Cultural Revolution

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of the bourgeoisie ... to change the mental outlook of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and overthrow those persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to transform education, literature and art and all other parts of the superstructure not in correspondence with the socialist economic base, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.

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Japan; Provided China perseveres in the War of Resistance and in the united front, the old Japan will surely be transformed into a new Japan and the old China into a new China, and people and everything else in both China and Japan will be transformed during and after the war. The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you ... The world belongs to you. China's future belongs to you.

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Thurston wrote that it "led to loss of culture, and of spiritual values; loss of hope and ideals; loss of time, truth and of life". Barnouin and Yu summarized the Cultural Revolution as "a political movement that produced unprecedented social divisions, mass mobilization, hysteria, upheavals, arbitrary cruelty, torture, killings, and even civil war", calling Mao "one of the most tyrannical despots of the twentieth century". According to historian Chun Lin, despite these human tragedies, individual freedoms and political self-organization expanded rapidly.

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captivity under a Zhou initiative to decorate hotels and railway stations defaced by Red Guard slogans. Zhou said that the artworks were meant for foreigners, therefore were "outer" art and not under the obligations and restrictions placed on "inner" art meant for Chinese citizens. He claimed that landscape paintings should not be considered one of the "Four Olds". However, Zhou was weakened by cancer, and in 1974, the Jiang faction seized these and other paintings and mounted exhibitions in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities denouncing the artworks as "

5107:", that is, the class enemies who promoted bourgeois ideas, as well as those from an exploitative family background or who belonged to one of the Five Black Categories. Large numbers of people perceived to be "monsters and demons" regardless of guilt or innocence were publicly denounced, humiliated, and beaten. In their revolutionary fervor, students, especially the Red Guards, denounced their teachers, and children denounced their parents. Many died from ill-treatment or committed suicide. In 1968, youths were mobilized to go to the countryside in the 4847: 2383:'s development strategy." Mao ambitiously sought an increase in rural grain production and an increase in industrial activity. Mao was dismissive of technical experts and basic economic principles, which meant that industrialization of the countryside would solely be dependent on the peasants. Grain quotas were introduced with the idea of having peasants provide grains for themselves and support urban areas. Output from the industrial activities such as steel was also supposed to be used for urban growth. Local officials were fearful of 3406: 2264:, which gradually dismantled the ideology of Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Communist Party publicly acknowledged numerous failures of the Cultural Revolution, declaring it "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the people, the country, and the party since the founding of the People's Republic." Given its broad scope and social impact, memories and perspectives of the Cultural Revolution are varied and complex in contemporary China. It is often referred to as the "ten years of chaos" ( 6723: 3876:" was launched by Mao and the Communist Party Central, aiming to consolidate the new organs of power by targeting counterrevolutionary thoughts and actions. A large number of "minor criminals" were executed or forced to commit suicide between 1970 and 1972. According to government statistics released after the Cultural Revolution, during the campaign 1.87 million people were persecuted as traitors, spies, and counterrevolutionaries, and over 284,800 were arrested or killed from February to November 1970 alone. 6187:

culture they call proletarian, should be created." He further stated that, "It is difficult for us to call this revolution, as the 'Red Guards' are carrying it out, a Proletarian Cultural Revolution... the enemies could and should be captured by the organs of the dictatorship on the basis of the law, and if the enemies have wormed their way into the party committees, let them be purged through party channels. Or in the final analysis, arm the working class and attack the committees, but not with children."

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enthusiastically and sang with wild abandonment. Tears swelled up in their eyes, and they again and again sincerely wished that our most beloved Great Leader lived ten thousand years without bounds ... They all made phone calls to their own work units to spread this happy news; and they also organised all kinds of celebratory activities all night long, and arrived at Zhongnanhai despite the rain to report the good news, and to express their loyalty to the Great Leader Chairman Mao.

5283: 4885:", "revisionists", or coming from a suspect class (including those related to former landlords or rich peasants) were subject to beating, imprisonment, rape, torture, sustained and systematic harassment and abuse, seizure of property, denial of medical attention, and erasure of social identity. Intellectuals were also targeted. Many survivors and observers suggest that almost anyone with skills over that of the average person was made the target of political "struggle" in some way. 3170: 17601: 5301:, and the Red Guards. Mao often offered vague, yet powerful directives that divided the Red Guards. These directives could be interpreted to suit personal interests, in turn aiding factions' goals in claiming loyalty to Mao. Red Guard slogans were violent, advancing themes such as "Strike the enemy down on the floor and step on him with a foot", "Long live the red terror!" and "Those who are against Chairman Mao will have their dog skulls smashed into pieces." 2026: 16644: 2810: 2355:, was Mao Zedong's proposal to make the newly created People's Republic of China an industrial superpower. Beginning in 1958, the Great Leap Forward did produce, at least on the surface, incredible industrialization, but also caused some of the worst famines in modern history, while still falling short of projected goals. The Great Leap Forward soon came to be seen as one of Mao's greatest mistakes, eventually costing him some of his official status in the 5326: 18593: 4454:, but formal power was transferred to a new generation of pragmatic reformers, who reversed Cultural Revolution policies to a large extent. Within a few years, Deng and Hu helped rehabilitate over 3 million "unjust, false, erroneous" cases. In particular, the trial of the Gang of Four took place in Beijing from 1980 to 1981, and the court stated that 729,511 people had been persecuted by the Gang, of whom 34,800 were said to have died. 3837:

an election by party members, delegates for this Congress were effectively selected by Revolutionary Committees. Representation of the military increased by a large margin from the previous Congress, reflected in the election of more PLA members to the new Central Committee—over 28%. Many officers now elevated to senior positions were loyal to PLA Marshal Lin Biao, which would open a new rift between the military and civilian leadership.

69: 5084: 4953: 4377: 17589: 6348: 6059:, has a positive view of some aspects of the CR. According to Shen, the trigger for the Tiananmen hunger-strikes was a big-character poster, a form of public political discussion that gained prominence during the Cultural Revolution. Shen remarked that the travel of students from across the country to Beijing on trains and the hospitality they received from residents was reminiscent of the experiences of Red Guards. 3990:—in the original Mandarin, the phrase sounds similar to the term for 'military uprising'. It is disputed whether Lin Biao was directly involved in this process. While official sources maintain that Lin did plan and execute the coup attempt, scholars such as Jin Qiu portray Lin as passive, cajoled by elements among his family and supporters. Qiu contests that Lin Biao was ever personally involved in drafting the 3937: 4070: 4286:

its way into several government buildings surrounding the square. Many of those arrested were later sentenced to prison. Similar incidents occurred in other major cities. Jiang and her allies attacked Deng as the incident's 'mastermind', and issued reports on official media to that effect. Deng was formally stripped of all positions inside and outside the Party on 7 April. This marked Deng's second purge.

13602: 5528: 4210:, while Zhou and Deng held control of most government organs. On some decisions, Mao sought to mitigate the Gang's influence, but on others, he acquiesced to their demands. The Gang of Four's political and media control did not prevent Deng from enacting his economic policies. Deng emphatically opposed Party factionalism, and his policies aimed to promote unity to restore economic productivity. 3509: 3493: 3429: 3477: 3461: 2617:"evidence of Peng Zhen's revisionism", and grouped him with three other disgraced officials as part of the "Peng-Luo-Lu-Yang Anti-Party Clique". On 16 May, the Politburo formalized the decisions by releasing an official document condemning Peng and his "anti-party allies" in the strongest terms, disbanding his "Five Man Group", and replacing it with the Maoist Cultural Revolution Group (CRG). 3445: 3413: 4167:

officials. The party's core became heavily dominated by Cultural Revolution beneficiaries and radicals, whose focus remained ideological purity over economic productivity. The economy remained mostly Zhou's domain, one of the few remaining moderates. Zhou attempted to restore the economy, but was resented by the Gang of Four, who identified him as their primary political succession threat.

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the movement was "manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing," who caused its worst excesses. The Resolution affirmed that the Cultural Revolution "brought serious disaster and turmoil to the Communist Party and the Chinese people." These themes of "turmoil" and "disaster" underlie historical and popular understanding of the Cultural Revolution. The 1981

4034:, Lin Liguo, and members of his staff attempted to flee to the USSR ostensibly to seek political asylum. En route, Lin's plane crashed in Mongolia, killing all on board. The plane apparently ran out of fuel. A Soviet investigative team was not able to determine the cause of the crash but hypothesized that the pilot was flying low to evade radar and misjudged the plane's altitude. 3277:"support industry". The "two Militaries" referred to "military management" and "military training". The policy of supporting the left failed to define "leftists" at a time when almost all mass organizations claimed to be "leftist" or "revolutionary". PLA commanders had developed close working relations with the party establishment, leading many military units to repress radicals. 4342:, namely, "Whatever policy originated from Chairman Mao, we must continue to support," and "Whatever directions were given to us from Chairman Mao, we must continue to follow." Like Deng, Hua wanted to reverse the CR's damage; but unlike Deng, who wanted new economic models for China, Hua intended to move the Chinese economic and political system towards Soviet-style planning. 3077:, who was alleged to have participated personally in the murder of Bian. At a mass rally held on 18 August, Song met Mao, and gifted him a Red Guard armband by tying it around his arm. In September, Shanghai experienced 704 suicides and 534 deaths; in Wuhan, 62 suicides and 32 murders occurred during the same period. Peng Dehuai was brought to Beijing to be publicly ridiculed. 4874:

neither trained nor committed fighters and therefore casualties remained relatively low. The peak of collective violence in summer 1967 dropped sharply after August, when Mao became concerned about rebel attacks on local army units and thereafter made clear that his prior calls to "drag out" army commanders was a mistake and he would instead support besieged army commands.

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school rose from 15% to over two-thirds. Educational opportunities for rural children expanded, while education of the urban elite were restricted by anti-elitist policies.Industrial Universities were established in factories to supply technical and engineering programs for industrial workers. These study programs were inspired by Mao's July 1968 remarks advocating

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graduates. In the late 1970s, these students returned to their home cities. Many students who were previously Red Guard supported the movement and Mao's vision. This movement was thus in part a means of moving Red Guards from the cities to the countryside, where they would cause less social disruption. It also served to spread revolutionary ideology geographically.

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coherence of rebel factions, and their growing access to military weaponry" another important factor was that "he longer that local factional warfare continued without the prospect of an equitable political settlement, the greater the stakes for the participants and the more intense the collective violence as factions fought to avoid the consequence of losing."

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with the decline of revolutionary spirit and the potential rise of a new class-stratified society arising as the popular revolutionary movement transformed into a socialist bureaucracy. Historian Rebecca Karl writes that for Mao, the pursuit of power was never an end in itself, but rather the seizure of state power was to be used in making the revolution.

4423:, as Deng rose to become the #2 leader of China. Hua Guofeng engaged in self-criticism and called his "Two Whatevers" a mistake. Mao's trusted ally Wang Dongxing was also criticized. At the Plenum, the Party reversed its verdict on the Tiananmen Incident. Former Chinese president Liu Shaoqi was given a belated state funeral. Peng Dehuai, one of China's 4408:, making clever use of Mao's quotations, while lauding Deng's ideas. Following this article, Hua began to shift his tone in support of Deng. On 1 July, Deng publicized Mao's self-criticism report of 1962 regarding the failure of the Great Leap Forward. As his power base expanded, in September Deng began openly attacking Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers". 5053:

border regions. In the late 1960s, China experienced a period of strained relations with some of its neighbors, notably with the Soviet Union and India. Many of the Cultural Revolution's goals in minority areas were simply unreasonable. The return to pluralism, and therefore the end of the worst period, coincided with Lin Biao's removal from power.

6046:, the creation of hybrid rice crops and the rise of people's consciousness." The worker was eventually sentenced to ten years in prison, where he died soon after "without any apparent cause". Since the late 1980s, China has experienced "at first a fitful and then a nationwide revival in Mao Zedong", including aspects of the Cultural Revolution. 3712:, where a few thousand hardliners of two factions continued to fight. At Mao's initiative, on 27 July 1968, tens of thousands of workers entered the Qinghua campus shouting slogans in opposition to the violence. Red Guards attacked the workers, who remained peaceful. Ultimately, the workers disarmed the students and occupied the campus. 3716:

response to a Red Guard leader's telegram sent prior to the meeting, which claimed that some "Black Hand" had maneuvered the workers against the Red Guards, Mao told the student leaders, "The Black Hand is nobody else but me! ... I asked how to solve the armed fighting in the universities, and told them to go there to have a look."

2552:", a committee commissioned by Mao to study the potential for a cultural revolution. Peng Zhen, aware that he would be implicated if Wu indeed wrote an "anti-Mao" play, wished to contain Yao's influence. Yao's article was initially published only in select local newspapers. Peng forbade its publication in the nationally distributed 5648:, particularly the concept that there is no such thing as art-for-art's-sake, party leadership construed Antonioni's aesthetic choices as politically motivated and banned the film. Since its 2004 release in China, the film has been well-regarded by Chinese audiences, especially for its beautiful depictions of a more simple time. 3897:

National Congress marked a temporary victory for the CR. Furthermore, despite Mao's efforts to put on a show of unity at the Congress, the factional divide between Lin's PLA camp and the Jiang-led radical camp was intensifying. Indeed, a personal dislike of Jiang drew many civilian leaders, including Chen, closer to Lin.

5978:. It also separated Mao's personal mistakes from the correctness of the theory that he created, going as far as to rationalize that the Cultural Revolution contravened the spirit of Mao Zedong Thought, which remains the official guiding ideology. Deng famously summed this up with the phrase "Mao was 70% good, 30% bad." 4785:, in addition to 1,397 forced to commit suicide, and 2,146 becoming permanently disabled. During Red August, official sources in 1980 revealed that at least 1,772 people were killed by Red Guards, including teachers and principals of many schools. 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forced to flee. The 2462:. As a result of the tensions following the Sino-Soviet split, Soviet leaders authorized radio broadcasts into China stating that the Soviet Union would assist "genuine communists" who overthrew Mao and his "erroneous course". Chinese leadership also feared the increasing military conflict between the United States and 5697:, showed extensive damage. Of the 80 cultural heritage sites in Beijing under municipal protection, 30 were destroyed, and of the 6,843 cultural sites under protection by Beijing government decision in 1958, 4,922 were damaged or destroyed. Numerous valuable old books, paintings, and other cultural relics were burnt. 4002:

made against Mao in Shanghai, from September 8 to 10, 1971. Perceived risks to Mao's safety were allegedly relayed to the chairman. One internal report alleged that Lin had planned to bomb a bridge that Mao was to cross to reach Beijing; Mao reportedly avoided this bridge after receiving intelligence reports.

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and handbills, as well as leaders' speeches and meeting transcripts which would normally have been considered highly classified. From 1966 to 1969, at least 5,000 new broadsheets by independent political groups were published. Several Red Guard organizations also operated independent printing presses

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From 1965 to 1976, the number of film projection units in China quadrupled, total film audiences nearly tripled, and the national film attendance rate doubled. The Cultural Revolution Group drastically reduced ticket prices which, in its view, would allow film to better serve the needs of workers and

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The model operas were broadcast on the radio, made into films, blared from public loudspeakers, taught to students in schools and workers in factories, and became ubiquitous as a form of popular entertainment and were the only theatrical entertainment for millions. Most model dramas featured women as

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The Cultural Revolution affected almost everyone in China, either directly or indirectly. Much economic activity was halted, with "revolution", regardless of interpretation, becoming the primary objective. Mao Zedong Thought became the central operative guide. The Red Guards' authority surpassed that

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Many monks and nuns were killed, and the general population was subjected to physical and psychological torture. An estimated 600,000 monks and nuns lived in Tibet in 1950, but by 1979, most were dead, imprisoned or had disappeared. The Tibetan government in exile claimed that many Tibetans died from

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It became increasingly clear to Hua, that without Deng, it was difficult to continue daily affairs of state. On October 10, Deng wrote a letter to Hua asking to be transferred back to state and party affairs; party elders also called for Deng's return. With increasing pressure from all sides, Premier

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The speed of Deng's rehabilitation took the radical camp by surprise. Mao wanted to use Deng as a counterweight to the military faction in government to suppress former Lin loyalists. In addition, Mao had also lost confidence in the Gang of Four and saw Deng as the alternative. Leaving the country in

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By 1971, the diverging interests of the civilian and military leaders was apparent. Mao was troubled by the PLA's newfound prominence, and the purge of Chen marked the beginning of a gradual scaling-down of the PLA's political involvement. According to official sources, sensing the reduction of Lin's

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The prospect of war elevated the PLA to greater prominence in domestic politics, increasing Lin's stature at Mao's expense. Some evidence suggests that Mao was pushed to seek closer relations with the US as a means to avoid PLA dominance that would result from a military confrontation with the Soviet

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Lin, Chen, and Kang were all beneficiaries of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou, who was demoted in rank, voiced his unequivocal support for Lin at the Congress. Mao restored the function of some formal party institutions, such as the operations of the Politburo, which ceased functioning between 1966 and

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as his "closest comrade-in-arms" and "universally recognized successor". At the time, no other Communist parties or governments anywhere in the world had adopted the practice of enshrining a successor to the current leader into their constitutions. Lin delivered the keynote address at the Congress: a

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was held in April 1969. It served as a means to "revitalize" the party with fresh thinking—as well as new cadres, after much of the old guard had been destroyed in the struggles of the preceding years. The party framework established two decades earlier broke down almost entirely: rather than through

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for an audience with the chairman. Mao mingled with Red Guards and encouraged them, donning a Red Guard armband. Lin also took centre stage, denouncing perceived enemies in society that were impeding the "progress of the revolution". Subsequently, violence escalated in Beijing and quickly spread. The

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Mao promptly endorsed Nie's poster as "the first Marxist big-character poster in China". Approved by Mao, the poster rippled across educational institutions. Students began to revolt against their school's party establishments. Classes were cancelled in Beijing primary and secondary schools, followed

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and they competed to fulfill or over-fulfill quotas which were based on Mao's exaggerated claims, collecting non-existent "surpluses" and leaving farmers to starve to death. Higher officials did not dare to report the economic disaster which was being caused by these policies, and national officials,

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remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the 'dangers of democracy', remarking "People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution , when people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place." The remarks caused controversy in Hong Kong and

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Critics of Mao Zedong look at the actions that occurred under his leadership from the point of view that "he was better at conquering power than at ruling the country and developing a socialist economy". Mao went to extreme measures on his path to power, costing millions of lives then and during his

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became more organized in the internet era, partially as a response to academic criticisms of Mao. One Maoist website collected thousands of signatures demanding punishment for those who publicly criticize Mao. Along with the call for legal action, this movement demanded the establishment of agencies

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Although the Chinese Communist Party officially condemns the Cultural Revolution, many Chinese people hold more positive views, particularly amongst the working class, who benefited most from its policies. People in rural areas tend to view the Cultural Revolution more positively given the expansion

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The Resolution frankly noted Mao's leadership role in the movement, stating that "chief responsibility for the grave 'Left' error of the 'Cultural Revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong." It diluted blame by asserting that

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Up to two million people may have visited Tiananmen Square on 4 April. All levels of society, from the most impoverished peasants to high-ranking PLA officers and the children of high-ranking cadres, were represented in the activities. Those who participated were motivated by a mixture of anger over

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Although in early 1967 popular insurgencies were limited outside of the biggest cities, local governments began collapsing all across China. Revolutionaries dismantled ruling government and party organizations, because power seizures lacked centralized leadership, it was no longer clear who believed

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In October 1966, Mao convened a "Central Work Conference", mostly to enlist party leaders who had not yet adopted the latest ideology. Liu and Deng were prosecuted and begrudgingly offered self-criticism. After the conference, Liu, once a powerful moderate pundit, was placed under house arrest, then

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In July, Mao, in Wuhan, crossed the Yangtze River, showing his vigor. He then returned from Wuhan to Beijing and criticized party leadership for its handling of the work-teams issue. Mao accused the work teams of undermining the student movement, calling for their full withdrawal on July 24. Several

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suspicion as thwarting revolutionary fervor. Party leadership subsequently became divided over whether or not work teams should continue. Liu Shaoqi insisted on continuing work-team involvement and suppressing the movement's most radical elements, fearing that the movement would spin out of control.

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But the city girls, naive and far from their families, were easy prey for peasants and especially cadres. Though fright and shame deterred many from reporting abuses, thousands of cases were recorded in a single year. The problem was pronounced enough that the centre kept threatening punishment for

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Li's estimate for Guangdong is roughly consistent with a widely accepted nationwide figure of 400,000 Cultural Revolution deaths, a number first reported in 1979 by the Agence France Presse correspondent in Peking based on estimates of unofficial but "usually reliable" Chinese sources. The toll may

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Walder argued that the failures of the Cultural Revolution did not come from poor implementation, bureaucratic sabotage, disloyalty, or lingering class antagonisms. If things turned out differently than Mao expected, Walder concluded, this was "probably due to the fact that Mao did not know what he

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criticizing it. He said that "the cult of Mao was raised to the skies in a sickening and artificial manner" and added that, in reading its purported objectives, "you have the impression that everything old in Chinese and world culture should be rejected without discrimination and a new culture, the

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The overall failure of the Red Guards' and radical assimilationists' goals was mostly due to two factors. It was felt that pushing minority groups too hard would compromise China's border defenses. This was especially important as minorities make up a large percentage of the population that live in

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in the decades since, the discrepancies are due in large part to the totalistic nature of the Revolution itself: it is a significant challenge for historians to discern whether and in what ways discrete events that took place during the Cultural Revolution should be ascribed to it. For example, the

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Fatality estimates vary across different sources, ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions, or even tens of millions. In addition to various regimes of secrecy and obfuscation concerning the Revolution, both top-down as perpetuated by authorities, as well as laterally among the Chinese public

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Shortly before dying, Mao had allegedly written the message "With you in charge, I'm at ease," to Hua. Hua used this message to substantiate his position as successor. Hua had been widely considered to be lacking in political skill and ambitions, and seemingly posed no serious threat to the Gang of

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On 9 September 1976, Mao Zedong died. To Mao's supporters, his death symbolized the loss of China's revolutionary foundation. His death was announced on 9 September. The nation descended into grief and mourning, with people weeping in the streets and public institutions closing for over a week. Hua

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The Gang of Four grew apprehensive that spontaneous, large-scale popular support for Zhou could turn the political tide against them. They acted through the media to impose restrictions on public displays of mourning for Zhou. Years of resentment over the CR, the public persecution of Deng (seen as

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With a fragile economy and Zhou falling ill to cancer, Deng Xiaoping returned to the political scene, assuming the post of Vice-Premier in March 1973, in the first of a series of Mao-approved promotions. After Zhou withdrew from active politics in January 1975, Deng was effectively put in charge of

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allegedly consisted mainly of plans for aerial bombardments through use of the Air Force. It initially targeted Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, but evolved to include Mao. If the plan succeeded, Lin would arrest his political rivals and assume power. Assassination attempts were alleged to have been

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Factional rivalries intensified at the Second Plenum of the Ninth Congress in Lushan held in late August 1970. Chen, now aligned with the PLA faction loyal to Lin, galvanized support for the restoration of the office of President of China, despite Mao's wishes. Moreover, Chen launched an assault on

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It has been claimed that Mao used the mangoes to express support for the workers who would go to whatever lengths necessary to end the factional fighting among students, and a "prime example of Mao's strategy of symbolic support." Through early 1969, participants of Mao Zedong Thought study classes

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said: "Seeing that golden mango/Was as if seeing the great leader Chairman Mao ... Again and again touching that golden mango/the golden mango was so warm." Few people at this time had ever seen a mango before, and a mango was seen as "a fruit of extreme rarity, like Mushrooms of Immortality."

