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469:. In 1929, the Nationalist government commenced investigations into past financial dealings of the company, and in particular those of the late Sheng Xianhuai. After uncovering evidence of impropriety, the Jiangsu Provincial Government ordered the confiscation of assets from Sheng's estate. Li Guojie also came under suspicion for misappropriating funds from the company and for taking out personal bank loans secured on the company's assets. This culminated in a lawsuit again Li to recover lost monies.
355:
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36:
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instead detained on economic fraud charges relating to obtaining personal foreign loans using state-owned assets as collateral. He was convicted and sentenced to 3 years imprisonment. However, through his political connections he was soon released. Li remained in
Shanghai, heavily involved in the corrupt political power struggles prevalent in that era. He was shot outside his Shanghai home on 19 February 1939 and died soon afterwards.
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400:. The ship was previously owned and operated by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P & O). However, the Zhu brothers lacked knowledge about modern steamships and their operations, and that they were unsuitable to head the new endeavour. They subsequently replaced Zhu Qiang as manager with the appointment of
828:
As of 2018, the port was being referred to as a "Chinese colony" by critics and described by them as "debt diplomacy", because CMG provided $ 1.1 billion in funds to the highly indebted government for the port in exchange for an 85% stake and a 99-year lease. This allowed China to gain a geostrategic
820:
In 2017, Sri Lanka approved an agreement with CMG regarding the
Hambantota port, according to which the company would take a majority stake in the port, in exchange for debt forgiveness. This had caused concern that the facilities could be used for Chinese military vessels and that such a large-scale
800:
ruled in 2020 that
Djibouti's actions constituted a breach of contract and ordered Djibouti to return the concession to DP World, but the country rejected the ruling. Thus far, there have been seven rulings in DP World's favor in the matter, most recently in July 2021, all of which have been rejected
616:
In
January 2024, BAR Technologies signed a deal with China Merchant's CM Energy Tech (CMET) to manufacture, supply, and sell BAR's WindWings wing sail for installation on new and existing vessels in China and throughout Asia. The WindWings system with route optimisation system saves up to 1.5 tonnes
550:
Throughout its development of the Shekou Zone during the 1980s and 1990s, CMG got involved in business sectors beyond shipping, including investing in and operation of amenities, social and industrial infrastructures, numerous industrial ventures from containers to food manufacturing, real estate and
566:
in 2013, CMG has been playing a major role in furthering the policy through its flagship port business. CMG has been seeking to expand international operations accordingly. Besides operating in Hong Kong and
Mainland China, CMG now has operations in strategic locations across South Asia, Europe, for
472:
The scandal escalated when on 24 July 1930, Zhao
Tieqiao, a senior member of the Shanghai Investment Promotion Bureau tasked with investigating past financial irregularities, was assassinated outside the company's offices in Shanghai. Li immediately fell under suspicion but lacking sufficient he was
518:
Meanwhile, the People's
Republic of China retained ownership of some of the company's ships and of the Hong Kong subsidiary, allowing the latter to retain its name (China Merchants Steam Navigation Company Limited) to avoid legal disputes. In 1950, transfer of the original core company was moved to
844:
states that China's relationship to the
Hambantota port has become the opposite of the theorized debt-trap modus operandi. Brown observes that China has had to commit more money to the project, expose itself to further risk, and has had to become entangled in complex local politics.As of 2024, the
434:
The company enjoyed profitability for a few years under Sheng's directorship and began paying out annual dividends. However, by 1904, the company's finances had once again slipped into losses. Sheng, who had appointed a whole series of corrupt cronies to the management during his tenure, was eased
788:
Controversy surrounds the way in which CMG acquired the 23.5% stake in the
Doraleh terminal. CMG was sold the stake after Djibouti's government seized the facilities from Dubai-based port operator DP World, co-manager of the facilities since a concession agreement in 2004. One year later, CMG got
407:
By 1877, the company was still not turning a profit and a decision was taken to expand the fleet significantly in an attempt to break the foreign shipping companies' virtual monopoly on the China coastal trading routes. The company purchased the entire fleet of 17 vessels from the
Shanghai Steam
441:
During the early 20th century up until the time of the revolution, there was a long and continual power struggle between Sheng and the various shareholders over control of the company. Following the revolution, in June 1913, shareholders of the CMSNCo. agreed to a scheme for the company to be
792:
In 2018, Djibouti terminated DP World's concession rights, nationalized its shares in the terminal and handed them on to China Merchants Group. Although the Djibouti government has stated it alone controls the port, media reports indicate that CMG is directing day-to-day activities.
