Chinese characters

4305: 2236: 2686: 3807: 6651:

identification of the phonetic and semantic components in compounds—which constitute the vast majority of characters—also plays a key role in reading comprehension. The ease of recognition for a given character is impacted by how regular the positioning of its components is, as well as how reliable its phonetic component is in indicating a specific pronunciation. Moreover, due to the high level of homophony in Chinese languages and the more irregular correspondences between writing and the sounds of speech, it has been suggested that knowledge of orthography plays a greater role in speech recognition for literate Chinese speakers.

2969: 3736: – 188 CE) is traditionally recognised as the inventor of the semi-cursive style, though accreditations of this kind often indicate a given style's early masters, rather than its earliest practitioners. Later analysis has suggested popular origins for semi-cursive, as opposed to it being an invention of Liu. It can be characterised partly as the result of clerical forms being written more quickly, without formal rules of technique or composition: what would be discrete strokes in clerical script frequently flow together instead. The semi-cursive style is commonly adopted in contemporary handwriting. 4451: 4288:. A horizontal writing direction—with characters written from left to right in rows, arranged from top to bottom—only became predominant in the Sinosphere during the 20th century as a result of Western influence. Many publications outside mainland China continue to use the traditional vertical writing direction. Western influence also resulted in the generalised use of punctuation being widely adopted in print during the 19th and 20th centuries. Prior to this, the context of a passage was considered adequate to guide readers; this was enabled by characters being easier than alphabets to read when written 4096: 18499: 4901: 4052: 3163: 18487: 7036:

calligraphy. Use of hanja in education is politically contentious, with official policy regarding the prominence of hanja in curricula having vacillated since the country's independence. Some support the total abandonment of hanja, while others advocate an increase in use to levels previously seen during the 1970s and 1980s. Students in grades 7–12 are presently taught with a principal focus on simple recognition and attaining sufficient literacy to read a newspaper. The South Korean Ministry of Education published the

2642:. For nearly two millennia, this scheme was the primary framework for character analysis used throughout the Sinosphere. Xu based most of his analysis on examples of Qin seal script that were written down several centuries before his time—these were usually the oldest specimens available to him, though he stated he was aware of the existence of even older forms. The first five categories are pictographs, indicatives, compound ideographs, phono-semantic compounds, and loangraphs. The sixth category is given by Xu as 6949: 4408: 13926: 990: 6092: 18463: 6522: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 6360: 4010: 4077: 3067:, inquiring about subjects such as the royal family, military success, and the weather. Inscriptions were made in the divination material itself before and after it had been cracked by exposure to heat; they generally include a record of the questions posed, as well as the answers as interpreted in the cracks. A minority of bones feature characters that were inked with a brush before their strokes were incised; the evidence of this also shows that the conventional 5039:; 'to have'). It is common to use standard characters to transcribe previously unwritten words in Chinese dialects when obvious cognates exist. When no obvious cognate exists due to factors like irregular sound changes, semantic drift, or an origin in a non-Chinese language, characters are often borrowed or invented to transcribe the word—either ad hoc, or according to existing principles. These new characters are generally phono-semantic compounds. 3698: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 18475: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 2943: 2923: 2903: 2883: 2863: 4166:. Variants also emerge for aesthetic reasons, to make handwriting easier, or to correct what the writer perceives to be errors in a character's form. Individual components may be replaced with visually, phonetically, or semantically similar alternatives. The boundary between character structure and style—and thus whether forms represent different characters, or are merely variants of the same character—is often non-trivial or unclear. 2020: 14576: 1543:. Chinese characters have a documented history spanning over three millennia, representing one of the four independent inventions of writing accepted by scholars; of these, they comprise the only writing system continuously used since its invention. Over time, the function, style, and means of writing characters have evolved greatly. Unlike letters in alphabets that reflect the sounds of speech, Chinese characters generally represent 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 2003: 3998: 4024: 2728:), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic shape and calligraphic style, in most cases refer to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The traditional notion of an orderly procession of script styles, each suddenly appearing and displacing the one previous, has been disproven by later scholarship and archaeological work. Instead, scripts evolved gradually, with several coexisting in a given area. 5803:) yields more than 30 different entries. This ambiguity had historically been resolved by also including the associated hanja. While still sometimes used for Sino-Korean vocabulary, it is much rarer for native Korean words to be written using hanja. When learning new characters, Korean students are instructed to associate each one with both its Sino-Korean pronunciation, as well as a native Korean synonym. Examples include: 4038: 5058: 2528:. The process of characters being borrowed as loangraphs should not be conflated with the distinct process of semantic extension, where a word acquires additional senses, which often remain written with the same character. As both processes often result in a single character form being used to write several distinct meanings, loangraphs are often misidentified as being the result of semantic extension, and vice versa. 1986: 4066: 2067:('tree'). Over time, the forms of pictographs have been simplified in order to make them easier to write. As a result, modern readers generally cannot deduce what many pictographs were originally meant to resemble; without knowing the context of their origin in picture-writing, they may be interpreted instead as pure signs. However, if a pictograph's use in compounds still reflects its original meaning, as with 3368: – 208 BCE). It was traditionally believed that Qin scribes only used small seal script, and the later clerical script was a sudden invention during the early Han. However, more than one script was used by Qin scribes: a rectilinear vulgar style had also been in use in Qin for centuries prior to the wars of unification. The popularity of this form grew as writing became more widespread. 6677: 5791:'s occupation of Korea in 1945, the total replacement of hanja with hangul was advocated throughout the country as part of a broader "purification movement" of the national language and culture. However, due to the lack of tones in spoken Korean, there are many Sino-Korean words that are homophones with identical hangul spellings. For example, the phonetic dictionary entry for 67: 2778:) due to his frustration with the limitations of knotting, taking inspiration from his study of the tracks of animals, landscapes, and the stars in the sky. On the day that these first characters were created, grain rained down from the sky; that night, the people heard the wailing of ghosts and demons, lamenting that humans could no longer be cheated. 6183:) in Vietnamese. Literary Chinese was used for all formal writing in Vietnam until the modern era, having first acquired official status in 1010. Literary Chinese written by Vietnamese authors is first attested in the late 10th century, though the local practice of writing is likely several centuries older. Characters used to write Vietnamese called 2542:; 'Canada') is often used as a loangraph for its respective syllable. However, the barrier between a character's pronunciation and meaning is never total: when transcribing into Chinese, loangraphs are often chosen deliberately as to create certain connotations. This is regularly done with corporate brand names: for example, 3506:), involved character forms being mutated and simplified, with many components being consolidated, substituted, or omitted. In turn, the components themselves were regularised to use fewer, straighter, and more well-defined strokes. The resulting clerical forms largely lacked any of the pictorial qualities that remained in seal script. 4432:, where the extremes of any number of mutually reinforcing dualities are balanced by the calligrapher—such as the duality between strokes made quickly or slowly, between applying ink heavily or lightly, between characters written with symmetrical or asymmetrical forms, and between characters representing concrete or abstract concepts. 2838:) in Shandong has been deemed possible by palaeographers, with Qiu concluding that they "cannot be definitively treated as primitive writing, nevertheless they are symbols which resemble most the ancient pictographic script discovered thus far in China... They undoubtedly can be viewed as the forerunners of primitive writing." 2823:(5th millennium BCE). Symbols at each site were inscribed or drawn onto artifacts, appearing one at a time and without indicating any greater context. Qiu concludes, "We simply possess no basis for saying that they were already being used to record language." A historical connection with the symbols used by the late Neolithic 4377:) in which characters can be written, including the historical forms like seal script and clerical script. Most styles used throughout the Sinosphere originated within China, though they may display regional variation. Styles that have been created outside of China tend to remain localised in their use: these include the Japanese 2315:) are composed of at least one semantic component and one phonetic component. They may be formed by one of several methods, often by adding a phonetic component to disambiguate a loangraph, or by adding a semantic component to represent a specific extension of a character's meaning. Examples of phono-semantic compounds include 6697:

serious impediments to achieving the mass literacy and mutual intelligibility required for the country's successful modernisation. Many began advocating for the replacement of Literary Chinese with a written language that more closely reflected speech, as well as for a mass simplification of character forms, or even the total

5380:. When reading, Japanese speakers would adapt the syntax and vocabulary of Literary Chinese texts to reflect their Japanese-language equivalents. Writing essentially involved the inverse of this process, and resulted in ordinary Literary Chinese. When adapted to write Japanese, characters were used to represent both 6688:

were standardised and adopted in mainland China during the 1950s and 1960s, with most either already existing as common variants, or being produced via the systematic simplification of their components. After World War II, the Japanese government also simplified hundreds of character forms, including

6215:

compounds using two phonetic components. This was done because Vietnamese phonology included consonant clusters not found in Chinese, and were thus poorly approximated by the sound values of borrowed characters. Compounds used components with two distinct consonant sounds to specify the cluster, e.g.

4812:

of Chinese literature between roughly the 5th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. This form of the language was imitated by later authors, even as it began to diverge from the language they spoke. This later form, referred to as "Literary Chinese", remained the predominant written

7035:

Hanja are still used in South Korea, though not to the extent that kanji are used in Japan. In general, there is a trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in ordinary contexts. Characters remain in use in place names, newspapers, and to disambiguate homophones. They are also used in the practice of

4877:

had fully matured. The 2nd century BCE is the earliest possible period for the introduction of writing to Korea; the oldest surviving manuscripts in the country date to the early 5th century CE. Also during the 5th century, writing spread from Korea to Japan. Characters were

4427:

to write characters. Strict regularity is not required, and character forms may be accentuated to evoke a variety of aesthetic effects. Traditional ideals of calligraphic beauty often tie into broader philosophical concepts native to East Asia. For example, aesthetics can be conceptualised using the

6696:

Prior to the 20th century, reforms were generally conservative and sought to reduce the use of simplified variants. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an increasing number of intellectuals in China began to see both the Chinese writing system and the lack of a national spoken dialect as

7328:

According to Handel: "While monosyllabism generally trumps morphemicity—that is to say, a bisyllabic morpheme is nearly always written with two characters rather than one—there is an unmistakable tendency for script users to impose a morphemic identity on the linguistic units represented by these

4878:

being used to write both Korean and Japanese by the 6th century. By the late 20th century, characters had largely been replaced with alphabets designed to write Vietnamese and Korean. This leaves Japanese as the only major non-Sinitic language typically written using Chinese characters.

1785:

technique, where the symbol for a word is used to indicate a different word with a similar pronunciation, depending on context. This allowed for words that lacked a plausible pictographic representation to be written down for the first time. This technique pre-empted more sophisticated methods of

6310:

has described a network of regional writing traditions exhibiting both mutual influence and characteristic difference with one another. Like Vietnamese, some invented Zhuang characters are phonetic–phonetic compounds, though not primarily ones intended to describe consonant clusters. Despite the

3968:

is also largely fixed, but may vary according to several different standards. This is summed up in practice with a few rules of thumb, including that characters are generally assembled from left to right, then from top to bottom, with "enclosing" components started before, then closed after, the

7082:

In the years following its establishment, the North Korean government sought to eliminate the use of hanja in standard writing; by 1949, characters had been almost entirely replaced with hangul in North Korean publications. While mostly unused in writing, hanja remain an important part of North

6484:

The memorisation of thousands of different characters is required to achieve literacy in languages written with them, in contrast to the relatively small inventory of graphemes used in phonetic writing. Historically, character literacy was often acquired via Chinese primers like the 6th-century

4908:

Words in Classical Chinese were generally a single character in length. An estimated 25–30% of the vocabulary used in Classical Chinese texts consists of two-character words. Over time, the introduction of multi-syllable vocabulary into vernacular varieties of Chinese was encouraged by phonetic

3074:

Oracle bone script is the direct ancestor of later forms of written Chinese. The oldest known inscriptions already represent a well-developed writing system, which suggests an initial emergence predating the late second millennium BCE. Although written Chinese is first attested in official

6650:

have studied the brain activity associated with literacy. Compared to phonetic systems, reading and writing with characters involves additional areas of the brain—including those associated with visual processing. While the level of memorisation required for character literacy is significant,

4845:, or as a process of translation into and out of Chinese. Compared to other traditions that wrote using alphabets or syllabaries, the literary culture that developed in this context was less directly tied to a specific spoken language. This is exemplified by the cross-linguistic phenomenon of 6895:

was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by the public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants

5780:

Much of the Korean lexicon consists of Chinese loanwords, especially technical and academic vocabulary. While hanja were usually only used to write this Sino-Korean vocabulary, there is evidence that vernacular readings were sometimes used. Compared to the other written vernaculars, very few

1920:

characters that are frequently used in Standard Chinese, pure semantographs are estimated to be the rarest, accounting for about 5% of the lexicon, followed by pure signs with 18%, and semantic–form and phonetic–form compounds together accounting for 19%. The remaining 58% are phono-semantic

1776:

as signifying 'large deer', rather than being a picture of a large man and a deer next to one another. Due to this process of abstraction, as well as to make characters easier to write, pictographs gradually became more simplified and regularised—often to the extent that the original objects

1780:

This proto-writing system was limited to representing a relatively narrow range of ideas with a comparatively small library of symbols. This compelled innovations that allowed for symbols to directly encode spoken language. In each historical case, this was accomplished by some form of the

6657:

in readers of character-based languages appears to involve independent visuospatial and phonological disorders co-occurring. This seems to be a distinct phenomenon from dyslexia as experienced with phonetic orthographies, which can result from only one of the aforementioned disorders.

1844:, the distinct units of sound used by speakers of a language. Despite their origins in picture-writing, Chinese characters are no longer ideographs capable of representing ideas directly; their comprehension relies on the reader's knowledge of the particular language being written. 3062:

Oracle bone inscriptions recorded divinations undertaken to communicate with the spirits of royal ancestors. The inscriptions range from a few characters in length at their shortest, to several dozen at their longest. The Shang king would communicate with his ancestors by means of

1547:, the units of meaning in a language. Writing a language's entire vocabulary requires thousands of different characters. Characters are created according to several different principles, where aspects of both shape and pronunciation may be used to indicate the character's meaning. 4832:

Over time, use of Literary Chinese spread to neighbouring countries, including Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. Alongside other aspects of Chinese culture, local elites adopted writing for record-keeping, histories, and official communications, forming what is sometimes called the

6693:. Across Chinese-speaking polities, mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore use simplified characters, while Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau use traditional characters. In general, Chinese and Japanese readers can successfully identify characters from all three standards. 1786:

character creation that would further expand the lexicon. The process whereby writing emerged from proto-writing took place over a long period; when the purely pictorial use of symbols disappeared, leaving only those representing spoken words, the process was complete.

6542:. Dozens of schemes have been devised for indexing Chinese characters and arranging them in dictionaries, though relatively few have achieved widespread use. Characters may be ordered according to methods based on their meaning, visual structure, or pronunciation. 4841:, and tend to function differently from one another. Reading systems were devised to enable non-Chinese speakers to interpret Literary Chinese texts in terms of their native language, a phenomenon that has been variously described as either a form of diglossia, as 2440:

The phonetic components of most compounds may only provide an approximate pronunciation, even before subsequent sound shifts in the spoken language. Some characters may only have the same initial or final sound of a syllable in common with phonetic components. A

3846:(220–266); he is often called the "father of regular script". The earliest surviving writing in regular script comprises copies of Zhong Yao's work, including at least one copy by Wang Xizhi. Characteristics of regular script include the 'pause' ( 3032:) was first documented in 1899, after specimens were discovered being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, with the symbols carved into them identified as early character forms. By 1928, the source of the bones had been traced to a village near 2287:

go so far as to deny that any compound ideographs were devised in antiquity, maintaining that secondary readings that are now lost are responsible for the apparent absence of phonetic indicators, but their arguments have been rejected by other scholars.

6867:

promulgated in 1964. The majority of these characters were drawn from conventional abbreviations or ancient forms with fewer strokes. The committee also sought to reduce the total number of characters in use by merging some forms together. For example,

6851:(1898–1976) ordered the formation of a Script Reform Committee, with subgroups investigating both simplification and alphabetisation. The simplification subgroup began surveying and collating simplified forms the following year, ultimately publishing a 2082:, which sometimes displace the character's original sense. When this process results in excessive ambiguity between distinct senses written with the same character, it is usually resolved by new compounds being derived to represent particular senses. 3192:

As early as the Shang, the oracle bone script existed as a simplified form alongside another that was used in bamboo books, in addition to elaborate pictorial forms often used in clan emblems. These other forms have been preserved in what is called

4672:

Character input methods may also be based on form, using the shape of characters and existing rules of handwriting to assign unique codes to each character, potentially increasing the speed of typing. Popular form-based input methods include

4852:

Following the introduction of Literary Chinese, characters were later adapted to write many non-Chinese languages spoken throughout the Sinosphere. These new writing systems used characters to write both native vocabulary and the numerous

2667:('large') should be classified as pictographs or indicatives. However, awareness of the 'six writings' model has remained a common component of character literacy, and often serves as a tool for students memorising characters. 2505:

The phenomenon of existing characters being adapted to write other words with similar pronunciations was necessary in the initial development of Chinese writing, and has remained common throughout its subsequent history. Some loangraphs

3634:; 'orderly cursive'), sometimes known in English as 'clerical cursive', 'ancient cursive', or 'draft cursive'. Some attribute this name to the fact that the style was considered more orderly than a later form referred to as 4142:) emerge via several processes. Variant forms have distinct structures, but represent the same morpheme; as such, they can be considered instances of the same underlying character. This is comparable to visually distinct double-storey 1681:. In addition, each invented characters for local use. In written Korean and Vietnamese, Chinese characters have largely been replaced with alphabets, leaving Japanese as the only major non-Chinese language still written using them. 2531:

Loangraphs are also used to write words borrowed from other languages, such as the Buddhist terminology introduced to China in antiquity, as well as contemporary non-Chinese words and names. For example, each character in the name

6424:

first invented in 1907 to represent the sounds of Standard Chinese; both use forms graphically derived from Chinese characters. Other scripts within China that have adapted some characters but are otherwise distinct include the

6373:

Between the 10th and 13th centuries, dynasties founded by non-Han peoples in northern China also created scripts for their languages that were inspired by Chinese characters, but did not use them directly: these included the

12142:. [In the highest antiquity, government was carried on successfully by the use of knotted cords (to preserve the memory of things). In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these written characters and bonds.] 2120:('down')—these characters were originally written as dots placed above and below a line, and later evolved into their present forms with less potential for graphical ambiguity in context. More complex indicatives include 3940:

is now written with five strokes instead of eight, and a system of five basic stroke types is commonly employed in analysis—with certain compound strokes treated as sequences of basic strokes made in a single motion.

11457:. Early China Special Monograph Series. Vol. 4. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. 4909:

shifts that increased the number of homophones. The most common process of Chinese word formation after the Classical period has been to create compounds of existing words. Words have also been created by appending

2624:). In its postface, Xu analyses what he sees as all the methods by which characters are created. Later authors iterated upon Xu's analysis, developing a categorisation scheme known as the 'six writings' ( 2235: 1822:. Morphemes in Chinese—and therefore the characters used to write them—are nearly always a single syllable in length. In some special cases, characters may denote non-morphemic syllables as well; due to this, 6569:) introduced what would ultimately become the predominant method of organisation used by later character dictionaries, whereby characters are grouped according to certain visually prominent components called 7133:

simplified characters—including 49 that differed from those in the PRC, which were ultimately removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted the revisions made in mainland China in 1986.

3894:

Each character of a text is written within a uniform square allotted for it. As part of the evolution from seal script into clerical script, character components became regularised as discrete series of

4528:

styles. Song typefaces are broadly within the tradition of historical Chinese print; both names for the style refer to eras regarded as high points for printing in the Sinosphere. While type during the

4825:

that varied by region. Over time, sound mergers created ambiguities in vernacular speech as more words became homophonic. This ambiguity was often reduced through the introduction of multi-syllable

1763:

Various innovations were required for Chinese characters to emerge from proto-writing. Firstly, pictographs became distinct from simple pictures in use and appearance: for example, the pictograph

1962:

encompassing existing characters that have been borrowed to write other words. Qiu also acknowledges the existence of character classes that fall outside of these principles, such as pure signs.

1688:

that are written in a fixed order. Methods of writing characters have historically included being carved into stone, being inked with a brush onto silk, bamboo, or paper, and being printed using

2255:

Many traditional examples of compound ideographs are now believed to have actually originated as phono-semantic compounds, made obscure by subsequent changes in pronunciation. For example, the

4533:(960–1279) generally resembled the regular script style of a particular calligrapher, most modern Song typefaces are intended for general purpose use and emphasise neutrality in their design. 10077:["渾" added to kanji usable in personal names; Ministry of Justice enacts revised Family Registration Law Enforcement Regulations following judicial ruling, totaling 863 characters]. 5384:

loaned from Chinese, as well as the corresponding native synonyms. Most kanji were subject to both borrowing processes, and as a result have both Sino-Japanese and native readings, known as

3919:

organisation. In clerical and regular script, individual strokes traditionally belong to one of eight categories according to their technique and graphemic function. In what is known as the

7129:

Singapore's Ministry of Education promulgated three successive rounds of simplifications: the first round in 1969 included 502 simplified characters, and the second round in 1974 included

6815: 6797: 1740:

Chinese characters are accepted as representing one of four independent inventions of writing in human history. In each instance, writing evolved from a system using two distinct types of

3644:; 'modern cursive'), which had first emerged during the Jin and was influenced by semi-cursive and regular script. This later form was exemplified by the work of figures like 11706:

Tong, Xiuli; Liu, Phil D.; McBride-Chang, Catherine (2009). "Metalinguistic and Subcharacter Skills in Chinese Literacy Acquisition". In Wood, Clare Patricia; Connelly, Vincent (eds.).

11008:. Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Vol. 3. Translated by King, Ross; Burge, Marjorie; Park, Si Nae; Lushchenko, Alexey; Hattori, Mina. Brill. 2659:

is problematic, failing to fully capture the nature of Chinese writing, both in the present, as well as at the time Xu was writing. Traditional Chinese lexicography as embodied in the

12036:. Pathways to Advanced Skills (in English and Chinese). Vol. 8. Translated by Zhang Liqing (张立青). Columbus: National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University. 3831:), based on clerical and semi-cursive forms, is the predominant form in which characters are written and printed. Its innovations have traditionally been credited to the calligrapher 4304: 6684:

Attempts to reform and standardise the use of characters—including aspects of form, stroke order, and pronunciation—have been undertaken by states throughout history. Thousands of

4641:

Chinese characters are predominantly input on computers using a standard keyboard. Many input methods (IMEs) are phonetic, where typists enter characters according to schemes like

4280:

From the earliest inscriptions until the 20th century, texts were generally laid out vertically—with characters written from top to bottom in columns, arranged from right to left.

2377:. This component serves a semantic function in each example, indicating the character has some meaning related to water. The remainder of each character is its phonetic component: 4917:, and by borrowing words from other languages. While multi-syllable words are generally written with one character per syllable, abbreviations are occasionally used. For example, 1582:(202 BCE – 220 CE), abstracted the forms of characters—obscuring their pictographic origins in favour of making them easier to write. Following the Han, 1889:), which are often independent characters in their own right, adjusted to occupy a given position in the compound. Components within a character may serve a specific function: 6976:. Inconsistent use of different variant forms was discouraged, and lists of characters to be taught to students at each grade level were developed. The first of these was the 4681:—named after the mythological inventor of writing—in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Often, unnecessary parts are omitted from the encoding according to predictable rules. For example, 6268:. Following the end of colonial rule in 1954, the Vietnamese alphabet has been sole official writing system in Vietnam, and is used exclusively in Vietnamese-language media. 1816:, which are graphemes that represent units of meaning in a language. Specifically, characters represent the smallest units of meaning in a language, which are referred to as 12804: 2689:

Diagram comparing the abstraction of pictographs in cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Chinese characters – from an 1870 publication by French Egyptologist

2663:

has suggested implausible etymologies for some characters. Moreover, several categories are considered to be ill-defined: for example, it is unclear whether characters like

6876:

in oracle bone script. The simpler form remained in use as a loangraph meaning 'to say'; it was replaced in its original sense of 'cloud' with a form that added a semantic

13349: 4861:. Characters may have native readings, Sino-Xenic readings, or both. Comparison of Sino-Xenic vocabulary across the Sinosphere has been useful in the reconstruction of 2497:

pronunciations of these characters were similar, but the phonetic component no longer serves as a useful hint for their pronunciation due to subsequent sound shifts.

5787:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Korean was written either using a mixed script of hangul and hanja, or only using hangul. Following the end of the 3467:) had emerged based on the vulgar form developed within Qin, often called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical". The proto-clerical script evolved gradually; by the 2516:; 'borrowing') are introduced to represent words previously lacking another written form—this is often the case with abstract grammatical particles such as 1861:

dictionary. More recent models have analysed the methods used to create characters, how characters are structured, and how they function in a given writing system.

13311: 6456:

Chinese characters have also been repurposed phonetically to transcribe the sounds of non-Chinese languages. For example, the only manuscripts of the 13th-century

12323: 6943: 1309: 6613:. Some modern dictionaries arrange character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling, while also providing a traditional radical-based index. 14051: 12833: 7091:

characters. A 2013 textbook appears to integrate the use of hanja in secondary school education. It has been estimated that North Korean students learn around

3214:

Study of these bronze inscriptions has revealed that the mainstream script underwent slow, gradual evolution during the late Shang, which continued during the

6896:

comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. The

6535:

According to analyses of mainland Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, Japanese, and Korean sources, the total number of characters in the modern lexicon is around

2445:

comprises all the characters created using the same phonetic component, which may have diverged significantly in their pronunciations over time. For example,

7139: 7105: 4261: 3856:) technique used to end horizontal strokes, as well as heavy tails on diagonal strokes made going down and to the right. It developed further during the 3527:). By the end of the Han, this had become the dominant script used by scribes, though clerical script remained in use for formal works, such as engraved 1241: 10768:

Denecke, Wiebke (2014). "Worlds Without Translation: Premodern East Asia and the Power of Character Scripts". In Bermann, Sandra; Porter, Catherine (eds.).