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You have been involved in the Cultural Revolution for two years: struggle-criticism-transformation. Now, first, you're not struggling; second, you're not criticizing; and third, you're not transforming. Or rather, you are struggling, but it's an armed struggle. The people are not happy, the workers

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admitted that the most crucial factor in the Cultural Revolution was not the Red Guards or the CRG or the "rebel worker" organisations, but the PLA. When the PLA local garrison supported Mao's radicals, they were able to take over the local government successfully, but if they were not cooperative,

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In March 1967, the policy was adapted into the "Three Supports and Two Militaries" initiative, in which PLA troops were sent to schools and work units across the country to stabilize political tumult and end factional warfare. The three "Supports" were to "support the left", "support the interior",

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Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs and habits of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds and endeavour to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do the exact opposite: it must meet head-on every challenge

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Revolutionary war is an antitoxin which not only eliminates the enemy's poison but also purges us of our filth. Every just, revolutionary war is endowed with tremendous power and can transform many things or clear the way for their transformation. The Sino-Japanese war will transform both China and

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For several days, Mao repeatedly insinuated that the party's leadership had contravened his revolutionary vision. Mao's line of thinking received a lukewarm reception from conference attendees. Sensing that the largely obstructive party elite was unwilling to embrace his revolutionary ideology on a

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When the dismissal of Peng and the municipal party leadership became public in early June, confusion was widespread. The public and foreign missions were kept in the dark on the reason for Peng's ousting. Top Party leadership was caught off guard by the sudden protest wave and struggled with how to

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along with other leftists and posted it to a public bulletin. Nie attacked the university's party administration and its leader Lu Ping. Nie insinuated that the university leadership, much like Peng, were trying to contain revolutionary fervor in a "sinister" attempt to oppose the party and advance

2207:(old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits), which often took the form of destroying historical artifacts, cultural and religious sites, and targeting others deemed to be representative of the Four Olds. Tens of millions were persecuted, including senior officials: most notably, president 6297:

Varying academic focuses on power conflicts or clashes of personalities as underlying Mao's motivations, or alternatively on ideological reasons for launching the Cultural Revolution, are not necessarily conflicting. Mao's suspicions of those in power around him reflected his longstanding concerns

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to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of culture during this period, particularly including revolutionary model operas. During the Cultural Revolution's early years, mobile film teams traveled to rural areas with news reels of Mao meeting with Red Guards and

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Drastic changes in art and culture took place. Before this period, few cultural productions reflected the lives of peasants and workers. The struggles of workers, peasants, and revolutionary soldiers became frequent artistic subjects, often created by peasants and workers themselves. The spread of

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Dittmer and Chen argued that the emphasis on politics made language into effective propaganda, but "also transformed it into a jargon of stereotypes—pompous, repetitive, and boring." To distance itself from the era, Deng's government cut back on political slogans. During a eulogy for Deng's death,

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The revolution aimed to destroy the Four Olds and establish the corresponding Four News, which ranged from changing of names and cutting of hair to ransacking homes, vandalizing cultural treasures, and desecrating temples. Countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books, and paintings were

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and interpreted the annals' vague language in the most conservative manner. For instance, "some died" and "a couple died" were interpreted as zero death, while "death in the scale of tens/hundreds/thousands" were interpreted as "ten/a hundred/a thousand died". The reported deaths underestimate the

4285:

The Central Committee, under the leadership of Jiang Qing, labelled the event 'counter-revolutionary' and cleared the square of memorial items shortly after midnight on April 6. Attempts to suppress the mourners led to a riot. Police cars were set on fire, and a crowd of over 100,000 people forced

3957:

The attacks on Zhang found favour with many Plenum attendees and may have been construed by Mao as an indirect attack on the CR. Mao confronted Chen openly, denouncing him as a "false Marxist", and removed him from the Politburo Standing Committee. In addition to the purge of Chen, Mao asked Lin's

3804:

The fruit was shared among all institutions that had been a part of the propaganda team, and large processions were organized in support of the "precious gift", as the mangoes were known. A dentist in a small town, Dr. Han, saw the mango and said it was nothing special and looked just like a sweet

3241:

By the beginning of 1967, a wide variety of grassroots political organizations had formed. Beyond Red Guard and student rebel groups, these included poor peasant associations, workers' pickets, and Mao Zedong Thought study societies, among others. Communist Party leaders encouraged these groups to

6241:

In the 1960s, while many scholars dismissed Mao's initiatives as ideological and destructive, others sympathized with his goals. They saw Maoism as a populist insistence on mass participation, mass criticism and the right to rebel, and a determination to wipe out a new ruling class. By the 1980s,

6062:

Since the advent of the Internet, people inside and outside China have argued online that the Cultural Revolution had many benefits. Some hold that the Cultural Revolution 'cleansed' China from superstitions, religious dogma, and outdated traditions in a 'modernist transformation' that later made

5536:

Some of the most enduring images come from poster arts. Propaganda in posters was used as a mass communication device and often served as the people's leading source of information. They were produced in large numbers and widely disseminated, and were used by the government and Red Guards to push

5218:

During the Cultural Revolution, basic education was emphasized and expanded. While schooling years were reduced and education standard fell, the proportion of Chinese children who completed primary education increased from less than half to almost all, and the fraction who completed junior middle

5209:

In the CR's early months, schools and universities were closed. Secondary school classes of 1966, 1967, and 1968 were unable to graduate on time later and became known as the Old Three cohort. Primary and middle schools gradually reopened, but colleges and universities were closed until 1970, and

4873:

The recorded rate of violence rose in 1967, reaching a peak that summer before dropping suddenly. During 1967, casualties were relatively low as the weapons used were primarily clubs, spears, and rocks until late July. Although firearms and heavier weapons began to spread during summer, most were

3796:

Several months of "mango fever" followed as the fruit became a focus of a "boundless loyalty" campaign for Mao. More replica mangoes were created, and the replicas were sent on tour around Beijing and elsewhere. Many revolutionary committees visited the mangoes in Beijing from outlying provinces.

3792:

One mango was sent to the Beijing Textile Factory, whose revolutionary committee organized a rally in its honor. Workers read quotations from Mao and celebrated the gift. Altars prominently displayed the fruit. When the mango began to rot after a few days, the fruit was peeled and boiled. Workers

2941:

Although no names were mentioned, this provocative statement has been interpreted as a direct indictment of the party establishment under Liu and Deng—the purported "bourgeois headquarters" of China. The personnel changes at the Plenum reflected a radical re-design of the party hierarchy. Liu and

2636:

The early phase was characterized by mass movement and political pluralization. Virtually anyone could create a political organization, even without party approval. Known as Red Guards, these organizations originally arose in schools and universities and later in factories and other institutions.

6306:

Since the early 1980s, there have been concerted efforts to reduce the extraordinary complexity of the Cultural Revolution to the simplicity almost exclusively of barbarism, violence, and human suffering. Flattening historical memory of the Cultural Revolution through moralistic condemnation and

6194:

criticized the Cultural Revolution as a synonym for Mao Zedong's method in the name of proletarian revolution after failures of Proletarian Revolution General Route, Great Leap Forward, People's commune and the Three Red Flags. He claimed that Maoism lost its origins in Marxism–Leninism. And Mao

6106:

Public discussion is still limited. The Chinese government continues to prohibit news organizations from mentioning details, and online discussions and books about the topic are subject to official scrutiny. Textbooks abide by the "official view" of the events. Many government documents from the

5373:

In 1966, Jiang advanced the Theory of the Dictatorship of the Black Line. Those perceived to be bourgeois, anti-socialist or anti-Mao (black line) should be cast aside, and called for the creation of new literature and arts. Disseminators of the "old culture" would be eradicated. The majority of

5293:

Huang asserted that slogans were ubiquitous in people's lives, printed onto everyday items such as bus tickets, cigarette packets, and mirror tables. Workers were supposed to "grasp revolution and promote productions", while peasants were supposed to raise more pigs because "more pigs means more

4861:

were factional conflicts (mostly among Red Guards and "rebel groups") that began in Shanghai and then spread to other areas in 1967. They brought the country to a state of civil war. Weapons used included some 18.77 million guns, 2.72 million grenades, 14,828 cannons, millions of other

4277:

in Tiananmen Square to commemorate Zhou. They honored Zhou by laying wreaths, banners, poems, placards, and flowers at the foot of the Monument. The most apparent purpose of this memorial was to eulogize Zhou, but the Gang of Four were also attacked for their actions against the Premier. A small

4136:

Jiang's position strengthened after Lin's flight. She held tremendous influence with the radical camp. With Mao's health on the decline, Jiang's political ambitions began to emerge. She allied herself with Wang and propaganda specialists Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, forming a political clique

3896:

Mao's efforts at re-organizing party and state institutions generated mixed results. The situation in some of the provinces remained volatile, even as the political situation in Beijing stabilized. Factional struggles, many violent, continued at a local level despite the declaration that the 9th

3060:

The campaign included incidents of torture, murder, and public humiliation. Many people who were indicted as counter-revolutionaries died by suicide. During Red August, 1,772 people were murdered in Beijing; many of the victims were teachers who were attacked or killed by their own students. The

2286:

The terminology of cultural revolution appeared in communist party discourses and newspapers prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China. During this period, the term was used interchangeably with "cultural construction" and referred to eliminating illiteracy in order to widen public

5586:

were persecuted. Many of the artists were assigned to manual labour, and artists were expected to depict subjects that glorified the Cultural Revolution related to their labour. In 1971, in part to alleviate their suffering, several leading artists were recalled from manual labour or freed from

5238:

Though the Cultural Revolution was disastrous for millions, positive outcomes advanced some groups, such as those in rural areas. For example, the upheavals and the hostility to the intellectual elite is widely seen to have damaged education, especially at the upper end of the education system.

4877:

The greatest number of casualties occurred during the process of restoring order in 1968, although the overall number of violent conflicts was lower. Walder stated that while "rising casualties from a smaller number of insurgent conflicts surely reflected the increasing scale and organizational

3771:

In the afternoon of the fifth, when the great happy news of Chairman Mao giving mangoes to the Capital Worker and Peasant Mao Zedong Thought Propaganda Team reached the Tsinghua University campus, people immediately gathered around the gift given by the Great Leader Chairman Mao. They cried out

3715:

On July 28, 1968, Mao and the Central Group met with the five most important remaining Beijing Red Guard leaders to address the movement's excessive violence and political exhaustion. It was the only time during the Cultural Revolution that Mao met and addressed the student leaders directly. In

3272:

Mass organizations coalesced into two hostile factions, the radicals who backed Mao's purge of the Communist party, and the conservatives who backed the moderate party establishment. The "support the left" policy was established in January 1967. Mao's policy was to support the rebels in seizing

6269:

Academic interest focused on the movement's relationship with Mao's personality. Mao envisioned himself as a wartime guerrilla leader, which made him wary of the bureaucratic nature of peacetime governance. With the Cultural Revolution Mao was simply "returning to form", once again acting as a

6254:

The debate continues because the movement contains many contradictions: led by an all-powerful omnipresent leader, it was mainly driven by a series of grassroots popular uprisings. Many English-language books published since the 1980s paint a negative picture of the movement. Historian Anne F.

4049:

The event caught the party leadership off guard: the concept that Lin could betray Mao de-legitimized a vast body of Cultural Revolution political rhetoric and by extension, Mao's absolute authority. For several months following the incident, the party information apparatus struggled to find a

3823:

In December 1968, Mao began the Down to the Countryside Movement. During this movement, which lasted for the following decade, young bourgeoisie living in cities were ordered to go to the countryside to experience working life. The term "young intellectuals" was used to refer to recent college

3692:

On 27 July, the Red Guards' power over the PLA was officially ended, and the establishment sent in units to besiege areas that remained untouched by the Guards. A year later, the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely; Mao predicted that the chaos might begin running its own agenda and be

2330:

to eliminate these soldiers left behind, as well as elements of Chinese society viewed as potentially dangerous to Mao's new government. This was one of the earliest examples of mass arrests, detainments, and killings across all of China that would later be mirrored in the Cultural Revolution.

4166:

By 1973, round after round of political struggles had left many lower-level institutions, including local government, factories, and railways, short of competent staff to carry out basic functions. China's economy had fallen into disarray, which led to the rehabilitation of purged lower-level

3945:

After Lin was confirmed as Mao's successor, his supporters focused on the restoration of the position of State Chairman, which had been abolished by Mao after Liu's purge. They hoped that by allowing Lin to ease into a constitutionally sanctioned role, whether Chairman or vice-chairman, Lin's

3106:

At the rallies, Lin called for the destruction of the "Four Olds"; namely, old customs, culture, habits, and ideas. Some changes associated with the "Four Olds" campaign were mainly benign, such as assigning new names to city streets, places, and even people; millions of babies were born with

4132:

Mao became depressed and reclusive after the Lin incident. With Lin gone, Mao had no answer for who would succeed him. Sensing a sudden loss of direction, Mao reached out to old comrades whom he had denounced in the past. Meanwhile, in September 1972, Mao transferred a 38-year-old cadre from

2778:

The work teams had a poor understanding of student sentiment. Unlike the political movement of the 1950s that squarely targeted intellectuals, the new movement was focused on established party cadres, many of whom were part of the work teams. As a result, the work teams came under increasing

6218:

criticized the Cultural Revolution in his memoir. He saw Chinese people repeatedly recite Mao's quotations and felt sick after he saw human dignity trampled. He argued that Mao is not supernatural, but upended his country, and that the Cultural Revolution was actually counter-revolutionary.

5226:

In the Down to the Countryside Movement's initial stages, most of the youth who took part volunteered. Later on, the government forced them to move. Between 1968 and 1979, 17 million urban youth left for the countryside. Living in the rural areas deprived them of higher education. This

4233:

On 8 January 1976, Zhou Enlai died of bladder cancer. On 15 January, Deng delivered Zhou's eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou. After Zhou's death, Mao selected the relatively unknown

3018:

passed its "Decision Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," later to be known as the "Sixteen Points". This decision defined the Cultural Revolution as "a great revolution that touches people to their very souls and constitutes a new stage in the development of the socialist

5308:

had historically been defined by subtlety, delicacy, moderation, and honesty, as well as the cultivation of a "refined and elegant literary style". This changed during the CR. Mao wanted an army of bellicose people in his crusade, so rhetoric at the time was reduced to militant and violent

4627:

camp deaths in this figure. He estimated that 5% of the 10 million people in the Laogai camps died each year of the 12-year period, and that this amounts to roughly 6 million. He estimated that another 1.613 million were killed outright, a middle-ground figure he picked between 285,000 and

2378:

The Great Leap Forward stemmed from multiple factors, including "the purge of intellectuals, the surge of less-educated radicals, the need to find new ways to generate domestic capital, rising enthusiasm about the potential results mass mobilization might produce, and reaction against the

11458:

Events took a horrific turn in the frontier town of Yanbian, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny

5087:

A 1968 map of Beijing showing streets and landmarks renamed during the Cultural Revolution. Andingmen Inner Street became "Great Leap Forward Road", Taijichang Street became the "Road for Eternal Revolution", Dongjiaominxiang was renamed "Anti-Imperialist Road", Beihai Park was renamed

3865:. The Congress solidified the central role of Maoism within the party, re-introducing Maoism as the official guiding ideology in the party constitution. The Congress elected a new Politburo with Mao, Lin, Chen, Zhou Enlai and Kang as the members of the new Politburo Standing Committee. 3379:, the Army general in charge of the area, forcibly repressed the anti-establishment demonstrators. Mao flew to Wuhan with a large entourage of central officials in an attempt to secure military loyalty in the area. On July 20, 1967, local agitators in response kidnapped Mao's emissary 4099: 4758:

were among the most serious. In Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties have records of massacres, with 15 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 county annals record massacres, with 6 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000.

5943: 3000:

was the mechanism that led the Red Guards to commit to their objective as China's future. Quotes directly from Mao led to actions by the Red Guards in the views of other Maoist leaders. By December 1967, 350 million copies had been printed. One of these quotes was the famous line

5049:

famines in 1961–1964 and 1968–1973 as a result of forced collectivization, however the number of Tibetan deaths or whether famines, in fact, took place in these periods is disputed. Despite persecution, some local leaders and minority ethnic practices survived in remote regions.

5239:

Radical policies provided many in rural communities with middle school education for the first time, which is thought to have facilitated rural economic development. Rural infrastructure developed during CR, facilitated by the political changes that empowered ordinary rurals.

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of rural infrastructure and agricultural development that occurred. During Deng's ascendancy, the government arrested and imprisoned figures who took a strongly pro-Cultural Revolution stance. For instance, in 1985, a young shoe-factory worker put up a poster at a factory in

5515:

Quotation songs, in which Mao's quotations were set to music, were particularly popular during the early years of the Cultural Revolution. Records of quotation songs were played over loudspeakers, their primary distribution, as the use of transistor radios lagged until 1976.

4078: 5142:

A classroom at Beijing No. 23 Middle School in 1967. At the time, students were commanded to return to schools and "resume classes while carrying out the revolution". On the blackboard at the back is the text "Conference to Complaint and Criticize the Revisionist Education

3677: 11326:

Campaigns of 'class eradication' became more radical during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and had a disastrous effect on ethnic culture. Ethnic traditions were seen as part of the 'four olds' (old ideas, customs, culture and habits; in Chinese, sijiu) that had to be

5268:

Huang claimed that the Cultural Revolution had massive effects on Chinese society because of the extensive use of political slogans. He claimed that slogans played a central role in rallying Party leadership and citizens. For example, the slogan "to rebel is justified"

3916:

In October 1969, the Party attempted to focus more on war preparedness and less on suppressing factions. That month, senior leaders were evacuated from Beijing. Amidst the tension, Lin issued what appeared to be an executive order to prepare for war to the PLA's eleven

3028:

The implications of the Sixteen Points were far-reaching. It elevated what was previously a student movement to a nationwide mass campaign that would galvanize workers, farmers, soldiers and lower-level party functionaries to rise, challenge authority, and re-shape the

5223:. Mao had given the instruction to emulate the model of the Shanghai Machine Tool Factory university. Factories around the country therefore established their own educational programs for technicians and engineers. By 1976, there were 15,000 such July 21 Universities. 5827:). It is estimated that at least 90% of the Khmer Rouge's foreign aid came from China. In 1975 alone at least US$ 1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid and US$ 20 million came from China. China's economic malaise impacted China's ability to assist 5664:

China's historical sites, artifacts and archives suffered devastating damage, as they were thought to be at the root of "old ways of thinking". Artifacts were seized, museums and private homes ransacked, and any item found that was thought to represent bourgeois or

3288:

organized a far-reaching revolutionary coalition, one that displaced existing Red Guard groups. On January 3, 1967, with support from CRG heavyweights Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, the group of firebrand activists overthrew the Shanghai municipal government under

4457:

In 1981, the Chinese Communist Party passed a resolution and declared that the Cultural Revolution was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic."

3908:

in March 1969 as Chinese leaders prepared for all-out war. In June 1969, the PLA's enforcement of political discipline and suppression of the factions that had emerged during the Cultural Revolution became intertwined with the central Party's efforts to accelerate

9793: 3371:

Tension grew between mass organizations and the military. In response, Lin Biao issued a directive for the army to aid the radicals. At the same time, the army took control of some provinces and locales that were deemed incapable of handling the power transition.

3315:

Shanghai's was the first provincial level government overthrown. Provincial governments and many parts of the state and party bureaucracy were affected, with power seizures taking place. In the next three weeks, 24 more province-level governments were overthrown.

2697:." While the party leadership was relatively united in approving Mao's agenda, many Politburo members were not enthusiastic, or simply confused about the direction. The charges against party leaders such as Peng disturbed China's intellectual community and the 4496:, considered by some to be the greatest technological catastrophe of the 20th century, itself resulted in between 26,600 and 240,000 deaths. The scope of the collapse, which occurred near the end of the CR, was covered up by authorities until at least 1989. 4888:

Some people were not able to stand the torture and committed suicide. Researchers claimed that at least 100,000 to 200,000 people committed suicide during the early CR. One of the most famous cases of apparent attempted suicide involved Deng Xiaoping's son

3776: 6307:

exhortation, these narratives not only deprive an immensely important and complex episode of Chinese history of its multilayered historicity, but also provide the discursive ground for delegitimizing China's revolutionary history of the twentieth century.

4324:

After Mao's death, people characterized as 'beating-smashing-looting elements', who were seen as having disturbed the social order during the CR, were purged or punished. "Beating-smashing-looting elements" had typically been aligned with rebel factions.