308:. 80% of the company's start-up capital was provided by native Chinese, making this the first transportation company using modern technology not based on foreign ownership. It obtained government support and received a monopoly contract to transport the tribute grain from the
1126:
China Year Book 1921). A tael of silver varied slightly in value depending on its origin and the fineness of silver content. The “Shanghai Tael” in 1915 was worth about one eighth of a Pound Sterling, valuing the company at that time at about
430:
of 1884-85, ownership of the ships was temporarily transferred to Russell & Co. in order to avoid seizure by French forces, but after hostilities had ceased, they were purchased back by CMSNCo., for the same price they had been sold for.
558:
Although CMG was involved in numerous horizontal businesses, in 2001 this was rationalized to three "core business sectors", namely transport infrastructures, financial, as well as property development and industrial park operations.
507:. On December 28, 1972, because Communist China obtained the "Chinese seat" in the United Nations, in order to prevent Communist China from taking over the assets of the original CMSNCo, the CMSNCo in Taiwan invested in
789:
authorization to construct another port facility, the Doraleh multi-purpose port located within the Chinese military support base. This coincided with Djibouti and CMG establishing the International Free Trade Zone.
335:). The Zhu brothers and extended family had a large and successful sea-going junk business, shipping sand, rice and other cargoes along the regional coast. Zhu Qiang had already purchased an official rank as a sub-
1634:
442:
reorganized with a new constitution. The company at this time possessed 31 ships and owned wharves and property in some 20 Chinese ports, with total assets valued at an estimated 25 million taels of silver.
628:
China Merchants Energy Shipping (CMES) has ordered four methanol dual-fuel car carriers, two kamsarmax bulkers and two multipurpose carriers for $ 508 million in 2023. Deliveries are expected in 2025-26.
1605:
598:. CMG became involved in Djibouti in 2013, when it acquired a 23.5% stake in the Doraleh container terminal. In January 2021, Djibouti and CMG signed a deal for the Chinese conglomerate to expand the
480:, the company sold four of its ships: Haiyuan, Haili, Haichen and Haiheng to the Hong Kong-based trading company Jardine Matheson & Co. Other ships were scuttled during the hostilities.
1225:
1903:
2086:
Lai, Chi-Kong. "China's First Modern Corporation and the State: Officials, Merchants, and Resource Allocation in the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 1872–1902."
1642:
243:
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In 1927, Li continued to head the company although the entire Chinese shipping industry was placed under the supervision of the Communications Ministry of the
531:. This only changed with China's opening of its economy in 1978, when the free-trade zones created in China led to the company's revival. On 31 January 1979,
2360:
1330:
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and was made CMG CEO following Beijing's approval of the zone proposal, making it a corner stone of the first special economic zone in Shenzhen as part of
1663:
817:. Proposals for developing port preceded the BRI, however. The Sri Lankan government proposed the project, and contracted with CMG to develop it in 2010.
1580:
503:
In 1949, following the Chinese Civil War, the company's head office was transferred together with the Republic of China government from the Mainland to
547:'s reformist policies. CMG subsequently developed a reputation for its successful Port-Park-City model, which is also referred to as the Shekou Model.