1515: 3725:; 'running script') can be identified during the late Han, with its development stemming from a cursive form of neo-clerical script. Liu Desheng ( 13858: 13848: 4837:. Excepting hypotheses by some linguists of the latter two sharing a common ancestor, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese each belong to different 4423:

to be mastered by Chinese scholars, considered to be an artful means of expressing thoughts and teachings. Chinese calligraphy typically makes use of an

1586:

emerged as the result of cursive influence on clerical script, and has been the primary style used for characters since. Informed by a long tradition of

4481:

dynasties (1644–1912) led to considerable standardisation in character forms, which prefigured later script reforms during the 20th century. This print

3211:. These differences in technique generally resulted in character forms that were less angular in appearance than their oracle bone script counterparts. 6906: 4817:

in pre-modern Europe. While it was not static over time, Literary Chinese retained many properties of spoken Old Chinese. Informed by the local spoken

6960:

After World War II, the Japanese government instituted its own program of orthographic reforms. Some characters were assigned simplified forms called

1767:, meaning 'large', was originally a picture of a large man, but one would need to be aware of its specific meaning in order to interpret the sequence 15126: 14610: 13853: 13612: 13160: 6920: 6844: 1233: 3620:) was in use as early as 24 BCE, synthesising elements of the vulgar writing that had originated in Qin with flowing cursive brushwork. By the 3075:

divinations, it is widely believed that writing was also used for other purposes during the Shang, but that the media used in other contexts—likely

18544: 15556: 15546: 15121: 13767: 4958:

to describe identically shaped characters with different meanings that emerge via processes other than semantic extension. An example homograph is

1916:—having only semantic, phonetic, and form components respectively, as well as classes corresponding to each combination of component types. Of the 1954:

describing all characters whose forms are wholly related to their meaning, regardless of the method by which the meaning was originally depicted,

1566:

in style, but evolved over time as writing spread across China. Numerous attempts have been made to reform the script, including the promotion of

15536: 15526: 15116: 15111: 15106: 6956:

in the Noto Serif typeface family. From left to right: forms used in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (top), and in Japan and Korea (bottom)

6716:

the following year. The early Republican era (1912–1949) was characterised by growing social and political discontent that erupted into the 1919

5777:) in 1443, it was not adopted by the Korean literati and was relegated to use in glosses for Literary Chinese texts until the late 19th century. 3018:

carried out by the Shang royal house. Contemporaneous inscriptions in a related but distinct style were also made on ritual bronze vessels. This

1810:—which may include characters, numerals, or punctuation—as well as the rules by which they are used to record language. Chinese characters are 6507:

of three to four thousand characters; for specialists in fields like literature or history, this figure may be between five and six thousand.

17252: 15541: 6860: 1297: 1252: 6558:) organised the Chinese lexicon into 16 semantic categories, as well as 3 describing abstract characters such as grammatical particles. The 6209:

characters are phono-semantic compounds corresponding to spoken Vietnamese syllables. Another technique with no equivalent in China created

3864:(344–386). However, most Jin-era writers continued to use neo-clerical and semi-cursive styles in their daily writing. It was not until the 1476: 14685: 13934: 13172: 5632:; 'Japanese sword'), with a pronunciation corresponding to that in Chinese at the time of borrowing. Prior to the universal adoption of 12561: 6775:(CCP). In 1935, the Republican government published the first official list of simplified characters, comprising 324 forms collated by 5343: 1936: 1855:

attempting to explain and refine their use; for most of history, analysis revolved around a model first popularised in the 2nd-century

12361: 17284: 6689:

some simplifications distinct from those adopted in China. Orthodox forms that have not undergone simplification are referred to as

3357:

in 221 BCE, the Qin small seal script was standardised for use throughout the entire country under the direction of Chancellor

13136: 13124: 6855:

in 1956. In 1958, Zhou Enlai announced the government's intent to focus on simplification, as opposed to replacing characters with

3181:, a bronze ritual basin bearing inscriptions describing the deeds and virtues of the first seven Zhou kings – dated 2977: 2279:, but modern analyses instead identify it as a phono-semantic compound—though with disagreement as to which component is phonetic. 1508: 5011:, but reflect the vocabulary of other spoken varieties. The most complete example of an orthography based on a variety other than 13148: 12640: 6852: 2652:; 'reversed and refocused'); however, its definition is unclear, and it is generally disregarded by modern scholars. 14232: 11218:

Louis, François (2003). "Written Ornament: Ornamental Writing: Birdscript of the Early Han Dynasty and the Art of Enchanting".

10729: 4524:) typefaces—with "Song" generally used with simplified Chinese typefaces, and "Ming" with others—broadly correspond to Western 340: 16474: 11771: 6300:. While little is known about its early development, a tradition of vernacular Zhuang writing likely first emerged during the 1897:

components indicate some element of the character's meaning. Components that serve neither function may be classified as pure

18354: 14603: 13471: 12494: 12475: 12456: 12434: 12396: 12374: 12347: 12262: 12041: 11995: 11939: 11916: 11897: 11878: 11855: 11832: 11760: 11736: 11717: 11696: 11677: 11602: 11579: 11504: 11485: 11462: 11440: 11418: 11396: 11377: 11341: 11322: 11303: 11281: 11259: 11208: 11145: 11126: 11107: 11084: 11057: 11035: 11013: 10990: 10960: 10914: 10887: 10866: 10844: 10823: 10799: 10777: 10758: 10739: 10718: 10699: 10677: 10658: 10636: 10582: 10559: 10536: 10485: 10466: 10440: 10409: 10358: 10334: 6892: 6643: 6354: 299: 16923: 6767:(mid-18th century). At this time, character simplification and phonetic writing were being discussed within both the ruling 6284:

have been written with scripts using both borrowed and locally created characters. The most well-documented of these is the

14282: 10457:——— (2011). "Literacy and the Emergence of Writing in China". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). 5195: 4795: 2442: 1260: 16360: 14672: 14124: 5588:

While characters used to write Chinese are monosyllabic, many kanji have multi-syllable readings. For example, the kanji

4623:. Adapting these technologies for use with a writing system comprising thousands of distinct characters was non-trivial. 3481:). Bamboo slips discovered during the late 20th century point to this maturation being completed during the reign of 2744:

were used to keep records prior to the invention of writing. Works that reference the practice include chapter 80 of the

1501: 344: 14896: 12196: 11435:] (in Chinese). Peking University Modern Chinese Language Teaching and Research Office, The Commercial Press. 2004. 11272:; Tong, Xiuhong; Mo, Jianhong (2015). "Developmental Dyslexia in Chinese". In Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.). 2696:

The broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical

2572:, whose meaning merely derives from their having a fixed and distinct form. Basic examples of pure signs are found with 11538:

Shang, Guowen; Zhao, Shouhui (2017). "Standardising the Chinese language in Singapore: Issues of Policy and Practice".

6258:

was highly complex, and the literacy rate among the Vietnamese population never exceeded 5%. Both Literary Chinese and

1677:. Each of these written vernaculars used existing characters to write the language's native vocabulary, as well as the 17: 6531:

in different styles. From right to left: seal script, clerical script, regular script, Song type, and sans-serif type.

5374:—the Japanese term for Literary Chinese writing—began employing a system of reading techniques and annotations called 2685: 18122: 18108: 18078: 17217: 6713: 4340:

The earliest attested Chinese characters were carved into bone, or marked using a stylus in clay moulds used to cast

10626: 3513:(25–220 CE), a simplified and easier form of clerical script appeared, which Qiu terms 'neo-clerical' ( 3261:), as well as the regional forms used in non-Qin states. Examples of these styles were preserved as variants in the 18340: 17057: 16454: 14596: 5091: 4822: 4441: 1795: 1389: 1349: 1152: 14901: 10164: 4869:

that began in 111 BCE. By the 15th century, a system that adapted characters to write Vietnamese called

16780: 16041: 14204: 7038: 6843:

The project of script reform in China was ultimately inherited by the Communists, who resumed work following the

6744:, as well as on the existing body of vernacular literature authored over the preceding centuries, which included 6203:

script had likely emerged by the 13th century, and was initially used to record Vietnamese folk literature. Some

5537:

are equivalent to those used by Chinese-original characters, though most are ideographic compounds. For example,

2680: 9742: 18347: 16913: 16552: 12911: 12554: 6671: 5336: 4887: 3915:). Strokes can be considered both the basic unit of handwriting, as well as the writing system's basic unit of 2078:

Pictographs have often been extended from their original meanings to take on additional layers of metaphor and

881: 593: 383: 72: 6616:

Before the invention of romanisation systems for Chinese, the pronunciation of characters was transmitted via

18529: 17022: 16547: 15605: 14520: 13974: 11750: 10622: 6667: 6458: 6365: 2638:), which identifies every character with one of six categories that had previously been mentioned in the 662: 369: 76: 15884: 12108:. [I would make the people return to the use of knotted cords (instead of the written characters).] 11667: 4954:

that diverged in pronunciation but remained written with the same character. However, Qiu reserves the term

4752:, each distinct graph is assigned a number in the standard, but specifying its appearance or the particular 4344:. Characters have also been incised into stone, or written in ink onto slips of silk, wood, and bamboo. The 3806: 1760:, because the techniques they used were insufficient to carry the meaning of spoken language by themselves. 18333: 18312: 15600: 15375: 14891: 14667: 14579: 14490: 14014: 12192: 5459:, which slowly replaced the earlier convention. Modern Japanese retains the use of kanji to represent most 3865: 3350: 1875: 1159: 4813:

language in China until the 20th century. Its use in the Sinosphere was loosely analogous to that of

18519: 18213: 18192: 16872: 16867: 16562: 16464: 14986: 14677: 14495: 14367: 14292: 13949: 6475: 6086: 5744:

period (918–1392), Korean writers developed a system of phonetic annotations for Literary Chinese called

4849:, where mutual literacy allowed speakers of different languages to engage in face-to-face conversations. 3861: 3088: 1804:

throughout history. The concept of a writing system includes both the written symbols themselves, called

1060: 458: 12198:

Urh-chih-tsze-tëen-se-yin-pe-keáou: Being a Parallel Drawn Between the Two Intended Chinese Dictionaries

4934:

Sometimes, different morphemes come to be represented by characters with identical shapes. For example,

18453: 18280: 16877: 16444: 15857: 14918: 14537: 14510: 14387: 14299: 14046: 14026: 6783:(1887–1939). However, strong opposition within the party resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. 6721: 6606: 6589:

used a system of 540 radicals, while subsequent dictionaries have generally used fewer. The set of 214

6571: 6527: 6487: 6334: 5008: 4866: 4804:. Most characters correspond to morphemes that originally functioned as stand-alone Old Chinese words. 4727: 4536: 4090: 3603: 2787: 1489: 1382: 1176: 1136: 1098: 1046: 679: 526: 15610: 14928: 12067: 11755:. Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series. Vol. 85. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5429:(1868–1912), writers used certain kanji to represent their sound values instead, in a system known as 4348:

for use as a writing medium occurred during the 1st century CE, and is traditionally credited to

2365:; 'slippery'). Each of these characters have three short strokes on their left-hand side: 16530: 16252: 15805: 15392: 14089: 12787: 12547: 11406: 10978: 10924: 6705:(1886–1941) formally proposed the adoption of simplified characters in education for the first time. 6680:

The first official list of simplified character forms, published in 1935 and including 324 characters

5329: 5308: 5273: 4791: 4772: 3897: 3889: 3621: 2760:. According to one tradition, Chinese characters were invented during the 3rd millennium BCE by 1685: 1164: 1001: 989: 955: 570: 161: 12013: 11779:(PhD thesis). University of Arizona Graduate College of Second Language Acquisition & Teaching. 11315:

The Grammar of Chinese Characters: Productive Knowledge of Formal Patterns in an Orthographic System

5481:

are visually distinct from one another, owing in large part to different methods of simplification:

3880:

using regular script, which contributed to the prevalence of both throughout later Chinese history.

18524: 18030: 18016: 17321: 15904: 15707: 14923: 14463: 14448: 14438: 14152: 12524: – Comprehensive character dictionary, including examples of Classical Chinese usage 11372:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V:1 (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10970: 7113:

traditional characters. The Ministry of Education also compiles dictionaries of characters used in

6763: 6369:, featuring Chinese characters used to transcribe Mongolian and glosses to the right of each column 5724:. Literary Chinese may have been written in Korea as early as the 2nd century BCE. During the 5381: 5279: 5258: 4862: 4757: 3964:

at the top of characters. The order in which components are drawn within a character is fixed. The

3944:

Characters are constructed according to predictable visual patterns. Some components have distinct

3936:; 'eternity'), which can be written with one stroke of each type. In ordinary writing, 3920: 1551: 17635: 15051: 11334:

Language of Tomorrow: Towards a Transcultural Visual Communication System in a Posthuman Condition

9730: 6264:

fell out of use during the French colonial period, and were gradually replaced by the Latin-based

4718:; the system may prioritize which candidate should appear first based on the surrounding context. 4700:

Contextual constraints may be used to improve candidate character selection. When ignoring tones,

18539: 18319: 17347: 16304: 15981: 15960: 15840: 15820: 15652: 15323: 15227: 14704: 14662: 14619: 14475: 12714: 12248: 10593: 6772: 6698: 6499: 6493: 5410: 5104: 5065: 4742:

While special text encodings for Chinese characters were introduced prior to its popularisation,

3092: 3076: 2741: 1901:

with no particular meaning, other than their presence distinguishing one character from another.

1678: 14468: 14317: 11655:——— (2015b). "Sublexical Processes for Reading Chinese Characters, Neurolinguistic Studies". In 11155:

Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2021).

7087:

distinct characters, and in the 1990s North Korean school children were still expected to learn

5469:

syllabograms are generally used for grammatical affixes, particles, and loanwords. The forms of

4450: 2980:

Ox scapula inscribed with characters recording the result of divinations – dated

2108:, are visual representations of abstract concepts that lack any tangible form. Examples include 17037: 15976: 15966: 15899: 15409: 14842: 14409: 14252: 12850: 11192: 10787: 10345: 10072: 8468: 7047: 6937: 6745: 6690: 6654: 5737: 5725: 4826: 4768: 4737: 4341: 4125: 3208: 3171: 1607: 1319: 1304: 1220: 12014:"The Family of Chinese Character-Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Development)" 10813: 10420: 10048: 9662: 4208:

on the right. As part of the Qin programme to standardise small seal script across China, the

4095: 2584:('eight'), whose forms do not give visual hints to the quantities they represent. 18421: 18326: 18115: 18064: 17524: 17446: 17210: 17149: 17134: 16703: 16582: 16324: 16284: 16016: 15692: 14876: 14864: 14837: 14822: 14404: 14327: 14041: 14019: 12774: 12607: 12178: 11567: 11161: 10834: 10495: 10428: 7233: 7167: 6685: 5406:

were borrowed into Japanese at different points in time from different varieties of Chinese.

5400:

respectively. Moreover, kanji may have multiple readings of either kind. Distinct classes of

4858: 4636: 4445: 3439: 3244: 3045: 2676: 1591: 1292: 1121: 1083: 1038: 895: 17129: 16334: 12391:. Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Vol. 5. Brill. 10882:. Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Vol. 1. Brill. 8656: 6197:) are first attested in an inscription dated to 1209 made at the site of a pagoda. A mature 3207:), where inscriptions were made using a stylus in a clay mould, which was then used to cast 3071:

used by later calligraphers had already been established for many characters by this point.

1847:

The areas where Chinese characters were historically used—sometimes collectively termed the

1696:. Technologies invented since the 19th century allowing for wider use of characters include 18185: 17936: 17613: 17109: 16764: 16728: 16133: 16056: 15889: 15637: 15627: 15466: 15449: 14765: 14172: 14140: 13969: 13094: 12589: 12444: 12335: 12139: 12105: 11170: 11001: 10809: 7286: 7223: 7211: 6610: 6516: 6503:. Studies of Chinese-language literacy suggest that literate individuals generally have an 6345:. Each of these languages are now written with Latin-based alphabets in official contexts. 5691:

still corresponded to specific Japanese words. Some are still in use: the official list of

5265: 5202: 4895: 4744: 4678: 4654: 4632: 4603:

Before computers became ubiquitous, earlier electro-mechanical communications devices like

4598: 4271: 4169:

For example, prior to the Qin dynasty the character meaning 'bright' was written as either

3869: 941: 11691:. Studies in Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 14 (Rev. ed.). John Benjamins. 10861:] (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). Nanning: Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House. 1989. 10216: 7012:

characters. The Japanese government restricts characters that may be used in names to the

3471:(202 BCE – 220 CE), it had arrived at a mature form, also called 8: 17012: 16908: 16630: 16153: 14859: 14416: 14382: 14217: 14184: 14031: 13959: 13876: 13717: 13712: 13466: 13276: 12782: 12069:

Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes

10237: 7244: 6904:

simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised

6859:, which had been introduced earlier that year. The 1956 scheme was largely ratified by a 6750: 6717: 6630:; 'reverse cut') method, where each entry lists a common character with the same 6379: 6375: 6265: 4402: 4285: 4267: 3708: 2991:

The oldest attested Chinese writing comprises a body of inscriptions produced during the

1642: 1453: 1448: 1103: 749: 322: 220: 148: 15175: 11174: 5207: 3648:(303–361), who is often regarded as the most important calligrapher in Chinese history. 1904:

A straightforward structural classification scheme may consist of three pure classes of

18534: 18171: 18148: 17782: 17671: 17661: 17553: 17496: 17482: 17439: 17144: 17027: 16862: 16754: 16713: 16667: 16662: 16557: 16207: 16138: 16103: 16051: 15864: 15852: 15263: 15185: 15086: 14641: 14532: 14362: 14247: 14145: 14079: 14074: 13964: 13954: 13580: 13558: 13451: 13259: 13254: 13177: 13165: 13153: 13141: 13129: 12653: 12422: 12206: 12202: 11746: 11526: 11347: 11291: 11235: 11023: 10936: 10893: 10609: 10575:

Research on the Qin Writing System: Through the Lens of the History of Writing in China

10433:

The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC

10388: 6830:

Comparison between character forms, showing systematic simplification of the component

6463: 6322: 5422: 5294: 4749: 4462: 4275: 3019: 2847: 1725: 1689: 1662: 1055: 629: 621: 17404: 17062: 5728:

period (57 BCE – 668 CE), characters were also used to write

4465:

was invented in China between the 6th and 9th centuries, followed by the invention of

4214:

form was promoted. Some scribes ignored this, and continued to write the character as

2176:('bright'), interpreted as the juxtaposition of the two brightest objects in the sky: 648: 18294: 18287: 18023: 18009: 17921: 17810: 17720: 17699: 17678: 17606: 17538: 17397: 17355: 17307: 17042: 17032: 16677: 16672: 16577: 16572: 16479: 16434: 16257: 16237: 16227: 16217: 16212: 16148: 16143: 16071: 16006: 15991: 15941: 15936: 15879: 15815: 15773: 15615: 15501: 15424: 14940: 14935: 14812: 14443: 14433: 14312: 14277: 14132: 14084: 14036: 13803: 13656: 13590: 13446: 13431: 13102: 13079: 13033: 12958: 12884: 12764: 12732: 12686: 12625: 12615: 12580: 12490: 12471: 12452: 12430: 12392: 12370: 12343: 12258: 12119: 12037: 11991: 11966: 11935: 11912: 11893: 11874: 11851: 11828: 11811: 11756: 11732: 11713: 11692: 11673: 11625: 11598: 11575: 11555: 11500: 11481: 11458: 11436: 11414: 11392: 11373: 11363: 11337: 11318: 11299: 11277: 11269: 11255: 11227: 11204: 11141: 11122: 11103: 11080: 11053: 11031: 11009: 10986: 10956: 10910: 10897: 10883: 10862: 10840: 10819: 10795: 10773: 10754: 10735: 10714: 10695: 10673: 10654: 10632: 10601: 10578: 10555: 10548: 10532: 10481: 10462: 10436: 10405: 10354: 10330: 10057:

receives cabinet notice on 30th: to be officially confirmed in cabinet meeting].

7339: 7114: 6776: 6724:

over the subsequent decades. Alongside the corresponding spoken variety now known as

6709: 6617: 6595: 6504: 6479: 6326: 5057: 5016: 4838: 4805: 4487: 4291: 4051: 3482: 3288: 3266: 3226: 2280: 2172:—combine other characters to convey a new, synthetic meaning. A canonical example is 1831: 1634: 1567: 1113: 1078: 1073: 705: 510: 502: 138: 133: 9526: 7070:

characters. The list has been expanded several times since; as of 2022, it includes

7019: 6462:

that have survived from the medieval era use characters in this manner to write the

5124: 3002: – 1050 BCE), with the very earliest examples from the reign of 1935:) presents three principles of character function adapted from earlier proposals by 18428: 18366: 18259: 18220: 18206: 18164: 18039: 17985: 17966: 17900: 17892: 17878: 17871: 17796: 17592: 17567: 17503: 17475: 17390: 17376: 17293: 17266: 17203: 17114: 17017: 16839: 16682: 16309: 16289: 16279: 16274: 16158: 15914: 15847: 15835: 15800: 15795: 15778: 15717: 15682: 15642: 15444: 15439: 15387: 15338: 15222: 15156: 15096: 15046: 14991: 14908: 14886: 14871: 14817: 14807: 14741: 14549: 14069: 13944: 13808: 13798: 13783: 13729: 13651: 13602: 13563: 13512: 13426: 13378: 13362: 13242: 13202: 13197: 13084: 13038: 12984: 12979: 12969: 12963: 12792: 12737: 12722: 12598: 12570: 12220: 12163: 11983: 11958: 11803: 11780: 11617: 11547: 11514: 11178: 11072: 10974: 10927:(1951). "The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols". 10447: 10380: 10368: 9469: 6741: 6725: 6330: 6293: 6097: 5315: 5284: 5240: 5012: 4972:). In the 20th century, this character was created again with the meaning ' 4809: 4800:

Writing first emerged during the historical stage of the Chinese language known as

4345: 3877: 2824: 2737: 2573: 2569: 2284: 1752: 1670: 1626: 417: 334: 153: 18266: 17461: 17087: 16738: 16108: 12282: 11551: 11391:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. VII:1. Cambridge University Press. 10451: 10384: 5432: 5169: 2968: 1415: 18486: 18479: 18252: 17944: 17885: 17831: 17824: 17803: 17789: 17773: 17751: 17706: 17599: 17574: 17546: 17531: 17454: 17432: 17425: 17383: 17343: 17314: 17002: 16972: 16795: 16718: 16484: 16414: 16319: 16267: 16247: 16183: 16173: 16163: 16128: 16093: 16088: 16083: 15996: 15951: 15946: 15830: 15825: 15672: 15662: 15516: 15481: 15476: 15456: 15350: 15308: 15248: 15131: 15101: 15011: 14971: 14913: 14847: 14827: 14775: 14758: 14746: 14500: 14480: 14377: 14337: 14322: 14061: 13911: 13901: 13881: 13838: 13833: 13699: 13663: 13646: 13636: 13575: 13393: 13329: 13271: 13219: 13214: 13116: 13012: 13007: 12916: 12863: 12858: 12838: 12823: 12818: 12759: 12754: 12744: 12727: 12699: 12671: 12648: 12252: 11707: 11367: 10948: 10646: 8100: 7366: 6994: 6981: 6737: 6631: 6312: 6281: 5788: 5692: 5114: 5099: 4733: 4585: 4559:) in Japanese. Sans-serif strokes are rendered as simple lines of even thickness. 3450: 3377: 3049: 2192:, together expressing their shared quality of brightness. Other examples include 1823: 1756:

representing concepts only by shared convention. These systems are classified as

1638: 1575: 1540: 1536: 1270: 1093: 1011: 817: 676: 488: 143: 16449: 15632: 12410: 10628:

Handbook of Korean Vocabulary: A Resource for Word Recognition and Comprehension

5129: 5109: 4407: 4388: 2792:

Collections of graphs and pictures have been discovered at the sites of several

1341: 18467: 18389: 18273: 18157: 18137: 18046: 17914: 17845: 17744: 17692: 17685: 17517: 17510: 17489: 17468: 17369: 17362: 17169: 17124: 17052: 17047: 16898: 16882: 16857: 16800: 16790: 16785: 16625: 16499: 16459: 16429: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16339: 16314: 16262: 16202: 16168: 16118: 16066: 16031: 15986: 15956: 15909: 15869: 15768: 15722: 15677: 15595: 15531: 15486: 15471: 15434: 15414: 15382: 15370: 15318: 15313: 15303: 15293: 15288: 15205: 15190: 15180: 15146: 15136: 15081: 15066: 15031: 14881: 14785: 14733: 14623: 14554: 14544: 14515: 14505: 14222: 14194: 13906: 13891: 13793: 13744: 13739: 13724: 13668: 13607: 13489: 13461: 13441: 13388: 13357: 13334: 13324: 13319: 13281: 13264: 13209: 13074: 13056: 12974: 12948: 12889: 12809: 12797: 12749: 12704: 12694: 12620: 12406: 12363:

Orthography of Early Chinese Writing: Evidence from Newly Excavated Manuscripts

12331: 12009: 11621: 11359: 11045: 10687: 7189: 7083:

Korean education: a 1971 textbook for university history departments contained

6948: 6590: 6426: 6421: 6399: 6387: 4891: 4748:

is the predominant text encoding worldwide. According to the philosophy of the

4505: 3814: 3745: 3536: 3532: 2765: 2690: 1827: 1801: 1709: 1697: 1629:, characters were often adapted to write local languages spoken throughout the 1595: 1583: 1440: 1202: 1131: 1108: 726: 719: 702: 472: 210: 44: 30:"Hanzi" redirects here. For the Chinese philosopher also known as "Hanzi", see 16599: 13925: 11962: 11157:"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China" 9429: 8640: 6884:

component. The simplified forms of these two characters have been merged into

6186: 6139: 6080: 4994:

as the phonetic component, but the words represented by each are not related.