6246:

wrote that the "public opinion in the field had changed markedly". Most in the field now "seem convinced that the Cultural Revolution was a human disaster, even a historical crime, something on the order of Hitler's holocaust and Stalin's great terror."

5070:, Honig, and others documented that rape and sexual abuse of sent-down women were common during the CR's height. Branigan documented that women raped tended to be from educated urban backgrounds while their rapists were poor peasants or local officials. 17427: 6081:

In 2012, Chinese web portal and social media platform Tencent conducted an online survey focused on combatting "the unhealthy trend of Cultural Revolution nostalgia." Seventy-eight percent of survey participants expressed Cultural Revolution nostalgia.

4984:, some 790,000 people were persecuted during the Inner Mongolia incident. Of these, 22,900 were beaten to death, and 120,000 were maimed, during a witch hunt to find members of the alleged separatist New Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. In 2692:

on 17 May 1967. Effectively it implied that enemies of the Communist cause could be found within the Party: class enemies who "wave the red flag to oppose the red flag." The only way to identify these people was through "the telescope and microscope of

2675:

Those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the army, and various spheres of culture are a bunch of counter-revolutionary revisionists. Once conditions are ripe, they will seize political power and turn the

6294:, Khrushchev's ouster, and Great Leap Forward catastrophe. They conclude that the movement was, at least in part, a legacy project to cement Mao's place in history, aimed to boost his prestige while he was alive and preserve his ideas after his death. 2938:, rallying people to target the "command centre (i.e., Headquarters) of counterrevolution." Mao wrote that despite having undergone a communist revolution, a "bourgeois" elite was still thriving in "positions of authority" in the government and Party. 5374:

writers and artists were seen as "black line figures" and "reactionary literati", and were persecuted, and subjected to "criticism and denunciation" where they could be humiliated and ravaged, and be imprisoned or sent to hard labour. For instance,

4916:, official sources in 1980 stated that 346,000 people were wrongly arrested, over 16,000 were persecuted to death or executed, and over 81,000 were permanently disabled. However, academics instead estimated fatalities as between 20,000 and 100,000. 3052:

On 22 August, a central directive was issued to prevent police intervention in Red Guard activities, and those in the police force who defied this notice were labeled counter-revolutionaries. Central officials lifted restraints on violent behavior.

5669:

ideas was destroyed. Few records relate how much was destroyed—Western observers suggest that much of China's thousands of years of history was in effect destroyed, or, later, smuggled abroad for sale. Chinese historians compare the suppression to

5344:" celebrated in a socialist society. In poor and remote areas, movies and operas were shown for free. Mobile film units brought cinema to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of culture, particularly including 6021:, Deng Xiaoping characterized the Cultural Revolution as civil war and contrasting it with the contemporary situation: "Why was it that our country could remain stable after the June 4th Incident? It was precisely because we had carried out the 5866:

in Beijing and assaulted three diplomats and a secretary, before setting it ablaze. PRC authorities refused to condemn the action. British officials in Shanghai were attacked in a separate incident, as authorities attempted to close the office

5011:, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny revisionists!'" 3725:

are not happy, city residents are not happy, most people in schools are not happy, most of the students even in your schools are not happy. Even within the faction that supports you, there are unhappy people. Is this the way to unify the world?

6002:, scar literature depicted the Revolution negatively, based on their own perspectives and experiences. Movies criticizing Cultural Revolution hardliners were prevalent from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, although they were later banned as 2942:

Deng kept their seats on the Politburo Standing Committee, but were sidelined from day-to-day party affairs. Lin Biao was elevated to become the CCP's number-two; Liu's rank went from second to eighth and was no longer Mao's heir apparent.

2680:

into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Some of them we have already seen through; others we have not. Some are still trusted by us and are being trained as our successors, persons like Khrushchev for example, who are still nestling beside

3320:

were subsequently established, in place of local governments and branches of the Communist Party. For example, in Beijing, three separate revolutionary groups declared power seizures on the same day. In Heilongjiang, local party secretary

5842:

Among the over 40 countries that had established diplomatic or diplomatic half-relations with China at the time, around 30 countries went into diplomatic disputes with China—some countries terminated their diplomatic relations, including

3110:

Other aspects were more destructive, particularly in the realms of culture and religion. Historical sites throughout the country were destroyed. The damage was particularly pronounced in the capital, Beijing. Red Guards laid siege to the

3122:

Libraries of historical and foreign texts were destroyed; books were burned. Temples, churches, mosques, monasteries, and cemeteries were closed and sometimes converted to other uses, or looted and destroyed. Marxist propaganda depicted

4691:

referred to this number as a "widely accepted nationwide figure", but also said "The toll may well have been higher. It is unlikely that it was less." Jonathan Leightner asserted that the number is "perhaps one of the best estimates".

6078:

similar to Cultural Revolution-era "neighborhood committees", in which "citizens" would report anti-Maoists to local public security bureaus. Maoist rhetoric and mass mobilization methods were resurgent in Chongqing during the 2000s.

3153: 5045:. The destruction of nearly all of its over 6,000 monasteries, which began before the Cultural Revolution, were often conducted with the complicity of local ethnic Tibetan Red Guards. Only eight were intact by the end of the 1970s. 3842:

We do not only feel boundless joy because we have as our great leader the greatest Marxist–Leninist of our era, Chairman Mao, but also great joy because we have Vice Chairman Lin as Chairman Mao's universally recognized successor.

2855:

The work-teams issue marked a decisive defeat for Liu; it also signaled that disagreement over how to handle the CR's unfolding events would irreversibly split Mao from the party leadership. On 1 August, the Eleventh Plenum of the

6289:

While Mao's personal motivations were undoubtedly pivotal, they reasoned that other factors contributed to the way events unfolded. These include China's relationship with the global Communist movement, geopolitical concerns, the

4045:

celebration events the following day. The Central Committee did not release news of Lin's death to the public until two months later. Many Lin supporters sought refuge in Hong Kong. Those who remained on the mainland were purged.

5940:

To make sense of the chaos caused by Mao's leadership without undermining the CCP's authority and legitimacy, Mao's successors needed to provide a "proper" historical judgment. On June 27, 1981, the Central Committee adopted the

4923:, more than 1.387 million people were implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the province's population. From 1968 to 1969, more than 17,000 people died in massacres and 61,000 people were crippled for life; in 6612: 6119:

Mao Zedong's legacy remains in some dispute. During the anniversary of his birth, many people viewed Mao as a godlike figure and referred to him as "the people's great savior". Contemporary discussions in newspapers such as the

4203:

grinding poverty would damage the positive legacy of the CR, which Mao worked hard to protect. Deng's return set the scene for a protracted factional struggle between the radical Gang of Four and moderates led by Zhou and Deng.

4499:

Most deaths occurred after the mass movements ended, when organized campaigns attempted to consolidate order in workplaces and communities. As Walder summarizes, "The cure for factional warfare was far worse than the disease."

4037:

The official account was questioned by foreign scholars, who raised doubts over Lin's choice of the USSR as a destination, the plane's route, the identity of the passengers, and whether or not a coup was actually taking place.

4801:, the official record shows an estimated death toll from 100,000 to 150,000 between January and April 1968 in Guangxi, in one of the worst violent struggles of the Revolution, before Zhou sent the PLA to intervene. Zheng Yi's 3398:

In response to the Wuhan Incident, Mao and Jiang began establishing a "workers' armed self-defense force", a "revolutionary armed force of mass character" to counter what he saw as rightism in "75% of the PLA officer corps."

5234:

had literacy rates as low as 59% 20 years after the revolution. China's leaders denied illiteracy problems. This was amplified by the elimination of qualified teachers—many districts were forced to rely on students to teach.

2685:

Later known as the "16 May Notification", this document summarized Mao's ideological justification for CR. Initially kept secret, distributed only among high-ranking party members, it was later declassified and published in

7920: 2759:

by a decision on 13 June to expand the class suspension nationwide. By early June, throngs of young demonstrators lined the capital's major thoroughfares holding giant portraits of Mao, beating drums, and shouting slogans.

9775: 3958:

principal generals to write self-criticisms on their political positions as a warning to Lin. Mao also inducted several of his supporters to the Central Military Commission and placed loyalists in leadership roles of the

3650:

Nationwide, a total of 18.77 million firearms, 14,828 artillery pieces, 2,719,545 grenades ended up in civilian hands. They were used in the course of violent struggles, which mostly took place from 1967 to 1968. In

5985:

characterizes the Cultural Revolution as an aberration and a period of chaos. The official view is the dominant framework for historiography of the period; alternative are discouraged. A new genre of literature known as

5351:

Jiang took control of the stage and introduced revolutionary operas under her direct supervision. Traditional operas were banned as they were considered feudalistic and bourgeois, but revolutionary opera, which modified

5566:

were artworks produced by the government and sold cheaply in stores to be displayed in homes or workplaces. The artists for these posters might be amateurs or uncredited professionals, and the posters were largely in a

4600:

237,000 were killed and 7.03 million became disabled". While these internal investigations were never mentioned or published in any other official documents, the scholarly consensus found these figures very reasonable.

4225:, a campaign to oppose "rehabilitating the case for the rightists," alluding to Deng as the country's foremost "rightist". Mao directed Deng to write self-criticisms in November 1975, a move lauded by the Gang of Four. 2851:

to announce the decision and reveal the tone of the movement to teachers and students. At the rally, Party leaders encouraged the masses to 'not be afraid' and take charge of the movement, free of Party interference.

5214:

were cancelled after 1966, replaced by a system whereby students were recommended by factories, villages and military units. Entrance exams were not restored until 1977 under Deng. Traditional values were abandoned.

4823:

during that period. Zheng was criticized for reliance on unpublished interviews and for the negative portrayal of a Chinese ethnic minority, although senior party historians corroborated allegations of cannibalism.

4305:

Four in the race for succession. However, the Gang's radical ideas also clashed with influential elders and many Party reformers. With army backing and the support of Marshal Ye Jianying, Director of Central Office

2558:

and other major newspapers under his control, instructing them to write exclusively about "academic discussion", and not pay heed to Yao's petty politics. While the "literary battle" against Peng raged, Mao fired

5442:

booklet was distributed, and film directors and actors/actresses were criticized with some tortured and imprisoned. These included many of Jiang's rivals and former friends. Those who died in the period included

16619: 5935:

The central section of this wall shows the faint remnant marks of a propaganda slogan that was added during the Cultural Revolution, but has since been removed. The slogan read "Boundless faith that in Chairman

4412: 4050:"correct way" to frame the incident for public consumption, but as the details came to light, the majority of the Chinese public felt disillusioned and realised they had been manipulated for political purposes. 8522: 3719:

During the meeting, Mao and the Central Group for the Cultural Revolution stated, "e want cultural struggle, we do not want armed struggle" and "The masses do not want civil war." Mao told the student leaders:

3688:

In May 1968, Mao launched a massive political purge. Many people were sent to the countryside to work in reeducation camps. Generally, the campaign targeted rebels from the CR's earlier, more populist, phase.

6301:

Professor Yiching Wu argues that the typical historiography of the Cultural Revolution as an "era of madness" is simpleminded but writes that such narratives have a "remarkably tenacious ideological power:"

3234:. On December 3, 1966, two days of rioting occurred in which hundreds were injured and six to eight were killed, leading to a total clampdown by the Portuguese government. The event set in motion Portugal's 5435:" became dogmatized. The literary situation eased after 1972, as more were allowed to write, and many provincial literary periodicals resumed publication, but the majority of writers still could not work. 4896:

At the same time, many "unjust, false, and mistaken" cases appeared due to political purges. In addition to those who died in massacres, a large number of people died or became permanently disabled due to

3754:

In the spring of 1968, a massive campaign aimed at enhancing Mao's reputation began. A notable example was the "mango fever". On 4 August, Mao was presented with mangoes by the Pakistani foreign minister

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There is no agreement on how many people died during the Cultural Revolution. Perhaps one of the best estimates is 400,000, made by a Beijing correspondent for Agence France-Presse (Meisner 1999: 354).

4255:

inside the Party wanted to help the unrepentant capitalist roader regain his power." These propaganda efforts at smearing Zhou's image, however, only strengthened public attachment to Zhou's memory.

35: 6728: 6726: 5309:

vocabulary. These slogans were an effective method of "thought reform", mobilizing millions in a concerted attack upon the subjective world, "while at the same time reforming their objective world."

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sent to a detention camp, where he was denied medical treatment and died in 1969. Deng was sent away for a period of re-education three times and was eventually sent to work in an engine factory in

3185: 5030:, reportedly claimed over 1,600 lives in 1975. After the Cultural Revolution, the government gave reparations for the Shadian Incident, including the erection of a Martyr's Memorial in Shadian. 14836: 5041:

in 1966, removing Tibet's exemption from China's land reform, and reimposed in other minority areas. The effect on Tibet was particularly severe as it came following the repression after the

1407: 15239:(New York: Cambria Press, 2020). Scholarly studies on memory writings and documentaries of the Mao years, victimhood narratives, perpetrator studies, ethics of bearing witness to atrocities 9762:

According to a working conference of the Communist Party's Central Committee in 1978, 20 million Chinese died in the revolution, 100 million were persecuted and 800 billion yuan was wasted.

5744:, the number of newspapers dropped from 343 in 1965, to 49 in 1966, and then to a 20th-century low of 43 in 1967. At the same time, the number of publications by mass organizations such as 6124:

continue to glorify Mao. Rather than focus on consequences, newspapers claim that revolutions typically have a brutal side and are unable to be viewed from the "humanitarian perspective".

5246:. Some farmers were given informal medical training, and health-care centers were established in rural communities. This process led to a marked improvement in health and life expectancy. 3364:

in Mao's revolutionary vision and who was exploiting the chaos for their own gain. The formation of rival revolutionary groups and manifestations of long-established local feuds, led to

54: 8117: 6602: 15260:(Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2016). Scholarly studies on cultural legacies and continuities from the Maoist era in art, architecture, literature, performance, film, etc. 5685:

The destruction of historical relics was never formally sanctioned by the Party, whose official policy was instead to protect such items. On May 14, 1967, the Central Committee issued

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Between August and November 1966, eight mass rallies were held, drawing in 12 million people, most of whom were Red Guards. The government bore the travel expenses of Red Guards.

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to publish an article criticizing it. Yao described the play as an allegory attacking Mao; flagging Mao as the emperor, and Peng Dehuai, who had previously questioned Mao during the

18052: 5963:. People were urged to root out followers of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, those seriously impacted by factional ideas, and the "smashers and grabbers" of the Cultural Revolution. 3127:

as superstition, and religion was looked upon as a means of hostile foreign infiltration, as well as an instrument of the ruling class. Clergy were arrested and sent to camps; many

7904: 4245:

Official attempts to enforce the mourning restrictions included removing public memorials and tearing down posters commemorating Zhou's achievements. On March 25, 1976, Shanghai's

9523: 4346:

Hua named Deng Vice-Premier in July 1977, and later promoted him to various other positions, effectively elevating Deng to be China's second-most powerful figure. In August, the

17213: 16028: 5159:. The prosecution of the Gang of Four revealed that 142,000 cadres and teachers in the education circles were persecuted. Academics, scientists, and educators who died included 4222: 2932:

representatives wrote to Mao, calling for rebellion and upheaval to safeguard the revolution. Mao then responded to the letters by writing his own big-character poster entitled

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In the world at large, Mao Zedong emerged as a symbol of anti-establishment, grassroots populism, and self-determination. His revolutionary philosophies found adherents in the

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caused the deaths of 325 people from August 27 to September 1, 1966; those killed ranged from 80 years old to a 38-day old baby, with 22 families being completely wiped out.

3708:

As the Red Guard movement had waned over the preceding year, violence by the remaining Red Guards increased on some Beijing campuses. Violence was particularly pronounced at

10270:中共一九七八年和一九八四年的内部调查 ...「两千一百四十四万余人受到审查、冲击；一亿两千五百余万人受到牵连、影响」...「四百二十余万人曾被关押、隔离审查；一百三十余万人曾被公安机关拘留、逮捕；一百七十二万八千余人非正常死亡 ...「十三万五千余人被以现行反革命罪判为死刑；在武斗中有二十三万七千余人死亡，七十三万余人伤残」 9749: 5612:("red treasure books"). The release of the filmed versions of the revolutionary model operas resulted in a re-organization and expansion of China's film exhibition network. 5138: 4562:

Ding's figures include 100,000 killed in the Red Terror during 1966, with 200,000 forced to commit suicide, plus 300,000–500,000 killed in violent struggles, 500,000 during

4133:

Shanghai, Wang Hongwen, to Beijing and made him Party vice-chairman. Wang, a former factory worker from a peasant background, was seemingly getting groomed for succession.

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work. Those who did not return to work would be viewed as engaging in 'schismatic activity' which risked undermining preparations to defend China from potential invasion.

1034: 915: 787: 3387:. Subsequently, Chen was sent to Beijing and tried by Jiang Qing and the rest of the CRG. Chen's resistance was the last major open display of opposition within the PLA. 17060: 5760:. For example, the largest student organization in Shanghai, the Red Revolutionaries, established a newspaper that had a print run of 800,000 copies by the end of 1966. 4934:, Li Chuli, the former deputy director of Organization Department, was purged in 1968 and in turn reported around 80,000 people, 2,955 of whom were persecuted to death. 4901:

or other forms of persecution. From 1968 to 1969, the Cleansing the Class Ranks purge caused the deaths of at least 500,000 people. Purges of similar nature such as the

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On 13 September, the Politburo met in an emergency session to discuss Lin. His death was confirmed in Beijing only on 30 September, which led to the cancellation of the

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These massacres were mainly led and organized by local revolutionary committees, Communist Party branches, militia, and the military. Most victims were members of the

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was that Mao should assume the office with Lin as vice-chairman; but perhaps wary of Lin's ambitions or for other unknown reasons, Mao voiced his explicit opposition.

2731:

After the purge of Peng Zhen, the Beijing Party Committee effectively ceased to function, paving the way for disorder in the capital. On 25 May, under the guidance of

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as well as their children, or members of "rebel groups". Chinese scholars have estimated that at least 300,000 people died in these massacres. Collective killings in

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was convened to advance Mao's radical agenda. At the plenum, Mao showed outright disdain for Liu, repeatedly interrupting him as he delivered his opening day speech.

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In 1970, the communist party came to view the Ministry of Culture as so disruptive that it decided to dissolve the Ministry and establish a Culture Group within the

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Documents released in 1980 regarding the prosecution of the Gang of Four show that more than 2,600 people in the field of arts and literature were persecuted by the

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Between 1966 and 1968, China was isolated internationally, having declared its enmity towards both the USSR and the US. The friction with the USSR intensified after

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Deng's economic reforms possible. The popular revival of Mao in the late 1990s coincided with the government's increasing privatization and its dismantling of its

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was at its peak. While the number of newspapers declined in this period, the number of independent publications by mass political organizations grew. According to

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and some writers of worker or farmer background, could have their work published or reprinted. The principles for cultural production laid out by Mao in the 1942 "

5227:

generation is referred to as the 'lost generation'. In the post-Mao period, many of those forcibly moved attacked the policy as a violation of their human rights.

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tempted to turn against revolutionary ideology. Their purpose had been largely fulfilled; Mao and his radical colleagues had largely overturned established power.

3537:, an arms manufacturing center, during August 1967, battles involved close to 10,000 combatants, killed or wounded close to 1,000, and created 180,000 refugees in 2326:, and continued to resist the People's Republic in various ways. Many soldiers of the Chinese Republicans were left in mainland China, and Mao Zedong launched the 5689:. Despite this, enormous damage was inflicted on China's cultural heritage. For example, a survey in 1972 in Beijing of 18 cultural heritage sites, including the 4338:

Although Hua publicly denounced the Gang of Four in 1976, he continued to invoke Mao's name to justify Mao-era policies. Hua spearheaded what became known as the

3099:

at the Ming tombs. Red Guards dragged the remains of the Wanli Emperor and Empresses to the front of the tomb, where they were posthumously "denounced" and burned

2504:" powerful Beijing officials of questionable loyalty. His approach was not transparent, executed via newspaper articles, internal meetings, and by his network of 12374: 6207:, destroying Chinese Culture, purging intellectuals, destroying modern civilization, and used his "people's war" to attempt to rule Asia and the world following 6159:

inspired by the Cultural Revolution was launched in 1967. Its excesses damaged the credibility of these activists in the eyes of Hong Kong residents. In Taiwan,

5905:

Several foreign guests were "mandated" to stand in front of the statue of Mao Zedong, holding the Little Red Book and "reporting" to Mao as Chinese citizens did.

14177: 14055: 2287:

participation in civic matters. This usage of "cultural revolution" continued through the 1950s and into the 1960s, and often involved drawing parallels to the

18319: 17712: 14738: 14618: 12744: 5463:. No feature films were produced in mainland China for seven years apart from a few approved "Model dramas" and highly ideological films. A notable example is 4803: 2961: 5230:

The Cultural Revolution's impact on accessible education varied across regions. Formal literacy measurements did not resume until the 1980s. Some counties in

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following several hours of physical abuse and public humiliation. The leader of the Red Guards, who had organised on campus only days prior, was 19-year-old

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was followed by a three-year campaign to "totally negate" the Cultural Revolution. The communist party called on individuals and cooperatives to study the

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on October 18 without going through Mao. This drew the ire of the chairman, who saw it as evidence that his declared successor was usurping his authority.

3833: 3697: 3230:. The school board illegally began construction, but the colonial government sent police to stop the workers. Several people were injured in the resulting 2857: 2595: 2196: 1308: 9545: 13834: 5960: 4732: 3918: 3304: 2982: 2200: 16846: 14421: 13199: 11672: 5432: 5421: 5096:

The Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with expenses paid by the government, and the railway system fell into turmoil.

4893:, who was paralyzed when he fell out of a four-story building after he was interrogated by Red Guards. It is disputed whether he jumped or was pushed. 4282:

Zhou's treatment, revolt against the Cultural Revolution and apprehension for China's future. The event did not appear to have coordinated leadership.