1200:
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to this position in 1873. Both Zhu brothers, however, being substantial shareholders, retained positions in the company as "Rice Tribute" managers.
2616:
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1232:
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was named the company's director-general General to improve its fortunes, following the departure of Tang Jingxing for other industrial projects.
2275:
2193:
1306:
316:. The company also received loans from government sources and monopoly rights that prevented the founding of rival Chinese steamship companies.
2621:
2606:
2338:
2103:
Feuerwerker, Albert. "China's Early Industrialization - Sheng Hsuan-Huai (1844-1916) and Mandarin Enterprise". Harvard University Press 1958.
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610:
1870:
1844:
354:
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438:
By 1912, the fleet size of the company had grown to 29 coastal and river steamers, all manned by foreign (mainly British) captains.
2631:
2576:
265:
in the early 2010s. In the Western media, China Merchants Group is mostly known for being criticized as a tool for China's alleged
304:. Its purpose was to capture part of the international trade, which had been virtually monopolized by foreign companies based in
2601:
618:
511:, thereby transferring assets to Yang Ming Marine Transport. In March 1995, The Taipei-based part of CMSNCo. finally merged with
1820:
1428:
943:
512:
508:
2067:
1935:
1727:
1556:
1412:
1286:
1184:
476:
The firm was nationalized and reorganized as the China Merchants Group in 1935, acquiring the name it uses today. During the
2586:
2545:
2376:
2346:
1174:
640:
1503:
1402:
1117:
The Chronicle & Directory of China, Japan, Corea etc.etc. “The China Directory” for 1912- Coasting and River Steamers"
652:
2581:
2186:
1717:
1527:
1479:
865:
1971:
1377:
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out of control in 1911 when Dr. Wu Ting-fang took over as managing director with a view to reorganizing the company.
1788:
692:
China Merchants Group Limited owns 12 main subsidiaries across its core business sectors, employing 230,000 people:
676:
258:
2517:
2476:
2291:
749:
1204:
1032:
989:“China's Early Industrialization” -Chapter 4- C.M.S.N.Co Management Personnel by A Feuerwerker,published in 1958
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Navigation Company whose agents were the old-established American Treaty-port traders, Russell & Company.
164:
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810:
446:
377:
363:
328:
320:
239:
221:
150:
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DP World sued CMG in 2019 in Hong Kong for allegedly causing Djibouti to revoke its concession rights. The
453:), was appointed as a board director of CMSNCo. Li Guojie had previously served as the Chinese Minister to
2016:
845:
port has not been a significant economic success, although shipping through the port is on the increase.
393:
In 1872, the company acquired its first steamship, an old combined sail & steam-powered vessel named
1991:
2438:
2387:
376:'China Merchants Bureau'), although by the 1880s it had turned into Lunchuan Zhaoshang Zongju (
613:
was conducting a special investigation into CMG, along with several other SOEs, on corruption claims.
622:
2571:
2270:
1960:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
1635:"Green shipping: China Merchants to build emission-cutting propulsion system for UK-based BAR Tech"
1369:
814:
759:
563:
477:
262:
1769:
2456:
2233:
2223:
2051:
1557:"A legal tussle over a strategic African port sets up a challenge for China's Belt and Road plan"
841:
744:
606:
2392:
536:
466:
60:
2443:
1963:
1992:"Exclusive: Sri Lanka's cabinet 'clears port deal' with China firm after concerns addressed"
358:
Fleet flag & funnel livery of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. 19th - 20th Centuries
2466:
2461:
2417:
2254:
2228:
1928:"Arbitration Tribunal Rejects Djibouti Port Company's Bid To Escape Contract With DP World"
754:
739:
552:
336:
594:
in 2010 with the acquisition of a 47.5% stake in the Tin Can Island Container Terminal in
8:
2059:
1904:"Djibouti Ordered To Pay $ 533M In Compensation In Container Terminal Dispute With Dubai"
1255:
266:
2165:
129:
2529:
2238:
1383:
1366:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
1145:
Biography of Li Guojie - Chinese Knowledge page (in Chinese only) downloaded 2021.04.10
362:
The listed Chinese name for this company in the early 1870s was Zhao Shang Gongsi Ju (
346:
2063:
2024:
1967:
1878:
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1723:
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1373:
1282:
1180:
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767:
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China Merchants Chongqing Communication Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd (CMCT)
519:
its Hong Kong headquarters but with overall control still being retained by the PRC.
