillbirths
516:census data
393:West Bengal
2606:Categories
2586:Disability
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1145:. 2012.
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