2605:

Lu's removal gave Maoists unrestricted access to the press. Mao delivered his final blow to Peng at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists

14908: 14091:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (Chinese Communism Subject Archive)" 12621: 9058: 7572: 18651: 18124: 16511: 11711: 11603: 11522: 6251:

wanted, or that he did know what he was doing, or both ... the outcomes are what one should have expected, given the Maoist doctrine and aims."

4042: 2309: 1440: 804: 12053: 10655: 9882: 7651: 7018:

Baum, Richard (1969). "Revolution and Reaction in the Chinese Countryside: The Socialist Education Movement in Cultural Revolutionary Perspective".

2103:. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives, the Cultural Revolution marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power in China after 17152: 16594: 15136: 8594: 6385: 4439: 3375:

In Wuhan, as in many other cities, two major revolutionary organizations emerged, one supporting and one attacking the conservative establishment.

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concepts, which Mao claimed would give capitalists control of the USSR. Relations soured. The USSR refused to support China's case for joining the

15802: 10238: 8898:

Frederick Teiwes; Warren Sun (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era".

5111:

so they may learn from the peasantry, and the departure of millions from the cities helped end the most violent phase of the Cultural Revolution.

5100:

destroyed by Red Guards. The status of traditional Chinese culture and institutions within China was severely damaged, and many customs weakened.

17638: 12576: 6068: 5947:, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. This document became the key official interpretation of the Cultural Revolution. 3603: 2412: 14094: 11131: 5254: 4398:

in September 1977 in order to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. In May 1978, Deng seized the opportunity to elevate his protégé

2709: 18525: 17998: 17992: 17792: 17377: 11901: 11286:

Ethnic languages were repudiated as one of the "four olds" and large numbers of books and documents pertaining to ethnic languages were burned.

6013:, both liberals and conservatives within the CCP accused each other of excesses that they claimed were reminiscent of the Cultural Revolution. 4881:

In addition to violent struggles, millions of Chinese were violently persecuted, especially via struggle sessions. Those identified as spies, "

4667:. Several sources have also quoted that Marshal Ye estimated the death toll to be 20 million during a CCP working conference in December 1978. 3066: 2823: 2732: 12158: 11339:

Chunli, Xia (2007). "From Discourse Politics to Rule of Law: A Constructivist Framework for Understanding Regional Ethnic Autonomy in China".

8118:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network" 5780:

The functions of China's embassies abroad were disrupted during the early part of the Cultural Revolution. In a March 22, 1969 meeting on the

5088:"Worker-Peasant-Soldier Park" and Jingshan Park became "Red Guard Park". Most of the Cultural Revolution-era name changes were later reversed. 18295: 18211: 18179: 17986: 15882: 6238:

Scholars and academics debate the origin, the events, Mao's role, and its legacy. These debates evolved as researchers explored new sources.

5093:

of the PLA, local police authorities, and the law in general. Traditional arts and ideas were publicly attacked, replaced by praise for Mao.

2968:', was catapulted to prominence. The top officials in the Propaganda Department were sacked, with many of its functions folded into the CRG. 2564: 1083: 11007: 10472: 7514: 3793:

then filed by and each was given a spoonful of mango water. The revolutionary committee made a wax replica and displayed it in the factory.

18259: 18206: 18201: 18196: 17360: 17193: 6380: 4664: 4447: 4192: 2054: 1347: 768: 12153:

Stokes, Mark A. (July 2003). "The People's Liberation Army and China's Space and Missile Development". In Laurie Burkitt; Andrew Scobell;

9720:

See, for example, Huo-cheng, Li, "Chinese Communists reveal for the first time the number 20 million deaths for the Cultural Revolution,"

6182:" organized along the same lines as the Cultural Revolution. Hoxha delivered a speech to a plenum of the CC of the Party of Labour titled 18513: 18028: 17220: 16314: 13277: 13238: 13090: 12781:"The power of words : political slogans as leverage in conflict and conflict management during China's cultural revolution movement" 12292: 11867: 11828: 11750: 8564: 8440: 6010: 5788:, China was "now isolated" and "we need to relax a little". Later that year, China began to restore its embassies to normal functioning. 3854: 3207: 2714: 2327: 2139: 1021: 814: 17: 13316: 12545: 11561: 8484: 5389:. Many died: the names of 200 writers and artists who were persecuted to death were commemorated in 1979. These include writers such as 2886: 18325: 17697: 16459: 13395: 11789: 10055: 9515: 4435: 3977:

power base and his declining health, Lin's supporters plotted to use the military power still at their disposal to oust Mao in a coup.

1151: 10951: 7434: 7288: 5712:, occurred after the peak of the Revolution. Nevertheless, the most prominent medium of academic research in archaeology, the journal 18701: 18331: 18148: 13123: 6464: 6171: 2176:

became influential in 1972, and the Revolution continued until Mao's death in 1976, soon followed by the arrest of the Gang of Four.

1762: 1221: 979: 9367: 5554:

presented slogans, poems, commentary and graphics often posted on walls in public spaces, factories and communes. Mao wrote his own

3853:

Reflecting this, Lin was officially elevated to become the Party's preeminent figure outside of Mao, with his name written into the

3805:

potato. He was put on trial for "malicious slander", found guilty, paraded publicly throughout the town, and then shot in the head.

18641: 17402: 17382: 15413: 15017:; Sun, Warren (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". 9739: 9242: 6361: 5970:

and elsewhere aimed to separate Mao's actions during the Cultural Revolution from his "heroic" revolutionary activities during the

5493: 5465: 3947: 2660: 132: 9646: 5356:

in both content and form, was promoted. Six operas and two ballets were produced in the first three years, most notably the opera

4427:

and the first Minister of National Defense, who was persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution was rehabilitated in 1978.

2407:(USSR) were the world's two largest communist states. Although initially they were mutually supportive, disagreements arose after 17434: 17422: 17417: 14671: 14598: 9440: 7804:"The Policy of the Military 'Supporting the Left' and the Spread of Factional Warfare in China's Countryside: Shaanxi, 1967–1968" 6469: 5926: 2292: 2092: 829: 11472: 7598: 4242:

Zhou's ally), and the prohibition against public mourning led to a rise in popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four.

18696: 18058: 16378: 16076: 6375: 5741: 5294:

manure, and more manure means more grain." Even a casual remark by Mao, "Sweet potato tastes good; I like it" became a slogan.

4724: 3281: 3264: 3251: 2838: 2529:, is dismissed by a corrupt emperor. While Mao initially praised the play, in February 1965, he secretly commissioned his wife 2449:, in which Mao charged that Khrushchev was a revisionist and risked capitalist restoration. Khrushchev's defeat by an internal 2192: 2157: 1156: 1111: 18106: 14896: 14872: 5033:

Concessions to minorities were abolished during the Cultural Revolution as part of the Red Guards' attack on the "Four Olds".

3861:

The report was heavily critical of Liu Shaoqi and other "counter-revolutionaries" and drew extensively from quotations in the

3284:" formed across the country and began expanding into factories and the countryside. In Shanghai, a young factory worker named 18626: 18307: 17771: 17702: 17309: 17128: 16800: 16286: 15074: 15049: 15004: 14982: 14947: 14921: 14861: 14807: 14708: 14562: 14535: 14275: 14148: 13871: 13752: 13648: 13586: 13493: 13158: 13044: 12994: 12938: 12896: 12837: 12707: 12679: 12634: 12256: 12221: 12175: 12093: 11451: 11201: 11084:

Brown, Kerry (1 July 2007). "The Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967–1969: The Purge of the "Heirs of Genghis Khan"".

10982: 10639: 10578: 10525: 10418: 10369: 9971: 9920: 9584: 9147: 8654: 8558: 8478: 8434: 8386: 8348: 8309: 8270: 8231: 8185: 8093: 7781: 7750: 7634: 7400: 7360: 7201: 7164: 7095: 6983: 6935: 6405: 5785: 5305: 5211: 4295: 3359:, 1967. The banner in the center reads: "The People's Liberation Army firmly supports the proletarian revolutionary faction." 2995: 2147: 2088: 1713: 1116: 124:

Preservation of communism by purging capitalist and traditional elements, and power struggle between Maoists and pragmatists.

18355: 8392: 3325:

seized power from the party organization under his own leadership. Some leaders even wrote the CRG asking to be overthrown.

2671:. One of these documents, distributed on 16 May, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision and was particularly damning: 18671: 17544: 15515: 14368: 13523: 7477: 6706: 5008: 3984:, along with other high-ranking military conspirators, formed a coup apparatus in Shanghai and dubbed the plan to oust Mao 2419:. Mao and many other CCP members opposed these changes, believing that they would damage the worldwide communist movement. 1953: 1296: 989: 902: 31: 5704:

excavation and preservation after the destructive period were protected, and several significant discoveries, such as the

4548:. In 2003, Walder and Yang Su coauthored a paper along this approach, but with fewer county annals available at the time. 3405: 3351: 3040:

Tiananmen Square on 15 September 1966, the occasion of Chairman Mao's third of eight mass rallies with Red Guards in 1966.

18451: 18313: 17631: 17487: 16577: 16469: 15188: 10909: 10837: 9068: 6701:

Thornton, Patricia M. (2019). "Cultural Revolution". In Sorace, Christian; Franceschini, Ivan; Loubere, Nicholas (eds.).

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visual style with specific conventions—for example, images of Mao were to be depicted as "red, smooth, and luminescent".

5362:. These operas were the only approved opera form. Other opera troupes were required to adopt or change their repertoire. 4980:

were labeled as part of the Four Olds, texts in ethnic languages were burned, and bilingual education was suppressed. In

4451: 4196: 3763:

on 5 August, who were stationed there to quiet strife among Red Guard factions. On 7 August, an article was published in

3741: 3308: 3273:

power; it required the PLA to support "the broad masses of the revolutionary leftists in their struggle to seize power."

3259: 2571:, head of Mao's security detail. Yang's dismissal likely emboldened Mao's allies to move against their factional rivals. 2352: 2153: 1303: 1011: 897: 3606:, on August 10, 1967, a firefight caused a panicked commercial pilot to depart early, stranding 54 Japanese passengers. 18666: 18656: 17365: 16013: 15651: 15598: 15341: 15251: 15164: 13558: 13461: 13431: 13389: 13355: 13310: 13271: 13232: 13193: 13084: 12862: 12539: 12476: 12286: 12137: 11861: 11822: 11783: 11744: 11705: 11666: 11639: 11597: 11555: 11516: 11260:

Qingxia, Dai; Yan, Dong (March 2001). "The Historical Evolution of Bilingual Education for China's Ethnic Minorities".

10452: 10321: 9649:[The strange thing after the collapse of the Gang of Four: the wind of Cultural Revolution continued to blow]. 9189: 8979: 8769: 8627: 7960: 7881: 7258:"Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" 7241: 6101: 5370:, class position, and imperialism before liberating themselves through the discovery of internal strength and the CCP. 4687:

This figure was obtained by an AFP correspondent in Beijing, citing an unnamed but "usually reliable" source. In 1986,

4434:

and other leaders who had been purged during the Cultural Revolution were rehabilitated. Hu Yaobang became head of the

4274: 4221:, etc. By late 1975, however, Mao saw that Deng's economic restructuring might negate the CR's legacy and launched the 4171: 2438: 1854: 819: 15140:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). An autobiography that includes experiences during the Cultural Revolution 12384: 10349: 10122: 9628: 9465:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China."". 6442: 4663:, an unnamed bureaucrat in Beijing claimed that Ye made the statement in a 1982 CCP meeting, while he was the party's 3191:

A frieze damaged during the Cultural Revolution, originally from a garden house of a rich imperial official in Suzhou.

220: 18646: 18235: 18216: 17387: 15875: 15821: 14351: 14173: 14065: 13810: 13531: 12512: 11935: 9226: 8952: 7870:

Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964–1988

6714: 5870:

Red Guards also laid siege to the Soviet, French and Indonesian embassies and torched the Mongolian ambassador's car.

4592:", among which 9.4% (162,000) were CCP party members and 252,000 were intellectuals. The figures were extracted from 1802: 1276: 1121: 1016: 949: 13480:

Li, Jie (2022). "Mobile Projectionists and the Things They Carried". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).

12732: 10117:[Massacres and sexual violence recorded in the classified documents of the Cultural Revolution in Guangxi]. 8709: 4774:, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,600 civilians, including 300 children, and the destruction of 4,400 homes. 3226:. The event was prompted by the colonial government's delays in approving a new wing for a CCP elementary school in 2637:

After 1968, most of these organizations ceased to exist, although their legacies were a topic of controversy later.

2437:

Mao publicly denounced revisionism in April 1960. Without pointing at the USSR, Mao criticized its Balkan ally, the

18711: 18289: 17502: 17265: 16680: 16423: 15953: 15925: 15844: 9011: 8810: 6018: 5475:

became common and were performed throughout the country by both professional cultural workers and ordinary people.

5331: 5108: 4367: 3818: 3524: 2964:, in charge of party personnel, virtually ceased to exist. The Cultural Revolution Group (CRG), Mao's ideological ' 2346: 2240: 2104: 2047: 1291: 1051: 932: 877: 14621:[Manifesto to the CPC Members on the Eve of the National Day of the 55th Years of the Republic of China]. 9441:"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China" 18567: 18537: 17667: 16954: 16836: 16521: 16307: 15096: 6400: 3317: 2677: 2161: 1281: 1266: 942: 12438: 5944:

Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China

4544:

actual deaths, especially because some annals actively covered up deaths. Annal editors were supervised by the

4170:

In late 1973, to weaken Zhou's political position and to distance themselves from Lin's apparent betrayal, the "

3954:

Zhang, a staunch Maoist who embodied the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, over the evaluation of Mao's legacy.

2371: 2203:. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, typically ranging from 1–2 million. Red Guards sought to destroy the 18555: 18253: 17624: 17294: 17282: 17120: 16546: 16506: 15988: 15627: 15536: 15479: 15466: 15426: 15402: 15378: 15364: 15350: 15334: 15303: 15275: 15222: 15115: 13485: 12342: 10801: 10776: 10733: 6430: 4902: 4567: 3873: 3242:"join up,", and these groups joined various coalitions and held various cross-group congresses and assemblies. 2126:

had infiltrated the government and society with the aim of restoring capitalism. Mao called on young people to

1772: 984: 510: 392: 17677: 15131:(New York: Macmillan, 1973). Book chronicling a year in a rural Chinese village during the Cultural Revolution 6042:, which declared that "The Cultural Revolution was Good" and led to achievements such as "the building of the 5718:, did not publish. After the most violent phase, the attack on traditional culture continued in 1973 with the 5682:

intensified during this period, as religion was viewed in opposition to Marxist–Leninist and Maoist thinking.

5504:" were either written or became popular during this period. "The East Is Red", especially, became popular; it 3163:

was originally carved in stone, and was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. A metal replica is in its place.

2771:

decided to send in 'work teams'—effectively 'ideological guidance' squads of cadres—to the city's schools and

2314:

On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong declared the People's Republic of China, symbolically bringing the decades-long

18706: 18573: 18549: 18337: 18136: 17392: 16556: 16418: 16293: 14413: 7742: 6455: 5737: 5358: 3889: 2517: 2479: 999: 494: 30:

This article is about the movement in China. For events elsewhere also called the "Cultural Revolution", see

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The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt Before Dishonour: Timetable of World Dominance 1400–2100

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Tiananmen Square parades, and welcomed ceremoniously in rural communities. These news reels became known as

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ammunition and even armored cars and tanks. Notable violent struggles include the battles in Chongqing, in

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Along with the top leadership losing power the entire national Party bureaucracy was purged. The extensive

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in 1964 contributed to Mao's fears, mainly because of his declining prestige after the Great Leap Forward.

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1960s onward remain classified. The Cultural Revolution is barely mentioned in historical exhibits at the

4870:. Researchers claimed that the nationwide death toll in violent struggles ranged from 300,000 to 500,000. 4539:

Examines the period between 1966 and 1971. Walder reviewed the reported deaths in 2,213 annals from every

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were apparently burned. Muslim imams reportedly were paraded around with paint splashed on their bodies.

3901: 3884: 3599:, on August 13, 1967, two PLA units mistook each other for rebels and opened fire, killing seven people. 2567:, an organ that controlled internal communications—making unsubstantiated charges. He installed loyalist 2040: 1988: 1141: 282: 78: 18401: 12406: 10541: 9033: 8586: 4807:

alleged "systematic killing and cannibalization of individuals in the name of political revolution and '

3759:, in an apparent diplomatic gesture. Mao had his aide send the box of mangoes to his propaganda team at 3049:

18 August rally was filmed and shown to approximately 100 million people in its first month of release.

18661: 16708: 15527: 13893: 13889:"The economic factor in the Sino-Vietnamese split, 1972–75: An analysis of Vietnamese archival sources" 12788: 10250: 9173: 7773: 6967: 6496: 6390: 5994:) emerged, encouraged by the post-Mao government. Written mainly by educated youth such as Liu Xinhua, 5808: 5130:

scientists, was beaten to death by a mob in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution (1968). This caused

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implications. However, Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan continued their denunciations. Meanwhile, Mao sacked

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Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication

4854:, where 400–500 people killed in factional clashes are buried, out of a total of at least 1,700 deaths 4651:, of "683,000 deaths in the cities, 2.5 million deaths in the countryside, plus 123,700 deaths due to 18495: 18471: 18439: 18283: 18088: 18070: 18064: 18022: 17719: 17687: 17407: 17324: 16826: 16785: 16501: 15958: 15678: 14343: 13794: 12085: 12040:

A 1973 report on sent-down youth estimated that since 1969, there had been some 16,000 cases of rape.

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to counter what he regarded as the destruction of traditional Chinese values by mainland Communists.

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in Beijing. Despite inroads by prominent sinologists, independent scholarly research is discouraged.

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The Cultural Revolution wrought havoc on minority cultures and ethnicities. Languages and customs of

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and filled with meticulously prepared 'indictments' of recently ousted leaders such as Peng Zhen and

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Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966)

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was held in Beijing, officially naming (in ranking order) Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping,

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in Beijing returned with mass-produced mango facsimiles, gaining media attention in the provinces.

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that have poisoned the people of China for thousands of years, fostered by the exploiting classes".

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Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution

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Blumi, Isa (1999). "Hoxha's Class War: The Cultural Revolution and State Reformation, 1961–1971".

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Gurtov, Melvin (1969). "The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs during the Cultural Revolution".

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ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State

11482:. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. SIT Graduate Institute. pp. 8, 11. Paper 1074. 7537: 7504: 5687:

Several suggestions for the protection of cultural relics and books during the Cultural Revolution

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On 18 August in Beijing, over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in and around

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The Cultural Revolution was characterized by violence and chaos across Chinese society, including

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People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

9817:"Finding a Place for the Victims: The Problem in Writing the History of the Cultural Revolution" 5520:" with an interest in broadcast technology frequently operated rural radio stations after 1968. 18531: 18507: 18223: 17807: 17780: 17751: 17746: 17672: 17272: 16491: 15905: 15780: 12109:

rapes. Often the victims took the blame, since they had worse class backgrounds than officials.

11998: 10767: 9295: 5982: 5931: 5731: 5631: 5512:" as the national anthem of China, though the latter was later restored to its previous place. 5497: 5379: 5366:

their leads and promoted Chinese state feminism. Their narratives begin with them oppressed by

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and imprisonment, in addition to 557,000 people missing." In a 2012 interview with Hong Kong's

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Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution

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at Beijing University on August 5, 1966, calling on the people to "Bombard the Headquarters".

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endorsed the figures, yet he noted that peasants suffered far more in the GLF than in the CR.

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was held. At the congress, Deng called for "a liberation of thoughts" and urged the party to "

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Traditional minority designs and colourful lace were marked as "four olds" (sijiu) and burnt.

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in 1999 when a segment of the population began to associate anti-Mao viewpoints with the US.

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to China to film the achievements of the Cultural Revolution. Antonioni made the documentary

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abdication of control over Macau, putting Macau on the path to eventual absorption by China.

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Some scholars challenge the mainstream portrayals and conceive it in a more positive light.

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document drafted by hardliner leftists Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao under Mao's guidance.

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Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation

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Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of the Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution

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A River Forever Flowing: Cross-cultural Lives and Identities in the Multicultural Landscape

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Bridgham, Philip (1968). "Mao's Cultural Revolution in 1967: The Struggle to Seize Power".

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ideology defined by the Party. The two main posters genres were the big-character poster (

5264:, with "revolution is no crime, to rebel is justified" written on a flag next to him, 1967. 5220: 4677: 3639:

samples, radioactive substances, poison gas, toxicants, and other dangerous substances. In

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Revolution and counterrevolution : China's continuing class struggle since liberation

10241:[Fiftieth anniversary of the Cultural Revolution: It must be opposed once again]. 9816: 9414: 8470:

Biography of a Chairman Mao Badge: The Creation and Mass Consumption of a Personality Cult

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who was killed in 1967. Revolution-themed songs instead were promoted, and songs such as "

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Only a few writers who gained permission or requalification under the new system, such as

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Harold Munthe-Kaas; Pat Healy (23 August 1967). "Britain's Tough Diplomatist in Peking".

13683: 12832:. Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. 10410: 10246: 9780: 9379: 8517: 7020: 6149: 6055: 6003: 5456: 5345: 5034: 4207: 3986: 3910: 3760: 3756: 3632: 3395:

the takeovers were unsuccessful. Violent clashes occurred in virtually all major cities.