602:
at a cost of $ 350 million. The development plan will follow the Shekou Zone model.
2550:
2149:
2135:
599:
294:
274:
187:
1927:
1387:
427:
327:) as manager at the Shanghai office, assisted by his younger brother Zhu Qizhao (
41:
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772:
420:
394:
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2028:
1882:
1800:
1033:
https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92662ADEN-1856pdf.pdf
544:
411:
401:
301:
1108:
Wu Ting-fang, a Cantonese native was known in Hong Kong as Ng Choy 伍才 Wǔ Cái
1095:
967:"Eminent Chinese of the Ching Period by A.W. Hummel1944 ; Vol2.page-951
723:
Zhangzhou China Merchants Economic and Technological Development Zone (CMZD)
2318:
2121:
1278:
Chinese Business and the Belt and Road Initiative: Institutional Strategies
830:
484:
457:(1910-1912). In 1924 he was elected as chairman of the board of directors.
305:
297:
194:
97:
35:
1745:"How China Uses State Capitalism to Gain Power and Influence in Djibouti"
1008:
944:"DP World sues China Merchants Ports, says it turned Djibouti against it"
2171:
261:
since the 1980s and has expanded its global role as a result of China's
26:
2524:
2091:
2096:
Liu, Kwang-ching. "Steamship enterprise in nineteenth-century China."
2323:
2056:
China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
1719:
China's Global Vision and Actions: Reactions to Belt, Road and Beyond
1606:"BAR Technologies ramps up WindWings production with China Merchants"
1581:"China Merchants signs deal for Shekou-style revamp of Djibouti port"
1331:"Yuan Geng: Chinese guerilla spy turned economic pioneer, dies at 99"
1031:
P & O Heritage Website - “ Fact Sheet 0060 1856/0823 ADEN 1856”
976:
Kwang-ching Liu, "Steamship enterprise in nineteenth-century China."
822:
572:
551:
finance. In 1987, it founded the first joint-stock bank in the PRC,
532:
492:
488:
445:
Following Sheng's death in 1916, Li Hongzhang's grandson, Li Guojie (
1085:
829:
foothold in close proximity to India, one of its main rivals in the
535:
became the first CEO of the PRC-owned company. Yuan had founded the
2497:
1770:"DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal"
584:
540:
340:
270:
254:
998:
Shanghai merchant houses listed in “The China Directory” for 1889
591:
580:
576:
528:
454:
313:
309:
1871:"Djibouti Rejects Court Ruling to Hand Back Container Terminal"
1845:"Legal battle for control of Djibouti Ports comes to Hong Kong"
717:
China Merchants Expressway Network ＆ Technology Co., Ltd (CMET)
708:
China Merchants Hoi Tung Trading Company Co., Ltd (CM Hoi Tung)
568:
504:
293:
was a shipping company founded on 16 December 1872 by the then
229:
2422:
2371:
893:"Sri Lanka's 'debt trap' port thriving, Chinese owners claim"
834:
595:
1429:"China Merchants plans further overseas expansion | JOC.com"
273:, another port operator, regarding concession rights at the
2481:
837:, as well as to important commerce and military waterways.
300:, who was also concurrently serving as Commissioner of the
2159:
1307:"Port In A Storm: An Interview With China Merchants Group"
1176:
The Shenzhen Experiment: The Story of China's Instant City
116:
1664:"China Merchants splashes over $ 500m on eight newbuilds"
1154:
Zhao Tieqiao 1886-1930 Baidu biography (in Chinese only).