4872: 4611:

were originally designed for use with alphabets, often by means of alphabetic

3079:—were less durable than bronzes or oracle bones, and have not been preserved. 3006:

dated between 1250 and 1200 BCE. Many of these inscriptions were made on

2524: 2518: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2063: 2057: 2051: 1656: 1026: 798: 316: 18513: 18396: 18245: 18178: 18101: 18071: 17929: 17907: 17838: 17734: 17713: 17560: 17418: 17336: 17329: 17300: 17259: 17174: 17164: 17159: 16946: 16640: 16299: 16242: 15894: 15667: 15551: 15506: 15461: 15429: 15278: 15195: 15168: 15141: 15071: 15056: 15041: 14996: 14753: 14355: 14167: 14162: 13734: 13678: 13673: 13641: 13628: 13504: 13456: 13383: 13339: 13229: 13066: 12989: 12828: 12676: 12663: 12514: – Reference glyphs, readings, and meanings for characters in 12511: 12357: 12297: 12005: 11970: 11815: 11629: 11559: 11231: 10605: 10424: 9874: 7118: 6780: 6647: 6450: 6430: 6383: 6342: 6091: 6035: 5995: 5955: 5915: 5875: 5835: 4914: 4612: 4466: 4455: 3194: 3175: 2598: 2075:('clear sky'), it can still be analysed as a semantic component. 1941: 1857: 1757: 1721: 1693: 1559: 563: 284: 230: 183: 15215: 11351: 9622: 9558: 8620: 6728:, this written vernacular was promoted by intellectuals and writers such as 5644:

readings matching the syllables in the loanword. These spellings are called

3353:

of the other Chinese states that culminated in the founding of the imperial

18503: 18462: 17852: 17817: 17758: 17245: 17007: 16903: 16816: 16708: 16609: 16419: 16232: 16197: 16178: 16113: 16001: 15763: 15687: 15496: 15491: 15402: 15397: 15333: 15273: 15253: 15210: 15200: 15151: 15036: 15016: 15006: 14854: 14832: 14790: 14588: 14227: 14177: 13553: 13436: 13409: 12953: 12943: 12530: – Character lookup by orthography, phonology, and etymology 12091: 12087: 11196: 6856: 6446: 6438: 6359: 6338: 6301: 5086: 4530: 4474: 4473:(972–1051) during the 11th century. The increasing use of print during the 4429: 4281: 3965: 3240: 3215: 3068: 3064: 2797: 2746: 2477:; 'route') are part of the phonetic series of characters using 1947: 1852: 1705: 1587: 1169: 775: 638: 424: 290: 16061: 12154: 11807: 11773:

Semantic vs. Phonetic Decoding Strategies in Non-Native Readers of Chinese

10953:

Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze-Age China

7147:

traditional characters used in elementary and junior secondary education.

7046:

characters meant to be learned by secondary school students. In 1991, the

6701:

tailored to a specific spoken variety. In 1909, the educator and linguist

1590:, states using Chinese characters have standardised their forms: broadly, 18491: 18435: 18199: 18130: 17411: 17102: 16962: 16723: 16567: 16424: 16329: 16098: 16026: 16011: 15919: 15712: 15622: 15521: 15511: 15365: 15328: 15283: 15268: 15243: 15163: 15091: 15076: 14780: 14372: 14346: 14242: 14212: 14189: 14157: 13896: 13886: 13690: 13585: 13570: 13533: 13481: 13302: 13293: 13189: 13028: 12903: 12630: 12135: 12101: 11980:

Chinese Grammatology: Script Revolution and Literary Modernity, 1916–1958

10347:

Long Story of Short Forms: The Evolution of Simplified Chinese Characters

9301: 8915: 7307: 6277: 5395: 5363: 4801: 4674: 4482: 3873: 3868:(420–589) that regular script became the predominant form. The system of 3857: 3531:. Qiu describes neo-clerical as a transitional form between clerical and 3510: 3468: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3354: 3096: 3007: 2494: 1579: 1571: 1068: 695: 542: 400: 12521: 11785: 11530: 11183: 11156: 10877: 10613: 9273: 7972: 6971: 6521: 4829:, which comprise much of the vocabulary in modern varieties of Chinese. 1325: 17092: 17067: 16635: 16078: 15568: 15563: 15419: 15360: 15001: 13788: 13762: 13528: 13494: 12999: 12926: 11239: 11006:

Literary Sinitic and East Asia: A Cultural Sphere of Vernacular Reading

10973:(2010). "Early Chinese Literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In 10940: 10353:. Stockholm East Asian Monographs. Vol. 11. Stockholm University. 8488: 6848: 6768: 6634:

as the character in question, alongside one with the same final sound.

6434: 6395: 5731: 5387: 5154: 4834: 4818: 4616: 4608: 4497:('old character shapes'). Printed Chinese characters may use different 4493: 3810:

A page from a Song-era publication printed using a regular script style

3645: 3279:), a term which has fallen out of favour due to its lack of precision. 3015: 2992: 2079: 2036: 1848: 1701: 1630: 1563: 1368: 1193: 1186: 519: 11987: 11076: 10853: 10392: 10298: 8388: 7498: 7372: 6924:

was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of

5443:

were graphically simplified to create two distinct syllabaries called

3948:

when occupying specific positions within a character—for example, the

1772: 1769: 18403: 18382: 18375: 17154: 16991: 16687: 16654: 16489: 16380: 15929: 15657: 15573: 15298: 14237: 13988: 13979: 13707: 13597: 13249: 13237: 13048: 12879: 12468:

Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern

12244: 12167: 11450: 11247: 10181: 8744: 8720: 8672: 8128: 7530: 7274: 6963: 6702: 6442: 6166: 5460: 5426: 5235: 4857:

each language had borrowed from Chinese, collectively referred to as

4846: 4753: 4604: 4424: 4420: 3916: 3832: 3225: – 256 BCE) until assuming the form now known as 2793: 2710:), the "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical 2543: 1925: 1812: 1742: 1731: 1615: 1599: 1532: 586: 250: 235: 35: 17097: 11138:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

10713:. Contributions to the Sociology of Language. Vol. 19. Mouton. 8891: 6605:(1615). Character dictionaries have historically been indexed using 5182: 5174: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 1661:

respectively. Writing traditions also emerged for some of the other

18474: 17119: 17082: 17077: 16957: 16918: 16759: 16518: 16403: 16294: 16036: 15924: 15874: 15745: 15258: 15061: 15021: 14802: 14795: 14646: 14527: 14113: 13754: 12935: 12539: 10596:(2002). "The Representation of Cantonese with Chinese Characters". 9353: 8931: 8364: 7932: 7199: 7109:

was published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education in 1982, and lists

6712:

toppled the Qing dynasty, and resulted in the establishment of the

6403: 5454: 5446: 5230: 5161: 5149: 5029:; 'to not have'), derived by removing two strokes from 4973: 4854: 4650: 4646: 4573: 4498: 4470: 4009: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 2942: 2922: 2902: 2882: 2862: 2049:), representational pictures of physical objects. Examples include 1835: 1818: 1806: 1603: 1544: 1468: 1429: 1422: 1126: 607: 438: 205: 17139: 14559: 11597:] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. 11517:; Chen Zhiqun (陳志群) (2013). "The Reality of Compound Ideographs". 11480:] (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. 9834: 7988: 7717: 7582: 6814: 6796: 6391: 6311:

Chinese government encouraging its replacement with a Latin-based

4982:). Both of these characters are phono-semantic compounds with 4760:(BMP) represents the standard's 2 smallest code points. Of these, 4756:

used is a choice made by the engine rendering the text. Unicode's

3997: 1463: 225: 17226: 16733: 16604: 16494: 16469: 16355: 16192: 16046: 16021: 15790: 15697: 15345: 14959: 14770: 14426: 14106: 13993: 13822: 13418: 12125: 11909:

Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911

11069:

Codes of Modernity: Chinese Scripts in the Global Information Age

9682: 9650: 6733: 6297: 6287: 5781:

characters were invented to write Korean words; these are called

5758:

in Japan, though it only entered widespread use during the later

5747: 4951: 4900: 4380: 4349: 3843: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3011: 3003: 2816: 2812: 2761: 2756: 2610: 2019: 1893:

components provide a hint for the character's pronunciation, and

1840: 1674: 1666: 829: 731: 645: 328: 266: 31: 11028:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide

10527:———, ed. (2020). "The Three Kingdoms Period". 10221:[A look at North Korea’s "Literary Chinese" textbooks]. 9786: 9234: 8732: 7470: 5413:

is a mixed script, and has also incorporated syllabaries called

4023: 3162: 2002: 18227: 15971: 15783: 15702: 15647: 15355: 15026: 14485: 14287: 12487:

Studies in Colloquial Chinese and Its History: Dialect and Text

10242:["Learn up to 3000 characters, but don't write them"]. 10109: 9006: 7514: 7179: 6729: 6622: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5741: 5736:, a form of Korean-language literature that mostly made use of 5526: 5369: 4966:, which originally meant 'weight used at a steelyard' ( 4642: 4076: 4037: 3528: 3494: 3044:, the final Shang capital—which was excavated by a team led by 3033: 1611: 1555: 1358: 844: 10879:

Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script

10402:

The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System

10121: 10001: 9263: 9261: 8867: 7916: 7781: 7677: 7649: 7342:

pronunciation; the word is pronounced in modern Vietnamese as

6118: Borrowed characters representing native Vietnamese words 4927:; 'twenty') may be written as the contracted form 4685:('border') is encoded using the Cangjie method as 4065: 1985: 710: 43:"Chinese character" redirects here. For the moth species, see 16594: 16589: 16439: 16222: 16123: 15810: 14721: 13998: 12427:

The Chinese Computer: A Global History of the Information Age

12083: 9162: 8584: 8508: 8180: 7880: 7820: 7454: 6601: 6095:

The first two lines of the 19th-century Vietnamese epic poem

5783: 5715: 5647: 5638:, loanwords were typically written with unrelated kanji with 5079: 5048: 4910: 4814: 4620: 4525: 4412: 3926:, calligraphers practice their technique using the character 3358: 3041: 3037: 2820: 2801: 1782: 1735: 1650: 1646: 1619: 1021: 1016: 918: 858: 684: 667: 653: 11794:

Xue, Shiqi (1982). "Chinese Lexicography Past and Present".

11332:

Nawar, Haytham (2020). "Transculturalism and Posthumanism".

11102:] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Peking University Press. 10145: 10029: 9574: 8596: 8572: 8328: 6676: 6112: Borrowed characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words 4110:(left) is used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The simplified form 3265:. Historically, Zhou forms were collectively referred to as 17072: 16967: 12072:(in French). Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion. p. 243. 11387:———; Harbsmeier, Christoph, eds. (1998). 10985:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. 10935:(3/4). Cambridge, MA: Harvard–Yenching Institute: 433–492. 10327:

Beyond Sinology: Chinese Writing and the Scripts of Culture

9943: 9941: 9862: 9405: 9381: 9258: 9210: 9198: 9078: 8996: 8994: 8955: 8376: 7868: 7426: 6547: 5523:. Characters invented for Japanese-language use are called 5416: 5142: 4478: 3976: 2751: 2587: 1408: 215: 11949:

Zhao, Liming (1998). "Nüshu: Chinese Women's Characters".

9850: 9586: 9457: 9445: 9289: 9222: 9102: 9042: 8967: 8196: 8168: 8144: 7904: 7844: 7745: 7733: 7546: 4771:, a designation comprising characters used in each of the 4099:

Variants of the Chinese character for 'turtle', collected

12533: 12031:

The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts

11646:

Lee, Chia-Ying (2015a). "Neurolinguistics, Overview". In

11572:

Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels

10529:

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture

10262: 9914: 8809: 8807: 8608: 7948: 7639: 7637: 4308:

Ordinary handwriting on a lunch menu in Hong Kong. Here,

4114:(not pictured) is used in China, and the simplified form 626: 612: 598: 552: 10197: 9989: 9977: 9965: 9938: 9890: 9694: 9417: 9341: 9317: 9174: 9090: 9018: 8991: 8879: 8855: 8548: 8064: 8040: 8028: 7769: 6898:

Chart of Generally Utilised Characters of Modern Chinese

3282: 3243:. Other scripts in use during the late Zhou include the 531: 66: 12518:, with information about the history of Han unification 12324:

Bibliography of the Chinese language and writing system

12134:] (in Literary Chinese and English). Translated by 12100:] (in Literary Chinese and English). Translated by 11614:

Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Online

10085: 9638: 9514: 9393: 9138: 9030: 8792: 8768: 8524: 8408: 8052: 7960: 7598: 7558: 6944:

Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters

3842: – 230), who was living in the state of 2655:

Modern scholars agree that the theory presented in the

1800:

Chinese characters have been used in several different

12340:

Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems

11873:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Fudan University Press. 10516:

Zhang Xiaoheng (张小衡). "Computational Linguistics". In

10017: 9774: 8979: 8804: 8708: 8696: 8444: 8352: 8340: 8316: 8304: 8292: 7856: 7634: 7622: 7215: 7020: 7013: 7003: 6995: 6982: 6969: 6961: 6720:, catalysing the replacement of Literary Chinese with 5753: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5680: 5668: 5660: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5613: 5607: 5606:. In different contexts, it can also be read with the 5601: 5595: 5550: 5544: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5452: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5414: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5375: 5367: 5357: 4378: 4247: 4241: 4227: 4226:

was followed by the proliferation of a third variant:

4221: 4215: 4209: 4190: 4176: 4170: 960: 946: 18451: 11850:] (in Chinese). Beijing Normal University Press. 11689:

Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese

11540:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

10097: 9902: 9706: 9610: 9598: 9369: 9329: 9150: 9126: 9114: 9066: 9054: 8843: 8819: 7810: 7808: 7610: 7140:

List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters

7106:

Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters

4262:

Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts

4161: 3449: – 221 BCE), an immature form of 1554:

made during the 13th century BCE in what is now

507: 493: 477: 463: 443: 429: 12527: 11705: 10274: 10250: 10133: 9810: 9762: 9739:, The Brain Network for Chinese Language Processing. 9546: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9246: 8897: 8536: 8280: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8116: 8016: 8004: 7892: 7832: 7793: 7693: 7665: 7570: 7486: 7442: 7237: 7227: 7061: 6853:

draft scheme of simplified characters and components

6497:, as well as surname dictionaries like the Song-era 6061: 6048: 6021: 6008: 5981: 5968: 5941: 5928: 5901: 5888: 5861: 5848: 5798: 5745: 5729: 4997:

There are a number of 'dialect characters' (

2263:('trust') as an ideographic compound of 1684:

At the most basic level, characters are composed of

1562:

royal house. Character forms were originally highly

900: 886: 12451:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 12257:. South San Francisco, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 12249:"Standard Annex #38: Unicode Han Database (Unihan)" 9953: 9822: 8943: 8420: 5356:In Japanese, Chinese characters are referred to as 4318:) is being used as an unofficial short form of 3966:

order in which the strokes of a component are drawn

1539:and others from regions historically influenced by 575: 11951:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 11796:Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 11637:Ho, Connie Suk-Han. "Dyslexia, Developmental". In 11050:Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia 10547: 10478:The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language 10461:. University of Washington Press. pp. 51–84. 10286: 9926: 9798: 8903: 8831: 8780: 8684: 8432: 7805: 7757: 7378: 7171: 6907:List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese 4881: 4865:. Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam during the 2768:. Cangjie is said to have invented symbols called 2731: 11934:] (in Chinese). Beijing: The Language Press. 11926:Zhang Xiaoheng (张小衡); Li Xiaotong (李笑通) (2013). 11709:Contemporary Perspectives on Reading and Spelling 11427: 11386: 10836:The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet 9718: 9676: 9632: 9502: 9485: 9186: 8756: 8662: 8478: 8268: 8256: 8156: 8088: 8076: 7705: 7402: 6921:List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters 4775:. As of version 16.0, Unicode defines a total of 4411:Chinese calligraphy of mixed styles by Song poet 4120:(top row; third from the right) is used in Japan. 3860:(317–420) in the hands of Wang Xizhi and his son 1750:visually depicting objects or concepts, or fixed 1558:, Henan, as part of divinations conducted by the 18511: 12191: 10435:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–123. 8560: 8456: 8244: 7343: 6363:Excerpt from a 1908 edition of the 13th-century 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6171: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6125: 6102: 4904:Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters 4870: 4570:) imitate a handwritten style of regular script. 4501:, of which there are four broad classes in use: 4386: 1869:Most characters can be analysed structurally as 1654: 803: 314: 12449:Middle Chinese: A Study in Historical Phonology 10620: 10598:Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 10127: 7414: 7390: 7027:whose use are historically prevalent in names. 6599:(1716), but originally appeared in the earlier 6390:. This has occurred in other contexts as well: 4328:; 'meal') by omitting the latter's 4240:on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 780: 754: 11022: 8370: 7137:The Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau's 6989:list published in 1946, later replaced by the 6845:proclamation of the People's Republic of China 6609:, where characters are grouped by radical and 6348: 5674: 5654: 5620: 5589: 5575: 5564: 5538: 4944:) or the extended sense of 'row' ( 4584:), called "Song" in Japan, correspond to semi- 4554: 4115: 2196:('rest'), composed of pictographs 923: 17211: 14604: 12555: 11268: 10507:Yin, John Jing-hua. "Chinese Characters". In 9748: 6786: 6661: 6525:The first four characters of the 6th-century 5487:were derived from smaller components of each 5337: 4709: 4690: 3872:for the civil service established during the 2948: 2928: 2908: 2888: 2868: 1509: 388: 374: 14618: 14354: 12411:"Polysyllabic Characters in Chinese Writing" 12386:Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of 12052: 11686: 11574:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11358: 10955:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10832: 10554:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10550:Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics 10404:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society. 10225:(in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 14 March 2014. 10151: 10035: 9792: 9756: 9568: 9536: 9283: 9240: 8738: 8726: 8678: 8666: 8646: 7910: 7886: 7095:hanja by the time they graduate university. 7055: 6469: 6316: 6305: 6285: 6055: 6042: 6015: 6002: 5975: 5962: 5935: 5922: 5895: 5882: 5855: 5842: 5792: 4785: 4661:('Hong Kong') could be input as 4075: 4064: 4050: 4036: 4022: 4008: 3996: 2493:), a literary first-person pronoun. The 2234: 863: 849: 326: 12443: 12289:Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan 11890:The Chinese Lexicon: A Comprehensive Survey 11669:Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960 11566: 11513: 10711:Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam 10591: 9168: 8202: 7787: 7751: 7373:Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House 1989 7124: 5720:In Korean, Chinese characters are known as 5517:for some moras were derived from different 4808:is the form of written Chinese used in the 4721: 4289: 4106:from printed sources. The traditional form 3876:(581–618) required test takers to write in 3542: 2296: 1181: 34:. For the anthology attributed to him, see 17218: 17204: 14611: 14597: 14575: 14345: 12562: 12548: 12306:]. Taiwan Ministry of Education. 2023. 12291:]. Taiwan Ministry of Education. 2024. 12243: 11687:Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin (2014) . 11274:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 11154: 10792:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 10667: 10074:人名用漢字に「渾」追加司法判断を受け法務省改正戸籍法施行規則を施行、計863字に 8110: 7826: 7008:kanji were expanded to include a total of 6699:replacement of characters with an alphabet 5816: 5344: 5330: 3995: 3014:or turtle plastrons—and recorded official 1516: 1502: 12342:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 12330: 11784: 11745: 11726: 11712:. New York: Routledge. pp. 202–221. 11537: 11182: 11121:. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. 10947: 10909:. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. 10734:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 10727: 10708: 10686: 10631:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 10308: 10268: 9868: 9532: 9423: 9387: 9084: 8885: 8873: 8634: 8174: 8150: 8138: 7850: 6611:sorted within each group by stroke number 5766:alphabet was invented by the Joseon king 4435: 4419:Calligraphy was traditionally one of the 4158:forms both representing the Latin letter 3979:Sequence and placement of the strokes in 1625:After being introduced in order to write 12421: 12356: 12225:. The Unicode Consortium. 22 August 2019 11906: 11769: 11290: 11100:Concise and Practical Chinese Characters 11066: 11044: 10692:Nationalism and Language Reform in China 9688: 9656: 9592: 9580: 9520: 9399: 9036: 9000: 8973: 8925: 8798: 8750: 7838: 7643: 7540: 7204: 7052:Table of Hanja for Use in Personal Names 6947: 6675: 6520: 6358: 6325:written with Chinese characters include 6090: 5437:. Starting in the 9th century, specific 5035: 5025: 4899: 4449: 4406: 4303: 4296:, due to their more discretised shapes. 4094: 3960:on the right side of characters, but as 3805: 3624:, the Han cursive style became known as 2684: 2568:Some characters and components are pure 2489: 2473: 2457: 2243:illustrated as its component characters 261:, Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja) 18545:Writing systems without word boundaries 14270: 12484: 12065: 11982:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11865:Yin Jiming (殷寄明); et al. (2007). 11656: 11647: 11638: 11611: 11595:Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters 11191: 11071:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10808: 10767: 10748: 10645: 10329:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10324: 10304: 9712: 9564: 9435: 9267: 9216: 9204: 8961: 8650: 8122: 8046: 7616: 7508: 7194: 6228:; 'Moon') was created as a compound of 5673:spelling of 'America', now rendered as 5499:were derived from the cursive forms of 3059:oracle bone fragments have been found. 1958:that include a phonetic component, and 345:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 18512: 12485:Simmons, Richard VanNess, ed. (2022). 12369:. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University. 12247:; Cook, Richard, eds. (31 July 2024). 11822: 11494: 11405: 10904: 10875: 10731:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy 10343: 10203: 10191: 10187: 10166:乻(땅이름 늘)·賏(목치장 영)... ‘인명용 한자’ 40자 추가된다 10115: 10103: 9908: 9700: 9672: 9604: 9475: 9463: 9451: 9439: 9411: 9375: 9359: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9279: 9228: 9180: 9156: 9132: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9072: 9048: 9024: 9012: 8985: 8937: 8921: 8861: 8630: 8614: 8530: 8494: 8402: 8058: 8010: 7998: 7982: 7966: 7954: 7942: 7938: 7926: 7898: 7799: 7723: 7687: 7536: 7492: 7480: 7464: 7432: 7384: 7018:kanji, plus an additional list of 983 5425:, rather than morphemes. Prior to the 4950:): these morphemes are ultimately 4689:, which corresponds to the components 4252:became the character's standard form. 3969:components they enclose. For example, 2560:; 'delicious enjoyable'). 2141: 1864: 628: 509: 18355:American Printing House for the Blind 18131:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 17783:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 17199: 16989: 16944: 16837: 16516: 16401: 15743: 14957: 14719: 14702: 14592: 12543: 12082: 11977: 11925: 11331: 11312: 11246: 11217: 10786: 10577:] (in Chinese). Academia Sinica. 10515: 10459:Writing & Literacy in Early China 10456: 10418: 10399: 10367: 10256: 10139: 10091: 9920: 9880: 9759:, pp. 150–151, 346–349, 393–394. 9060: 8849: 8825: 8774: 8690: 8554: 8502: 8286: 8262: 8186: 8106: 8070: 7775: 7564: 7524: 6968:; the older forms were then labelled 6918:less common characters. In 2013, the 6893:second round of simplified characters 6872:('cloud') was written as 6644:functional magnetic resonance imaging 6355:Transcription into Chinese characters 5819: 5813: 5685:used solely for their pronunciation, 4938:may represent either 'road' ( 4592: 4299: 4084: 3990: 3539:period (220–280 CE) and beyond. 3283:Qin unification and small seal script 3052:between 1928 and 1937. To date, over 2841: 16838: 12569: 12405: 12383: 12254:The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0 12152: 12028: 12004: 11948: 11841: 11654: 11645: 10969: 10923: 10568: 10545: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10499: 10494: 10475: 10280: 10011: 10007: 9995: 9983: 9971: 9959: 9947: 9896: 9884: 9856: 9840: 9816: 9780: 9768: 9736: 9724: 9668: 9552: 9508: 9496: 9479: 8590: 8518: 8498: 8482: 8426: 8250: 8190: 8162: 8134: 7659: 7604: 6130:representing native Vietnamese words 5505:in their entirety. In addition, the 5007:) that are not used in standard 4796:Adoption of Chinese literary culture 1830:. Logographs may be contrasted with 1261:Standard Form of National Characters 120:Top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left 17225: 12465: 11887: 11864: 11793: 11665: 11471: 11449: 10999: 10859:Dictionary of the Old Zhuang Script 10772:. Oxford: Wiley. pp. 204–216. 10506: 10292: 10235: 9828: 9644: 9363: 9144: 8949: 8909: 8602: 8578: 8542: 8450: 8438: 8414: 8398: 8382: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8298: 8274: 8238: 8226: 8214: 8094: 8082: 8034: 8022: 7994: 7978: 7922: 7874: 7862: 7814: 7763: 7739: 7727: 7711: 7699: 7683: 7671: 7655: 7628: 7588: 7576: 7552: 7504: 7476: 7460: 7448: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7157: 6900:was published in 1988 and included 6637: 5421:to represent phonetic units called 2602:is a character dictionary authored 2387:) is pronounced identically to 1777:represented are no longer obvious. 24: 16945: 12317: 11932:Handbook of the YES Sorting Method 11636: 11588: 11135: 11116: 11093: 10929:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 10770:A Companion to Translation Studies 10236:Kim Mi-young (김미영) (4 June 2001). 10023: 9932: 9844: 9804: 9752: 9628: 9616: 9540: 9252: 9192: 8898:Tong, Liu & McBride-Chang 2009 8837: 8813: 8786: 8762: 8714: 8702: 8626: 8566: 8514: 8474: 8462: 8394: 7592: 7520: 7436: 6585:; 'section headers'). The 6321:remains in use. Other non-Sinitic 6271: 5808:Example Korean dictionary listings 5618:, such as in the Chinese loanword 5366:(710–794), readers and writers of 5019:. A common Cantonese character is 4220:. However, the increased usage of 3535:which remained in use through the 3371: 2216:('good'), composed of 2035:Most of the oldest characters are 1978:Graphical evolution of pictographs 1679:loanwords it borrowed from Chinese 1645:, Chinese characters are known as 1550:The first attested characters are 25: 18556: 12505: 12162:(in Literary Chinese). Tokyo. 2. 11907:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008). 11729:Introduction to Classical Chinese 11296:The Chinese Typewriter: A History 10833:Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011) . 10371:(1986). "Early Chinese Writing". 10081:(in Japanese). 25 September 2017. 6736:(1891–1962). It was based on the 6304:(618–907). Modern scholarship on 5549:; 'mountain pass') is a compound 5531:. The methods employed to create 4539:are called 'black form' ( 4359:). There are numerous styles, or 4284:are generally not indicated with 3973:is drawn in the following order: 3739: 2427:) is pronounced similarly to 2407:) is pronounced similarly to 2369:, a simplified combining form of 1789: 1578:, which had matured by the early 18497: 18485: 18473: 18461: 14574: 14052:Literary and colloquial readings 13924: 12271: 12237: 12213: 12185: 11823:Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008). 10651:The Writing Systems of the World 10229: 10209: 10157: 10065: 10061:(in Japanese). 24 November 2010. 10041: 7332: 6952:Regional forms of the character 6813: 6795: 5056: 4823:literary and colloquial readings 4626: 4442:History of printing in East Asia 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3161: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 2967: 2941: 2921: 2901: 2881: 2861: 2018: 2001: 1984: 1965: 1796:Chinese character classification 1350:Literary and colloquial readings 988: 65: 16990: 12522:Chinese Text Project Dictionary 12146: 12112: 12076: 12059: 11472:——— (2013). 11336:. Intellect. pp. 130–155. 11119:Chinese Writing and Calligraphy 11026:; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014). 10672:. Routledge. pp. 167–168. 10171:Hanja for Use in Personal Names 7322: 7172: 7163: 7039:Basic Hanja for Educational Use 6953: 6877: 6831: 6510: 5772: 5556: 4991: 4983: 4963: 4959: 4935: 4882:Literary and vernacular Chinese 4553:) in Chinese and 'Gothic' ( 4329: 4233: 4201: 4182: 3980: 3970: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3487: 3082: 2819:(6th millennium BCE), and 2732:Traditional invention narrative 2681:History of the Chinese language 2370: 2366: 2272: 2264: 2225: 2217: 2205: 2197: 2185: 2177: 1768: 1764: 732: 711: 685: 668: 654: 627: 613: 599: 576: 553: 532: 71:"Chinese character" written in 14684:Languages by writing system / 12489:. Hong Kong University Press. 12029:——— (2003). 11672:. Cambridge University Press. 11519:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 11499:. Princeton University Press. 11413:. Cambridge University Press. 11203:. Cambridge University Press. 11030:. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. 10794:. Cambridge University Press. 10751:The Origins of Chinese Writing 10728:——— (1984). 10709:——— (1977). 10419:——— (1999). 10400:——— (1994). 10317: 10177:(in Korean). 26 December 2021. 7263: 7184: 7077: 7030: 6885: 6821: 6803: 6672:Traditional Chinese characters 6581: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6276:Several minority languages of 6242: 6230: 6218: 6193: 6179: 6161: 6147: 6135:Chinese characters are called 5762:period (1392–1897). While the 5003: 4990:as the semantic component and 4978: 4968: 4946: 4940: 4923: 4888:Reconstructions of Old Chinese 4821:, texts were read aloud using 4705: 4701: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4563: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4396: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4324: 4314: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4111: 4107: 3932: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3852: 3847: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3640: 3630: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3503: 3499: 3477: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3275: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3235: 3203: 3040:—discovered to be the site of 3028: 2774: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2648: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2538: 2512: 2483: 2467: 2451: 2433: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2393: 2383: 2361: 2351: 2341: 2331: 2321: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2291: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2045: 1970: 1885: 1715: 1537:to write the Chinese languages 1253:Nan Min Recommended Characters 961: 947: 901: 887: 804: 508: 494: 478: 464: 445: 444: 430: 389: 375: 13: 1: 18123:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 18079:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 16517: 16402: 15744: 11825:Handbook of Chinese Mythology 11752:Chinese History: A New Manual 11552:10.1080/01434632.2016.1201091 10670:Writing Systems and Phonetics 10569:Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) (2003). 10452:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.004 10385:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979980 10246:(in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 9677:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998 9633:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998 8663:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998 7355: 7311: 7299: 7290: 7278: 6755: 6668:Simplified Chinese characters 6563: 6552: 6459:Secret History of the Mongols 6366:Secret History of the Mongols 6074: 4100: 3836: 3730: 3443: 3362: 3219: 3182: 2996: 2981: 2828: 2805: 2614: 2603: 2500: 1746:. Ideographs could either be 1594:are used to write Chinese in 781: 100: 18334:National Braille Association 18313:Braille Institute of America 18031:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 14958: 14580:List of varieties of Chinese 12429:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12195:; Montucci, Antonio (1817). 11298:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 8940:, pp. 28, 69, 126, 169. 8753:, pp. 280–282, 293–297. 7360: 7303: 13th century BCE 7298:Chinese characters emerging 7066:), which initially included 6771:(KMT) party, as well as the 6449:, and the syllabary for the 6107:and the Vietnamese alphabet 4354: 4124:Over a character's history, 3883: 3866:Northern and Southern period 2781: 2764:, a scribe of the legendary 2754: II" commentary to the 2355:; 'surge'), and 1930: 1838:, which generally represent 104: 13th century BCE 7: 18214:Refreshable braille display 18193:Optical braille recognition 17790:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 17322:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 16465:New Epoch Notation Painting 11911:. Oxford University Press. 11827:. Oxford University Press. 11731:. Oxford University Press. 11612:Sybesma, Rint, ed. (2015). 11589:Su Peicheng (苏培成) (2014). 11276:. Oxford University Press. 11252:CJKV Information Processing 11052:. Oxford University Press. 10907:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 10905:Hannas, William C. (1997). 10753:. Oxford University Press. 10476:Chan, Sin-Wai, ed. (2016). 9749:McBride, Tong & Mo 2015 7238: 7228: 7216: 7062: 7021: 7014: 7004: 7002:list in 1981. In 2010, the 6996: 6983: 6970: 6962: 6556: 3rd century BCE 6476:Chinese character education 6349:Graphically derived scripts 6087:Literary Chinese in Vietnam 6062: 6049: 6022: 6009: 5982: 5969: 5942: 5929: 5902: 5889: 5862: 5849: 5799: 5754: 5746: 5730: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5669: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5551: 5545: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5415: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5376: 5368: 5358: 5042: 4657:for Japanese. For example, 4379: 3509:Around the midpoint of the 3089:Chinese bronze inscriptions 2796:settlements throughout the 2397:) in Standard Chinese, 2166:associative idea characters 2106:self-explanatory characters 1245:(Hong Kong, 2007) 10: 18561: 18281:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 14720: 14538:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 12321: 12304:Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka 11842:Yang Runlu (杨润陆) (2008). 11770:Williams, Clay H. (2010). 11622:10.1163/2210-7363-ecll-all 11495:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 11254:(2nd ed.). O'Reilly. 10498:"Chinese Linguistics". In 8371:Knechtges & Chang 2014 6941: 6935: 6847:in 1949. In 1951, Premier 6787:People's Republic of China 6722:written vernacular Chinese 6665: 6662:Reform and standardisation 6607:radical-and-stroke sorting 6528:Thousand Character Classic 6514: 6488:Thousand Character Classic 6473: 6352: 6084: 6078: 5713: 5046: 5009:written vernacular Chinese 4885: 4867:millennium of Chinese rule 4789: 4731: 4728:Chinese character encoding 4725: 4630: 4596: 4485:, exemplified by the 1716 4439: 4400: 4265: 4259: 4248: 4242: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4191: 4177: 4171: 4091:Variant Chinese characters 4088: 3887: 3743: 3375: 3286: 3086: 2845: 2788:Neolithic symbols in China 2785: 2674: 2670: 2301:Phono-semantic compounds ( 1924:The Chinese palaeographer 1851:—have a long tradition of 1826:is often characterised as 1793: 1729: 1719: 1490:Transliteration of Chinese 1047:Neolithic symbols in China 42: 29: 27:Logographic writing system 18413: 18364: 18304: 18237: 18147: 18093: 18056: 18017:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 17996: 17977: 17958: 17863: 17769: 17730: 17657: 17584: 17283: 17276: 17237: 17195: 16998: 16985: 16953: 16940: 16891: 16850: 16846: 16833: 16809: 16773: 16747: 16696: 16653: 16618: 16538: 16531:Chinese family of scripts 16529: 16525: 16512: 16410: 16397: 16348: 15756: 15752: 15739: 15601:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 15588: 15236: 14979: 14970: 14966: 14953: 14728: 14715: 14711: 14703: 14698: 14686:by first written accounts 14655: 14634: 14630: 14572: 14456: 14425: 14336: 14261: 14203: 14123: 14098: 14060: 14007: 13933: 13922: 13869: 13821: 13776: 13753: 13698: 13689: 13627: 13546: 13521: 13503: 13480: 13417: 13408: 13371: 13348: 13310: 13301: 13292: 13228: 13188: 13115: 13093: 13065: 13047: 13021: 12998: 12934: 12925: 12902: 12872: 12849: 12773: 12713: 12685: 12662: 12639: 12606: 12597: 12588: 12577: 12053:Primary and media sources 11963:10.1515/ijsl.1998.129.127 11848:Modern Chinese Characters 11722:– via Google Books. 11382:– via Google Books. 10849:– via Google Books. 10828:– via Google Books. 10668:Cruttenden, Alan (2021). 10641:– via Google Books. 10445:– via Google Books. 10053:[The amended list of 9478:, pp. 231, 234–235; 8337:, pp. 113, 139, 466. 7981:, pp. 153–154, 161; 7098: 7056: 7042:in 1972, which specified 6873: 6869: 6627: 6576: 6470:Literacy and lexicography 6317: 6306: 6286: 6260: 6254: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6185: 6172: 6154: 6138: 6126: 6103: 6056: 6043: 6034: 6032: 6016: 6003: 5994: 5992: 5976: 5963: 5954: 5952: 5936: 5923: 5914: 5912: 5896: 5883: 5874: 5872: 5856: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5824: 5793: 5709: 5675: 5655: 5621: 5590: 5576: 5565: 5539: 5030: 5020: 4998: 4928: 4918: 4871: 4792:Chinese family of scripts 4786:Vocabulary and adaptation 4773:Chinese family of scripts 4767:(or 32%) are assigned to 4715: 4710: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4555: 4319: 4309: 4255: 4116: 4060: 4046: 4032: 4018: 4004: 3987: 3937: 3927: 3890:Chinese character strokes 3726: 3635: 3625: 3472: 3270: 3230: 3198: 3023: 2949: 2929: 2909: 2889: 2869: 2769: 2701: 2664: 2643: 2581: 2580:('five') and 2577: 2533: 2523: 2517: 2507: 2478: 2462: 2461:; 'tea') and 2446: 2428: 2418: 2408: 2398: 2388: 2378: 2356: 2346: 2345:; 'stream'), 2336: 2326: 2316: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2213: 2193: 2173: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2040: 2025: 2008: 1991: 1880: 1669:script used to write the 1655: 1002:Chinese family of scripts 972: 954: 940: 935: 931: 924: 917: 912: 894: 880: 875: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 838: 828: 816: 811: 797: 774: 748: 743: 725: 718: 701: 694: 675: 661: 644: 637: 620: 606: 592: 585: 569: 562: 548: 541: 525: 518: 501: 487: 471: 457: 437: 423: 416: 411: 407: 396: 382: 368: 363: 359: 354: 333:characters used to write 327: 321:characters used to write 315: 282: 272: 265: 249: 244: 196: 175: 170: 127: 110: 106: – present 94: 84: 64: 58: 18004:Chinese semi-syllabaries 17267:Unicode braille patterns 17253:International uniformity 15708:Thomas Natural Shorthand 12384:King, Ross, ed. (2023). 12352:– via pinyin.info. 12298: 12283: 12158: 12126: 12120: 12092: 12066:Maspero, Gaston (1870). 12033: 11927: 11866: 11843: 11590: 11473: 11428: 11201:The Archaeology of China 11095: 11094:Li Dasui (李大遂) (2013). 10854: 10570: 10325:Bachner, Andrea (2014). 10238: 10217: 10165: 10152:Taylor & Taylor 2014 10118:, pp. 65–66, 69–72. 10073: 10050:改定常用漢字表、30日に内閣告示閣議で正式決定 10049: 10036:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9887:, pp. 70–74, 80–82. 9793:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9757:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9691:, pp. 145, 400–401. 9659:, pp. 100–103, 203. 9569:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9537:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9482:, pp. 140–142, 151. 9284:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9241:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9015:, pp. 124–125, 133. 8739:Needham & Tsien 2001 8729:, pp. 146–147, 159. 8727:Needham & Tsien 2001 8681:, pp. 23–25, 38–41. 8679:Needham & Tsien 2001 8667:Taylor & Taylor 2014 8647:Taylor & Taylor 2014 8605:, pp. 297–300, 373. 8593:, pp. 57–60, 63–65. 8581:, pp. 204–215, 373. 8477:, pp. 54, 196–197; 8385:, pp. 113, 139–142. 8109:, pp. 74, 107–108; 7887:Taylor & Taylor 2014 7877:, pp. 273–274, 302. 7150: 7125:Other regional standards 6931: 6764:Dream of the Red Chamber 5382:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 4863:Middle Chinese phonology 4758:Basic Multilingual Plane 4722:Encoding and interchange 4714:are both transcribed as 4588:in the Western paradigm. 3543:Cursive and semi-cursive 3492:). This process, called 2563: 2325:; 'river'), 2297:Phono-semantic compounds 2028:('elephant') 2011:('mountain') 1552:oracle bone inscriptions 1242:Commonly-Used Characters 1234:Commonly Used Characters 755: 384:Traditional Chinese 18341:Blindness organizations 18320:Braille Without Borders 18109:Canadian currency marks 17731:Egyptian lineage family 16914:Southwest Paleohispanic 12470:. New York: Riverhead. 