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PLA officers and soldiers reading books for the "Three Supports and Two Militaries", 1968

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The Killing Wind: A Chinese County's Descent Into Madness During the Cultural Revolution

9246: 7423: 7321: 5484:, which had already banned following the communist takeover, were persecuted, including 5194:

had been persecuted. More than 310 were disabled, over 40 committed suicide, and 5 were

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of the overall death toll due to the Cultural Revolution usually include the following:

2231:, and many were persecuted. The country's schools and universities were closed, and the 1698: 18489: 18413: 18407: 17965: 17935: 17920: 17797: 17497: 17450: 17329: 17287: 17235: 17009: 16929: 16904: 16805: 16703: 16614: 16589: 16428: 16182: 15935: 15915: 15853: 15723: 15436: 15183: 15028: 14970: 14942:. Contemporary chines studies series. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 14766: 14758: 14506: 14498: 14297: 14281: 14230: 14060: 14037: 13910: 13816: 13766: 13758: 13710: 13654: 13000: 12469:

Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class

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Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building

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Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building

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At the time, Jiang and associates held effective control of mass media and the party's

3801:. Badges and wall posters featuring the mangoes and Mao were produced in the millions. 3709: 2737: 2694: 2512: 2505: 2364: 2340: 2228: 2108: 2005: 1941: 1891: 1849: 1819: 1807: 1745: 1720: 1708: 1693: 1678: 1633: 1523: 1508: 1362: 1357: 1331: 862: 834: 698: 690: 428: 420: 15838: 14663: 10475:[Collective killings in the Cultural Revolution: a study of three provinces]. 8619:

Made In China: What Western Managers Can Learn from Trailblazing Chinese Entrepreneurs

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was suspended for one month in response to its advocacy of a new Cultural Revolution.

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Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution

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overseas, the CCP launched various propaganda campaigns for Mao, such as sending the

5620: 5568: 5517: 4613: 4503: 4270: 4252: 4011: 3627:, were seized during conflicts, but not directly used. Citizens wrote letters to the 3545:

was destroyed in a battle involving tanks, mobile artillery, and anti-aircraft guns.

3542: 3337: 2918: 2913: 2747: 2719: 2688: 2554: 2538: 2408: 2398: 2319: 2315: 2184: 2169: 1993: 1963: 1931: 1871: 1703: 1598: 1588: 1518: 1493: 1367: 1078: 1071: 741: 618: 610: 471: 334: 326: 16944: 14201:""Liberating the Small Devils": Red Guard Newspapers and Radical Publics, 1966–1968" 13679:""Liberating the Small Devils": Red Guard Newspapers and Radical Publics, 1966–1968" 12181: 10177: 9061:[Jiang Qing at Mao's funeral: black veil on her head, expressionless face]. 4213:

Much like the post-Great Leap restructuring led by Liu Shaoqi, Deng streamlined the

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Mao waves to the crowd on the banks of the Yangtze before his swim across, July 1966

2832:

was widely recognized as targeting Liu, the purported "bourgeois" party headquarters

2451: 2445:. In 1963, CCP began to denounce the USSR, publishing nine polemics. One was titled 1566: 18561: 18477: 18457: 18277: 17940: 17865: 17692: 17593: 17581: 17522: 17070: 17024: 16718: 16713: 16383: 16368: 16348: 16321: 16104: 16084: 16066: 15295: 15014: 14880: 14837:

Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil

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Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party

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At least one million died, though some estimates of deaths go as high as 20 million

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number of slogans left at Tiananmen even attacked Mao and his Cultural Revolution.

4175: 4174:" campaign began under Jiang's leadership. Its stated goals were to purge China of 3610: 3549: 3419: 3365: 3255: 3219: 3128: 3045: 2965: 2950: 2459: 2247: 2180: 2165: 1968: 1886: 1784: 1752: 1628: 1352: 1261: 1191: 541: 247: 212: 166: 15663:, translated by Howard Goldblatt. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988). 15225:

An oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution

15128:

A Year In Upper Felicity: Life in a Chinese Village During the Cultural Revolution

14625:(in Traditional Chinese). 中正文教基金會 (Chungcheng Cultural and Educational Foundation) 13994:"The Cultural Revolution: All you need to know about China's political convulsion" 12278:

Chinese Politics: Fall of Hua Kuo-Feng (1980) to the Twelfth Party Congress (1982)

10874:"The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion" 3994:, with evidence suggesting that Lin Liguo was directly responsible for the draft. 3528:

Some locations of armed conflict between rebel factions during the summer of 1967.

2663:

was called in Beijing. The conference was laden with Maoist political rhetoric on

81:. The caption reads, "The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of 18597: 18519: 18425: 18349: 18343: 18076: 18010: 17875: 17870: 17756: 17605: 17334: 16874: 16841: 16780: 16775: 16666: 16629: 16624: 16541: 16531: 16484: 16111: 16059: 15744: 15489: 15210: 15019: 14992: 14851: 14552: 14525: 13998: 13906: 13820: 13340: 12827: 12246: 11951:

Larson, Wendy (October 1999). "Never This Wild: Sexing the Cultural Revolution".

11217:

Schoenhals, Michael (March 1996). "The Central Case Examination Group, 1966–79".

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Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

6446: 6204: 6191: 6160: 5995: 5987: 5915: 5882: 5714: 5705: 5645: 5640:. When it was released in 1974, CCP leadership in China interpreted the film as 5636: 5600: 5190:

As of September 1971, more than 4,000 staff members of China's nuclear center in

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Acting the Right Part: Political Theatre and Popular Drama in Contemporary China

7905:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)" 6603:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)" 3131:

were forced to participate in the destruction of their monasteries at gunpoint.

2164:

in their place. These committees often split into rival factions, precipitating

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Developmental Piece: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding

11966: 9619:[How many really died in the Cultural Revolution?——After reading Su Yang's 9163: 9103: 8849: 6067:

employment and welfare policies. These sentiments also increased following the

6064: 5796: 5402: 4981: 4808: 4540: 4116: 4016: 3391: 3384: 3160: 2945: 2664: 2549: 2431: 1655: 1556: 1546: 1056: 971: 839: 738: 576: 468: 296: 184: 14486: 14293: 14217: 14200: 13697: 13678: 13012: 12906: 12780: 12103: 12054:"A tragedy pushed to the shadows: the truth about China's Cultural Revolution" 11506: 11298:

Wu, Jiaping (May 2014). "The Rise of Ethnicity under China's Market Reforms".

11273: 11230: 11097: 10153: 9981: 9930: 9691: 8358: 8319: 8280: 8241: 8195: 8103: 8041: 7105: 7033: 6993: 5155:" and were widely persecuted. Many were sent to rural labor camps such as the 3888:

Mao (left) and Lin (right) in 1967, riding in the back of a vehicle during an

3797:

Approximately half a million people greeted the replicas when they arrived in

3643:, rebels working in geological institutes developed and tested the first ever 3631:

residence of government leaders, warning of attacks on facilities that stored

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Tibetan Independence Movement: Political, Religious and Gandhian Perspectives

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Ferdinand, Pete (8 July 2016) . McCauley, Martin M.; Carter, Stephen (eds.).

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Many Chinese ambassadors and consuls were recalled. Senior officials such as

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in Beijing, 131 were persecuted. Among the members of the academy, 229 died.

5183:. As of 1968, among the 171 senior members who worked at the headquarters of 5180: 5160: 5037:, previously only established in parts of Tibet, were established throughout 4993: 4820: 4816: 4708: 4380: 4339: 4306: 3926: 3294: 3223: 3096: 3062: 2954: 2768: 2568: 2560: 2522: 2463: 2388:

blaming bad weather for the decline in food output, took little or no action.

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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

14696:

Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history

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Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine

10212: 10138:"The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact" 5656: 5286:

The remnants of a banner containing slogans from the Cultural Revolution in

5282: 5198:. During the CR, scientists tested the first missile, created China's first 4927:

alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were permanently disabled.

3784:

Subsequent articles also propagandized the mangoes, and another poem in the

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throughout the country. A selection of Mao's sayings were compiled into the

17766: 17741: 17569: 17355: 17029: 17019: 16894: 16889: 16536: 16237: 16171: 16152: 15673: 15431: 15263: 15060: 13942: 13762: 13550:

Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing

12886: 12671: 12434: 12274: 12058: 11953: 11853:

Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region

11814:

History As Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China

11439: 10878: 10341: 10282: 10114: 9961: 9910: 9616: 9243:"Basic Knowledge about the Communist Party of China: The Eleventh Congress" 9206: 9167: 8334: 8295: 8256: 8217: 8171: 8083: 7616: 7081: 6325: 6226: 6208: 6137: 5671: 5583: 5480: 5444: 5406: 5353: 5172: 5148: 5004: 4957: 4602: 4424: 4138: 4112: 4108: 4059: 3905: 3582: 3572: 3285: 3057:, the national police chief, often pardoned Red Guards for their "crimes". 2723:

on 1 June 1966, calling for the proletariat to "completely eradicate" the "

2404: 2380: 2173: 1383: 1231: 922: 707: 548: 437: 254: 192: 36:

List of cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions

14797: 14694: 14134: 13030: 12207: 10838:"Chaos of Cultural Revolution Echoes at a Lonely Cemetery, 50 Years Later" 10072:

Walder, Andrew G. (2014). "Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971".

9218: 9181: 7626: 6975: 6666:

Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought

5608:("red treasure films"), analogous to how the Little Red Books were dubbed 4187:

the government, party, and military, then adding the additional titles of

18034: 17850: 17512: 17078: 17034: 16934: 16884: 16831: 16516: 16413: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16242: 16177: 16166: 15993: 15808:

Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)

15763: 15718: 15455: 15143: 14267: 14136:

The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis

13640: 12986: 12924: 12439:"From Victory to Defeat – China's Socialist Road and Capitalist Reversal" 12209:

The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis

11996:

Honig, Emily (2003). "Socialist Sex: The Cultural Revolution Revisited".

10947: 10625: 10440: 10110: 9612: 9322:"The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World" 7900: 7419: 7346: 6607: 6598: 6516: 6451: 6365: 6175: 5832: 5820: 5701: 5641: 5448: 5314: 5176: 5123: 5067: 4890: 4882: 4648: 4636: 4480: 4443: 4351: 4310: 4301:

Guofeng chaired the Funeral Committee and delivered the memorial speech.

4273:, a traditional day of mourning, thousands of people gathered around the 4247: 4235: 4120: 3971: 3628: 3376: 3341: 3333: 3322: 3290: 3074: 2668: 2534: 2489: 2251: 2216: 2123: 1978: 1256: 1171: 1006: 854: 731: 461: 188: 17600: 15032: 13744: 12855:

Dealing with China : an insider unmasks the new economic superpower

11368: 10169: 10137: 10085: 9353: 9211:

Leadership and Succession in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China

8995: 8913: 8794: 7983:"Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State" 7683:"Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State" 5003:

areas of northeast China, language schools were destroyed. According to

4030:

According to the official narrative, on 13 September Lin Biao, his wife

3929:

in 1972, Mao hinted that Lin had opposed better relations with the U.S.

2392: 2025: 17905: 17900: 17534: 17255: 17225: 17183: 17039: 16999: 16969: 16964: 16879: 16869: 16864: 16582: 16454: 16247: 16232: 16212: 16156: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16054: 15730: 15656: 15618: 15613: 15562: 15541: 15522: 15510: 14876: 14762: 14319: 13185:

China on Film: A Century of Exploration, Confrontation, and Controversy

12027: 11425: 9490:"Beijing Revises 'Correct' Version of Party History Ahead of Centenary" 7293:[Mao Zedong’s Eight Receptions With the Red Guards (Part 1)]. 6491: 6200: 6196: 5878: 5752: 5745: 5575: 5414: 5164: 5131: 5023: 5019: 4778: 4771: 4740: 4484: 4399: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4124: 3735: 3682: 3644: 3557: 3553: 3070: 2977: 2929: 2909: 2819: 2743: 2606: 2574:

On 12 February 1966, the "Five Man Group" issued a report known as the

2548:

on the defensive. Peng, Wu Han's direct superior, was the head of the "

2530: 2208: 2143: 2135: 2096: 2084: 2000: 1593: 1432: 1146: 809: 627: 343: 180: 170: 142:

Economic activity impaired, historical and cultural material destroyed.

74: 15860: 15569:, translated by Chenxin Jiang (New York: New York Review Books, 2016). 15258:

Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution

14502: 14470: 14041: 13802: 11775:

Tibet's Last Stand?: The Tibetan Uprising of 2008 and China's Response

11238: 9707: 9321: 9111: 8865: 8833: 8057: 7190:

The Cultural Revolution and post-Mao reforms: a historical perspective

7049: 6443:

Destruction of Japanese cultural heritage during the Meiji restoration

5839:

by the 1970s, which cooled relations between the once allied nations.

5325: 4354:

and Wang Dongxing as new members of the Politburo Standing Committee.

4289: 3750:

A propaganda oil painting of Mao during the Cultural Revolution (1967)

2130:, and proclaimed that "to rebel is justified". Mass upheaval began in 18381: 18094: 17470: 16924: 16919: 16755: 16743: 16728: 16338: 16227: 16207: 16197: 16187: 15775: 15756: 15461: 15441: 15418: 15408: 15244:

The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village

14015:"Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution (Book Review)" 13970: 13938: 12700:

The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village

10295:文化大革命的非正常死亡人數只有大躍進的十分之一不到, 從農民觀點來看, 其錯誤之嚴重, 遠遠不如大躍進 ... 二千六百萬人慘死 9516:"The Chinese Communist Party is playing dangerous games with history" 9337: 9007: 7185: 6420: 6050: 5999: 5874: 5852: 5709: 5562: 5543: 5485: 5231: 5168: 4989: 4851: 4755: 3981: 3663:, tanks, armored vehicles and even warships were deployed in combat. 3660: 3652: 3640: 3564: 3534: 3515: 3499: 3435: 3086: 3054: 2724: 2610: 2599: 2545: 2447:

On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Historical Lessons for the World

2204: 1613: 1551: 1181: 669: 385: 15170: 14754: 13791:

Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War

12352: 11409: 10977:. A Lerner biography. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. p. 72. 10743: 10050:[The latest version of the Cultural Revolution death toll]. 9546:"With whiffs of Cultural Revolution, Xi calls for struggle 50 times" 9262:"Hua Guofeng, Transitional Leader of China After Mao, Is Dead at 87" 8513:"How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution" 6025:, which have promoted economic growth and raised living standards." 18592: 18118: 17855: 17517: 17507: 17465: 17004: 16979: 16974: 16914: 16517:

Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee

16222: 16142: 15827: 15639: 15282:

The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis

14841: 13424:

Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

12617: 12569:"China's 'lost generation' recall hardships of Cultural Revolution" 11693: 11065: 9966:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 143. 9721: 8687: 8088:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 172. 7998: 7739:

Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution

7698: 6259: 6141: 6035: 5863: 5398: 5367: 4985: 4898: 4827: 4314: 4238:

instead of a member of the Gang of Four or Deng to become Premier.

3589: 3483: 3467: 3124: 2987: 2809: 2775:

to restore some semblance of order and re-establish party control.

2764: 2629:

spring 1966 to summer 1968 (when most of the key events took place)

1645: 676: 562: 406: 268: 15237:

The Great Leap Backward: Forgetting and Representing the Mao Years

13520:

Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

13454:

Painters and Politics in the People's Republic of China, 1949–1979

12160:

The Lessons of History: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75

9915:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 23. 8587:"The Mao Mango Cult of 1968 and the Rise of China's Working Class" 6703:

Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

6195:

himself dropped his Marxist–Leninist mask, revealing its roots in

6049:

One of the student leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,

5340:

peasant paintings in rural China, for example, became one of the "

5206:

program. Significant achievements came in science and technology.

4178:

thinking and denounce Lin's actions as traitorous and regressive.

3700:

in September, and labelled the "headquarters of the bourgeoisie".

3592:, fighting during July and August 1967 killed six and wounded 68. 2138:

in 1966. Many young people, mainly students, responded by forming

16192: 15706: 15471: 11073:(in Chinese). Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. 9621:

Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution

9419:

The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China

6039: 6014: 5428: 5390: 5375: 5335:, one of the Model Dramas promoted during the Cultural Revolution 5191: 5127: 5083: 4924: 4863: 4751: 4431: 3798: 3596: 3568: 3538: 3451: 3356: 3329: 3203: 3176: 3080: 2526: 2434:

and reneged on its pledge to supply China with a nuclear weapon.

2220: 2131: 1608: 1541: 714: 444: 15458:(Beijing: Chinese Literature / China Publications Centre, 1983). 15044:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 10344:[The nature of the Cultural Revolution: a great purge]. 9320:

Legvold, Robert; Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006).

7453:"Bowed and Remorseful, Former Red Guard Recalls Teacher's Death" 4376: 3946:

succession would be institutionalized. The consensus within the

3328:

In Beijing, Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao targeted Vice-Premier

17915: 17492: 16909: 16689: 16572: 16029:

Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend

15484: 15447: 15287: 13835:"When Pol Pot lounged by Mao's pool: how China exported Maoism" 11849: 10368:

Agence France Presse, Beijing, February 3, 1979; compiled into

10290: 10215:[Home report on the Cultural Revolution's death toll]. 7138:] (in Simplified Chinese). Henan People's Publishing House. 6395: 5666: 5579: 5394: 5015: 4867: 4767: 4623: 4223:

Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend

4031: 3656: 2232: 1603: 82: 17588: 12275:

James T. Myers; Jürgen Domes; Erik von Groeling, eds. (1995).

11383: 11381: 10406:

Ethics, Efficiency and Macroeconomics in China: From Mao to Xi

9678:

Pye, Lucian W. (1986). "Reassessing the Cultural Revolution".

6347: 5297:

Political slogans had three sources: Mao, Party media such as

5119: 4069: 3812: 3560:

factions, killing approximately 100 people and wounding 133.

2625:

The Cultural Revolution can be divided into two main periods:

2484: 746: 476: 18167: 17476: 15608:

Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

15603: 15493:, translated by Michael Berry (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). 14174:"Does a New Biography Tell the Whole Story on Deng Xiaoping?" 13377: 12891:(2nd ed.). Paris: Foreign languages press. p. 137. 5848: 5287: 4931: 4098: 3231: 3227: 2590:

discussion and aimed to distance Peng Zhen formally from any

2501: 2500:, the Cultural Revolution's precursor. Mao set the scene by " 2080: 1186: 722: 452: 114: 17646: 14910:

The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

12623:

The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

10708:"Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses'" 9963:

Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution

9912:

Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution

8550:

Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution

8085:

Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution

6270:

guerrilla leader fighting an institutionalized bureaucracy.

6264:

The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

5644:

and anti-Chinese. Viewing art through the principles of the

2160:

from local governments and party branches, establishing new

15610:, translated by Howard Goldblatt. (New York: Viking, 1995). 15327:

The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution

14777: 13967: 13553:. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. pp. 446–47. 12724: 11378: 10313:

China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

9576:

Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age

3116: 3091: 2990:

surrounded by rallying Red Guards in Beijing, December 1966

1640: 150:

Estimates vary from hundreds of thousands to millions (see

15839:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" 15818:

Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution

15576:, translated by Susan Wilf (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007). 15371:

The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics

14256:

Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise

13220: 12802: 11732: 11504: 11193:

China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party

9740:"Remembering the dark days of China's Cultural Revolution" 9661:粉碎"四人帮"之后，叶剑英在一次讲话中沉痛地说："文化大革命"死了2000万人，整了1亿人，浪费了8000亿人民币。 8897: 8762:

The Culture of Power: Lin Biao and the Cultural Revolution

7424:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" 7322:"Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" 5242:

Many health personnel were deployed to the countryside as

3703: 3119:, and other historically significant tombs and artifacts. 2916:; (3) Students at No. 23 Middle School in Beijing reading 16658: 14373: 12082:

Red Memory: The Afterlives of China's Cultural Revolution

10385:

Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic

5795:

as well as communist ideologies to multiple countries in

5722:

as part of the struggle against moderate Party elements.

3932: 3014:

During the Red August of Beijing, on August 8, 1966, the

2227:. Intellectuals and scientists were considered to be the 695: 681: 425: 411: 397: 15567:

The Cowshed: Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

15066:

Prisoner of the State: the Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang

14940:

Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76

13579:

Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution

12130:

Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76

10656:"Chinese Red Guards Apologize, Reopening A Dark Chapter" 10631:

Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

7352:

Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

6286:

a mere power struggle to remove Mao's political rivals.

5502:

Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China

4181: 3696:

Liu was expelled from the CCP at the 12th Plenum of the

2458:

Other Soviet actions increased concerns about potential

2441:. In turn, the USSR criticized China's Balkan ally, the 2375:

Rural workers smelting iron during the nighttime in 1958

639: 355: 15828:

Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

15700: 15694:

Socialism Is Great!: A Worker's Memoir of the New China

15268:

The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong

13188:. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher. pp. 128–29. 11778:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 6. 11473:"Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman" 10391:

well have been higher. It is unlikely that it was less.

9260:

Bradsher, Keith; Wellman, William J. (20 August 2008).

9090:

Forster, Keith (1992). "China's Coup of October 1976".

8615: 6964:

Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China

5660:

Buddhist statues defaced during the Cultural Revolution

5619:

China rejected Hollywood films and most foreign films.

3585:

led the victorious faction, killed 18 and wounded 983.

2413:

denounced his predecessor Josef Stalin and his policies

18320:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

14554:

Old Hong Kong Photos and The Tales They Tell, Volume 3

14471:"Mao Zedong a Hundred Years On: The Legacy of a Ruler" 13733:

Agents of Disorder: Inside China's Cultural Revolution

12829:

Ethics and Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

11446:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 114–115. 10794:

Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China

9319: 7953:

Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution

7561: 7559: 5574:

Traditional themes were sidelined and artists such as

5134:

to order special protection for key technical experts.

5007:, "vents took a horrific turn in the frontier town of 4804:

Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China

18248:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

18101:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

15813:

Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977

15357:

Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics

15058: 14965: 14325: 12975:

Newborn Socialist Things: Materiality in Maoist China

11928:

China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition

11658:

The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama

10233: 10231: 10229: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10187: 9463:

11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

8642: 7769:

Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986-1999

6923: 6184:

Some Preliminary Ideas about the Cultural Revolution,

2393:

Impact of international tensions and anti-revisionism

615: 601: 581: 567: 553: 331: 317: 301: 287: 273: 259: 94:

16 May 1966 – 6 October 1976

27:

Period of sociopolitical turmoil in China (1966–1976)

11930:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 289–91. 11301:

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

9169:

The Chinese Debate about Soviet Socialism, 1978-1985

6315: 5736:

During the early period of the Cultural Revolution,

4357: 3730:

Mao's cult of personality and "mango fever" (August)

3196: 2971: 2511:

In late 1959, historian and deputy mayor of Beijing

2303: 2223:. Millions were persecuted for being members of the 15319:

edited by Anita Chan. (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1982).