1044:“The China Year Book 1916" : Chapter XV!! “Shipping"
1504:"China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti"
1062:“The China Year Book 1916 : Chapter XV!! “Shipping”
1480:"Port Strategy | Another win for China's Belt and Road"
1070:
1068:
696:
China Merchants Ports Holdings Company Limited (CMPort)
617:
of fuel per sailing vessel per day. This reduces daily
527:
The company slipped into relative obscurity during the
487:, the headquarters moved around, being for a period in
1404:
Understanding Chinese Firms from Multiple Perspectives
720:
China Merchants Logistics Holding Group Co., Ltd (CML)
711:
China Merchants Investment Development Co., Ltd (CMID)
107:
Originally in Shanghai. Now headquartered at Hong Kong
257:, the firm has developed into one of China's leading
199:
2111:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1528:"China Merchants buys into Lagos container terminal"
1136:
Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period – Hummel page 471
1065:
866:"China's anti-corruption campaign reaches Hong Kong"
280:
1821:"China Merchants Consolidates its Hold in Djibouti"
729:
China Merchants Venture Capital Management Co., Ltd
1053:“China's Early Industrialization” by A Feuerwerker
555:, making it a "highways-to-banking conglomerate".
1942:
1768:Kerr, Simeon; Aglionby, John (23 February 2018).
1256:China Merchants Group corporate website – History
1087:The China year book: 1916, with a map of Mongolia
1084:Bell, H. T. Montague; Woodhead, H. G. W. (1916).
840:Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat
522:
242:. The company operates under the auspices of the
2612:Financial services companies established in 1872
2563:
390:'China Merchants Shipbuilding Bureau').
2276:China Merchants Shekou Industrial Zone Holdings
702:China Merchants Energy Shipping Co., Ltd (CMES)
699:China Merchants Finance Holdings Co., Ltd (CMF)
605:In 2014, the Hong Kong media reported that the
562:Since the Chinese government's adoption of the
804:
2354:
2187:
1401:Zhang, Zhi-Xue; Zhang, Jianjun (2014-06-19).
705:China Merchants Industry Group Co., Ltd (CMI)
319:Initially, Li Hongzhang appointed Zhu Qiang (
169:
155:
2017:"How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port"
1767:
1083:
611:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
1957:
714:China Merchants Shekou Holdings (CM Shekou)
385:
371:
238:) is a state-owned enterprise (SOE) of the
2361:
2347:
2194:
2180:
2164:
1789:"China Tightens Grip on East African Port"
1400:
621:emissions by 4.9 tonnes, accelerating the
128:
34:
25:
2201:
2014:
798:London Court of International Arbitration
1456:"China Merchants Port Holdings Co., Ltd"
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
821:transfer of land could adversely impact
410:
353:
345:
291:China Merchants Steam Navigation Company
251:China Merchants Steam Navigation Company
52:China Merchants Steam Navigation Company
2617:Transport companies established in 1872
2311:
733:
498:
350:Letterhead for C.M.S.N.Co. 19th Century
2564:
2046:
2044:
1715:
513:Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation
509:Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation
2622:Chinese companies established in 1872
2607:Holding companies established in 1872
2342:
2175:
2050:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1868:
1786:
1550:
1548:
1450:
1448:
1348:
1300:
1298:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
579:, and Africa, including most notably
1742:
1363:
1304:
938:
936:
887:
885:
860:
858:
2597:Conglomerate companies of Hong Kong
2592:Government-owned companies of China
2041:
783:
778:
460:
13:
2080:
1980:
1958:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
1901:
1670:. 14 November 2023. Archived from
1545:
1445:
1295:
1261:
1172:
764:China Merchants Securities Company
14:
2643:
2107:
1641:. 24 January 2024. Archived from
1612:. 24 January 2024. Archived from
1554:
933:
882:
855:
809:CMG's development of Sri Lanka's
281:Beginnings and growth (1872–1978)
2627:1872 establishments in Hong Kong
2496:
2370:
2142:
2128:
2114:
1938:from the original on 2021-07-12.