12138:. 1899 – via the 11727:Vogelsang, Kai (2021). 11666:Tam, Gina Anne (2020). 11067:Kuzuoğlu, Uluğ (2023). 10788:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 10749:Demattè, Paola (2022). 10592:Cheung Kwan-hin (張系顯); 10546:Chen Ping (陳平) (1999). 10128:Choo & O'Grady 1996 9169:Cheung & Bauer 2002 7788:Sampson & Chen 2013 7752:Sampson & Chen 2013 7742:, pp. 15, 190–202. 7555:, pp. 19, 162–168. 6773:Chinese Communist Party 6593:was popularised by the 6500:Hundred Family Surnames 6494:Three Character Classic 5411:Japanese writing system 4491:, was later dubbed the 4458:, a sans-serif typeface 4126:variant character forms 3093:Bamboo and wooden slips 3077:bamboo and wooden slips 2335:; 'lake'), 2251:positioned side by side 2239:The compound character 1215:Collation and standards 370:Simplified Chinese 17658:Russian lineage family 17058:Great Lakes Algonquian 15967:Greco-Iberian alphabet 15900:Gabelsberger shorthand 14843:Inscriptional Parthian 12222:Technical Introduction 11888:Yip, Po-ching (2000). 11871:Modern Chinese Writing 11568:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 11497:The Languages of China 10429:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 10421:"Language and Writing" 8479:Peking University 2004 7344: 7248: 7048:Supreme Court of Korea 6957: 6938:Japanese script reform 6914:common characters and 6691:traditional characters 6681: 6655:Developmental dyslexia 6532: 6370: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6132: 5738:Sino-Korean vocabulary 4905: 4769:CJK Unified Ideographs 4738:CJK Unified Ideographs 4459: 4436:Printing and typefaces 4416: 4387: 4337: 4290: 4121: 4080: 4069: 4055: 4041: 4027: 4013: 4001: 3811: 3490: 141–87 BCE 2693: 2252: 1608:traditional characters 1477:Slavonic transcription 1320:Japanese script reform 1305:Traditional characters 313:This article contains 294:CJK Unified Ideographs 89:Logographic 18422:Accessible publishing 18348:Schools for the blind 18327:Japan Braille Library 18116:Computer Braille Code 17770:Indian lineage family 17150:Old Persian cuneiform 16017:Carolingian minuscule 14823:Ancient North Arabian 12445:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 12179:National Diet Library 12153:Shao Si (邵思) (1035). 11978:Zhong, Yurou (2019). 11808:10.1353/dic.1982.0009 11313:Myers, James (2019). 10694:. New York: Octagon. 10344:Bökset, Roar (2006). 10269:Shang & Zhao 2017 9859:, pp. xviii–xix. 9843:, pp. xvii–xix; 9442:, pp. 73, 84–87. 8373:, pp. 1257–1259. 8037:, pp. 59–60, 66. 6951: 6942:Further information: 6686:simplified characters 6679: 6524: 6474:Further information: 6394:was a script used by 6362: 6094: 5276: / ISO 3602 4903: 4859:Sino-Xenic vocabulary 4790:Further information: 4677:on the mainland, and 4637:Japanese input method 4631:Further information: 4453: 4446:East Asian typography 4440:Further information: 4410: 4307: 4260:Further information: 4098: 4079: 4068: 4054: 4040: 4026: 4012: 4000: 3956:component appears as 3870:imperial examinations 3809: 3622:Jin dynasty (266–420) 3440:Warring States period 3245:bird-worm seal script 3048:(1896–1979) from the 2688: 2677:Chinese script styles 2675:Further information: 2238: 2146:Compound ideographs ( 1720:Further information: 1592:simplified characters 1293:Simplified characters 18530:Culture of East Asia 18186:Mountbatten Brailler 17541:(largely reassigned) 17324:(largely reassigned) 16873:Southeastern Iberian 16868:Northeastern Iberian 14766:Egyptian hieroglyphs 12516:The Unicode Standard 12140:Chinese Text Project 12124:[Xi Ci II]. 12106:Chinese Text Project 12018:Sino-Platonic Papers 11892:. Psychology Press. 11000:Kin, Bunkyō (2021). 10876:Handel, Zev (2019). 10818:. London: Reaktion. 10815:A History of Writing 10239:'3000자까지 배우되 쓰지는 마라' 9883:, pp. 113–114; 9751:, pp. 688–690; 9689:Yong & Peng 2008 9675:, pp. 170–172; 9657:Yong & Peng 2008 9593:Yong & Peng 2008 9438:, pp. 113–115; 9414:, pp. 145, 150. 9362:, pp. 124–126; 9310:, pp. 112–113; 8876:, pp. xvii–xix. 8751:Yong & Peng 2008 8665:, pp. 175–176; 8649:, pp. 372–373; 8481:, pp. 148–152; 8417:, pp. 113, 149. 7997:, pp. 102–108; 7644:Yong & Peng 2008 7541:Yong & Peng 2008 7294: 3100 BCE 7287:Egyptian hieroglyphs 7282: 3200 BCE 7253:Also referred to as 7224:Revised Romanisation 6517:Chinese dictionaries 5203:Japanese punctuation 4896:Varieties of Chinese 4782:Chinese characters. 4745:The Unicode Standard 4665:using pinyin, or as 4633:Chinese input method 4599:Chinese character IT 4537:Sans-serif typefaces 4272:Japanese punctuation 3921:Eight Principles of 2985: 1200 BCE 2836: 2600 BCE 2809: 6500 BCE 2138:('flat and level'). 1574:(221–206 BCE). 882:Revised Romanization 18138:Nemeth braille code 17924:(reassigned vowels) 17449:(extended to 8-dot) 17023:Canadian Aboriginal 16909:Khitan small script 16631:Khitan large script 15821:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 12423:Mullaney, Thomas S. 12203:Cadell & Davies 12156:Explaining Surnames 11747:Wilkinson, Endymion 11292:Mullaney, Thomas S. 11184:10.1017/RDC.2020.90 11175:2021Radcb..63..155L 11117:Li, Wendan (2009). 11024:Knechtges, David R. 10520:, pp. 420–437. 10502:, pp. 152–184. 10496:Wang, William S.-Y. 10026:, pp. 145–146. 9998:, pp. 196–197. 9986:, pp. 159–160. 9974:, pp. 155–156. 9950:, pp. 154–156. 9923:, pp. 157–158. 9899:, pp. 150–153. 9795:, pp. 117–118. 9647:, pp. 152–153. 9583:, pp. 273–277. 9571:, pp. 110–111. 9466:, pp. 251–252. 9454:, pp. 239–240. 9298:, pp. 88, 102. 9270:, pp. 189–194. 9243:, pp. 275–279. 9231:, pp. 192–196. 9219:, pp. 129–132. 9207:, pp. 122–129. 9147:, pp. 301–302. 9111:, pp. 155–156. 9051:, pp. 136–138. 8964:, pp. 204–216. 8816:, pp. 152–153. 8741:, pp. 201–205. 8717:, pp. 175–179. 8705:, pp. 180–183. 8669:, pp. 374–375. 8557:, pp. 106–116. 8453:, pp. 144–145. 8361:, pp. 130–148. 8349:, pp. 138–139. 8325:, pp. 119–124. 8313:, pp. 59, 119. 8301:, pp. 104–107. 8141:, pp. 681–682. 8123:Liu & Chen 2012 8113:, pp. 155–175. 8073:, pp. 130–138. 7957:, pp. 170–171. 7865:, pp. 261–265. 7829:, pp. 167–168. 7790:, pp. 265–268. 7778:, pp. 104–110. 7730:, pp. 185–187. 7631:, pp. 163–171. 7607:, pp. 147–148. 7595:, pp. 102–111. 7591:, pp. 97–100; 7511:, pp. 104–109. 7063:Inmyeong-yong hanja 6751:Journey to the West 6718:May Fourth Movement 6398:women to write the 6380:Khitan small script 6376:Khitan large script 6266:Vietnamese alphabet 5810: 5362:. Beginning in the 5196:Typographic symbols 4403:Chinese calligraphy 4268:Chinese punctuation 3984: 3709:semi-cursive script 3654:Semi-cursive script 3186: 900 BCE 3010:—usually either ox 2546:'s Chinese name is 2142:Compound ideographs 1994:('Sun') 1865:Structural analysis 1264:(Taiwan, 1982) 1256:(Taiwan, 2009) 750:Vietnamese alphabet 221:Khitan small script 18520:Chinese characters 18172:Braille translator 18149:Braille technology 18125:(science; GS8/GS6) 18094:Symbols in braille 18024:Taiwanese Mandarin 17539:Taiwanese Mandarin 17145:Nwagu Aneke script 16697:Other logosyllabic 16619:Chinese-influenced 16558:Oracle bone script 16540:Chinese characters 16475:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 15865:Eclectic shorthand 15853:Duployan shorthand 15806:Caucasian Albanian 15606:Canadian syllabics 14642:History of writing 14533:Cantonese Bopomofo 14400:Chinese characters 14328:Written Sichuanese 12912:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 12466:Tsu, Jing (2022). 11389:Language and Logic 11369:Paper and Printing 11364:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin 11270:McBride, Catherine 10810:Fischer, Steven R. 9619:, pp. 47, 51. 8924:, pp. 11–12; 8617:, pp. 16, 19. 8517:, pp. 65–66; 8059:Yang & An 2008 7941:, pp. 67–69; 7658:, pp. 44–45; 7567:, pp. 57, 60. 7523:, pp. 56–57; 7507:, pp. 13–15; 7479:, pp. 22–26; 7451:, pp. 11, 16. 7269:Zev Handel lists: 6958: 6910:, which specified 6682: 6567: 100 CE 6533: 6464:Mongolian language 6429:used to write the 6371: 6323:languages of China 6133: 6101:, written in both 5825:Native translation 5806: 4906: 4750:Unicode Consortium 4653:for Cantonese, or 4593:Use with computers 4463:Woodblock printing 4460: 4417: 4357: 121 CE 4346:invention of paper 4338: 4300:Methods of writing 4276:Korean punctuation 4150:and single-storey 4122: 4085:Variant characters 4081: 4070: 4056: 4042: 4028: 4014: 4002: 3977: 3812: 3239:) within the Zhou 3020:oracle bone script 2855:Oracle bone script 2848:Oracle bone script 2842:Oracle bone script 2800:valley, including 2694: 2622: 148 CE 2607: 100 CE 2576:beyond four, e.g. 2253: 2162:logical aggregates 1950:(1911–1966), with 1726:History of writing 1663:languages of China 1529:Chinese characters 1276:(Japan, 2010) 982:Chinese characters 355:Chinese characters 189:Chinese characters 59:Chinese characters 18:Chinese Characters 18449: 18448: 18445: 18444: 18367:tactile alphabets 18295:William Bell Wait 18288:Sabriye Tenberken 18089: 18088: 17954: 17953: 17939:(Japanese vowels) 17737:-mediated scripts 17664:-mediated scripts 17191: 17190: 17187: 17186: 17183: 17182: 17043:Ditema tsa Dinoko 16981: 16980: 16936: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16829: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16649: 16648: 16508: 16507: 16393: 16392: 16389: 16388: 15735: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15584: 15583: 14949: 14948: 14936:Teeline Shorthand 14694: 14693: 14586: 14585: 14568: 14567: 14395: 14394: 14313:Written Cantonese 14308: 14307: 14090:Classical grammar 14085:Cantonese grammar 13920: 13919: 13817: 13816: 13623: 13622: 13542: 13541: 13404: 13403: 13111: 13110: 12898: 12897: 12788:Chengdu–Chongqing 12581:Sinitic languages 12534:Chinese Etymology 12496:978-988-8754-09-0 12477:978-0-7352-1472-9 12458:978-0-7748-0192-8 12436:978-0-262-04751-7 12409:(2 August 2011). 12398:978-90-04-43769-2 12376:978-963-463-811-7 12349:978-0-8248-1207-2 12264:978-1-936213-34-4 12043:978-0-87415-349-1 11997:978-0-231-54989-9 11988:10.7312/zhon19262 11941:978-7-80241-670-3 11918:978-0-19-156167-2 11899:978-0-415-15174-0 11880:978-7-309-05525-2 11857:978-7-303-09437-0 11834:978-0-19-533263-6 11762:978-0-674-06715-8 11738:978-0-19-883497-7 11719:978-0-415-49716-9 11698:978-90-272-1794-3 11679:978-1-108-77640-0 11604:978-7-100-10440-1 11581:978-0-520-07028-8 11515:Sampson, Geoffrey 11506:978-0-691-01468-5 11487:978-7-100-09369-9 11464:978-1-55729-071-7 11442:978-7-100-00940-9 11420:978-0-521-29653-3 11398:978-0-521-57143-2 11379:978-0-521-08690-5 11343:978-1-78938-183-2 11324:978-1-138-29081-5 11305:978-0-262-03636-8 11283:978-0-19-026684-4 11261:978-0-596-51447-1 11210:978-0-521-64310-8 11147:978-1-138-90731-7 11128:978-0-8248-3364-0 11109:978-7-301-21958-4 11086:978-0-231-20938-0 11077:10.7312/kuzu20938 11059:978-0-19-251869-9 11037:978-90-04-19240-9 11015:978-90-04-43730-2 10992:978-0-521-85558-7 10975:Chang, Kang-i Sun 10962:978-0-520-02969-9 10916:978-0-8248-1892-0 10889:978-90-04-35222-3 10868:978-7-5363-0614-1 10846:978-1-4443-5985-5 10825:978-1-86189-101-3 10801:978-0-521-43519-2 10779:978-0-470-67189-4 10760:978-0-19-763576-6 10741:978-0-8248-1068-9 10720:978-90-279-7643-7 10701:978-0-374-92095-1 10679:978-1-000-33404-3 10660:978-0-631-18028-9 10638:978-0-8248-1815-9 10584:978-957-671-995-0 10561:978-0-521-64572-0 10538:978-1-138-21115-5 10511:, pp. 51–63. 10487:978-1-317-38249-2 10468:978-0-295-80450-7 10442:978-0-521-47030-8 10411:978-0-940490-78-9 10373:World Archaeology 10369:Boltz, William G. 10360:978-91-628-6832-1 10336:978-0-231-16452-8 10206:, pp. 67–68. 10194:, pp. 66–67. 10169:[乻 · 賏... 40 10094:, pp. 82–84. 9871:, pp. 11–13. 9783:, pp. 60–67. 9703:, pp. 27–28. 9679:, pp. 79–80. 9635:, pp. 65–66. 9595:, pp. 55–58. 9390:, pp. 23–24. 9350:, pp. 75–82. 9326:, pp. 64–66. 9314:, pp. 60–61. 9255:, pp. 78–80. 9183:, pp. 75–77. 9171:, pp. 12–20. 9099:, pp. 86–87. 9087:, pp. 22–23. 9027:, pp. 64–65. 8976:, pp. 72–73. 8928:, pp. 15–16. 8864:, pp. 74–75. 8777:, pp. 23–25. 8545:, pp. 58–59. 8533:, pp. 43–44. 8241:, pp. 76–78. 8229:, pp. 88–89. 8217:, pp. 63–66. 8177:, pp. 46–47. 8153:, pp. 28–42. 8061:, pp. 84–86. 8049:, pp. 79–80. 8025:, pp. 44–45. 7969:, pp. 48–49. 7911:Gnanadesikan 2011 7889:, pp. 30–32. 7853:, pp. 51–52. 7702:, pp. 39–42. 7674:, pp. 18–19. 7579:, pp. 14–18. 7543:, pp. 95–98. 7340:Middle Vietnamese 7234:McCune–Reischauer 7115:Taiwanese Hokkien 6777:Peking University 6714:Republic of China 6710:Xinhai Revolution 6620:. These used the 6618:rime dictionaries 6596:Kangxi Dictionary 6505:active vocabulary 6491:and 13th-century 6480:Literacy in China 6169:characters'), or 6072: 6071: 5354: 5353: 5017:Written Cantonese 4839:language families 4806:Classical Chinese 4562:"Kai" typefaces ( 4488:Kangxi Dictionary 4292:scriptio continua 4200:on the left, and 4074: 4073: 3707:An early form of 3483:Emperor Wu of Han 3296:Small seal script 3289:Small seal script 3267:large seal script 3227:small seal script 2281:Peter A. Boodberg 2132:('concave'), and 2102:simple ideographs 1568:small seal script 1526: 1525: 1390:Zetian characters 1222:Kangxi Dictionary 976: 975: 968: 967: 908: 907: 896:McCune–Reischauer 739: 738: 594:Yale Romanization 418:Standard Mandarin 341:rendering support 308: 307: 16:(Redirected from 18552: 18502: 18501: 18500: 18490: 18489: 18478: 18477: 18466: 18465: 18457: 18438: 18431: 18429:Braille literacy 18424: 18406: 18399: 18392: 18385: 18378: 18357: 18350: 18343: 18336: 18329: 18322: 18315: 18297: 18290: 18283: 18276: 18269: 18262: 18255: 18248: 18230: 18223: 18221:Slate and stylus 18216: 18209: 18207:Perkins Brailler 18202: 18195: 18188: 18181: 18174: 18167: 18165:Braille embosser 18160: 18140: 18133: 18126: 18118: 18111: 18104: 18082: 18074: 18067: 18049: 18042: 18033: 18026: 18019: 18012: 18005: 17989: 17986:American Braille 17970: 17967:Algerian Braille 17947: 17940: 17932: 17925: 17917: 17910: 17903: 17896: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17856: 17848: 17841: 17834: 17827: 17820: 17813: 17806: 17799: 17792: 17785: 17762: 17754: 17747: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17674: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17609: 17602: 17595: 17582: 17581: 17577: 17570: 17563: 17556: 17549: 17542: 17534: 17527: 17520: 17513: 17506: 17499: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17457: 17450: 17442: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17365: 17358: 17351: 17339: 17332: 17325: 17317: 17310: 17303: 17296: 17281: 17280: 17269: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17231: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17197: 17196: 16987: 16986: 16942: 16941: 16848: 16847: 16840:Semi-syllabaries 16835: 16834: 16536: 16535: 16527: 16526: 16514: 16513: 16399: 16398: 15754: 15753: 15741: 15740: 15643:Japanese Braille 15228:Zanabazar square 15097:Nepalese scripts 14987:Bengali–Assamese 14977: 14976: 14968: 14967: 14955: 14954: 14872:Pitman shorthand 14717: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14700: 14699: 14632: 14631: 14613: 14606: 14599: 14590: 14589: 14578: 14577: 14550:Taiwanese Hangul 14439:Mainland Chinese 14352: 14351: 14343: 14342: 14268: 14267: 13945:Standard Chinese 13928: 13696: 13695: 13415: 13414: 13308: 13307: 13299: 13298: 13181: 13169: 13157: 13145: 13133: 12932: 12931: 12604: 12603: 12595: 12594: 12571:Chinese language 12564: 12557: 12550: 12541: 12540: 12536:by Richard Sears 12500: 12481: 12462: 12440: 12418: 12402: 12380: 12368: 12353: 12311: 12307: 12296:"Introduction". 12292: 12281:"Introduction". 12275: 12269: 12268: 12241: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12217: 12211: 12210: 12193:Morrison, Robert 12189: 12183: 12182: 12177:– via the 12176: 12174: 12168:10.11501/1287529 12150: 12144: 12143: 12116: 12110: 12109: 12104:– via the 12080: 12074: 12073: 12063: 12047: 12025: 12001: 11974: 11945: 11922: 11903: 11884: 11861: 11838: 11819: 11790: 11788: 11778: 11766: 11742: 11723: 11702: 11683: 11660: 11651: 11642: 11633: 11608: 11585: 11563: 11534: 11510: 11491: 11468: 11446: 11424: 11402: 11383: 11366:, eds. (2001) . 11355: 11328: 11309: 11287: 11265: 11243: 11214: 11188: 11186: 11151: 11132: 11113: 11090: 11063: 11041: 11019: 10996: 10966: 10949:Keightley, David 10944: 10920: 10901: 10872: 10850: 10829: 10805: 10783: 10764: 10745: 10724: 10705: 10683: 10664: 10647:Coulmas, Florian 10642: 10623:O'Grady, William 10617: 10594:Bauer, Robert S. 10588: 10571:秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察 10565: 10553: 10542: 10521: 10512: 10503: 10491: 10472: 10446: 10415: 10396: 10364: 10352: 10340: 10312: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10190:, pp. 113; 10185: 10179: 10178: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10125: 10119: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9562: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9483: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8660: 8654: 8644: 8638: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8512: 8506: 8492: 8486: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8203:Shaughnessy 1991 8200: 8194: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7992: 7986: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7936: 7930: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7534: 7528: 7518: 7512: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7474: 7468: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7349: 7347: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7315: 1 CE 7313: 7304: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7283: 7280: 7267: 7261: 7241: 7231: 7219: 7206: 7196: 7186: 7175: 7174: 7165: 7161: 7146: 7132: 7112: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7045: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6992: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6955: 6927: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6861:revised list of 6837: 6833: 6823: 6817: 6805: 6799: 6760: 6757: 6732:(1881–1936) and 6726:Standard Chinese 6638:Neurolinguistics 6629: 6583: 6578: 6568: 6565: 6557: 6554: 6541: 6540: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6294:Zhuang languages 6291: 6290: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6252:). As a system, 6251: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6098:The Tale of Kieu 6065: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5776: 5775: 1418–1450 5774: 5757: 5752:, comparable to 5751: 5735: 5705: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5679:. As opposed to 5678: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5436: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5379: 5373: 5361: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5316:Polivanov system 5297:(keyboard input) 5066:Japanese writing 5060: 5053: 5052: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5013:Standard Chinese 5005: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4876: 4875: 4843:reading by gloss 4781: 4780: 4766: 4765: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4669:using Jyutping. 4668: 4664: 4660: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4477:(1368–1644) and 4392: 4384: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4356: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4295: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4102: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3878:Literary Chinese 3854: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3479: 3474: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3445: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3367: 3364: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3277: 3272: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3237: 3232: 3224: 3221: 3205: 3200: 3187: 3184: 3165: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3058: 3057: 3030: 3025: 3001: 2998: 2986: 2983: 2971: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2825:Dawenkou culture 2810: 2807: 2776: 2771: 2738:Chinese classics 2726: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2703: 2666: 2650: 2645: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2608: 2605: 2583: 2579: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2509: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2448: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2285:William G. Boltz 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170:syssemantographs 2158: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2098: 2093: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2027: 2022: 2010: 2005: 1993: 1988: 1946:(1901–1979) and 1945: 1934: 1932: 1919: 1887: 1882: 1873:made of smaller 1775: 1766: 1671:Zhuang languages 1660: 1659: 1627:Literary Chinese 1518: 1511: 1504: 1237:(PRC, 2013) 1203:Digital encoding 1122:Modern typefaces 1005: 992: 978: 977: 964: 963: 950: 949: 933: 932: 927: 926: 904: 903: 890: 889: 873: 872: 867: 866: 853: 852: 824: 807: 806: 735: 734: 714: 713: 690: 689: 688: 671: 670: 657: 656: 633: 632: 631: 616: 615: 602: 601: 581: 580: 579: 558: 557: 556: 537: 536: 535: 514: 513: 512: 497: 496: 483: 482: 481: 467: 466: 453: 452: 451: 449: 433: 432: 409: 408: 392: 391: 378: 377: 352: 351: 332: 331: 320: 319: 304: 295: 260: 257: 166: 105: 102: 69: 56: 55: 21: 18560: 18559: 18555: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18550: 18549: 18525:Chinese culture 18510: 18509: 18508: 18498: 18496: 18484: 18472: 18460: 18452: 18450: 18441: 18434: 18427: 18420: 18409: 18402: 18395: 18388: 18381: 18374: 18360: 18353: 18346: 18339: 18332: 18325: 18318: 18311: 18300: 18293: 18286: 18279: 18272: 18265: 18258: 18253:Charles Barbier 18251: 18244: 18233: 18226: 18219: 18212: 18205: 18198: 18191: 18184: 18177: 18170: 18163: 18156: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18121: 18114: 18107: 18100: 18085: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18052: 18045: 18038: 18029: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18003: 17992: 17984: 17978:Frequency-based 17973: 17965: 17950: 17943: 17935: 17928: 17920: 17913: 17906: 17899: 17891: 17884: 17877: 17870: 17859: 17851: 17844: 17837: 17830: 17823: 17816: 17809: 17802: 17795: 17788: 17781: 17774:Bharati Braille 17771: 17765: 17757: 17750: 17743: 17732: 17726: 17719: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17691: 17684: 17677: 17670: 17659: 17653: 17646: 17641: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17612: 17605: 17598: 17591: 17580: 17573: 17566: 17559: 17552: 17545: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17516: 17509: 17502: 17495: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17453: 17445: 17438: 17431: 17424: 17417: 17410: 17403: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17348:Unified English 17342: 17335: 17328: 17320: 17313: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17277:Braille scripts 17272: 17265: 17258: 17251: 17244: 17233: 17229: 17224: 17179: 16994: 16977: 16973:Stokoe notation 16949: 16928: 16887: 16842: 16821: 16805: 16769: 16748:Logoconsonantal 16743: 16692: 16645: 16614: 16521: 16504: 16485:Siglas poveiras 16406: 16385: 16344: 16248:Younger Futhark 15952:Gregg shorthand 15748: 15727: 15580: 15232: 14962: 14945: 14724: 14707: 14690: 14663:Writing systems 14651: 14626: 14624:writing systems 14617: 14587: 14582: 14564: 14501:Tongyong Pinyin 14481:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 14469:Dungan Cyrillic 14452: 14421: 14391: 14332: 14323:Written Hokkien 14304: 14263: 14257: 14233:Middle Mandarin 14199: 14119: 14094: 14056: 14003: 13936: 13929: 13916: 13865: 13813: 13772: 13749: 13685: 13619: 13538: 13517: 13499: 13476: 13400: 13367: 13344: 13288: 13224: 13184: 13175: 13163: 13151: 13139: 13127: 13107: 13089: 13061: 13043: 13017: 12994: 12921: 12894: 12868: 12845: 12769: 12709: 12681: 12658: 12635: 12584: 12573: 12568: 12512:Unihan Database 12508: 12503: 12497: 12478: 12459: 12437: 12407:Mair, Victor H. 12399: 12377: 12366: 12350: 12332:DeFrancis, John 12326: 12320: 12318:Further reading 12315: 12314: 12310: 12300: 12295: 12285: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12265: 12242: 12238: 12228: 12226: 12219: 12218: 12214: 12190: 12186: 12172: 12170: 12160: 12151: 12147: 12128: 12122: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12094: 12081: 12077: 12064: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12044: 12035: 12010:Mair, Victor H. 11998: 11942: 11929: 11919: 11900: 11881: 11868: 11858: 11845: 11835: 11776: 11763: 11739: 11720: 11699: 11680: 11605: 11592: 11582: 11507: 11488: 11478:Chinese Writing 11475: 11465: 11455:Chinese Writing 11443: 11430: 11421: 11399: 11380: 11360:Needham, Joseph 11344: 11325: 11306: 11284: 11262: 11211: 11148: 11136:Li, Yu (2020). 11129: 11110: 11097: 11087: 11060: 11046:Kornicki, Peter 11038: 11016: 10993: 10963: 10917: 10890: 10869: 10856: 10847: 10826: 10802: 10780: 10761: 10742: 10721: 10702: 10688:DeFrancis, John 10680: 10661: 10639: 10585: 10572: 10562: 10539: 10488: 10469: 10443: 10412: 10361: 10350: 10337: 10320: 10315: 10307:, p. 166; 10303: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10283:, pp. 161. 10279: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10240: 10234: 10230: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10186: 10182: 10175:The Chosun Ilbo 10167: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10138: 10134: 10126: 10122: 10114: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10030: 10022: 10018: 10006: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9919: 9915: 9907: 9903: 9895: 9891: 9879: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9839: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9771:, pp. 153. 9767: 9763: 9747: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9667: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9631:, p. 183; 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9563: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9535:, p. 242; 9531: 9527: 9519: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9495: 9486: 9474: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9450: 9446: 9434: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9306: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9131: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9059: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8725: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8661: 8657: 8645: 8641: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8513: 8509: 8493: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8401:, p. 149; 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189:, p. 424; 8185: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8133: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8111:Liu et al. 2017 8105: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8009: 8005: 7993: 7989: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7937: 7933: 7925:, p. 168; 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7827:Cruttenden 2021 7825: 7821: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686:, p. 154; 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7535: 7531: 7527:, pp. 3–4. 