15149:

Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution

10388:(2nd ed.). Free Press. pp. 371–372, 394. 9774:Strauss, Valerie; Southerl, Daniel (17 July 1994). 8643:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2009). 7741:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: 7556: 6924:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). 6292:

ideological rift between China and the Soviet Union

4290:

Death of Mao Zedong and the Gang of Four's downfall

660: 376: 15497: 15232:. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985). 15157:The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction 14606:. Vol. 4. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 14381: 14369:"Chinese Reopen Debate Over Chairman Mao's Legacy" 13339: 12248:The Stinking Old Ninth: A Tale of The Coal Capital 11592:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 12–13. 11585: 11341:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 10226: 10184: 9433: 5900:Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China 5317:called the Cultural Revolution a "grave mistake". 4937: 3348:"—effectively silencing critics within the party. 2782: 16512:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group 15670:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 15507:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). 14977:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. 13181: 12857:. New York: Grand Central Publishing. p. 4. 10503:(in Chinese). Hong Kong: 天地图书有限公司 (Cosmos Books). 8622:. Harvard Business School Press. pp. 17–18. 7610: 7608: 4026:, with his name (lower right) later scratched out 3556:gave orders allowing the PLA to fire on opposing 2613:. They accused Peng of opposing Mao, labeled the 683:mou4 caan2 gaai1 kap1 man4 faa3 daai6 gaak3 ming6 18608: 17153:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat 16595:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 15574:Confessions: An Innocent Life in Communist China 15137:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution 14616: 14414:"At China's New Museum, History Toes Party Line" 14085: 14083: 13337: 13118:[Zhang Xiaofeng: My father and mother]. 9142:. Washington (D.C.): The Brookings institution. 8422: 8378:Mao's Golden Mangoes and the Cultural Revolution 7797: 7795: 7793: 7152:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution 7136:Great age of turmoil, a history of China 1949–89 6386:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 5438:The effect is similar in the film industry. The 5073: 5026:at the hands of the PLA in Yunnan, known as the 4828:Violent struggles, struggle sessions, and purges 4715:Massacres took place across China, including in 4644:Several sources have quoted a statement made by 3003:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun 14959:Governing China: From Revolution Through Reform 14802:. Durham : Duke University Press. p. 117. 13421: 13149:. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: 11771: 10305: 10303: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9773: 9259: 8974:. Partridge Publishing Singapore. p. 490. 8553:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–22, 6670:Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos 5756:to publish newspapers, articles, speeches, and 5748:grew to an estimated number as high as 10,000. 5433:Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Art and Literature 4005: 2717:", an editorial published on the front page of 2246:In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping became the new 17999:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 17993:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 15824:of the subject available from the film's site. 13933: 13931: 13378:Harriet Evans; Stephanie Donald, eds. (1999). 12880: 12878: 12876: 12874: 11694:Kimberley Ens Manning; Felix Wemheuer (2011). 11125: 11123: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10067: 10065: 9891:(in Chinese). 3 September 2012. Archived from 8462: 8460: 8458: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8165: 8163: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7605: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 5382:. She did not resume writing until the 1980s. 5022:'s king was torched, and a massacre of Muslim 4487:, who had been labeled an "anti-party element" 4269:On 4 April 1976, on the eve of China's annual 3848:— Premier Zhou Enlai at the 9th Party Congress 3081:Destruction of the Four Olds (August–November) 3067:Beijing Normal University Female Middle School 2310:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 769:History of the People's Republic of China 18180:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 17987:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 17632: 16674: 15876: 15505:The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son 15270:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984). 14080: 13629:Cultural Revolution and Revolutionary Culture 13298: 13259: 13024: 13022: 12808: 12733:"The Sick Man of Asia. China's Health Crisis" 12270: 12268: 10822:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 30–31. 10764: 10619: 10617: 10466: 10464: 10435: 10433: 9734: 9732: 9645:Ling, Zhijun; Ma, Licheng (30 January 2011). 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 8429:. Harvard University Press. pp. 280–81. 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8374: 8336:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8297:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8258:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8219:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8173:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 8072: 7790: 7083:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6069:US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade 5478:During the Cultural Revolution, composers of 5210:most universities did not reopen until 1972. 4781:, Hunan, a total of 7,696 people were killed 4707:Quotations of Mao Zedong on a street wall of 4430:At the Fifth Plenum held in 1980, Peng Zhen, 3869:1968 because the CCRG held de facto control. 3179:were attacked during the Cultural Revolution. 3175:The remains of the 8th century Buddhist monk 2048: 1401: 515: 499: 217: 18302:Violence against Hindus in independent India 17428:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist 17361:National Democratic Front of the Philippines 15284:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014). 13605:. China Academic Journals Full-text Database 13572: 13570: 13076:A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature 13072: 12918: 12916: 12655: 12653: 12527: 11654: 10623: 10364: 10362: 10335: 10333: 10300: 10105: 10103: 9937: 9767: 9640: 9638: 8546: 8542: 8540: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8473:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 96–98. 8370: 8368: 7414: 7412: 7344: 7340: 7338: 6635:"Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project" 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 5202:and launched China's first satellite in the 4711:, one of the centers of the Guangxi Massacre 4675: 4394:Deng Xiaoping first proposed what he called 4193:Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 4151:(left) receiving Red Guards in Beijing with 4053: 3147:was attacked by Red Guards in November 1966. 2632:a tailing period that lasted until fall 1976 2411:took power in the USSR. In 1956, Khrushchev 2122:, Mao launched the Revolution and said that 34:. For revolutions in culture generally, see 18514:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 18029:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 17221:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 16315:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits 15833:"William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution" 15317:A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution 15159:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). 14961:(2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Campany. 14250: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14112: 13928: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13346:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 13221:Dingbo Wu; Patrick D. Murphy, eds. (1994). 12871: 12825: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 11810: 11661:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 345. 11120: 11077: 10935: 10831: 10829: 10534: 10293:: Linking Publishing Company. p. 817. 10062: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10027: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9579:. Princeton University Press. p. 198. 9140:China's second revolution: reform after Mao 8787: 8455: 8202: 8160: 7969: 7313: 7297:(in Chinese). 19 April 2006. Archived from 7064: 7013: 7011: 6528:This position, effectively China's de jure 6011:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5920: 5751:Independent political groups could publish 5532:Posters from the Cultural Revolution period 5424:in an effort to rein in cultural politics. 5378:and her husband were sent to a tea farm in 3813:Down to the Countryside Movement (December) 2826:, over the work-teams issue. Mao's polemic 2715:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits 2328:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 1022:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 815:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 17639: 17625: 17378:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 16681: 16667: 15883: 15869: 14999:(2nd ed.). New York, London: Norton. 14956: 14849: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14643: 13576: 13384:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–5. 13019: 12785:Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution 12534:. Information Age Publishing. p. 55. 12265: 11850:Barry Sautman; June Teufel Dreyer (2006). 11625: 11623: 11621: 11543: 11259: 11216: 11189: 11156: 10614: 10507: 10487: 10461: 10430: 10275: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9729: 9596: 9133: 9131: 9129: 8407: 6732: 5114: 4413:Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee 2704: 2582:as sanctioned by the party center defined 2055: 2041: 1408: 1394: 18149:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 17111:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions 17061:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant 15013: 14644:Khrushchev, Nikita (1974). "Chapter 11". 14216: 13696: 13567: 12913: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12650: 12566: 11581: 11579: 10975:Deng Xiaoping: leader in a changing China 10700: 10648: 10402: 10359: 10330: 10100: 9832: 9635: 9204: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8537: 8499: 8365: 7819: 7649: 7643: 7409: 7335: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 6560: 6381:History of the People's Republic of China 6131: 4792: 4628:10,385,000, a range he deemed plausible. 4442:. In September, Hua Guofeng resigned and 4402:to power. Hu published an article in the 3245: 2763:respond. After seeking Mao's guidance in 2091:in 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve 18652:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 17383:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) 16620:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee 15421:(New York: Knopf / Random House, 2001). 15414:Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress 15246:(New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008). 15179:"China's Cultural Revolution, Explained" 15039: 14850:Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgen (2006). 14783: 14646:Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament 14405: 14398: 14396: 14109: 13577:Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgen (2010). 13546: 13518:Sorace, Christian (2019). "Aesthetics". 13475: 13473: 13440: 13422:Cushing, Lincoln; Tompkins, Ann (2007). 13410: 13068: 13066: 13064: 12814: 12666:. University of British Columbia Press. 12659: 12485: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12383:(in Chinese). 2 May 2012. Archived from 12132:. University of British Columbia Press. 12123: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12079: 12051: 11817:. 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In 1967, emboldened radicals began 2073:Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 748:Ù-sāng-găi-ngék ùng-huá dâi gáik-mêng 77:, above a group of soldiers from the 17545:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 17403:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun 15701:Films set in the Cultural Revolution 15636:(New York: Arcade Publishing, 2012). 15593:(San Francisco: China Books, 2012). 15516:Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China 14937: 14795: 14692: 14424:from the original on 14 October 2011 14337: 14331: 14180:from the original on 22 October 2011 13886: 13777: 13731:Walder, Andrew G. (8 October 2019). 13721: 13665: 13627:Russo, Alessandro (28 August 2020). 13524:Australian National University Press 13126:from the original on 19 October 2017 13028: 12955: 12591: 12466: 12451:from the original on 10 August 2020. 12127: 11888: 11387: 11162: 11022: 10997: 10946: 10817: 10725: 10513: 10493: 10470: 10439: 10281: 10210: 10136:Walder, Andrew G.; Su, Yang (2003). 10109: 9814: 9611: 9513: 8597:from the original on 5 November 2019 7981:Walder, Andrew G. (1 January 2016). 7909:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 7899: 7721: 7681:Walder, Andrew G. (1 January 2016). 7418: 7369: 7319: 7184: 7173: 7129: 7017: 6707:Australian National University Press 6615:from the original on 14 January 2024 6597: 6174:, Communist leader and Chinese ally 5763: 4850:The Cultural Revolution Cemetery in 4572:Anti-May Sixteenth Elements Campaign 3827: 2922:during the "Resume Classes" campaign 2403:In the early 1950s, the PRC and the 1297:2020 Hong Kong national security law 990:Campaign against spiritual pollution 569:ㄨˊ ㄔㄢˇ ㄐㄧㄝㄐㄧˊ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ 32:Cultural Revolution (disambiguation) 18452:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 18402:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 18314:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 18107:Christianization of the Sámi people 17408:Serve the People – Communist League 14906: 14661: 14652: 14617:Chiang, Kai-Shek (9 October 1966). 14366: 14241: 14165: 13617: 13502: 13224:Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture 12922: 12697: 12688: 12616: 12052:Branigan, Tania (19 January 2023). 11388:Fung, Edmund S. K. (January 2001). 11253: 11054: 11010:from the original on 16 August 2017 10765:Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). 10594:Jiang, Fangzhou (9 November 2012). 10566: 10352:from the original on 8 April 2022. 10339: 10045: 10001: 9677: 8759: 8734: 8669: 7890: 7844: 7766:Mendes, Carmen Amado (1 May 2013). 7535: 7517:from the original on 6 October 2016 7503:Melvin, Shelia (7 September 2011). 7148: 6675: 6461:Cultural and Ideological Revolution 6180:Cultural and Ideological Revolution 6157:pro-Communist, anti-colonial strike 5651: 5630:In 1972, Chinese officials invited 5627:developed mass audiences in China. 5440:Four Hundred Films to be Criticized 5103:The revolution aimed to eliminate " 4588:The 1.728 million were counted as " 4387:in 1978. He started the process of 3879: 3301:. Mao then expressed his approval. 3280:Spurred by the events in Beijing, " 3260:Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution) 2847:days later a rally was held at the 2492:solidified the PLA's loyalty to Mao 2422:Mao believed that Khrushchev was a 2353:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union 2187:, as well as massacres in Beijing, 1012:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 724:Bû-sán-kai-kip bûn-hòa tōa kek-bēng 662:Vû-sán-kiê-kip vùn-fa thai-kiet-min 24: 17366:Communist Party of the Philippines 16014:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius 15845:A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals 15803:History of The Cultural Revolution 15682:(Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1997). 15622:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1994). 15559:(New York: Riverhead Books, 2012). 15204: 15085: 14551:Bellis, David (16 December 2019). 14524:Austin, Curtis J. (1 March 2008). 14444:"China media: Mao Zedong's legacy" 14132: 13788: 13479: 13456:. 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Yvon (2022). 7575:from the original on 27 April 2016 7451:Buckley, Chris (13 January 2014). 7386: 7231: 7210: 6944: 6738: 6663: 6532:, was renamed "President" in 1982. 6278:, paint the movement as neither a 6233: 6102:Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum 5078: 4172:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius 4159:, with each holding a copy of the 3941:Liu Shaoqi on his deathbed in 1969 3213: 3210:accelerated after the conference. 2439:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 2118:In May 1966, with the help of the 1157:South–North Water Transfer Project 1084:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy 980:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign 820:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 25: 18728: 18296:Violence against Muslims in India 18290:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 18236:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 17388:Communist Party of India (Maoist) 15788: 15696:(New York: Atlas & Co, 2007). 15134:Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, 14674:from the original on 28 July 2011 14664:"HK's Tsang apologises for gaffe" 14586:(3): 303–26 – via ProQuest. 13603:"《Archaeology》 Publishing report" 12660:Peterson, Glen (1 October 2007). 11870:from the original on 16 June 2016 11675:from the original on 17 June 2016 11606:from the original on 17 June 2016 11471:Khalid, Zainab (4 January 2011). 9815:Wang, Youqin (15 December 2007). 9293: 9034:"Memorial speech by Hua Kuo-Feng" 8813:from the original on 23 June 2016 8584: 5466:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy 5304:Dittmer and Ruoxi claim that the 4783:from 13 August to 17 October 1967 4358:Repudiation and reform under Deng 4137:later pejoratively dubbed as the 3508: 3492: 3428: 3197:Central Work Conference (October) 2972:Red August and the Sixteen Points 2742:—wife of Mao loyalist Kang Sheng— 2620: 2304:Creation of the People's Republic 2274:) or "ten years of havoc" (十年浩劫; 1122:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 1117:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation 1017:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 603:Wú-chǎn-jie-jí wún-huà dà-gé-mìng 133:Chinese Communist Party Politburo 106:(10 years and 143 days) 18702:Political controversies in China 18591: 17599: 17587: 17575: 17563: 17266:Down to the Countryside Movement 16643: 16642: 16578:Mao Zedong's cult of personality 16424:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture 15954:Down to the Countryside Movement 15926:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 15444:(New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 15395:Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party 15345:(New York: Viking Press, 1977). 15152:(New York: HarperCollins, 1997). 14789: 14686: 14637: 14610: 14590: 14571: 14544: 14530:. 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New York: Routledge: 194–204. 8710:"China: the Cultural Revolution" 6535: 6346: 6332: 6318: 5109:Down to the Countryside Movement 4621:Rummel included his estimate of 4368:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy 4097: 4088: 4077: 4068: 3819:Down to the Countryside Movement 3742:Mao Zedong's cult of personality 3507: 3491: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3459: 3443: 3427: 3411: 3404: 3184: 3168: 3152: 3136: 3069:, who was killed on 5 August by 2894: 2885: 2876: 2808: 2799: 2544:Yao's article put Beijing mayor 2363:This section is an excerpt from 2347:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 2241:Down to the Countryside Movement 2166:armed clashes among the radicals 2024: 1439: 1377: 933:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy 878:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 776: 67: 18642:1976 disestablishments in China 18568:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 18538:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 16308:Six Articles of Public Security 15498:Memoirs by Chinese participants 15309: 14846:2003. Retrieved August 21, 2011 13452:Andrews, Julia Frances (1995). 13305:. Scarecrow Press. p. 41. 12548:from the original on 5 May 2016 12320:Chinese University of Hong Kong 12313: 11792:from the original on 6 May 2016 11753:from the original on 6 May 2016 11262:Chinese Education & Society 11040:Chinese University of Hong Kong 11031: 10836:Buckley, Chris (4 April 2016). 10731: 10686:Chinese University of Hong Kong 10542:"China's Puzzling Islam Policy" 10209:A different version appears in: 10129: 9875: 9849: 9808: 9796:from the original on 9 May 2019 9563: 9538: 9507: 9482: 9394: 9360: 9313: 9287: 9253: 9235: 9198: 9156: 9083: 9051: 9026: 8997:1976.9.10 毛主席逝世–中共中央等告全国人民书（附图） 8988: 8961: 8825: 8778: 8702: 8663: 8636: 8609: 8578: 8511:Moore, Malcolm (7 March 2013). 8381:. University of Chicago Press. 8326: 8287: 8248: 8135: 8110: 8021: 7955:. University of Hawai'i Press. 7759: 7674: 7587: 7542:Chinese University of Hong Kong 7529: 7496: 7470: 7444: 7281: 7250: 6522: 4938:Repression of ethnic minorities 4446:, another Deng ally, was named 4275:Monument to the People's Heroes 3872:In early 1970, the nationwide " 3666: 3444: 3412: 3297:", and formed in its place the 3222:, rioting broke out during the 2912:; (2) Big-characters posted at 2678:dictatorship of the proletariat 2640: 2541:, as the honest civil servant. 1282:China International Import Expo 747: 723: 696: 682: 661: 640: 588:an-chieh-chi wen-hua ta-ko-ming 477: 453: 426: 412: 398: 377: 356: 151: 18556:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 18526:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 18260:Communist Romanian persecution 17435:International Communist League 17121:A Critique of Soviet Economics 17103:On the Ten Major Relationships 16547:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student 16507:Central Case Examination Group 15989:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign 15256:Jie Li and Enhua Zhang, eds., 15215:China: Alive in the Bitter Sea 15069:. London: Simon and Schuster. 