675:
663:
651:
639:
625:of the Chinese shipping sector.
285:
2632:Shipping companies of Hong Kong
2577:Conglomerate companies of China
2518:China Merchants Energy Shipping
2477:Orient Overseas (International)
2453:COSCO Shipping International SG
2449:COSCO Shipping International HK
2292:China Merchants Energy Shipping
2015:Abi-Habib, Maria (2018-06-25).
2008:
1920:
1895:
1862:
1837:
1813:
1780:
1761:
1736:
1716:Rimmer, Peter J. (2020-11-27).
1709:
1685:
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1627:
1598:
1573:
1520:
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1472:
1421:
1394:
1323:
1249:
1218:
1193:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1090:. George Routledge & Sons.
1077:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1025:
750:China Merchants Energy Shipping
16:Chinese state-owned corporation
2602:Holding companies of Hong Kong
1275:Zhang, Jerry J. (2021-09-27).
1001:
992:
983:
970:
961:
917:"The Belt and Road Initiative"
909:
523:Modern history (1978 to today)
450:
381:
367:
332:
324:
312:Valley to the capital city of
234:
225:
200:
170:
156:
1:
848:
632:
244:Chinese Ministry of Transport
218:China Merchants Group Limited
20:China Merchants Group Limited
1990:Aneez, Shihar (2017-07-25).
1869:Paris, Costas (2020-01-17).
1787:Paris, Costas (2019-02-21).
1179:. Harvard University Press.
801:by the Djibouti government.
687:
670:1942-1951 (- 1972 in Taiwan)
269:and its legal disputes with
7:
2587:Shipping companies of China
2546:Shipping companies of China
2377:Shipping companies of China
2088:Journal of Economic History
1722:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1009:"The Three P&O ss Aden"
805:Hambantota Port development
10:
2648:
2582:Holding companies of China
2439:COSCO Shipping Development
2403:China COSCO Shipping Group
2388:Shipping industry in China
1743:Park, James (2021-02-03).
948:Global Construction Review
813:is considered part of the
240:People's Republic of China
2541:
2505:
2494:
2473:COSCO Shipping Technology
2431:
2410:
2401:
2383:
2304:
2284:
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2247:
2216:
2209:
825:'s national sovereignty.
211:
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149:
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111:
103:
93:
74:
66:
56:
48:
33:
24:
2271:China Merchants Property
2098:Journal of Asian Studies
1962:. New Haven and London:
1639:South China Morning Post
1585:South China Morning Post
1370:Cornell University Press
1335:South China Morning Post
978:Journal of Asian Studies
815:Belt and Road Initiative
760:China Merchants Property
564:Belt and Road Initiative
263:Belt and Road Initiative
165:Traditional Chinese
2457:COSCO Shipping Holdings
2234:China Merchants Capital
2224:Bosera Asset Management
1693:"China Merchants Group"
1173:Du, Juan (2020-01-07).
745:China Merchants Capital
249:Founded in 1872 as the
151:Simplified Chinese
80:; 151 years ago
2393:List of ports in China
2090:54.2 (1994): 432–434.
1825:The Maritime Executive
537:Shekou Industrial Zone
467:Nationalist government
416:
359:
351:
61:State-owned enterprise
2513:China Merchants Group
2444:COSCO Shipping Energy
2203:China Merchants Group
2100:18.4 (1959): 435–455.
1964:Yale University Press
1749:The National Interest
1368:. Ithaca and London:
1364:Chen, Muyang (2024).
1035:downloaded 04.04.2021
980:18.4 (1959): 435-455.