7519: 7515: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7475: 7471: 7467:, pp. 4–5. 7459: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411:, pp. 3–4. 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7302: 7293: 7281: 7268: 7264: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7144: 7130: 7127: 7110: 7101: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7071: 7067: 7043: 7033: 7009: 6990: 6977: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6925: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6881: 6862: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6800: 6789: 6758: 6738:Beijing dialect 6674: 6664: 6640: 6591:Kangxi radicals 6566: 6555: 6538: 6536: 6519: 6513: 6482: 6472: 6357: 6351: 6313:Zhuang alphabet 6292:script for the 6282:Southwest China 6274: 6272:Other languages 6131: 6124: Invented 6121: 6119: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6033: 5993: 5953: 5913: 5873: 5833: 5807: 5789:Empire of Japan 5771: 5718: 5712: 5653: 5652:: for example, 5619: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5569: 5560: 5350: 5321: 5320: 5311: 5301: 5300: 5291: 5270: 5261: 5251:Transliteration 5246: 5245: 5226: 5213: 5212: 5198: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5166: 5145: 5135: 5134: 5121: 5096: 5082: 5051: 5045: 4987: 4898: 4884: 4798: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4763: 4761: 4740: 4734:Han unification 4730: 4724: 4639: 4629: 4601: 4595: 4448: 4438: 4405: 4399: 4385:and Vietnamese 4353: 4333: 4302: 4282:Word boundaries 4278: 4264: 4258: 4237: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4186: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4103: 4093: 4087: 4082: 3978: 3953: 3946:combining forms 3892: 3886: 3839: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3486: 3451:clerical script 3446: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3385:Clerical script 3380: 3378:Clerical script 3374: 3372:Clerical script 3365: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3222: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3085: 3055: 3053: 3050:Academia Sinica 2999: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2835: 2831: 2808: 2790: 2784: 2736:Several of the 2734: 2683: 2673: 2621: 2617: 2609:by the scholar 2606: 2594: 2566: 2503: 2443:phonetic series 2374: 2299: 2294: 2276: 2268: 2229: 2221: 2209: 2201: 2189: 2181: 2144: 2100:), also called 2088: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1968: 1939: 1929: 1917: 1867: 1824:written Chinese 1802:writing systems 1798: 1792: 1738: 1728: 1718: 1698:telegraph codes 1576:Clerical script 1541:Chinese culture 1522: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1460: 1437: 1403: 1402:Derived systems 1395: 1394: 1385: 1375: 1374: 1364: 1354: 1345: 1334: 1333: 1316: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1267: 1248: 1229: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1155: 1151:Properties and 1144: 1143: 1118: 1090: 1065: 1052: 1041: 1012:Written Chinese 1008: 999: 942:Revised Hepburn 822: 793: 792: 791: 770: 769: 768: 744:Vietnamese name 686: 577: 554: 533: 489:Tongyong Pinyin 479: 459:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 447: 397:Literal meaning 350: 349: 348: 339:Without proper 296: 293: 287: 275: 258: 255: 240: 199: 192: 178: 171:Related scripts 158: 123: 103: 97: 90: 80: 60: 50: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18558: 18548: 18547: 18542: 18540:Southeast Asia 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18507: 18506: 18494: 18482: 18470: 18447: 18446: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18432: 18425: 18417: 18415: 18414:Related topics 18411: 18410: 18408: 18407: 18400: 18393: 18390:New York Point 18386: 18379: 18371: 18369: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18358: 18351: 18344: 18337: 18330: 18323: 18316: 18308: 18306: 18302: 18301: 18299: 18298: 18291: 18284: 18277: 18274:Harris Mowbray 18270: 18263: 18256: 18249: 18241: 18239: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18224: 18217: 18210: 18203: 18196: 18189: 18182: 18175: 18168: 18161: 18158:Braille e-book 18153: 18151: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18141: 18134: 18127: 18119: 18112: 18105: 18097: 18095: 18091: 18090: 18087: 18086: 18084: 18083: 18075: 18068: 18060: 18058: 18054: 18053: 18051: 18050: 18043: 18036: 18035: 18034: 18027: 18020: 18013: 18000: 17998: 17994: 17993: 17991: 17990: 17981: 17979: 17975: 17974: 17972: 17971: 17962: 17960: 17956: 17955: 17952: 17951: 17949: 17948: 17941: 17933: 17926: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17889: 17882: 17875: 17867: 17865: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17857: 17849: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17778: 17776: 17767: 17766: 17764: 17763: 17755: 17748: 17740: 17738: 17728: 17727: 17725: 17724: 17717: 17710: 17703: 17696: 17689: 17682: 17675: 17667: 17665: 17655: 17654: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17610: 17603: 17596: 17588: 17586: 17579: 17578: 17571: 17564: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17535: 17528: 17521: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17493: 17486: 17479: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17451: 17443: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17340: 17333: 17326: 17318: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17289: 17287: 17285:French-ordered 17278: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17263: 17256: 17249: 17241: 17239: 17235: 17234: 17223: 17222: 17215: 17208: 17200: 17193: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17125:Linear Elamite 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17106: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 16999: 16996: 16995: 16983: 16982: 16979: 16978: 16976: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16947:Sign languages 16938: 16937: 16934: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16926: 16924:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16899:Espanca script 16895: 16893: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16858:Linear Elamite 16854: 16852: 16844: 16843: 16831: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16819: 16813: 16811: 16807: 16806: 16804: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16751: 16749: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16741: 16739:Yi (Classical) 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16700: 16698: 16694: 16693: 16691: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16659: 16657: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16622: 16620: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16565: 16563:Bronze scripts 16560: 16555: 16550: 16544: 16542: 16533: 16523: 16522: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16383: 16378: 16376:Flag semaphore 16373: 16371:New York Point 16368: 16366:Telegraph code 16363: 16361:Maritime flags 16358: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16345: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16315:Visible Speech 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16285:Sorang Sompeng 16282: 16277: 16272: 16271: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16169:Galik alphabet 16166: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16075: 16074: 16069: 16067:Tironian notes 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15912: 15910:Garay alphabet 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15861: 15860: 15850: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15838: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15760: 15758: 15750: 15749: 15737: 15736: 15733: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15693:Sorang Sompeng 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15616:Déné syllabics 15613: 15603: 15598: 15592: 15590: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15571: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15342: 15341: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15240: 15238: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15213: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15161: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14981: 14974: 14964: 14963: 14951: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14932: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14877:Proto-Sinaitic 14874: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14857: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14751: 14750: 14749: 14738: 14737: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14709: 14708: 14696: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14682: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14638: 14636: 14628: 14627: 14616: 14615: 14608: 14601: 14593: 14584: 14583: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14545:Taiwanese kana 14542: 14541: 14540: 14535: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14516:Lessing-Othmer 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14473: 14472: 14471: 14460: 14458: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14429: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14358: 14349: 14340: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14318:Written Dungan 14315: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14274: 14272: 14265: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14223:Middle Chinese 14220: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14190:Wubi (Wang Ma) 14187: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14138: 14135: 14129: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14110: 14102: 14100: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14066: 14064: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14011: 14009: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13941: 13939: 13931: 13930: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13907:Xiangnan Tuhua 13904: 13899: 13894: 13892:Shaozhou Tuhua 13889: 13884: 13879: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13827: 13825: 13819: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13770: 13765: 13759: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13704: 13702: 13693: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13633: 13631: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13515: 13509: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13492: 13486: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13423: 13421: 13412: 13406: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13396: 13391: 13381: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13354: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13305: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13284: 13274: 13269: 13268: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13234: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13206: 13205: 13194: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13182: 13170: 13158: 13146: 13134: 13121: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13099: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13071: 13069: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13023: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13004: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12940: 12938: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12919: 12914: 12908: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12855: 12853: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12805:Renshou–Fushun 12802: 12801: 12800: 12790: 12779: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12730: 12725: 12719: 12717: 12715:Central Plains 12711: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12691: 12689: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12674: 12668: 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12612: 12610: 12601: 12592: 12586: 12585: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12567: 12566: 12559: 12552: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12531: 12525: 12519: 12507: 12506:External links 12504: 12502: 12501: 12495: 12482: 12476: 12463: 12457: 12441: 12435: 12419: 12403: 12397: 12381: 12375: 12358:Galambos, Imre 12354: 12348: 12327: 12319: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12293: 12277: 12270: 12263: 12236: 12212: 12184: 12145: 12111: 12075: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12042: 12026: 12002: 11996: 11975: 11957:(1): 127–137. 11946: 11940: 11923: 11917: 11904: 11898: 11885: 11879: 11862: 11856: 11839: 11833: 11820: 11802:(1): 151–169. 11791: 11767: 11761: 11743: 11737: 11724: 11718: 11703: 11697: 11684: 11678: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11657:Sybesma (2015) 11652: 11648:Sybesma (2015) 11643: 11639:Sybesma (2015) 11609: 11603: 11586: 11580: 11564: 11546:(4): 315–329. 11535: 11525:(2): 255–272. 11511: 11505: 11492: 11486: 11469: 11463: 11447: 11441: 11433:Modern Chinese 11425: 11419: 11403: 11397: 11384: 11378: 11356: 11342: 11329: 11323: 11310: 11304: 11288: 11282: 11266: 11260: 11244: 11220:Ars Orientalis 11215: 11209: 11189: 11169:(1): 155–175. 11152: 11146: 11133: 11127: 11114: 11108: 11091: 11085: 11064: 11058: 11042: 11036: 11020: 11014: 10997: 10991: 10967: 10961: 10945: 10921: 10915: 10902: 10888: 10873: 10867: 10851: 10845: 10830: 10824: 10806: 10800: 10784: 10778: 10765: 10759: 10746: 10740: 10725: 10719: 10706: 10700: 10684: 10678: 10665: 10659: 10643: 10637: 10618: 10589: 10583: 10566: 10560: 10543: 10537: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10513: 10504: 10486: 10473: 10467: 10454: 10441: 10425:Loewe, Michael 10416: 10410: 10397: 10379:(3): 420–436. 10365: 10359: 10341: 10335: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10309:DeFrancis 1984 10297: 10285: 10273: 10271:, p. 320. 10261: 10249: 10228: 10208: 10196: 10180: 10156: 10154:, p. 179. 10144: 10132: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10084: 10064: 10040: 10038:, p. 275. 10028: 10016: 10014:, p. 136. 10010:, p. 79; 10000: 9988: 9976: 9964: 9952: 9937: 9935:, p. 142. 9925: 9913: 9901: 9889: 9873: 9869:DeFrancis 1972 9861: 9849: 9847:, p. 136. 9833: 9831:, p. 404. 9821: 9819:, p. 171. 9809: 9807:, p. 136. 9797: 9785: 9773: 9761: 9741: 9729: 9717: 9705: 9693: 9681: 9671:, p. 88; 9661: 9649: 9637: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9585: 9573: 9557: 9555:, p. 481. 9545: 9543:, p. 123. 9539:, p. 14; 9533:DeFrancis 1984 9525: 9513: 9501: 9484: 9468: 9456: 9444: 9428: 9424:DeFrancis 1977 9416: 9404: 9392: 9388:DeFrancis 1977 9380: 9368: 9352: 9340: 9328: 9316: 9300: 9288: 9286:, p. 435. 9282:, p. 49; 9272: 9257: 9245: 9233: 9221: 9209: 9197: 9185: 9173: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9085:Wilkinson 2012 9077: 9065: 9063:, p. 205. 9053: 9041: 9029: 9017: 9005: 9003:, p. 168. 8990: 8988:, p. 212. 8978: 8966: 8954: 8952:, p. XII. 8942: 8930: 8914: 8902: 8900:, p. 203. 8890: 8886:Wilkinson 2012 8878: 8874:Vogelsang 2021 8866: 8854: 8852:, p. 193. 8842: 8840:, p. 222. 8830: 8828:, p. 422. 8818: 8803: 8791: 8789:, p. 218. 8779: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8655: 8653:, p. 245. 8639: 8635:Keightley 1978 8633:, p. 27; 8629:, p. 54; 8619: 8607: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8523: 8507: 8501:, p. 58; 8497:, p. 86; 8487: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8441:, p. 143. 8431: 8429:, p. 125. 8419: 8407: 8397:, p. 51; 8387: 8375: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8289:, p. 156. 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8205:, p. 1–4. 8195: 8179: 8175:Keightley 1978 8167: 8155: 8151:Keightley 1978 8143: 8139:Wilkinson 2012 8127: 8115: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8027: 8015: 8003: 7987: 7985:, p. 170. 7971: 7959: 7947: 7931: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7851:Vogelsang 2021 7843: 7831: 7819: 7817:, p. 154. 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7766:, p. 155. 7756: 7754:, p. 261. 7744: 7732: 7726:, p. 68; 7716: 7704: 7692: 7676: 7664: 7648: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7545: 7539:, p. 51; 7529: 7513: 7497: 7485: 7469: 7453: 7441: 7435:, p. 59; 7425: 7413: 7401: 7389: 7377: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7331: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7305: 7296: 7284: 7270: 7262: 7252: 7251: 7242: 7220: 7208: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7126: 7123: 7100: 7097: 7079: 7076: 7050:published the 7032: 7029: 6936:Main article: 6933: 6930: 6829: 6828: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6801: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6746:classic novels 6663: 6660: 6648:neurolinguists 6639: 6636: 6515:Main article: 6512: 6509: 6471: 6468: 6427:Geba syllabary 6422:semi-syllabary 6402:language, and 6400:Xiangnan Tuhua 6388:Jurchen script 6350: 6347: 6273: 6270: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6079:Main article: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6053: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5973: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5933: 5920: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5893: 5880: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5853: 5840: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5726:Three Kingdoms 5714:Main article: 5711: 5708: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5269: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208:Iteration mark 5205: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5125:Jinmeiyō kanji 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5047:Main article: 5044: 5041: 4892:Middle Chinese 4883: 4880: 4827:compound words 4787: 4784: 4726:Main article: 4723: 4720: 4649:for Mandarin, 4628: 4625: 4613:text encodings 4597:Main article: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4571: 4560: 4534: 4437: 4434: 4401:Main article: 4398: 4395: 4342:ritual bronzes 4301: 4298: 4257: 4254: 4246:. Ultimately, 4089:Main article: 4086: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4006: 4003: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3975: 3885: 3882: 3815:Regular script 3794: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753:Regular script 3752: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746:Regular script 3744:Main article: 3741: 3740:Regular script 3738: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3604:Cursive script 3591: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3550:Cursive script 3549: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3537:Three Kingdoms 3533:regular script 3426: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3376:Main article: 3373: 3370: 3351:Qin's conquest 3337: 3336: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3287:Main article: 3284: 3281: 3209:ritual bronzes 3170: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3084: 3081: 2976: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2947: 2940: 2939: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2907: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2880: 2879: 2867: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2846:Main article: 2843: 2840: 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2766:Yellow Emperor 2740:indicate that 2733: 2730: 2691:Gaston Maspero 2672: 2669: 2593: 2592:classification 2586: 2565: 2562: 2502: 2499: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2160:)—also called 2143: 2140: 2087: 2084: 2061:('Moon'), and 2024: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1866: 1863: 1828:morphosyllabic 1794:Main article: 1791: 1790:Classification 1788: 1717: 1714: 1712:on computers. 1710:text encodings 1596:mainland China 1584:regular script 1524: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1443: 1441:Jurchen script 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1266: 1265: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1156: 1153:classification 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1006: 994: 993: 985: 984: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 958: 952: 951: 944: 938: 937: 936:Transcriptions 929: 928: 921: 915: 914: 910: 909: 906: 905: 898: 892: 891: 884: 878: 877: 876:Transcriptions 869: 868: 861: 855: 854: 847: 841: 840: 836: 835: 832: 826: 825: 820: 814: 813: 809: 808: 801: 795: 794: 790: 789: 786: 782: 778: 772: 771: 767: 766: 763: 760: 756: 752: 746: 745: 741: 740: 737: 736: 729: 727:Middle Chinese 723: 722: 720:Middle Chinese 716: 715: 708: 699: 698: 692: 691: 682: 673: 672: 665: 659: 658: 651: 642: 641: 635: 634: 624: 618: 617: 610: 604: 603: 596: 590: 589: 587:Yue: Cantonese 583: 582: 573: 567: 566: 560: 559: 550: 546: 545: 539: 538: 529: 523: 522: 516: 515: 505: 499: 498: 491: 485: 484: 475: 469: 468: 461: 455: 454: 441: 435: 434: 427: 421: 420: 414: 413: 412:Transcriptions 405: 404: 398: 394: 393: 386: 380: 379: 372: 366: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 343:, you may see 311: 310: 309: 306: 305: 288: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 270: 269: 263: 262: 253: 247: 246: 242: 241: 239: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 211:Jurchen script 208: 202: 200: 197: 194: 193: 191: 190: 181: 179: 177:Parent systems 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 129: 125: 124: 122: 121: 118: 114: 112: 108: 107: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 86: 82: 81: 70: 62: 61: 46:Cilix glaucata 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18557: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18505: 18495: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18458: 18455: 18437: 18433: 18430: 18426: 18423: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18412: 18405: 18401: 18398: 18397:Night writing 18394: 18391: 18387: 18384: 18380: 18377: 18373: 18372: 18370: 18368: 18363: 18356: 18352: 18349: 18345: 18342: 18338: 18335: 18331: 18328: 18324: 18321: 18317: 18314: 18310: 18309: 18307: 18305:Organisations 18303: 18296: 18292: 18289: 18285: 18282: 18278: 18275: 18271: 18268: 18267:Valentin Haüy 18264: 18261: 18257: 18254: 18250: 18247: 18246:Louis Braille 18243: 18242: 18240: 18236: 18229: 18225: 18222: 18218: 18215: 18211: 18208: 18204: 18201: 18197: 18194: 18190: 18187: 18183: 18180: 18179:Braille watch 18176: 18173: 18169: 18166: 18162: 18159: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18150: 18146: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18128: 18124: 18120: 18117: 18113: 18110: 18106: 18103: 18102:Braille music 18099: 18098: 18096: 18092: 18080: 18076: 18073: 18069: 18066: 18065:Luxembourgish 18062: 18061: 18059: 18055: 18048: 18044: 18041: 18037: 18032: 18028: 18025: 18021: 18018: 18014: 18011: 18007: 18006: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17995: 17987: 17983: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17968: 17964: 17963: 17961: 17957: 17946: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17931: 17927: 17923: 17919: 17916: 17912: 17909: 17905: 17902: 17898: 17894: 17890: 17887: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17873: 17869: 17868: 17866: 17864:Other scripts 17862: 17854: 17850: 17847: 17843: 17840: 17836: 17833: 17829: 17826: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17812: 17808: 17805: 17801: 17798: 17794: 17791: 17787: 17784: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17775: 17768: 17760: 17756: 17753: 17749: 17746: 17742: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17729: 17722: 17718: 17715: 17711: 17708: 17704: 17701: 17697: 17694: 17690: 17687: 17683: 17680: 17676: 17673: 17669: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17656: 17645: 17640: 17637: 17636:Northern Sámi 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17617: 17615: 17611: 17608: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17590: 17589: 17587: 17585:Nordic family 17583: 17576: 17572: 17569: 17565: 17562: 17558: 17555: 17551: 17548: 17544: 17540: 17536: 17533: 17529: 17526: 17525:South African 17522: 17519: 17515: 17512: 17508: 17505: 17501: 17498: 17494: 17491: 17487: 17484: 17480: 17477: 17473: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17459: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17447:Luxembourgish 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17430: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17409: 17406: 17402: 17399: 17395: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17374: 17371: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17349: 17345: 17341: 17338: 17334: 17331: 17327: 17323: 17319: 17316: 17312: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17298: 17295: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17279: 17275: 17268: 17264: 17261: 17260:ASCII braille 17257: 17254: 17250: 17247: 17243: 17242: 17240: 17236: 17228: 17221: 17216: 17214: 17209: 17207: 17202: 17201: 17198: 17194: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16997: 16993: 16988: 16984: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16948: 16943: 16939: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16855: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16836: 16832: 16818: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16808: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16791:Attic (Greek) 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16752: 16750: 16746: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16729:Proto-Elamite 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16695: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16656: 16652: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16617: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16520: 16515: 16511: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16409: 16405: 16400: 16396: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16243:Elder Futhark 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16225: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16161: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16134:Old Hungarian 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15782: 15781: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15742: 15738: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15668:Masaram Gondi 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15638:Gunjala Gondi 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15587: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15524: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15451: 15450:Old Sundanese 15448: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15393:Old Maldivian 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15377: 15376:Bilang-bilang 15374: 15373: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15241: 15239: 15235: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15196:Sylheti Nagri 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14997:Brahmi script 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14956: 14952: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14892:South Arabian 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14838:Inscriptional 14836: 14834: 14831: 14830: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14760: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14752: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14736: 14735: 14731: 14730: 14727: 14723: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14701: 14697: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14654: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14621: 14614: 14609: 14607: 14602: 14600: 14595: 14594: 14591: 14581: 14571: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14529: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14470: 14467: 14466: 14465: 14464:Cyrillization 14462: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14428: 14424: 14418: 14415: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14357: 14356:Script styles 14353: 14350: 14348: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14266: 14260: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14142: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14116: 14115: 14111: 14109: 14108: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14059: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14021: 14018: 14017: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14006: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13932: 13927: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13868: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13756: 13752: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13688: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13662: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13630: 13626: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13545: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13179: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13064: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13020: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12997: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12712: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12576: 12572: 12565: 12560: 12558: 12553: 12551: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12498: 12492: 12488: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12469: 12464: 12460: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12305: 12301: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12279: 12278: 12274: 12266: 12260: 12256: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12224: 12223: 12216: 12209:. p. 18. 