13486:University of Washington Press 13338:E. Taylor Atkins, ed. (2004). 13266:. Routledge. pp. 219–20. 12415:(in Chinese). 21 November 2013 12316:"文革中的中科院：131位科学家被打倒，229人遭迫害致死" 12080:Branigan, Tania (9 May 2023). 11736:Historical Dictionary of Tibet 11508:Historical Dictionary of Tibet 11169:Independent Chinese PEN Center 11063: 10679: 10340:Dai, Kaiyuan (18 April 2016). 9834:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2593 9724:(Daily News), 26 10 1981, p. 3 8834:"China's Coup of October 1976" 6657: 6627: 6509: 6431:Poor and lower-middle peasants 5793:exported communist revolutions 5523: 5275: 5270: 4903:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign 4568:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign 3965: 3874:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign 3780:Poster featuring mangoes, 1968 3383:, in what became known as the 2379:sociopolitical results of the 2270: 2152:, which became revered within 2099:and traditional elements from 985:Sino-British Joint Declaration 616: 602: 582: 568: 554: 516: 500: 332: 318: 302: 288: 274: 260: 218: 13: 1: 18697:Political and cultural purges 18574:2024 Istanbul church shooting 18550:Christchurch mosque shootings 18338:Religious violence in Nigeria 18332:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 17393:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party 16557:Xiang River Storm and Thunder 16419:Learn from Daqing in industry 16294:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 15474:(New York: Tor Books, 2014). 15177:Ramzy, Austin (14 May 2016). 15169:Morning Sun, "Bibliography," 14412:Johnson, Ian (3 April 2011). 13887:Path, Kosal (18 April 2011). 12567:Tracy You (25 October 2012). 12471:. 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Cambridge, United Kingdom: 6548: 6456:Socialist Republic of Romania 6144:insurgency in India, various 5738:freedom of the press in China 5359:The Legend of the Red Lantern 5074:Cultural impact and influence 4905:and the campaign towards the 4466: 4461: 3293:in what became known as the " 2518:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 2480:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 2298: 1277:China–United States trade war 950:China–United States relations 641:Vutshaeciacih venho du kehmin 18627:1966 establishments in China 18464:War crimes in the Kosovo War 18254:Communist Polish persecution 18125:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 18053:Crusades against schismatics 17189:Chinese Communist Revolution 16734:Continuous revolution theory 16374:Continuous Revolution Theory 16364:Cow demons and snake spirits 16287:Quotations from Chairman Mao 15931:Socialist Education Movement 15646:(New York: Pantheon, 2006). 15584:: Journal of a Young Chinese 15452:A Small Town Called Hibiscus 15116:Resources in other libraries 14957:Lieberthal, Kenneth (2003). 14903:. Retrieved on June 15, 2011 14895:Fong Tak-ho. May 19, 2006. " 14853:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life 14648:. Little, Brown and Company. 14367:Lim, Louisa (22 June 2011). 14019:History Faculty Publications 13907:10.1080/01446193.2010.512497 12375:"文革对中国核基地的损害：4000人被审查 40人自尽" 12351:(in Chinese). Archived from 11926:Dreyer, June Teufel (2000). 11739:. Grove Press. p. 170. 11190:Schoenhals, Michael (1996). 11140:(in Chinese). Archived from 10958:(in Chinese). Archived from 10742:(in Chinese). Archived from 10634:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10520:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10403:Leightner, Jonathan (2017). 9655:(in Chinese). Archived from 9461:"6th Plenary Session of the 9067:(in Chinese). Archived from 8670:Yan, Fei (5 February 2024). 8649:. Harvard University Press. 6962:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). 6930:. Harvard University Press. 6553: 6480:Cultural Revolution in Libya 6371:Chinese Cultural Renaissance 6282:war over ideological purity 6165:Chinese Cultural Renaissance 6146:political movements in Nepal 6044:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 5961:criticism and self-criticism 5261:Selected Works of Mao Zedong 5105:cow demons and snake spirits 5018:Province, the palace of the 4909:were launched in the 1970s. 4698: 4582:CCP History Research Center 4479:in September 1967 targeting 4328: 4111:", clockwise from top-left: 4006:Lin's flight and plane crash 3579:Shanghai Diesel Engine Plant 2953:targeting Liu Shaoqi's wife 2498:Socialist Education Movement 2476:Socialist Education Movement 2469: 2281: 2262:reforms and opening of China 2250:, replacing Mao's successor 1292:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 883:Socialist Education Movement 73:Propaganda poster depicting 7: 18672:Man-made disasters in China 17503:National Democracy Movement 17305:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 17295:New People's Army rebellion 14997:The Search for Modern China 14938:King, Richard, ed. (2010). 14871:Ewing, Kent (5 June 2011). 12251:. Independently Published. 12168:Strategic Studies Institute 11586:Ronald D. Schwartz (1996). 11511:. Grove Press. p. 35. 11196:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 10573:. Oxford University Press. 10268:. Hong Kong. October 1996. 10211:Ding, Shu (15 March 2004). 8940:The Search for Modern China 7802:Tanigawa, Shinichi (2018). 7615:Smyer, Dan (1 March 2013). 7505:"China's reluctant Emperor" 7194:University of Chicago Press 6475:Cultural Revolution in Iran 6311: 5332:The Red Detachment of Women 5258:A Red Guard holding up the 5185:Chinese Academy of Sciences 4452:Central Military Commission 4197:Central Military Commission 4195:, and vice-chairman of the 3615:Anshan Iron and Steel Plant 3613:in March 1967 and over the 3543:Chaotianmen harbor district 3019:revolution in our country:" 2904:From left: (1) Students at 2746:, a philosophy lecturer at 2699:eight non-Communist parties 555:Wúchǎnjiējí wénhuà dàgémìng 413:man4 faa3 daai6 gaak3 ming6 233:"Great Cultural Revolution" 18:Chinese Cultural Revolution 10: 18733: 17283:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 17194:People's Republic of China 16709:Antagonistic contradiction 16688: 15685:Weili Ye and Xiaodong Ma, 15528:Life and Death in Shanghai 15090: 15040:Thurston, Anne F. (1988). 14873:"Mao's Army on the Attack" 14828: 14739:"Actually Existing Maoism" 14469:Schram, Stuart R. (1994). 14013:Curran, Thomas D. (2000). 13182:Paul G. Pickowicz (2013). 12973:Coderre, Laurence (2021). 12853:Paulson, Henry M. (2015). 12789:Greenwood Publishing Group 12086:W. W. Norton & Company 11967:10.1177/009770049902500402 11163:Ding, Shu (8 April 2016). 9909:Walder, Andrew G. (2019). 9647:""四人帮"被粉碎后的怪事："文革"之风仍在继续吹" 9174:Princeton University Press 9104:10.1177/009770049201800302 8850:10.1177/009770049201800302 8333:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8294:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8255:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8216:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8170:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 8143:"Liu Shaoqi rehabilitated" 7774:Hong Kong University Press 7650:Jeni Hung (5 April 2003). 7080:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 6968:Cambridge University Press 6497:List of destroyed heritage 6391:List of massacres in China 6099: 6023:reform and the open policy 5924: 5913: 5782:Sino-Soviet border clashes 5729: 5599:Mobile film units brought 5346:revolutionary model operas 5126:, one of China's foremost 5060: 4978:ethnic minorities in China 4941: 4831: 4655:and 115,500 deaths due to 4361: 4293: 4262: 4189:PLA General Chief of Staff 4057: 4009: 3969: 3890:International Workers' Day 3816: 3739: 3733: 3670: 3625:weapon of mass destruction 3340:, as well as Vice-Premier 3318:"Revolutionary committees" 3249: 3084: 3065:, the deputy principal of 3005:." The passage continues: 2975: 2644: 2533:and Shanghai propagandist 2496:In 1963, Mao launched the 2473: 2443:Party of Labour of Albania 2396: 2362: 2344: 2338: 2307: 2293:Soviet cultural revolution 2107:, in the aftermath of the 2083:(PRC). It was launched by 2081:People's Republic of China 29: 18667:Cultural history of China 18657:Cold War history of China 18588: 18496:South Thailand insurgency 18472:Walisongo school massacre 18440:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 18089:Expulsion of the Moriscos 18065:European wars of religion 17979: 17823: 17658: 17558: 17488:Mao's cult of personality 17443: 17430:Parties and Organizations 17343: 17325:Internal conflict in Peru 17164: 17053: 16857: 16819: 16696: 16638: 16565: 16502:Cultural Revolution Group 16447: 16331: 16271: 16120: 16047: 15959:Cleansing the Class Ranks 15946: 15898: 15798:. The Cultural Revolution 15679:A Leaf in the Bitter Wind 15531:(New York: Grove, 1987). 15217:(New York: Crown, 1990). 15111:Resources in your library 14796:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 14693:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 14487:10.1017/S0305741000034068 14344:Columbia University Press 14218:10.1017/S0305741021000424 14199:Volland, Nicolai (2021). 13860:Laura, Southgate (2019). 13795:Columbia University Press 13698:10.1017/S0305741021000424 13677:Volland, Nicolai (2021). 13029:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 12809:Chang & Halliday 2005 12779:Chen, G.; Ma, R. (eds.). 11700:. UBC Press. p. 23. 11274:10.2753/CED1061-193234027 11231:10.1017/S0305741000044143 11098:10.1080/03068370701349128 10973:Stewart, Whitney (2001). 10382:Meisner, Maurice (1986). 10205:. Hong Kong. August 1999. 10154:10.1017/S0009443903000068 9883:"75·8板桥水库溃坝 20世纪最大人类技术灾难" 9692:10.1017/S0305741000037085 9468:Resolution on CPC History 8467:Schrift, Melissa (2001). 8423:Andrew G. Walder (2015). 8042:10.1017/S0305741000014417 7393:Columbia University Press 7263:Marxists Internet Archive 7157:Stanford University Press 7034:10.1017/S0305741000049158 6541:Some claim 1.877 million. 6224:Hong Kong Chief Executive 5966:The official view in the 5873:With the help of Chinese 5774:Embassy of China, Jakarta 5212:University entrance exams 5039:Tibetan Autonomous Region 4960:during a struggle session 4842:Cleansing the Class Ranks 4593: 4564:Cleansing the Class Ranks 4546:CCP Propaganda Department 4385:paramount leader of China 4054:1972–76: The Gang of Four 3681:A rally in opposition to 3673:Cleansing the Class Ranks 3299:Shanghai People's Commune 3016:party's General Committee 2906:Beijing Normal University 2822:(right), then serving as 2521:. In the play, an honest 2415:, and began implementing 2265: 2248:paramount leader of China 2239:were relocated under the 2120:Cultural Revolution Group 2087:in 1966 and lasted until 1272:Xinjiang internment camps 1247:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 1097:China Western Development 1089:Persecution of Falun Gong 758: 737: 730: 713: 706: 689: 675: 668: 654: 647: 633: 626: 609: 595: 575: 561: 547: 540: 535: 531: 523: 509: 493: 488: 467: 460: 443: 436: 419: 405: 399:Màhn-faa daaih-gaak-mihng 391: 384: 370: 363: 349: 342: 325: 311: 295: 281: 267: 253: 246: 241: 237: 229: 219: 211: 207: 202: 176: 158: 146: 138: 128: 120: 110: 90: 66: 18647:20th-century revolutions 17886:Extrajudicial punishment 17398:Communist Party of Burma 17315:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 17310:Death and funeral of Mao 17145:Bombard the Headquarters 17137:Historic Eight Documents 16761:Newborn socialist things 16552:May Seventh Cadre School 16344:Newborn socialist things 16280:Bombard the Headquarters 16090:Shaoyang County Massacre 16024:1975 Banqiao Dam failure 15552:(New York: Knopf, 1983). 15397:(New York: Holt, 2007). 15373:(New York: Holt, 1985). 14254:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). 14141:Harvard University Press 14056:"沉重的外交笑话：外国大使需挥舞《毛主席语录》" 13839:South China Morning Post 13737:Harvard University Press 13299:Tan Ye; Yun Zhu (2012). 13114: 12731:Huang, Yanzhong (2011). 12505:Cornell University Press 12499:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 12214:Harvard University Press 12012:10.1177/0097700402250735 11772:Warren W. Smith (2009). 11444:Maoism: A Global History 11353:10.1163/138548707X247392 11132: 11066: 11034: 11004:China News Digest (华夏文摘) 9745:South China Morning Post 9296:"History for the Masses" 8996: 7821:10.1177/0097700417714159 7294: 7289: 7131: 6643:University of Pittsburgh 6502: 6109:National Museum of China 5976:Second Sino-Japanese War 5921:Communist Party opinions 5799:, supporting parties in 5725: 5279:) affected many views. 5204:Two Bombs, One Satellite 5157:May Seventh Cadre School 4494:1975 Banqiao Dam failure 3757:Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada 2935:Bombard the Headquarters 2849:Great Hall of the People 2829:Bombard the Headquarters 2818:In 1966, Mao broke with 2784:Bombard the Headquarters 2162:revolutionary committees 2128:bombard the headquarters 2105:his political sidelining 2071:, formally known as the 1252:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit 1227:Belt and Road Initiative 1222:Anti-corruption campaign 1062:One country, two systems 995:Bourgeois liberalization 873:Two Bombs, One Satellite 845:Hundred Flowers Campaign 511:Traditional Chinese 79:People's Liberation Army 18712:Vandalized works of art 18579:Crocus City Hall attack 18326:Persecution of Tibetans 18083:French Wars of Religion 18005:Yellow Turban Rebellion 17550:Thought reform in China 17483:Left communism in China 17351:Chinese Communist Party 17172:Chinese Soviet Republic 16837:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 16791:Revolutionary base area 16522:Revolutionary committee 16072:Inner Mongolia incident 16039:1976 Tiananmen Incident 16009:Black Painting incident 15974:February Countercurrent 15796:Encyclopædia Britannica 14737:Walder, Andrew (1987). 14662:BBC (13 October 2007). 14580:East European Quarterly 13263:Chinese National Cinema 13145:Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). 12444:Foreign Languages Press 11480:SIT Digital Collections 10514:Zhou, Yongming (1999). 9138:Harding, Harry (1987). 8945:W.W. Norton and Company 8832:Forster, Keith (1992). 8784:Hannam and Lawrence 3–4 7652:"Children of Confucius" 6401:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 6203:, roving gang, and the 5862:broke into the British 5821:Khmer Rouge in Cambodia 5819:and in particular, the 5594: 5510:March of the Volunteers 5115:Academics and education 4992:and other books of the 4944:Inner Mongolia incident 4914:Inner Mongolia incident 4319:Central Security Bureau 4265:1976 Tiananmen incident 3987:Outline for Project 571 3960:Beijing Military Region 3355:Red Guards marching in 3346:February Countercurrent 3107:"revolutionary" names. 2962:Organization Department 2705:Mass rallies (May–June) 2655:The 16 May Notification 2385:Anti-Rightist Campaigns 2154:his cult of personality 2095:by purging remnants of 2077:sociopolitical movement 1488:By other characteristic 1172:Three Links with Taiwan 1167:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1142:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 1042:Shanghai Stock Exchange 495:Simplified Chinese 42: 18532:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 18508:Maspero demonstrations 18356:Huế Phật Đản shootings 17273:New Communist movement 16492:May Sixteenth elements 15906:Anti-Rightist Campaign 15781:In the Heat of the Sun 15467:The Three-Body Problem 14338:Meng, Wenting (2024). 13260:Yingjin Zhang (2004). 12885:Ching, Pao-Yu (2021). 12698:Han, Dongping (2008). 12672:10.59962/9780774854535 12467:Joel, Andreas (2009). 12128:King, Richard (2010). 10818:Chen, Xiaomei (2002). 10768:Mao: The Unknown Story 10447:. Hong Kong: 开放杂志出版社. 10310:Rummel, R. J. (1991). 10249:. 2016. Archived from 10074:Social Science History 10002:Yan, Fei (June 2016). 8968:Slatyer, Will (2015). 8375:Alfreda Murck (2013). 7130:Wang, Nianyi (1989). 6309: 6230:were later retracted. 6132:Outside mainland China 5937: 5777: 5732:Media history of China 5661: 5632:Michelangelo Antonioni 5533: 5380:Lushan County, Sichuan 5336: 5290: 5265: 5151:were regarded as the " 5144: 5135: 5089: 4973: 4961: 4907:May Sixteenth elements 4855: 4793:Cannibalism in Guangxi 4712: 4676: 4488: 4450:. Hua remained on the 4391: 4372:Reforms and Opening Up 4348:11th National Congress 4163: 4027: 3942: 3893: 3845: 3781: 3774: 3751: 3727: 3685: 3621:Unconventional weapons 3552:, on August 28, 1967, 3360: 3312: 3269: 3246:1967: Seizure of power 3100: 3061:first such victim was 3041: 3026: 3012: 2991: 2957: 2843: 2728: 2683: 2656: 2565:party's General Office 2493: 2376: 2318:to a close. Remaining 2260:program and initiated 2237:youth from urban areas 2183:that included acts of 1309:2020–2021 reform spree 1267:Persecution of Uyghurs 1197:West–East Gas Pipeline 1102:Hainan Island incident 943:Special economic zones 938:Reforms and Opening Up 850:Anti-Rightist Campaign 55:considered for merging 18502:Boko Haram insurgency 18161:Pontic Greek genocide 18071:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 17881:Extrajudicial killing 17648:Religious persecution 17010:Muppala Lakshmana Rao 16827:Maoism–Third Worldism 16796:Seek truth from facts 16527:8341 Special Regiment 16434:Five Black Categories 16100:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case 16034:1976 Nanjing incident 15736:Farewell My Concubine 15582:The Revenge of Heaven 15550:Son of the Revolution 15391:Ying Chang Compestine 15235:Lingchei Letty Chen, 14975:Mao's Last Revolution 14967:MacFarquhar, Roderick 14701:Duke University Press 14619:"中華民國五十五年國慶日前夕告中共黨人書" 14597:Hoxha, Enver (1982). 14260:Yale University Press 13974:. London. p. 6. 13789:Li, Hongshan (2024). 13633:Duke University Press 13151:Duke University Press 13073:Zicheng Hong (2009). 13037:Duke University Press 12979:Duke University Press 12931:Duke University Press 12528:Ming Fang He (2000). 11655:Thomas Laird (2007). 11630:Ardley, Jane (2002). 10628:; Zhou, Yuan (2015). 10567:Tan, Hecheng (2017). 10201:"兩百萬人含恨而終─文革死亡人數統計". 9219:10.4324/9781315494890 9182:10.1515/9781400858590 9059:"毛泽东葬礼上的江青：头戴黑纱面无表情" 8646:Mao's Last Revolution 8547:Daniel Leese (2011), 8341:Duke University Press 8302:Duke University Press 8263:Duke University Press 8224:Duke University Press 8178:Duke University Press 7737:Simpson, Tim (2023). 7627:10.4324/9780203803431 7431:University of Chicago 7349:; Zhou, Yuan (2006). 7329:University of Chicago 7320:Wang, Youqin (2001). 7132:大动乱的年代：1949–1989 年的中国 7088:Duke University Press 6976:10.1017/9781108784788 6927:Mao's Last Revolution 6304: 5934: 5823:(responsible for the 5784:, Mao stated that in 5771: 5758:big-character posters 5730:Further information: 5680:Religious persecution 5676:great Confucian purge 5659: 5531: 5490:Ode to the Motherland 5328: 5285: 5257: 5141: 5122: 5086: 5061:Further information: 5057:Rape and sexual abuse 5043:1959 Tibetan uprising 4970:Sampho Tsewang Rigzin 4967: 4955: 4921:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case 4849: 4762:In 1975, the PLA led 4748:Five Black Categories 4706: 4520:Deaths (in millions) 4474: 4417:seek truth from facts 4411:On 18 December 1978, 4389:reform and opening up 4379: 4147: 4019: 3940: 3887: 3840: 3834:9th National Congress 3779: 3769: 3749: 3722: 3698:8th Central Committee 3680: 3354: 3307: 3267: 3145:cemetery of Confucius 3094: 3039: 3021: 3007: 2985: 2948: 2870:Red Guards in Beijing 2858:8th Central Committee 2841: 2712: 2673: 2654: 2596:Propaganda Department 2488:The purge of General 2487: 2374: 2225:Five Black Categories 2181:a massacre in Guangxi 1790:Bulgarian unification 1466:Counter-revolutionary 1162:Qinghai–Tibet railway 1067:Handover of Hong Kong 478:Ùng-huá dâi gáik-mêng 275:ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ 163:Cemetery of Confucius 18707:Revolutions in China 18484:September 11 attacks 18420:1984 anti-Sikh riots 18284:Rawalpindi massacres 18230:White Terror (Spain) 18041:Massacre at Ayyadieh 17926:Population cleansing 17594:Socialism portal 17582:Communism portal 17456:Big-character poster 17241:Black Power movement 17087:On Guerrilla Warfare 16771:One Divides into Two 16460:Conservative Faction 16389:One Divides into Two 16359:Big-character poster 15911:Great Chinese Famine 15644:Feather in the Storm 15385:Fictional treatments 15155:Richard Curt Kraus, 15015:Teiwes, Frederick C. 14268:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k 14252:Marquis, Christopher 14139:. Cambridge, Mass.: 14133:Wu, Yiching (2014). 13641:10.2307/j.ctv15kxg2d 13522:. Acton, Australia: 12987:10.2307/j.ctv1r4xd0g 12212:. Cambridge, Mass.: 12206:Wu, Yiching (2014). 11811:John Powers (2004). 11442:(3 September 2019). 10956:China in Perspective 10477:Modern China Studies 10411:Taylor & Francis 10013:Twenty-First Century 9368:"胡耀邦同志领导平反"六十一人案"追记" 9166:(31 December 1987). 9010:. 12 November 2000. 8718:. 14 December 2016. 7601:on 25 December 2005. 6705:. Acton, Australia: 6272:Roderick MacFarquhar 6075:Contemporary Maoists 6029:Alternative opinions 5250:Slogans and rhetoric 5221:vocational education 4968:Struggle session of 4678:Agence France Presse 4317:, on October 6, the 3581:, a battle in which 3525:class=notpageimage| 3282:power seizure groups 2752:big-character poster 2113:Great Chinese Famine 1562:Contentious politics 1433:Political revolution 1314:2022 Winter Olympics 1215:2012–present: Xi era 1177:2008 Summer Olympics 1112:Accession to the WTO 1052:Deng's southern tour 1035:1989–2002: Jiang era 868:Great Chinese Famine 825:First five-year plan 800:Land Reform Movement 454:Bûn-hoà tāi-kek-bēng 378:Vùn-fa thai-kiet-min 18717:Communist terrorism 18617:Cultural Revolution 18396:Bangladesh genocide 18376:Cultural Revolution 18368:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 18131:Circassian genocide 18017:Rhineland massacres 17931:Population transfer 17896:Forced displacement 17703:Jehovah's Witnesses 17606:Politics portal 17540:Red Star Over China 17413:Black Panther Party 17300:Sino-Albanian split 17278:Cambodian Civil War 17251:16 May Notification 17246:Cultural Revolution 16811:Three Worlds Theory 16739:Cultural Revolution 16439:Five Red Categories 16301:May 16 Notification 16004:10th Party Congress 15892:Cultural Revolution 15849:Nicholas D. Kristof 15405:. Young adult novel 15102:Cultural Revolution 14993:Spence, Jonathan D. 14971:Schoenhals, Michael 14933:on 3 November 2012. 14475:The China Quarterly 14205:The China Quarterly 14034:The China Quarterly 13941:(6 December 2014). 13745:10.2307/j.ctvnjbhrb 13684:The China Quarterly 13426:. Chronicle Books. 12646:on 3 November 2012. 11544:Adam Jones (2006). 