921:Global Risk Institute
590:CMG became active in
414:
357:
349:
141:China Merchants Group
78:16 December 1872
2467:COSCO Shipping Lines
2462:COSCO Shipping Ports
2418:China Shipping Group
2255:China Merchants Port
2229:China Merchants Bank
1484:www.portstrategy.com
1074:China Year Book 1916
755:China Merchants Port
740:China Merchants Bank
734:Notable subsidiaries
553:China Merchants Bank
499:Post-Civil War split
2060:Bloomsbury Academic
1875:Wall Street Journal
1793:Wall Street Journal
1555:Dahir, Abdi Latif.
1013:www.pandosnco.co.uk
415:The S. S. Kwang Lee
267:debt-trap diplomacy
201:Zhāoshāng Jú Jítuán
21:
2530:Sinotrans Shipping
2239:CMB Wing Lung Bank
2021:The New York Times
1388:10.7591/jj.6230186
417:
360:
352:
235:Zhaoshangju Jituan
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2069:978-1-350-26724-4
1902:Dudley, Dominic.
1729:978-1-78897-897-2
1532:Seatrade Maritime
1414:978-3-642-54417-0
1305:Montlake, Simon.
1288:978-1-000-45575-5
1186:978-0-674-24223-4
768:Ping An Insurance
478:Sino-Japanese war
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188:Standard Mandarin
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779:Notable projects
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2108:External links
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2411:Predecessors
2319:Li Hongzhang
2202:
2122:China portal
2097:
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2052:Brown, Kerry
2032:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:
1959:
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1911:. Retrieved
1907:
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1874:
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1851:. 2019-02-12
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1748:
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1700:. Retrieved
1697:www.cmhk.com
1696:
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1672:the original
1667:
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1643:the original
1638:
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1614:the original
1609:
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1587:. 2021-01-05
1584:
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1560:
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1534:. 2010-11-09
1531:
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1507:
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1459:
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1432:
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1407:. Springer.
1403:
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1339:. Retrieved
1337:. 2016-02-01
1334:
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1310:
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1233:the original
1220:
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1205:the original
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950:. 2019-02-13
947:
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831:Indo-Pacific
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298:Li Hongzhang
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195:Hanyu Pinyin
104:Headquarters
98:Li Hongzhang
57:Company type
1460:Nikkei Asia
1433:www.joc.com
897:Nikkei Asia
870:Nikkei Asia
842:Kerry Brown
567:example in
426:During the
89:in Shanghai
2566:Categories
2525:Chipolbrok
2210:Businesses
2058:. London:
2034:2021-09-02
2001:2021-09-02
1932:All Africa
1913:2021-09-02
1888:2021-09-02
1855:2021-09-02
1849:Africanews
1830:2021-09-02
1806:2021-09-02
1754:2021-09-02
1702:2021-09-02
1678:2024-03-25
1649:2024-03-25
1620:2024-03-25
1591:2021-09-02
1566:2021-09-02
1538:2021-09-02
1513:2021-09-02
1489:2021-09-02
1465:2021-09-02
1438:2021-09-02
1341:2021-09-02
1316:2021-09-02
1258:1912 -1949
1242:2014-02-09
1226:"交通部招商局檔案"
1211:2015-04-28
1018:2021-09-02
954:2021-09-02
926:2021-09-02
902:2021-09-02
875:2021-09-02
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658:1873-1942
646:1872-1873
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493:Chongqing
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2217:Finance
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592:Nigeria
581:Nigeria
577:Belarus
529:Mao era
491:and at
483:During
455:Belgium
447:Chinese
378:Chinese
364:Chinese
337:Prefect
329:Chinese
321:Chinese
314:Beijing
222:Chinese
112:Website
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2506:Others
2305:People
2092:online
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2423:COSCO
1384:JSTOR
1236:(PDF)
1229:(PDF)
835:India
596:Lagos
368:召商公司局
226:招商局集团
171:招商局集團
157:招商局集团
119:.cmhk
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2248:Port
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