12208: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12188: 12180: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12149: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12115: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12071: 12070: 12062: 12058: 12045: 12039: 12032: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12006:Zhou Youguang 12003: 11999: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11947: 11943: 11937: 11933: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11910: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11872: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11849: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11826: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11775: 11774: 11768: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11711: 11710: 11704: 11700: 11694: 11690: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11653: 11649: 11644: 11640: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11610: 11606: 11600: 11596: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11470: 11466: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11434: 11426: 11422: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11407:Norman, Jerry 11404: 11400: 11394: 11390: 11385: 11381: 11375: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11339: 11335: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11317:. Routledge. 11316: 11311: 11307: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11197:Chen, Xingcan 11194: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11140:. Routledge. 11139: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11101: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11065: 11061: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10979:Owen, Stephen 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10925:Hung, William 10922: 10918: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10860: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10831: 10827: 10821: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10733: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10671: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10653:. Blackwell. 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10621:Choo, Mi-Ho; 10619: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10576: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10552: 10551: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10531:. Routledge. 10530: 10525: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10489: 10483: 10480:. Routledge. 10479: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10444: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10348: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10322: 10311:, p. 71. 10310: 10306: 10301: 10295:, p. 29. 10294: 10289: 10282: 10277: 10270: 10265: 10259:, p. 81. 10258: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10218:북한의 한문교과서를 보다 10212: 10205: 10200: 10193: 10189: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10153: 10148: 10142:, p. 84. 10141: 10136: 10130:, p. ix. 10129: 10124: 10117: 10112: 10106:, p. 48. 10105: 10100: 10093: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10013: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9973: 9968: 9962:, p. 63. 9961: 9956: 9949: 9944: 9942: 9934: 9929: 9922: 9917: 9911:, p. 26. 9910: 9905: 9898: 9893: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9870: 9865: 9858: 9853: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9789: 9782: 9777: 9770: 9765: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9721: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9641: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9607:, p. 73. 9606: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9581:Kornicki 2018 9577: 9570: 9567:, p. 8; 9566: 9561: 9554: 9549: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9529: 9523:, p. 71. 9522: 9521:Kuzuoğlu 2023 9517: 9510: 9505: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9426:, p. 19. 9425: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9402:, p. 63. 9401: 9400:Kornicki 2018 9396: 9389: 9384: 9378:, p. 73. 9377: 9372: 9366:, p. XI. 9365: 9361: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9338:, p. 79. 9337: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9285: 9281: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9262: 9254: 9249: 9242: 9237: 9230: 9225: 9218: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9195:, p. 88. 9194: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9165: 9159:, p. 59. 9158: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9135:, p. 34. 9134: 9129: 9123:, p. 74. 9122: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9098: 9093: 9086: 9081: 9075:, p. 58. 9074: 9069: 9062: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9039:, p. 57. 9038: 9037:Kornicki 2018 9033: 9026: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9002: 9001:Kornicki 2018 8997: 8995: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8974:Kornicki 2018 8970: 8963: 8958: 8951: 8946: 8939: 8934: 8927: 8926:Kornicki 2018 8923: 8918: 8912:, p. 18. 8911: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8888:, p. 22. 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8851: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8815: 8810: 8808: 8801:, p. 25. 8800: 8799:Mullaney 2017 8795: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8765:, p. 62. 8764: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8680: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8652: 8648: 8643: 8637:, p. 50. 8636: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8616: 8611: 8604: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8580: 8575: 8569:, p. 70. 8568: 8563: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8527: 8521:, p. 88. 8520: 8516: 8511: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8485:, p. 88. 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8465:, p. 41. 8464: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8435: 8428: 8423: 8416: 8411: 8405:, p. 70. 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8283: 8277:, p. 77. 8276: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8247: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8137:, p. 1; 8136: 8131: 8124: 8119: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8097:, p. 39. 8096: 8091: 8085:, p. 31. 8084: 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8013:, p. 43. 8012: 8007: 8001:, p. 69. 8000: 7996: 7991: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7945:, p. 48. 7944: 7940: 7935: 7929:, p. 60. 7928: 7924: 7919: 7913:, p. 61. 7912: 7907: 7901:, p. 60. 7900: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7839:Williams 2010 7835: 7828: 7823: 7816: 7811: 7809: 7802:, p. 68. 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7714:, p. 46. 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7690:, p. 68. 7689: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7662:, p. 61. 7661: 7657: 7652: 7646:, p. 19. 7645: 7640: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7619:, p. 14. 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7495:, p. 33. 7494: 7489: 7483:, p. 74. 7482: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7463:, p. 1; 7462: 7457: 7450: 7445: 7439:, p. 48. 7438: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7325: 7309: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7285: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7135: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7096: 7075: 7064: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6998: 6988: 6985: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6965: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6909: 6908: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6816: 6802:Traditional ( 6798: 6784: 6782: 6781:Qian Xuantong 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6708:In 1911, the 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6632:initial sound 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6587:Shuowen Jiezi 6584: 6574: 6573: 6561: 6560:Shuowen Jiezi 6550: 6549: 6543: 6530: 6529: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6451:Lisu language 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6431:Naxi language 6428: 6423: 6419: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384:Tangut script 6381: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6188: 6176: 6168: 6158: 6144: 6141: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6067: 6064: 6054: 6051: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6014: 6011: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5974: 5971: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5934: 5931: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5894: 5891: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5854: 5851: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5823: 5812: 5804: 5801: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5740:. During the 5739: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5707: 5704: 5700:includes 106 5699: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5671: 5663: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5594:has a native 5586: 5553: 5547: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309:Cyrillization 5305: 5304: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5028: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4995: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4932: 4926: 4916: 4915:reduplication 4913:to words, by 4912: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4810:classic works 4807: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4719: 4698: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4627:Input methods 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4586:script styles 4575: 4572: 4561: 4552: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4467:moveable type 4464: 4457: 4456:Prison Gothic 4452: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4428:framework of 4426: 4422: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4362: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4327: 4317: 4306: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4253: 4181:—with either 4167: 4163: 4141: 4127: 4097: 4092: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3974: 3967: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3834: 3830: 3816: 3808: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3747: 3737: 3724: 3710: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3623: 3619: 3605: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3512: 3507: 3497: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3466: 3452: 3441: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3379: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3268: 3264: 3263:Shuowen Jiezi 3260: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3195:bronze script 3180: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104:Bronze script 3098: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3069:stroke orders 3066: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2978: 2970: 2944: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2864: 2849: 2839: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2742:knotted cords 2739: 2729: 2727: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2662: 2661:Shuowen Jiezi 2658: 2657:Shuowen Jiezi 2653: 2651: 2641: 2640:Shuowen Jiezi 2637: 2612: 2601: 2600: 2599:Shuowen Jiezi 2591: 2590:Shuowen Jiezi 2585: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2545: 2541: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2515: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2426: 2416: 2406: 2396: 2386: 2364: 2354: 2344: 2334: 2324: 2314: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2258: 2257:Shuowen Jiezi 2237: 2233: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2090:Indicatives ( 2083: 2081: 2076: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2048: 2038: 2021: 2004: 1987: 1966:Semantographs 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:semantographs 1949: 1943: 1938: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:semantographs 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1858:Shuowen Jiezi 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1758:proto-writing 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1722:Proto-writing 1713: 1711: 1707: 1706:input methods 1704:, as well as 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:moveable type 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Shang dynasty 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039:script styles 1037:Evolution of 1034: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1003: 998: 997: 996: 995: 991: 987: 986: 983: 980: 979: 971: 959: 957: 953: 945: 943: 939: 934: 930: 922: 920: 916: 913:Japanese name 911: 899: 897: 893: 885: 883: 879: 874: 870: 862: 860: 856: 848: 846: 842: 837: 833: 831: 827: 821: 819: 815: 810: 802: 800: 796: 787: 784: 783: 779: 777: 773: 764: 761: 758: 757: 753: 751: 747: 742: 730: 728: 724: 721: 717: 709: 707: 704: 700: 697: 693: 683: 681: 678: 674: 666: 664: 660: 652: 650: 647: 643: 640: 636: 630: 625: 623: 619: 611: 609: 605: 597: 595: 591: 588: 584: 574: 572: 568: 565: 561: 551: 547: 544: 540: 530: 528: 524: 521: 517: 511: 506: 504: 500: 492: 490: 486: 476: 474: 470: 462: 460: 456: 442: 440: 436: 428: 426: 422: 419: 415: 410: 406: 402: 399: 395: 387: 385: 381: 373: 371: 367: 362: 358: 353: 346: 342: 338: 336: 330: 325:, as well as 324: 318: 303: 301: 292: 291:U+4E00–U+9FFF 289: 286: 285:Unicode range 281: 277: 274:Unicode alias 271: 268: 264: 254: 252: 248: 243: 237: 234: 232: 231:Tangut script 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 201: 198:Child systems 195: 188: 187: 185: 184:Proto-writing 180: 174: 169: 165: 163: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 126: 119: 117:Left-to-right 116: 115: 113: 109: 99: 93: 87: 83: 79:(right) forms 78: 74: 68: 63: 57: 54: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 33: 19: 17937:Thai and Lao 17614:Scandinavian 17246:1829 braille 17238:Braille cell 17038:Cypro-Minoan 16904:Pahawh Hmong 16817:Sitelen Pona 16781:Hindu-Arabic 16539: 16114:Mundari Bani 15688:Pahawh Hmong 15497:Tamil-Brahmi 15403:Eveyla Akuru 15398:Dhives Akuru 14865:Paleo-Hebrew 14732: 14668:undeciphered 14486:Hanyu Pinyin 14476:Romanization 14399: 14383:Semi-cursive 14228:Old Mandarin 14185:Stroke count 14112: 14105: 14027:Old National 13870:Unclassified 12775:Southwestern 12608:Northeastern 12590:Major groups 12579: 12515: 12486: 12467: 12448: 12426: 12415:Language Log 12414: 12389: 12385: 12362: 12339: 12303: 12288: 12273: 12253: 12239: 12227:. Retrieved 12221: 12215: 12197: 12187: 12171:. Retrieved 12155: 12148: 12136:Legge, James 12131: 12114: 12102:Legge, James 12098:Tao Te Ching 12097: 12078: 12068: 12061: 12030: 12021: 12017: 11979: 11954: 11950: 11931: 11908: 11889: 11870: 11847: 11824: 11799: 11795: 11786:10150/195163 11772: 11751: 11728: 11708: 11688: 11668: 11613: 11594: 11571: 11543: 11539: 11522: 11518: 11496: 11477: 11454: 11432: 11410: 11388: 11368: 11352:j.ctv36xvqb7 11333: 11314: 11295: 11273: 11251: 11223: 11219: 11200: 11166: 11160: 11137: 11118: 11099: 11068: 11049: 11027: 11005: 10982: 10971:Kern, Martin 10952: 10932: 10928: 10906: 10878: 10858: 10835: 10814: 10791: 10769: 10750: 10730: 10710: 10691: 10669: 10650: 10627: 10597: 10574: 10549: 10528: 10477: 10458: 10432: 10401: 10376: 10372: 10346: 10326: 10305:Fischer 2004 10300: 10288: 10276: 10264: 10252: 10243: 10231: 10222: 10211: 10199: 10183: 10174: 10173:added]. 10170: 10159: 10147: 10135: 10123: 10111: 10099: 10087: 10078: 10067: 10058: 10054: 10043: 10031: 10019: 10003: 9991: 9979: 9967: 9955: 9928: 9916: 9904: 9892: 9876: 9864: 9852: 9836: 9824: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9764: 9744: 9732: 9720: 9715:, p. 9. 9713:Demattè 2022 9708: 9696: 9684: 9664: 9652: 9640: 9624: 9612: 9600: 9588: 9576: 9565:Demattè 2022 9560: 9548: 9528: 9516: 9504: 9471: 9459: 9447: 9436:Coulmas 1991 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9383: 9371: 9355: 9343: 9331: 9319: 9303: 9291: 9275: 9268:Fischer 2004 9248: 9236: 9224: 9217:Coulmas 1991 9212: 9205:Coulmas 1991 9200: 9188: 9176: 9164: 9152: 9140: 9128: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9020: 9008: 8981: 8969: 8962:Denecke 2014 8957: 8945: 8933: 8917: 8905: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8845: 8833: 8821: 8794: 8782: 8770: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8710: 8698: 8686: 8674: 8658: 8651:Bachner 2014 8642: 8622: 8610: 8598: 8586: 8574: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8526: 8510: 8490: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8422: 8410: 8390: 8378: 8366: 8354: 8342: 8330: 8318: 8306: 8294: 8282: 8270: 8258: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8193:, p. 2. 8182: 8170: 8165:, p. 1. 8158: 8146: 8130: 8125:, p. 6. 8118: 8102: 8090: 8078: 8066: 8054: 8047:Demattè 2022 8042: 8030: 8018: 8006: 7990: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7934: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7679: 7667: 7651: 7624: 7617:Demattè 2022 7612: 7600: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7532: 7516: 7509:Coulmas 1991 7500: 7488: 7472: 7456: 7444: 7428: 7423:, p. 5. 7416: 7404: 7399:, p. 2. 7392: 7387:, p. 1. 7380: 7368: 7338:This is the 7334: 7329:characters." 7324: 7265: 7258: 7254: 7203: 7193: 7183: 7159: 7138: 7136: 7128: 7104: 7102: 7081: 7074:characters. 7051: 7037: 7034: 6959: 6928:characters. 6919: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6857:Hanyu Pinyin 6842: 6820:Simplified ( 6762: 6749: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6653: 6641: 6621: 6615: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6570: 6559: 6546: 6544: 6534: 6526: 6511:Dictionaries 6498: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6457: 6455: 6447:Yi languages 6439:Sui language 6417:zhùyīn fúhào 6415: 6372: 6364: 6302:Tang dynasty 6275: 6170: 6152: 6136: 6134: 6096: 5828:Sino-Korean 5782: 5779: 5721: 5719: 5587: 5555:composed of 5408: 5355: 5274:Kunrei-shiki 5225:Syllabograms 5130:Hyōgai kanji 5110:Kyōiku kanji 5087:Stroke order 5034: 5024: 5002: 4996: 4977: 4967: 4955: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4922: 4907: 4851: 4842: 4831: 4799: 4743: 4741: 4699: 4671: 4640: 4602: 4548: 4531:Song dynasty 4492: 4486: 4461: 4430:yin and yang 4418: 4372: 4360: 4339: 4323: 4313: 4279: 4168: 4137: 4123: 3945: 3943: 3931: 3922: 3910: 3896: 3893: 3862:Wang Xianzhi 3851: 3826: 3813: 3720: 3706: 3639: 3629: 3615: 3602: 3522: 3508: 3493: 3476: 3462: 3437: 3348: 3274: 3262: 3258:niǎochóngshū 3256: 3241:state of Qin 3234: 3216:Zhou dynasty 3213: 3202: 3191: 3177: 3083:Zhou scripts 3073: 3065:scapulimancy 3061: 3027: 3008:oracle bones 2990: 2798:Yellow River 2791: 2773: 2757:I Ching 2755: 2747:Tao Te Ching 2745: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2695: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2588:Traditional 2574:the numerals 2567: 2555: 2537: 2530: 2511: 2504: 2488: 2482: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2439: 2432: 2422: 2412: 2402: 2392: 2382: 2360: 2350: 2340: 2330: 2320: 2310: 2300: 2256: 2254: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2145: 2126:('convex'), 2105: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2077: 2044: 2034: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948:Chen Mengjia 1923: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1856: 1853:lexicography 1846: 1839: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1779: 1762: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1683: 1624: 1610:are used in 1588:lexicography 1564:pictographic 1549: 1528: 1527: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1367: 1357: 1344:and readings 1324: 1298:second round 1271: 1259: 1251: 1240: 1232: 1221: 1194: 1187: 1104:Semi-cursive 1045: 1000: 981: 956:Kunrei-shiki 639:Southern Min 571:Romanization 549:Romanization 527:Romanization 425:Hanyu Pinyin 364:Chinese name 312: 297: 162:among others 159: 53: 51: 45: 36: 18436:RoboBraille 18260:Róża Czacka 18200:Perforation 17997:Independent 17895:(Bhutanese) 17630:Greenlandic 17301:Azerbaijani 17103:Jindai moji 16992:Syllabaries 16963:SignWriting 16863:Celtiberian 16765:Hieroglyphs 16568:Seal script 16553:Traditional 16425:Blissymbols 16330:Warang Citi 16305:Tolong Siki 16258:Marcomannic 16238:Dalecarlian 16228:Anglo-Saxon 16208:Pau Cin Hau 16099:Medefaidrin 16052:Merovingian 16012:Blackletter 15920:Asomtavruli 15713:Warang Citi 15522:Ulu scripts 15467:New Tai Lue 15410:Mon–Burmese 15264:Bhattiprolu 15092:Nandinagari 14919:ʾEsṭrangēlā 14678:constructed 14555:Xiao'erjing 14417:Punctuation 14410:Traditional 14363:Oracle bone 14347:Logographic 14243:Proto-Hakka 14218:Eastern Han 14213:Old Chinese 14075:Classifiers 14042:Northern Wu 13970:Singaporean 13176: [ 13164: [ 13152: [ 13140: [ 13128: [ 11162:Radiocarbon 10518:Chan (2016) 10509:Chan (2016) 10500:Chan (2016) 10318:Works cited 10204:Hannas 1997 10192:Hannas 1997 10188:Handel 2019 10116:Hannas 1997 10104:Hannas 1997 9909:Bökset 2006 9701:Norman 1988 9673:Norman 1988 9605:Norman 1988 9476:Handel 2019 9464:Handel 2019 9452:Handel 2019 9440:Hannas 1997 9412:Handel 2019 9376:Hannas 1997 9360:Handel 2019 9348:Handel 2019 9336:Norman 1988 9324:Hannas 1997 9312:Hannas 1997 9308:Handel 2019 9296:Handel 2019 9280:Hannas 1997 9229:Handel 2019 9181:Norman 1988 9157:Handel 2019 9133:Handel 2019 9121:Norman 1988 9109:Norman 1988 9097:Norman 1988 9073:Norman 1988 9049:Hannas 1997 9025:Handel 2019 9013:Handel 2019 8986:Handel 2019 8938:Handel 2019 8922:Handel 2019 8862:Norman 1988 8631:Handel 2019 8615:Bökset 2006 8531:Handel 2019 8495:Norman 1988 8403:Norman 1988 8011:Handel 2019 7999:Norman 1988 7983:Norman 1988 7967:Handel 2019 7955:Norman 1988 7943:Handel 2019 7939:Norman 1988 7927:Norman 1988 7899:Ramsey 1987 7800:Norman 1988 7724:Norman 1988 7688:Norman 1988 7537:Handel 2019 7493:Handel 2019 7481:Norman 1988 7465:Handel 2019 7433:Norman 1988 7385:Handel 2019 7308:Maya script 7078:North Korea 7031:South Korea 6993:-character 6980:-character 6759: 1592 5600:reading of 5364:Nara period 5280:Nihon-shiki 4819:vernaculars 4802:Old Chinese 4667:hoeng1gong2 4663:xiang1gang3 4609:typewriters 4576:typefaces ( 4516:) or Ming ( 4483:orthography 4415:(1051–1107) 4397:Calligraphy 4104: 1800 3874:Sui dynasty 3858:Eastern Jin 3511:Eastern Han 3469:Han dynasty 3355:Qin dynasty 3223: 1046 3097:Seal script 3016:divinations 3000: 1250 2832: 4300 2495:Old Chinese 2417:), and 2292:Phonographs 2114:('up') and 2086:Indicatives 2037:pictographs 1971:Pictographs 1956:phonographs 1940: [ 1933: 1935 1921:compounds. 1910:phonographs 1748:pictographs 1716:Development 1702:typewriters 1665:, like the 1580:Han dynasty 1572:Qin dynasty 1182:Orthography 1056:Oracle bone 839:Korean name 812:Zhuang name 696:Eastern Min 96:Time period 85:Script type 75:(left) and 73:traditional 18514:Categories 17988:(obsolete) 17969:(obsolete) 17761:(Pakistan) 17672:Belarusian 17554:Vietnamese 17497:Portuguese 17483:Philippine 17440:Lithuanian 17093:Hentaigana 17088:Man'yōgana 16548:Simplified 16435:Ersu Shaba 16349:Non-linear 16154:Old Uyghur 16144:Old Permic 16139:Old Italic 16072:Visigothic 16007:Beneventan 15942:Glagolitic 15905:Gadabuursi 15569:Kolezhuthu 15564:Vatteluttu 15502:Tanchangya 15425:Saurashtra 15002:Devanagari 14860:Phoenician 14813:Manichaean 14506:Wade–Giles 14405:Simplified 14300:Vernacular 14293:in Vietnam 14146:Simplified 14133:Biaoxingma 14080:Honorifics 14015:Historical 13960:Philippine 13950:Sichuanese 13877:Badong Yao 13581:Shao–Jiang 13452:Philippine 13260:Xiangxiang 13255:Shuangfeng 13000:Taizhou Wu 12783:Sichuanese 12322:See also: 12245:Lunde, Ken 12201:. London: 11248:Lunde, Ken 11002:King, Ross 10257:Lunde 2008 10140:Lunde 2008 10092:Lunde 2008 10079:The Nikkei 10059:The Nikkei 10055:jōyō kanji 9921:Zhong 2019 9881:Zhong 2019 9061:Ebrey 1996 8850:Lunde 2008 8826:Zhang 2016 8775:Lunde 2008 8691:Nawar 2020 8555:Myers 2019 8503:Zhang 2013 8287:Boltz 1994 8263:Louis 2003 8187:Boltz 1986 8107:Boltz 1999 8071:Boltz 1994 7776:Boltz 1994 7565:Boltz 2011 7525:Boltz 1994 7356:References 7255:sinographs 7245:Vietnamese 7190:Wade–Giles 7168:simplified 6865:characters 6849:Zhou Enlai 6779:professor 6769:Kuomintang 6666:See also: 6443:the script 6435:the script 6353:See also: 6085:See also: 6075:Vietnamese 5706:readings. 5682:man'yōgana 5561:'MOUNTAIN' 5520:man'yōgana 5502:man'yōgana 5490:man'yōgana 5461:word stems 5440:man'yōgana 5433:man'yōgana 5170:Man'yōgana 5155:Hentaigana 5115:Tōyō kanji 5100:Jōyō kanji 5072:Components 4886:See also: 4835:Sinosphere 4732:See also: 4617:Morse code 4605:telegraphs 4494:jiu zixing 4454:Sample of 4336:component. 4266:See also: 3888:See also: 3840: 151 3734: 147 3646:Wang Xizhi 3447: 475 3366: 280 3349:Following 3176:Shi Qiang 3087:See also: 2993:Late Shang 2935:'straight' 2834: – c. 2620: – c. 2557:Kěkǒu Kělè 2501:Loangraphs 2259:describes 2080:synecdoche 1960:loangraphs 1876:components 1849:Sinosphere 1813:logographs 1743:ideographs 1730:See also: 1690:woodblocks 1643:Vietnamese 1631:Sinosphere 1533:logographs 1416:man'yōgana 1342:Homographs 1195:xin zixing 1188:jiu zixing 1160:Components 1114:Flat brush 473:Wade–Giles 403:characters 323:Vietnamese 149:Vietnamese 77:simplified 18535:East Asia 18404:Vibratese 18383:Moon type 18376:Decapoint 18057:Eight-dot 18010:Cantonese 17959:Reordered 17922:Inuktitut 17811:Malayalam 17721:Ukrainian 17700:Mongolian 17679:Bulgarian 17642:Norwegian 17607:Icelandic 17398:Hungarian 17356:Esperanto 17308:Cantonese 16892:Redundant 16704:Anatolian 16655:Cuneiform 16583:bird-worm 16519:Logograms 16490:Testerian 16404:Ideograms 16381:Moon type 16268:Staveless 16159:Mongolian 16104:Molodtsov 16062:Sütterlin 15930:Mkhedruli 15796:Bassa Vah 15746:Alphabets 15718:Mwangwego 15683:Mwangwego 15658:Kharosthi 15611:Blackfoot 15574:Malayanma 15445:Sundanese 15440:Sukhothai 15388:Malayalam 15339:Khom Thai 15299:Goykanadi 15223:Tocharian 15176:ʼPhags-pa 15047:Khudabadi 14992:Bhaiksuki 14887:Samaritan 14818:Nabataean 14673:inventors 14444:Taiwanese 14434:Cantonese 14278:Classical 14238:Proto-Min 14173:Microsoft 14032:Cantonese 14008:Phonology 13989:Cantonese 13980:Singdarin 13965:Malaysian 13955:Taiwanese 13859:Rongjiang 13849:Yongjiang 13845:Southern 13830:Northern 13804:Luo–Guang 13713:Hong Kong 13708:Guangzhou 13664:Taiwanese 13657:Changting 13591:Zhanjiang 13505:Zhongshan 13472:Malaysian 13467:Singapore 13432:Zhangzhou 13384:Zhongshan 13277:Yong–Quan 13173:Jing-Zhan 13103:Xuancheng 13080:Jiangshan 12959:Changzhou 12880:Junjiahua 12733:Guanzhong 12616:Changchun 12336:"Chinese" 12207:T. Boosey 12034:中国语文的时代演进 11971:0165-2516 11928:一二三笔顺检字手册 11816:2160-5076 11630:2210-7363 11616:. Brill. 11560:0143-4632 11453:(2000) . 11451:Qiu Xigui 11232:0571-1371 11226:: 18–27. 10898:189494805 10839:. Wiley. 10690:(1972) . 10649:(1991) . 10606:2409-2878 10281:Chen 1999 10244:Chosun NK 10223:Chosun NK 10012:Chen 1999 10008:Zhou 2003 9996:Chen 1999 9984:Chen 1999 9972:Chen 1999 9960:Zhou 2003 9948:Chen 1999 9897:Chen 1999 9885:Chen 1999 9857:Zhou 2003 9841:Zhou 2003 9817:Wang 2016 9781:Zhou 2003 9769:Chen 1999 9737:Lee 2015a 9725:Lee 2015b 9669:Zhou 2003 9553:Hung 1951 9509:Zhao 1998 9497:Zhou 1991 9480:Zhou 2003 8591:Zhou 2003 8519:Zhou 2003 8499:Zhou 2003 8483:Zhou 2003 8427:Chan 2020 8251:Chen 2003 8191:Kern 2010 8163:Kern 2010 8135:Kern 2010 7660:Zhou 2003 7605:Yang 2008 7361:Citations 7310:emerging 7289:emerging 7277:emerging 7275:cuneiform 7273:Sumerian 7259:sinograms 7210:Japanese 7143:includes 6964:shinjitai 6703:Lufei Kui 6167:Confucian 6068:'father' 5908:'person' 5427:Meiji era 5236:Okurigana 5004:fāngyánzì 4956:homograph 4855:loanwords 4847:brushtalk 4754:allograph 4499:typefaces 4425:ink brush 4421:four arts 4393:scripts. 3988:Character 3917:graphemic 3884:Structure 3833:Zhong Yao 3236:xiǎozhuàn 2955:'leather' 2794:Neolithic 2782:Neolithic 2750:and the " 2618: 58 2544:Coca-Cola 2312:xíngshēng 2055:('Sun'), 2046:xiàngxíng 1926:Qiu Xigui 1871:compounds 1819:morphemes 1807:graphemes 1732:Ideograph 1616:Hong Kong 1600:Singapore 1545:morphemes 1084:Bird-worm 300:full list 251:ISO 15924 245:ISO 15924 236:Yi script 128:Languages 111:Direction 37:Han Feizi 18480:Language 18040:Japanese 17901:Georgian 17893:Dzongkha 17879:Armenian 17797:Gujarati 17662:Cyrillic 17593:Estonian 17568:Yugoslav 17504:Romanian 17476:Nigerian 17391:Hawaiian 17377:Ghanaian 17294:Albanian 17155:Sumerian 17120:Linear B 17083:Katakana 17078:Hiragana 17028:Cherokee 16958:ASLwrite 16919:Bopomofo 16774:Numerals 16760:Hieratic 16719:Isthmian 16688:Sumerian 16668:Assyrian 16663:Akkadian 16320:Vithkuqi 16295:Tifinagh 16263:Medieval 16218:Pisidian 16213:Phrygian 16184:Vagindra 16129:Ol Chiki 16037:Interlac 15992:Kayah Li 15982:Jenticha 15937:Veso Bey 15925:Nuskhuri 15915:Georgian 15885:Formosan 15880:Etruscan 15875:Enochian 15831:Cyrillic 15816:Coelbren 15774:Armenian 15673:Meroitic 15663:Mandombe 15653:Jenticha 15517:Tigalari 15482:Tai Viet 15477:Tai Tham 15457:Tagbanwa 15309:Javanese 15259:Baybayin 15249:Balinese 15237:Southern 15132:Pracalit 15127:Pachumol 15102:Bhujimol 15062:Mahajani 15022:Gurmukhi 15012:Gujarati 14980:Northern 14960:Abugidas 14941:Ugaritic 14929:Maḏnḥāyā 14803:Tifinagh 14796:Solitreo 14734:Numerals 14647:Grapheme 14635:Overview 14528:Bopomofo 14457:Phonetic 14449:Two-cell 14378:Clerical 14288:in Japan 14283:Adoption 14271:Official 14262:Literary 14137:Boshiamy 14114:Xiehouyu 14070:Numerals 14047:Mandarin 13975:Standard 13935:Standard 13809:Qin–Lian 13799:Yong–Xun 13784:Gao–Yang 13730:Jiujiang 13718:Malaysia 13652:Tingzhou 13603:Wenchang 13564:Jianyang 13554:Northern 13513:Sanxiang 13427:Quanzhou 13410:Southern 13379:Manjiang 13243:Changsha 13203:Nanchang 13198:Chang–Du 13095:Xuanzhou 13085:Qingtian 13039:Wencheng 12985:Jiangyin 12980:Jinxiang 12970:Shaoxing 12964:Hangzhou 12944:Shanghai 12885:Qinjiang 12793:Minjiang 12765:Xinjiang 12723:Dongping 12687:Jiaoliao 12626:Shenyang 12599:Mandarin 12528:zi.tools 12447:(1984). 12425:(2024). 12360:(2006). 12334:(1989). 12086:(1891). 12008:(1991). 11749:(2012). 11570:(1991). 11531:23754815 11409:(1988). 11294:(2017). 11250:(2008). 11199:(2012). 11048:(2018). 10981:(eds.). 10951:(1978). 10812:(2004). 10790:(1996). 10625:(1996). 10614:23826053 10431:(eds.). 10293:Tam 2020 9829:Qiu 2000 9645:Xue 1982 9364:Kin 2021 9145:Qiu 2000 8950:Kin 2021 8910:Yip 2000 8603:Qiu 2000 8579:Qiu 2000 8543:Yin 2016 8451:Qiu 2000 8439:Qiu 2000 8415:Qiu 2000 8399:Qiu 2000 8383:Qiu 2000 8359:Qiu 2000 8347:Qiu 2000 8335:Qiu 2000 8323:Qiu 2000 8311:Qiu 2000 8299:Qiu 2000 8275:Qiu 2000 8239:Qiu 2000 8227:Qiu 2000 8215:Qiu 2000 8095:Qiu 2000 8083:Qiu 2000 8035:Qiu 2000 8023:Qiu 2000 7995:Qiu 2013 7979:Qiu 2000 7923:Qiu 2000 7875:Qiu 2000 7863:Qiu 2000 7815:Qiu 2000 7764:Qiu 2000 7740:Qiu 2000 7728:Qiu 2000 7712:Qiu 2000 7700:Yip 2000 7684:Qiu 2000 7672:Qiu 2000 7656:Qiu 2000 7629:Qiu 2000 7589:Yin 2007 7577:Qiu 2000 7553:Qiu 2000 7505:Qiu 2000 7477:Qiu 2000 7461:Qiu 2000 7449:Qiu 2000 7421:Qiu 2000 7409:Qiu 2000 7397:Qiu 2000 7205:Hon3 zi6 7200:Jyutping 7178:Chinese 7022:jinmeiyō 6972:kyūjitai 6878:⾬ 6832:⾨ 6748:such as 6742:Mandarin 6646:(fMRI), 6572:radicals 6445:for the 6437:for the 6404:bopomofo 5988:'small' 5868:'water' 5667:was the 5635:katakana 5612:reading 5597:kun'yomi 5557:⼭ 5514:katakana 5508:hiragana 5496:hiragana 5493:, while 5484:katakana 5478:katakana 5472:hiragana 5463:, while 5455:katakana 5447:hiragana 5396:kun'yomi 5231:Furigana 5162:Katakana 5150:Hiragana 5092:Radicals 5043:Japanese 4984:⾦ 4974:thallium 4952:cognates 4651:Jyutping 4647:bopomofo 4574:Fangsong 4471:Bi Sheng 4389:lệnh thư 4330:⾷ 4234:⽬ 4202:⽉ 4197:'WINDOW' 4183:⽇ 4164:⟩ 4160:⟨ 3950:⼑ 3631:zhāngcǎo 3029:jiǎgǔwén 3012:scapulae 2995:period ( 2915:'travel' 2875:'Heaven' 2649:zhuǎnzhù 2371:⽔ 2277:'SPEECH' 2273:⾔ 2265:⼈ 2226:⼦ 2218:⼥ 2206:⽊ 2198:⼈ 2186:⽉ 2178:⽇ 1937:Tang Lan 1895:semantic 1891:phonetic 1841:phonemes 1836:alphabet 1635:Japanese 1606:, while 1604:Malaysia 1469:Bopomofo 1430:katakana 1423:hiragana 1383:Variants 1326:kyūjitai 1177:Radicals 1127:Fangsong 1094:Clerical 614:Hon3 zi6 608:Jyutping 465:Hanntzyh 439:Bopomofo 206:Bopomofo 139:Japanese 18468:Writing 18454:Portals 17945:Tibetan 17886:Burmese 17872:Amharic 17855:(India) 17832:Sinhala 17825:Punjabi 17804:Kannada 17752:Persian 17707:Russian 17647:Swedish 17625:Finnish 17600:Faroese 17575:Zambian 17547:Turkish 17532:Spanish 17455:Maltese 17433:Latvian 17426:Italian 17405:Iñupiaq 17384:Guarani 17344:English 17315:Catalan 17232:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ 17227:Braille 17110:Kikakui 17048:Eskayan 17033:Cypriot 16883:Dunging 16755:Demotic 16734:Tenevil 16678:Hittite 16673:Elamite 16626:Jurchen 16605:Sawndip 16600:Chữ Nôm 16500:Zapotec 16495:Yerkish 16470:Nsibidi 16455:Miꞌkmaw 16445:Isotype 16415:Adinkra 16356:Braille 16340:Zaghawa 16310:Vellara 16290:Sunuwar 16280:Sidetic 16275:Shavian 16203:Osmanya 16193:Ol Onal 16047:Kurrent 16032:Insular 16022:Fraktur 15997:Klingon 15987:Kaddare 15961:Archaic 15870:Elbasan 15858:Chinook 15848:Deseret 15836:Bosnian 15791:Avoiuli 15779:Avestan 15769:Ariyaka 15698:Tengwar 15596:Bharati 15557:Serawai 15547:Pasemah 15532:Lampung 15487:Lai Tay 15472:Tai Noi 15435:Sinhala 15415:Pallava 15383:Makasar 15371:Lontara 15346:Kulitan 15319:Kannada 15314:Kadamba 15304:Hanunoo 15294:Grantha 15289:Fakkham 15206:Tibetan 15191:Soyombo 15186:Siddhaṃ 15181:Sharada 15157:Litumol 15147:Tirhuta 15137:Ranjana 15122:Kvemmol 15082:Multani 15067:Marchen 15032:Kalinga 14972:Brahmic 14909:Sogdian 14848:Psalter 14828:Pahlavi 14808:Mandaic 14786:Cursive 14771:Elymaic 14742:Aramaic 14427:Braille 14388:Cursive 14338:Scripts 14205:History 14195:ZhengMa 14141:Cangjie 14107:Chengyu 14062:Grammar 14037:Hokkien 13994:Hokkien 13902:Waxiang 13882:Danzhou 13854:Guandao 13839:Younian 13834:Tongdao 13823:Pinghua 13763:Taishan 13679:Raoping 13647:Huizhou 13637:Meixian 13613:Banqiao 13586:Leizhou 13576:Pu–Xian 13571:Central 13559:Jian'ou 13534:Longyan 13482:Teochew 13419:Hokkien 13394:Nanlang 13350:Fu–Ning 13330:Changle 13312:Houguan 13303:Eastern 13250:Loushao 13238:Changyi 13220:Da–Tong 13215:Ying–Yi 13161:Yanzhou 13029:Wenzhou 13022:Oujiang 13013:Tiantai 13008:Taizhou 12917:Zhi–Yan 12864:Nantong 12859:Nanjing 12834:Gui–Liu 12824:Nanping 12819:Kunming 12745:Luoyang 12700:Qingdao 12672:Tianjin 12649:Beijing 12641:Beijing 12132:I Ching 12012:(ed.). 11867:现代汉语文字学 11591:现代汉字学纲要 11411:Chinese 11240:4434272 11193:Liu, Li 11171:Bibcode 11096:简明实用汉字学 11004:(ed.). 10983:To 1375 10941:2718184 10024:Li 2020 9933:Li 2020 9845:Li 2020 9805:Li 2020 9753:Ho 2015 9629:Su 2014 9617:Su 2014 9541:Li 2020 9253:Li 2020 9193:Li 2020 8838:Su 2014 8814:Li 2020 8787:Su 2014 8763:Li 2013 8715:Li 2009 8703:Li 2009 8627:Li 2020 8567:Li 2009 8515:Li 2009 8475:Li 2020 8463:Li 2020 8395:Li 2020 7593:Su 2014 7521:Li 2020 7437:Li 2020 7222:Korean 7212:Hepburn 7195:Han-tzŭ 6880: 6834: 6734:Hu Shih 6420:) is a 6318:sawndip 6307:sawndip 6298:Guangxi 6288:sawndip 6261:chữ Nôm 6255:chữ Nôm 6212:chữ Nôm 6206:chữ Nôm 6200:chữ Nôm 6187:chữ Nôm 6155:chữ Nho 6140:chữ Hán 6127:chữ Nôm 6104:chữ Nôm 6081:Chữ Hán 6028:'down' 5817:Hangul 5755:kundoku 5748:gugyeol 5662:Amerika 5641:on'yomi 5629:nihontō 5609:on'yomi 5582:'BELOW' 5571:'ABOVE' 5559: 5403:on'yomi 5388:on'yomi 5377:kundoku 5266:Hepburn 5241:Braille 4986: 4976:' ( 4911:affixes 4873:chữ Nôm 4679:Cangjie 4655:Hepburn 4381:edomoji 4361:scripts 4350:Cai Lun 4332: 4236: 4232:, with 4204: 4185: 3991:Stroke 3954:'KNIFE' 3952: 3898:strokes 3844:Cao Wei 3722:xíngshū 3524:xīnlìtǐ 3438:By the 3276:dàzhuàn 3004:Wu Ding 2895:'horse' 2817:Damaidi 2813:Dadiwan 2762:Cangjie 2671:History 2611:Xu Shen 2539:Jiānádà 2437:). 2375:'WATER' 2373: 2275: 2267: 2230:'CHILD' 2228: 2222:'WOMAN' 2220: 2208: 2200: 2188: 2180: 1832:letters 1686:strokes 1675:Guangxi 1667:sawndip 1657:chữ Hán 1570:by the 1445:Khitan 1287:Reforms 1165:Strokes 1109:Regular 1099:Cursive 1027:Chữ Hán 830:Sawndip 799:Chữ Hán 776:Hán-Nôm 762:chữ Nho 759:chữ Hán 733:xan dzi 712:Háng-cê 687:Hang ri 680:Peng'im 677:Teochew 646:Hokkien 600:Hon jih 578:Hon sii 495:Hàn-zìh 480:Han-tzu 329:sawndip 317:chữ Nôm 267:Unicode 134:Chinese 32:Han Fei 18365:Other 18238:People 18228:Braigo 18047:Korean 17915:Hebrew 17846:Telugu 17745:Arabic 17735:Arabic 17693:Kyrgyz 17686:Kazakh 17620:Danish 17518:Slovak 17511:Samoan 17490:Polish 17469:Navajo 17370:German 17363:French 17230: 17175:Yugtun 17165:Woleai 17115:Kpelle 17098:Sōgana 17018:Byblos 16796:Muisca 16714:Cretan 16683:Luwian 16641:Tangut 16460:Mixtec 16430:Dongba 16335:Yezidi 16325:Wancho 16300:Todhri 16253:Gothic 16233:Cipher 16174:Manchu 16164:Evenki 16149:Orkhon 16094:Manchu 16089:Lydian 16084:Lycian 16027:Gaelic 15977:Hanifi 15972:Hangul 15947:Gothic 15895:Fraser 15890:Fox II 15826:Coptic 15801:Carian 15784:Pazend 15757:Linear 15703:Thaana 15648:Sarati 15589:Others 15552:Rejang 15537:Lembak 15527:Incung 15507:Telugu 15462:Tai Le 15356:Langdi 15279:Chakma 15169:Karani 15142:Tamyig 15117:Kummol 15112:Himmol 15107:Golmol 15087:Nagari 15072:Meitei 15057:Lepcha 15042:Khojki 15027:Kaithi 14914:Syriac 14902:Musnad 14781:Ashuri 14776:Hebrew 14759:Elifba 14754:Arabic 14747:Hatran 14722:Abjads 14496:Postal 14491:MPS II 14368:Bronze 14248:Ba–Shu 14168:Google 14163:Pinyin 14099:Idioms 13912:Yeheni 13794:Wu–Hua 13789:Goulou 13768:Xinhui 13745:Dapeng 13740:Weitou 13725:Xiguan 13700:Yuehai 13669:Sixian 13608:Haikou 13598:Hainan 13529:Zhenan 13495:Haklau 13490:Swatow 13462:Penang 13447:Taiwan 13442:Chawan 13389:Longdu 13358:Ningde 13335:Gutian 13325:Fuqing 13320:Fuzhou 13282:Qiyang 13265:Wugang 13210:Yi–Liu 13137:Xiu-Yi 13125:Ji-She 13075:Quzhou 13067:Chu–Qu 13057:Jinhua 13049:Wuzhou 13034:Rui'an 12975:Ningbo 12949:Suzhou 12839:Wuming 12810:Zigong 12798:Leshan 12760:Lanyin 12755:Dungan 12750:Xuzhou 12728:Gangou 12705:Weihai 12695:Dalian 12654:Taiwan 12621:Harbin 12493: 12474: 12455: 12433: 12395: 12373: 12346: 12261: 12229:11 May 12173:30 May 12040: 11994: 11969: 11938: 11915: 11896: 11877: 11854: 11831: 11814: 11759: 11735: 11716: 11695: 11676: 11628: 11601: 11578: 11558: 11529: 11503: 11484: 11461: 11439: 11417: 11395: 11376: 11350: 11340: 11321: 11302: 11280: 11258: 11238: 11230: 11207: 11144: 11125: 11106: 11083: 11056: 11034: 11012: 10989: 10959: 10939: 10913: 10896: 10886: 10865: 10843: 10822: 10798: 10776: 10757: 10738: 10717: 10698: 10676: 10657: 10635: 10612: 10604: 10600:(18). 10581: 10558: 10535: 10484: 10465: 10439: 10408: 10393:124705 10391: 10357: 10333: 7249:Hán tự 7239:Hancha 7202:: 7192:: 7182:: 7180:pinyin 7099:Taiwan 6882:'RAIN' 6836:'GATE' 6761:) and 6730:Lu Xun 6642:Using 6623:fanqie 6582:bùshǒu 6386:, and 6341:, and 6335:Bouyei 6240:) and 6173:Hán tự 6122: 6116: 6110: 5970:jakeul 5948:'big' 5820:Gloss 5814:Hanja 5768:Sejong 5764:hangul 5760:Joseon 5742:Goryeo 5710:Korean 5603:katana 5574:, and 5552:kokuji 5534:kokuji 5527:kokuji 5370:kanbun 5295:Wāpuro 5259:Rōmaji 5183:Gojūon 5175:Sōgana 4988:'GOLD' 4894:, and 4643:pinyin 4286:spaces 4274:, and 4256:Layout 4206:'MOON' 4156:| 4152:| 4148:| 4144:| 4139:yìtǐzì 3828:kǎishū 3641:jīncǎo 3617:cǎoshū 3529:stelae 3495:libian 3204:jīnwén 3095:, and 3034:Anyang 2707:zìxíng 2635:liùshū 2513:jiǎjiè 2212:, and 2210:'TREE' 2190:'MOON' 2097:zhǐshì 1886:bùjiàn 1834:in an 1653:, and 1641:, and 1639:Korean 1618:, and 1612:Taiwan 1602:, and 1556:Anyang 1359:Kanbun 1310:debate 1226:(1716) 1061:Bronze 902:Hancha 845:Hangul 823:sawgun 818:Zhuang 765:Hán tự 703:Fuzhou 669:Hàn-jī 663:Tâi-lô 655:Hàn-jī 555:Hon-ci 534:Hoe-zy 448: 335:Zhuang 154:Zhuang 144:Korean 18504:China 18081:(GS8) 18072:Kanji 17930:Khmer 17908:Greek 17839:Tamil 17772:i.e. 17733:i.e. 17714:Tatar 17660:i.e. 17561:Welsh 17462:Māori 17419:Irish 17337:Dutch 17330:Czech 17140:Nüshu 17008:Bamum 17003:Afaka 16810:Other 16801:Roman 16786:Abjad 16709:Bagam 16610:Bowen 16595:Kanji 16590:Hanja 16578:small 16573:large 16480:Olmec 16450:Kaidā 16440:Emoji 16420:Aztec 16223:Runic 16198:Osage 16179:Oirat 16124:Ogham 16057:Sigla 16002:Latin 15957:Greek 15841:Early 15811:Cirth 15764:Adlam 15633:Geʽez 15628:Fox I 15492:Tamil 15351:Lanna 15334:Khmer 15324:Karen 15274:Buhid 15254:Batak 15211:Uchen 15201:Takri 15152:Limbu 15052:Laṇḍā 15037:Khema 15017:Gupta 15007:Dogri 14924:Serṭā 14897:Zabur 14882:Punic 14855:Pegon 14791:Rashi 14705:Types 14656:Lists 14620:Types 14560:Nüshu 14264:forms 14178:Sogou 14125:Input 13999:Hakka 13937:forms 13777:Other 13735:Shiqi 13674:Hailu 13642:Wuhua 13629:Hakka 13547:Other 13522:Other 13457:Pedan 13372:Other 13363:Fu'an 13340:Matsu 13272:Ji–Xu 13230:Xiang 13180:] 13168:] 13156:] 13149:Qi-De 13144:] 13132:] 12990:Shadi 12936:Taihu 12890:Gyami 12873:Other 12829:Wuhan 12738:Xi'an 12677:Jinan 12388:Wen 文 12367:(PDF) 12302:[ 12287:[ 12284:常用詞辭典 12130:[ 12096:[ 12084:Laozi 11930:[ 11869:[ 11846:[ 11844:现代汉字学 11777:(PDF) 11593:[ 11527:JSTOR 11476:[ 11474:文字学概要 11431:[ 11348:JSTOR 11236:JSTOR 11098:[ 10937:JSTOR 10894:S2CID 10857:[ 10855:古壮字字典 10610:JSTOR 10573:[ 10423:. In 10389:JSTOR 10351:(PDF) 7345:trăng 7229:Hanja 7217:kanji 7185:Hànzì 7151:Notes 7119:Hakka 7057:인명용한자 7025:kanji 7000:kanji 6987:kanji 6932:Japan 6602:Zihui 6392:Nüshu 6278:South 6225:blăng 5890:saram 5784:gukja 5722:hanja 5716:Hanja 5703:ateji 5698:kanji 5688:ateji 5670:ateji 5648:ateji 5423:moras 5359:kanji 5080:Kanji 5049:Kanji 4924:èrshí 4815:Latin 4716:daxue 4693:弓土一田一 4687:NGMWM 4621:ASCII 4615:like 4556:ゴシック体 4550:hēitǐ 4526:serif 4413:Mi Fu 4334:'EAT' 4238:'EYE' 4187:'SUN' 3912:bǐhuà 3478:bāfēn 3464:lìshū 3359:Li Si 3046:Li Ji 3038:Henan 2821:Banpo 2802:Jiahu 2698:shape 2570:signs 2564:Signs 2434:zhōng 2424:chōng 2352:chōng 2269:'MAN' 2202:'MAN' 2182:'SUN' 2168:, or 2157:huìyì 1944:] 1914:signs 1899:signs 1783:rebus 1753:signs 1736:Rebus 1651:hanja 1647:kanji 1633:. In 1620:Macau 1535:used 1464:Nüshu 1454:small 1449:large 1274:kanji 1224:forms 1170:order 1079:Small 1074:Large 1022:Hanja 1017:Kanji 962:kanzi 948:kanji 919:Kanji 888:Hanja 859:Hanja 564:Hakka 431:Hànzì 259:(500) 226:Nüshu 18492:Asia 17853:Urdu 17818:Odia 17759:Urdu 17135:Loma 17130:Lisu 17073:Kana 17063:Iban 17053:Geba 17013:Bété 16968:si5s 16878:Khom 16851:Full 16724:Maya 16119:N'Ko 15678:Miao 15623:Dham 15542:Ogan 15512:Thai 15430:Shan 15366:Leke 15329:Kawi 15284:Cham 15269:Buda 15244:Ahom 15164:Odia 15077:Modi 14833:Book 14521:Yale 14511:EFEO 14373:Seal 14158:Dayi 13755:Siyi 13437:Amoy 12954:Wuxi 12851:Huai 12664:Jilu 12491:ISBN 12472:ISBN 12453:ISBN 12431:ISBN 12393:ISBN 12371:ISBN 12344:ISBN 12299:客語辭典 12259:ISBN 12231:2024 12175:2024 12088:"80" 12038:ISBN 11992:ISBN 11967:ISSN 11936:ISBN 11913:ISBN 11894:ISBN 11875:ISBN 11852:ISBN 11829:ISBN 11812:ISSN 11757:ISBN 11733:ISBN 11714:ISBN 11693:ISBN 11674:ISBN 11626:ISSN 11599:ISBN 11576:ISBN 11556:ISSN 11501:ISBN 11482:ISBN 11459:ISBN 11437:ISBN 11429:现代汉语 11415:ISBN 11393:ISBN 11374:ISBN 11338:ISBN 11319:ISBN 11300:ISBN 11278:ISBN 11256:ISBN 11228:ISSN 11205:ISBN 11142:ISBN 11123:ISBN 11104:ISBN 11081:ISBN 11054:ISBN 11032:ISBN 11010:ISBN 10987:ISBN 10957:ISBN 10911:ISBN 10884:ISBN 10863:ISBN 10841:ISBN 10820:ISBN 10796:ISBN 10774:ISBN 10755:ISBN 10736:ISBN 10715:ISBN 10696:ISBN 10674:ISBN 10655:ISBN 10633:ISBN 10602:ISSN 10579:ISBN 10556:ISBN 10533:ISBN 10482:ISBN 10463:ISBN 10437:ISBN 10406:ISBN 10355:ISBN 10331:ISBN 7145:4762 7131:2287 7117:and 7111:4808 7103:The 7093:3000 7089:2000 7085:3323 7072:8319 7068:2854 7044:1800 7015:jōyō 7010:2136 7005:jōyō 6997:jōyō 6991:1945 6984:tōyō 6978:1850 6926:8105 6916:1000 6912:2500 6902:7000 6863:2235 6670:and 6548:Erya 6545:The 6478:and 6412:注音符號 6408:注音符号 6343:Hani 6327:Miao 6280:and 6249:lăng 6010:arae 5930:keun 5800:gisa 5695:jōyō 5676:アメリカ 5656:亜米利加 5546:tōge 5511:and 5475:and 5466:kana 5451:and 5417:kana 5409:The 5392:and 5218:Uses 5143:Kana 5105:list 5036:jau5 5026:mou5 4947:háng 4941:xíng 4794:and 4736:and 4708:and 4675:Wubi 4635:and 4619:and 4607:and 4506:Song 4479:Qing 4475:Ming 4444:and 3933:yǒng 3923:Yong 3174:The 2815:and 2752:Xici 2725:zìtǐ 2712:form 2679:and 2596:The 2552:可口可樂 2548:可口可乐 2522:and 2490:jyu4 2474:tou4 2458:caa4 2283:and 2271:and 2247:and 2224:and 2204:and 2184:and 1918:3500 1912:and 1734:and 1724:and 1708:and 1700:and 1692:and 1531:are 1409:Kana 1272:Jōyō 1132:Ming 1069:Seal 256:Hani 216:Kana 17412:IPA 17160:Vai 17068:Idu 16636:Sui 16109:Mru 16079:Luo 16042:IPA 15723:Rma 15420:Pyu 15361:Lao 15216:Umê 14622:of 14253:Gan 14153:CKC 14020:Old 13897:She 13887:Mai 13691:Yue 13294:Min 13190:Gan 13117:Hui 12966:(?) 12904:Jin 12631:Taz 12164:doi 12121:係辭下 12093:道德經 11984:doi 11959:doi 11955:129 11804:doi 11781:hdl 11618:doi 11548:doi 11179:doi 11073:doi 10448:doi 10381:doi 7257:or 7170:as 6740:of 6539:000 6396:Yao 6339:Bai 6331:Yao 6296:of 6194:𡨸喃 6165:; ' 6162:𡨸儒 6151:), 6148:𡨸漢 6050:abi 5943:dae 5850:mul 5732:idu 5622:日本刀 5285:JSL 5015:is 4999:方言字 4969:tuó 4779:682 4764:992 4645:or 4582:仿宋體 4578:仿宋体 4469:by 4374:shū 4325:fàn 4315:fǎn 4189:or 4175:or 4134:異體字 4130:异体字 3853:dùn 3727:劉德升 3519:新隸體 3515:新隶体 3253:鳥蟲書 3249:鸟虫书 3178:pan 3056:000 3054:150 3042:Yin 3036:in 3024:甲骨文 2811:), 2534:加拿大 2452:chá 2362:huá 2342:liú 2104:or 2071:in 1673:of 1369:Idu 1137:Hei 834:𭨡倱 788:𡨸儒 785:𡨸漢 706:BUC 649:POJ 622:IPA 543:Gan 503:IPA 446:ㄏㄢˋ 401:Han 278:Han 18516:: 17170:Yi 13178:zh 13166:zh 13154:zh 13142:zh 13130:zh 12927:Wu 12413:. 12338:. 12251:. 12205:, 12159:姓解 12127:易經 12090:. 12022:28 12020:. 12016:. 11990:. 11965:. 11953:. 11810:. 11798:. 11624:. 11554:. 11544:38 11542:. 11523:41 11521:. 11362:; 11346:. 11234:. 11224:33 11222:. 11195:; 11177:. 11167:63 11165:. 11159:. 11079:. 10977:; 10933:14 10931:. 10892:. 10608:. 10427:; 10387:. 10377:17 10375:. 9940:^ 9755:; 9487:^ 9260:^ 8993:^ 8806:^ 7807:^ 7636:^ 7312:c. 7300:c. 7291:c. 7279:c. 7247:: 7236:: 7232:; 7226:: 7214:: 7198:; 7188:; 7173:汉字 7166:; 7164:漢字 7121:. 7060:; 6891:A 6888:. 6756:c. 6628:反切 6579:; 6577:部首 6564:c. 6553:c. 6537:15 6466:. 6453:. 6441:, 6433:, 6414:; 6410:; 6382:, 6378:, 6337:, 6333:, 6329:, 6315:, 6237:ba 6219:𢁋 6180:漢字 6063:bu 6060:; 6047:; 6044:아비 6023:ha 6020:; 6007:; 6004:아래 5983:so 5980:; 5967:; 5964:작을 5940:; 5927:; 5903:in 5900:; 5887:; 5884:사람 5863:su 5860:; 5847:; 5794:기사 5773:r. 5615:tō 5585:. 5563:, 5001:; 4979:tā 4962:; 4931:. 4919:二十 4890:, 4777:98 4762:20 4711:大雪 4706:大學 4704:; 4702:大学 4697:. 4659:香港 4580:; 4568:楷體 4566:; 4564:楷体 4547:; 4545:黑體 4543:; 4541:黑体 4522:明體 4520:; 4518:明体 4514:宋體 4512:; 4510:宋体 4371:; 4367:; 4355:d. 4270:, 4136:; 4132:; 4101:c. 4061:5 4047:4 4033:3 4019:2 4005:1 3909:; 3907:筆畫 3905:; 3903:笔画 3850:; 3837:c. 3825:; 3823:楷書 3821:; 3819:楷书 3731:c. 3729:; 3719:; 3717:行書 3715:; 3713:行书 3636:今草 3626:章草 3614:; 3612:草書 3610:; 3608:草书 3521:; 3517:; 3504:隸變 3502:; 3500:隶变 3488:r. 3473:八分 3461:; 3459:隸書 3457:; 3455:隶书 3444:c. 3363:c. 3273:; 3271:大篆 3255:; 3251:; 3233:; 3231:小篆 3220:c. 3201:; 3199:金文 3183:c. 3091:, 3026:; 2997:c. 2982:c. 2829:c. 2806:c. 2775:zì 2722:; 2720:字體 2718:; 2716:字体 2704:; 2702:字形 2644:轉注 2632:; 2630:六書 2628:; 2626:六书 2615:c. 2604:c. 2550:; 2510:; 2508:假借 2487:; 2484:yú 2471:; 2468:tú 2455:; 2414:kě 2404:hé 2394:hú 2384:hú 2332:hú 2322:hé 2309:; 2307:形聲 2305:; 2303:形声 2232:. 2164:, 2154:; 2152:會意 2150:; 2148:会意 2094:; 2092:指事 2043:; 2041:象形 1942:zh 1931:b. 1908:, 1883:; 1881:部件 1649:, 1637:, 1622:. 1614:, 1598:, 925:漢字 865:漢字 851:한자 805:漢字 520:Wu 450:ㄗˋ 390:漢字 376:汉字 101:c. 18456:: 17350:) 17346:( 17219:e 17212:t 17205:v 15963:) 15959:( 14612:e 14605:t 14598:v 12563:e 12556:t 12549:v 12499:. 12480:. 12461:. 12439:. 12417:. 12401:. 12379:. 12267:. 12233:. 12181:. 12166:: 12046:. 12024:. 12000:. 11986:: 11973:. 11961:: 11944:. 11921:. 11902:. 11883:. 11860:. 11837:. 11818:. 11806:: 11800:4 11789:. 11783:: 11765:. 11741:. 11701:. 11682:. 11659:. 11650:. 11641:. 11632:. 11620:: 11607:. 11584:. 11562:. 11550:: 11533:. 11509:. 11490:. 11467:. 11445:. 11423:. 11401:. 11354:. 11327:. 11308:. 11286:. 11264:. 11242:. 11213:. 11187:. 11181:: 11173:: 11150:. 11131:. 11112:. 11089:. 11075:: 11062:. 11040:. 11018:. 10995:. 10965:. 10943:. 10919:. 10900:. 10871:. 10804:. 10782:. 10763:. 10744:. 10723:. 10704:. 10682:. 10663:. 10616:. 10587:. 10564:. 10541:. 10490:. 10471:. 10450:: 10414:. 10395:. 10383:: 10363:. 10339:. 9727:. 9511:. 9499:. 8693:. 8505:. 8265:. 8253:. 7841:. 7375:. 7348:. 7054:( 6954:次 6886:云 6874:云 6870:雲 6824:) 6822:们 6806:) 6804:們 6754:( 6626:( 6575:( 6562:( 6551:( 6406:( 6246:( 6243:陵 6234:( 6231:巴 6222:( 6191:( 6177:( 6159:( 6145:( 6057:부 6036:父 6017:하 5996:下 5977:소 5956:小 5937:대 5924:큰 5916:大 5897:인 5876:人 5857:수 5844:물 5836:水 5797:( 5770:( 5665:) 5659:( 5626:( 5591:刀 5577:下 5566:上 5543:( 5540:峠 5345:e 5338:t 5331:v 5033:( 5031:有 5023:( 5021:冇 4992:它 4964:鉈 4960:铊 4936:行 4929:廿 4921:( 4683:疆 4508:( 4369:書 4365:书 4363:( 4352:( 4322:( 4320:飯 4312:( 4310:反 4249:明 4243:朙 4229:眀 4223:朙 4217:明 4211:朙 4192:囧 4178:朙 4172:明 4162:A 4154:ɑ 4146:a 4128:( 4117:亀 4112:龟 4108:龜 3981:永 3971:永 3962:⺈ 3958:刂 3938:永 3930:( 3928:永 3901:( 3848:頓 3835:( 3817:( 3711:( 3638:( 3628:( 3606:( 3498:( 3485:( 3475:( 3453:( 3442:( 3361:( 3269:( 3247:( 3229:( 3218:( 3197:( 3022:( 2950:韋 2930:正 2910:旅 2890:馬 2870:天 2827:( 2804:( 2772:( 2770:字 2714:( 2700:( 2665:大 2646:( 2613:( 2582:八 2578:五 2554:( 2536:( 2525:其 2519:之 2506:( 2481:( 2479:余 2465:( 2463:途 2449:( 2447:茶 2431:( 2429:中 2421:( 2419:沖 2411:( 2409:可 2401:( 2399:河 2391:( 2389:胡 2381:( 2379:湖 2367:氵 2359:( 2357:滑 2349:( 2347:沖 2339:( 2337:流 2329:( 2327:湖 2319:( 2317:河 2261:信 2249:子 2245:女 2241:好 2214:好 2194:休 2174:明 2135:平 2129:凹 2123:凸 2117:下 2111:上 2073:晴 2069:日 2064:木 2058:月 2052:日 2039:( 2026:象 2009:山 1992:日 1928:( 1879:( 1773:鹿 1770:大 1765:大 1517:e 1510:t 1503:v 347:. 337:. 302:) 298:( 186:) 182:( 164:) 160:( 49:. 40:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index