11219:The China Quarterly 10746:on 24 November 2020 10142:The China Quarterly 10115:"广西文革绝密档案中的大屠杀和性暴力" 10086:10.1017/ssh.2015.23 9781:The Washington Post 9680:The China Quarterly 9615:(11 October 2011). 9415:"关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议" 8518:The Daily Telegraph 8180:. pp. 205–06. 8030:The China Quarterly 7568:Asiaweek, Volume 10 7021:The China Quarterly 6150:Black Panther Party 6115:Mao Zedong's legacy 6056:Almost a Revolution 6004:historical nihilism 5387:Ministry of Culture 5321:Arts and literature 4510: 4421:economic reform era 4334:Transitional period 4229:Death of Zhou Enlai 3761:Tsinghua University 3633:pathogenic bacteria 3390:The Gang of Four's 3159:This statue of the 3113:Temple of Confucius 2647:16 May Notification 2289:May Fourth Movement 2069:Cultural Revolution 2031:Politics portal 1047:Pudong New District 967:Sino-Vietnamese War 962:Four Modernizations 916:1976–1989: Deng era 903:Richard Nixon visit 893:Cultural Revolution 203:Cultural Revolution 63: 62:Cultural Revolution 18687:Massacres in China 18682:Maoist terminology 18632:1966 introductions 18490:2002 Gujarat riots 18414:Cambodian genocide 18408:Lebanese Civil War 18186:Soviet persecution 18023:Jerusalem massacre 17936:Sectarian violence 17921:Political violence 17498:National communism 17451:Anarchism in China 17330:Nepalese Civil War 17288:Naxalbari uprising 17236:Great Leap Forward 16960:İbrahim Kaypakkaya 16930:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 16905:Charles Bettelheim 16806:Social imperialism 16786:Proletarian nation 16704:Agrarian socialism 16615:Morning Sun (film) 16590:Great Leap Forward 16480:Ultra-Left Faction 16429:Stinking Old Ninth 16077:Guangdong Massacre 15984:9th Party Congress 15936:Taoyuan Experience 15916:Great Leap Forward 15857:, January 6, 1993. 15854:The New York Times 15184:The New York Times 14907:Gao, Mobo (2008). 14786:, pp. 605–06. 14450:. 23 December 2013 14418:The New York Times 14172:Schiavenza, Matt. 12923:Lin, Chun (2006). 12663:The Power of Words 12412:Phoenix Television 12407:"中国"文革"科研仅两弹一星核潜艇" 12245:Jihui, Yu (2019). 12187:on 5 February 2012 11889:Schwartz, Ronald. 10998:Ding, Shu (2004). 10950:(September 2011). 10914:The New York Times 10843:The New York Times 10792:Zheng, Yi (1996). 10600:The New York Times 10548:. 26 November 2018 10473:"'文革' 中的集体屠杀：三省研究" 10266:Zhengming Magazine 10239:"文革五十周年：必须再来一次反文革" 9888:Phoenix Television 9863:. 1 September 2023 9861:www.britannica.com 9821:China Perspectives 9748:. 18 August 2012. 9404:, January 25, 1981 9402:The New York Times 9294:Barmé, Geremie R. 9266:The New York Times 9176:. pp. 63–68. 9071:on 6 December 2011 9064:Phoenix Television 7874:Palgrave MacMillan 7538:"红卫兵 "破四旧" 的文化与政治" 7536:Shi, Gang (2004). 7510:The New York Times 7484:. 18 December 2014 7192:. Chicago/London: 7149:Gao, Yuan (1987). 6601:(25 August 2011). 6411:Morning Sun (film) 6276:Michael Schoenhals 6096:Contemporary China 6019:1992 Southern Tour 5938: 5910:Opinions and views 5902:, were persecuted. 5889:Chairman Mao badge 5825:Cambodian genocide 5778: 5776:after being burned 5662: 5625:North Korean films 5534: 5337: 5291: 5266: 5153:Stinking Old Ninth 5145: 5136: 5090: 4974: 4962: 4856: 4713: 4509: 4504:Literature reviews 4489: 4392: 4259:Tiananmen incident 4208:propaganda network 4164: 4028: 3943: 3894: 3855:party constitution 3782: 3752: 3710:Qinghua University 3686: 3368:between factions. 3361: 3313: 3270: 3101: 3042: 2992: 2958: 2844: 2729: 2695:Mao Zedong Thought 2657: 2586:as a constructive 2494: 2377: 2365:Great Leap Forward 2341:Great Leap Forward 2335:Great Leap Forward 2229:Stinking Old Ninth 2124:bourgeois elements 2109:Great Leap Forward 2006:Second Arab Spring 1152:Visit of Lien Chan 863:Great Leap Forward 835:Bandung Conference 788:1949–1976: Mao era 319:Wún-huà dà-gé-mìng 304:Wen-hua ta-ko-ming 289:Wenhuah dahgerminq 83:Mao Zedong Thought 61: 18662:Cultural genocide 18604: 18603: 18544:Rohingya genocide 18272:Direct Action Day 18224:Šahovići massacre 18174:Armenian genocide 18168:Assyrian genocide 18055:(13th–15th cent.) 18049:(12th–16th cent.) 18047:Northern Crusades 17891:Forced conversion 17841:Cultural genocide 17836:Communal violence 17713:post–Cold War era 17698:Eastern Orthodoxy 17614: 17613: 17371:New People's Army 17231:Sino-Soviet split 17095:On Protracted War 17063:Movement in Hunan 17054:Theoretical works 16724:Capitalist roader 16656: 16655: 16605:Sino-Soviet split 16465:Little Red Guards 16409:Capitalist roader 16399:Eight model plays 16096:Yunnan Massacres 16019:Hangzhou incident 15999:Lin Biao incident 15921:Lushan Conference 15752:Tian Zhuangzhuang 15097:Library resources 15076:978-1-4391-4938-6 15051:978-0-674-25375-9 15006:978-0-393-97351-8 14984:978-0-674-02332-1 14949:978-0-7748-1543-7 14923:978-0-7453-2780-8 14901:Asia Times Online 14877:Asia Times Online 14863:978-962-996-280-7 14809:978-0-8223-4780-4 14710:978-0-8223-4780-4 14564:978-988-78276-2-7 14537:978-1-61075-444-6 14328:, pp. 43–44. 14277:978-0-300-26883-6 14150:978-0-674-41985-8 14061:Phoenix New Media 13947:Ai Si Xiang (爱思想) 13873:978-1-5292-0221-2 13821:10.7312/li--20704 13803:10.7312/li--20704 13754:978-0-674-24363-7 13650:978-1-4780-1218-4 13588:978-0-7103-0458-2 13547:Jun Wang (2011). 13495:978-0-295-75085-9 13160:978-0-8223-7461-9 13046:978-0-8223-4780-4 12996:978-1-4780-2161-2 12940:978-0-8223-3785-0 12898:978-2-491182-89-2 12839:978-0-912966-47-2 12709:978-1-58367-180-1 12681:978-0-7748-5453-5 12636:978-0-7453-2780-8 12380:Phoenix New Media 12258:978-1-0721-7605-3 12223:978-0-674-41985-8 12177:978-1-58487-126-2 12095:978-1-324-05195-4 11589:Circle Of Protest 11453:978-0-525-65605-0 11398:The China Journal 11203:978-0-7656-3303-3 11133:– 个人的冤案和 – 个时代的冤案 10984:978-0-8225-4962-8 10952:"文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？" 10641:978-1-4422-5172-4 10580:978-0-19-062252-7 10546:Stanford Politics 10527:978-0-8476-9598-0 10471:Yang, Su (2006). 10420:978-1-351-80583-4 10346:China News Digest 10264:"Title unknown". 10217:China News Digest 10119:China News Digest 9973:978-0-674-24363-7 9958:Walder, Andrew G. 9922:978-0-674-24363-7 9895:on 23 March 2020. 9659:on 22 June 2020. 9625:China News Digest 9586:978-0-691-02777-7 9400:Sterba, James P. 9382:on 3 January 2021 9149:978-0-8157-3462-8 8760:Jin, Qiu (1999). 8676:The China Journal 8656:978-0-674-04041-0 8591:Collectors Weekly 8560:978-1-139-49811-1 8480:978-0-8135-2937-0 8436:978-0-674-05815-6 8388:978-3-85881-732-7 8350:978-1-4780-1218-4 8311:978-1-4780-1218-4 8272:978-1-4780-1218-4 8233:978-1-4780-1218-4 8187:978-1-4780-1218-4 8122:www.sciencespo.fr 8095:978-0-674-24363-7 8080:Walder, Andrew G. 7987:The China Journal 7783:978-988-8139-00-2 7752:978-1-5179-0031-1 7687:The China Journal 7636:978-1-136-63375-1 7402:978-0-231-20627-3 7362:978-0-8108-6491-7 7232:Lu, Xing (2004). 7203:978-0-226-81514-5 7166:978-0-8047-6589-3 7097:978-1-4780-1218-4 6985:978-1-108-78478-8 6937:978-0-674-02332-1 6733:Lieberthal (2003) 6664:Lu, Xing (2004). 6426:New Life Movement 6216:Nikita Khrushchev 6190:In October 1966, 6148:, the U.S.-based 5972:Chinese Civil War 5786:foreign relations 5764:Foreign relations 5569:Socialist Realist 5518:Rusticated youths 5035:People's communes 4859:Violent struggles 4696: 4695: 4657:struggle sessions 4653:violent struggles 4614:Rudolph J. Rummel 4598:violent struggles 4566:, 200,000 during 4440:secretary-general 4436:party secretariat 4271:Qingming Festival 4253:capitalist roader 4012:Lin Biao incident 3828:1969–71: Lin Biao 3366:violent struggles 3129:Tibetan Buddhists 2914:Peking University 2767:, Liu Shaoqi and 2748:Peking University 2563:—director of the 2539:Lushan Conference 2409:Nikita Khrushchev 2399:Sino-Soviet split 2316:Chinese Civil War 2271:shí nián dòngluàn 2093:Chinese socialism 2065: 2064: 1599:Mass mobilization 1589:Guerrilla warfare 1418: 1417: 1304:COVID-19 pandemic 1135:2002–2012: Hu era 1072:Handover of Macau 955:Three Communiqués 898:UN representation 762: 761: 754: 753: 542:Standard Mandarin 484: 483: 393:Yale Romanization 248:Standard Mandarin 198: 197: 152:§ Death toll 16:(Redirected from 18724: 18596: 18595: 18562:2020 Delhi riots 18478:Kosheh massacres 18458:Bosnian genocide 18278:1946 Bihar riots 17941:Social cleansing 17866:Ethnic cleansing 17641: 17634: 17627: 17618: 17617: 17604: 17603: 17592: 17591: 17580: 17579: 17578: 17570:China portal 17568: 17567: 17566: 17157: 17149: 17141: 17133: 17125: 17117: 17113:Among the People 17107: 17099: 17091: 17083: 17075: 17071:On Contradiction 17067: 17025:Jose Maria Sison 16751:Marxism–Leninism 16719:Anti-revisionism 16714:Anti-imperialism 16683: 16676: 16669: 16660: 16659: 16646: 16645: 16384:Violent Struggle 16379:Seizure of power 16369:Bloodline theory 16349:Struggle session 16322:On Class Origins 16105:Shadian incident 16085:Daoxian massacre 16081:Hunan Massacres 16067:Guangxi Massacre 15885: 15878: 15871: 15862: 15861: 15555:Wenguang Huang, 15470:, translated by 15454:, translated by 15440:, translated by 15417:, translated by 15296:Esther Tyldesley 15294:, translated by 15200: 15198: 15196: 15187:. Archived from 15080: 15055: 15036: 15010: 14988: 14962: 14953: 14934: 14932: 14926:. Archived from 14915: 14892: 14890: 14888: 14879:. Archived from 14867: 14822: 14821: 14793: 14787: 14781: 14775: 14774: 14734: 14723: 14722: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14659: 14650: 14649: 14641: 14635: 14634: 14632: 14630: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14594: 14588: 14587: 14575: 14569: 14568: 14548: 14542: 14541: 14521: 14515: 14514: 14466: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14455: 14440: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14409: 14403: 14400: 14391: 14385: 14379: 14378: 14364: 14358: 14357: 14335: 14329: 14326:Zhao et al. 2009 14323: 14317: 14312: 14306: 14305: 14248: 14239: 14238: 14220: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14176:. Asia Society. 14169: 14163: 14162: 14130: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14102: 14087: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14073: 14052: 14046: 14045: 14029: 14023: 14022: 14010: 14004: 14003: 13990: 13984: 13983: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13935: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13894:Cold War History 13884: 13878: 13877: 13866:. Policy Press. 13857: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13793:. 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Zhou Yongming" 11385: 11376: 11375: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11187: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11130:Wang, Haiguang. 11127: 11118: 11117: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11061: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11029: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10944: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10833: 10824: 10823: 10815: 10809: 10807: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10739:Yanhuang Chunqiu 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10682:"文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查" 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10621: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10468: 10459: 10458: 10437: 10428: 10427: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10379: 10373: 10366: 10357: 10356: 10337: 10328: 10327: 10307: 10298: 10297: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10253:on 25 June 2020. 10235: 10224: 10220: 10206: 10195: 10182: 10181: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10113:(3 April 2017). 10107: 10098: 10097: 10080:(3–4): 513–539. 10069: 10060: 10059: 10043: 10022: 10021: 10009: 9999: 9986: 9985: 9954: 9935: 9934: 9906: 9897: 9896: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9836: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9757: 9736: 9727: 9726: 9686:(108): 597–612. 9675: 9664: 9663: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9609: 9594: 9593: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9445: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9411: 9405: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9338:10.2307/20031879 9317: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9249:on 24 June 2007. 9245:. 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Archived from 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7563: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7428: 7416: 7407: 7406: 7387:Li, Jie (2023). 7384: 7367: 7366: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7326: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7229: 7208: 7207: 7182: 7171: 7170: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7127: 7110: 7109: 7077: 7062: 7061: 7015: 7006: 7005: 6959: 6942: 6941: 6921: 6736: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6698: 6673: 6672: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6595: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6513: 6356: 6354:Socialism portal 6351: 6350: 6342: 6340:Communism portal 6337: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6155:In Hong Kong, a 6086:Chinese New Left 5691:Temple of Heaven 5652:Historical sites 5453:Shangguan Yunzhu 5306:Chinese language 5277: 5272: 5244:barefoot doctors 5028:Shadian incident 4988:, copies of the 4948:Shadian incident 4838:Struggle session 4834:Violent Struggle 4814: 4799:Guangxi Massacre 4681: 4595: 4590:unnatural deaths 4532:Andrew G. Walder 4511: 4508: 4483:, the father of 4477:struggle session 4313:and party elder 4219:steel production 4176:New Confucianist 4101: 4092: 4081: 4072: 3919:military regions 3880:PLA encroachment 3849: 3611:Daqing Oil Field 3550:Wuzhong, Ningxia 3511: 3510: 3495: 3494: 3479: 3478: 3463: 3462: 3447: 3446: 3431: 3430: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3256:Violent struggle 3188: 3172: 3156: 3140: 3046:Tiananmen Square 2966:Praetorian Guard 2951:struggle session 2898: 2889: 2880: 2812: 2803: 2793:Mao–Liu conflict 2741: 2615:February Outline 2576:February Outline 2506:political allies 2460:fifth columnists 2428:Marxist–Leninist 2417:economic reforms 2272: 2267: 2170:fall of Lin Biao 2057: 2050: 2043: 2029: 2028: 1882:Hungarian (1956) 1714:Spanish American 1443: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1384:China portal 1382: 1381: 1380: 1262:9th BRICS summit 1192:Three Gorges Dam 780: 771: 764: 763: 750: 749: 726: 725: 702: 701: 700: 685: 684: 664: 663: 643: 642: 622: 621: 620: 605: 604: 591: 590: 589: 585: 571: 570: 557: 556: 533: 532: 519: 518: 505: 504: 503: 480: 479: 456: 455: 432: 431: 430: 415: 414: 401: 400: 380: 379: 359: 358: 338: 337: 336: 321: 320: 307: 306: 305: 291: 290: 277: 276: 263: 262: 239: 238: 225: 224: 223: 200: 199: 167:Temple of Heaven 105: 103: 99: 71: 64: 60: 58: 21: 18732: 18731: 18727: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18722: 18721: 18607: 18606: 18605: 18600: 18590: 18584: 18520:Yazidi genocide 18426:Revival Process 18362:Thích Quảng Đức 18350:Buddhist crisis 18344:Istanbul pogrom 18212:1970–1987 18207:1958–1964 18202:1928–1941 18197:1921–1928 18192:1917–1921 18077:Goa Inquisition 18011:Battle of Tours 18001:(c.550–c. 1200) 17995:(c. 324–c. 491) 17975: 17876:Ethnic violence 17871:Ethnic conflict 17819: 17818: 17817: 17772:minority Muslim 17654: 17645: 17615: 17610: 17598: 17586: 17576: 17574: 17564: 17562: 17554: 17439: 17429: 17339: 17335:Chongqing model 17160: 17155: 17147: 17139: 17131: 17123: 17115: 17112: 17105: 17097: 17089: 17081: 17073: 17065: 17062: 17049: 16875:Louis Althusser 16853: 16842:Gonzalo Thought 16815: 16781:Probable defeat 16692: 16687: 16657: 16652: 16634: 16630:Scar literature 16625:Boluan Fanzheng 16561: 16542:Barefoot doctor 16532:Sent-down youth 16485:Xiaoyao Faction 16443: 16327: 16267: 16116: 16112:Ruijin Massacre 16060:Daxing Massacre 16043: 15942: 15894: 15889: 15791: 15745:Story of Qiu Ju 15703: 15572:Kang Zhengguo, 15500: 15437:One Man's Bible 15387: 15342:Chinese Shadows 15323:Pierre Ryckmans 15312: 15211:Fox Butterfield 15207: 15205:Specific topics 15194: 15192: 15122: 15121: 15120: 15105: 15104: 15100: 15093: 15088: 15086:Further reading 15083: 15077: 15052: 15020:Pacific Affairs 15007: 14985: 14950: 14930: 14924: 14913: 14886: 14884: 14864: 14831: 14826: 14825: 14810: 14794: 14790: 14782: 14778: 14755:10.2307/2158588 14735: 14726: 14711: 14703:. p. 119. 14691: 14687: 14677: 14675: 14660: 14653: 14642: 14638: 14628: 14626: 14615: 14611: 14603: 14595: 14591: 14576: 14572: 14565: 14549: 14545: 14538: 14522: 14518: 14481:(137): 125–43. 14467: 14463: 14453: 14451: 14442: 14441: 14437: 14427: 14425: 14410: 14406: 14401: 14394: 14386: 14382: 14365: 14361: 14354: 14336: 14332: 14324: 14320: 14313: 14309: 14278: 14249: 14242: 14197: 14193: 14183: 14181: 14170: 14166: 14151: 14131: 14110: 14100: 14098: 14089: 14088: 14081: 14071: 14069: 14054: 14053: 14049: 14030: 14026: 14011: 14007: 13999:TheGuardian.com 13992: 13991: 13987: 13966: 13962: 13952: 13950: 13936: 13929: 13919: 13917: 13885: 13881: 13874: 13858: 13854: 13844: 13842: 13833: 13832: 13828: 13813: 13787: 13778: 13755: 13729: 13722: 13675: 13666: 13651: 13635:. p. 148. 13625: 13618: 13608: 13606: 13601: 13600: 13596: 13589: 13575: 13568: 13561: 13545: 13541: 13534: 13516: 13503: 13496: 13478: 13471: 13464: 13450: 13441: 13434: 13420: 13411: 13401: 13399: 13392: 13376: 13372: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13336: 13332: 13322: 13320: 13313: 13297: 13293: 13283: 13281: 13274: 13258: 13254: 13244: 13242: 13235: 13219: 13215: 13205: 13203: 13196: 13180: 13176: 13161: 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13116: 13110: 13106: 13096: 13094: 13087: 13071: 13062: 13047: 13039:. p. 148. 13027: 13020: 12997: 12971: 12956: 12941: 12921: 12914: 12899: 12883: 12872: 12865: 12851: 12847: 12840: 12824: 12815: 12807: 12803: 12793: 12791: 12777: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12737:Foreign Affairs 12729: 12725: 12710: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12658: 12651: 12643: 12637: 12629:. Pluto Press. 12626: 12615: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12542: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12497: 12486: 12479: 12465: 12456: 12432: 12428: 12418: 12416: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12373: 12372: 12368: 12358: 12356: 12355:on 14 July 2020 12339: 12335: 12325: 12323: 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12289: 12273: 12266: 12259: 12243: 12239: 12224: 12216:. p. 145. 12204: 12200: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12170:. p. 198. 12163: 12151: 12147: 12140: 12126: 12115: 12096: 12088:. p. 166. 12078: 12074: 12064: 12062: 12050: 12046: 11994: 11990: 11949: 11945: 11938: 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11893: 11887: 11883: 11873: 11871: 11864: 11848: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11825: 11809: 11805: 11795: 11793: 11786: 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11747: 11731: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11708: 11692: 11688: 11678: 11676: 11669: 11653: 11649: 11642: 11628: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11600: 11584: 11577: 11567: 11565: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11475: 11469: 11465: 11454: 11437: 11433: 11410:10.2307/3182405 11386: 11379: 11337: 11333: 11296: 11292: 11258: 11254: 11225:(145): 87–111. 11215: 11211: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11174: 11172: 11165:"文革死亡人数统计为两百万人" 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11144:on 22 June 2020 11134: 11128: 11121: 11082: 11078: 11070: 11068: 11062: 11055: 11045: 11043: 11036: 11030: 11023: 11013: 11011: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10971: 10967: 10962:on 13 May 2012. 10945: 10936: 10926: 10924: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10870: 10866: 10856: 10854: 10834: 10827: 10816: 10812: 10804: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10749: 10747: 10734:"我参与处理广西文革遗留问题" 10730: 10726: 10716: 10714: 10712:Radio Free Asia 10706: 10705: 10701: 10691: 10689: 10678: 10674: 10664: 10662: 10654: 10653: 10649: 10642: 10622: 10615: 10605: 10603: 10596:"发生在湖南道县的那场大屠杀" 10592: 10588: 10581: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10540: 10539: 10535: 10528: 10512: 10508: 10492: 10488: 10469: 10462: 10455: 10438: 10431: 10421: 10401: 10397: 10380: 10376: 10367: 10360: 10338: 10331: 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8816: 8814: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8758: 8735: 8725: 8723: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8583: 8579: 8570: 8568: 8561: 8545: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8509: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8481: 8465: 8456: 8446: 8444: 8437: 8426:China Under Mao 8421: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8389: 8373: 8366: 8351: 8343:. p. 211. 8331: 8327: 8312: 8304:. p. 217. 8292: 8288: 8273: 8265:. p. 210. 8253: 8249: 8234: 8226:. p. 206. 8214: 8203: 8188: 8168: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8124: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8096: 8077: 8073: 8026: 8022: 7979: 7970: 7963: 7949: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7866: 7845: 7800: 7791: 7784: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7735: 7722: 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7613: 7606: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7457:Sinosphere Blog 7449: 7445: 7437: 7426: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7385: 7370: 7363: 7343: 7336: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7301:on 6 March 2019 7296: 7291: 7290:毛泽东八次接见红卫兵始末(上) 7287: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7230: 7211: 7204: 7183: 7174: 7167: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7128: 7113: 7098: 7090:. p. 148. 7078: 7065: 7016: 7009: 6986: 6960: 6945: 6938: 6922: 6739: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6699: 6676: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6596: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6527: 6523: 6515:No relation to 6514: 6510: 6505: 6447:Empire of Japan 6352: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6236: 6234:Academic debate 6205:Boxer Rebellion 6192:Chiang Kai-Shek 6161:Chiang Kai-shek 6134: 6117: 6104: 6098: 6088:internet forum 6031: 5996:Zhang Xianliang 5992:Shanghen Wenxue 5988:scar literature 5929: 5923: 5918: 5916:Boluan Fanzheng 5912: 5884:Little Red Book 5766: 5734: 5728: 5706:Terracotta Army 5654: 5637:Chung Kuo, Cina 5597: 5589:Black Paintings 5526: 5498:The East Is Red 5323: 5252: 5117: 5081: 5079:Red Guards riot 5076: 5065: 5059: 4950: 4940: 4844: 4832:Main articles: 4830: 4812: 4795: 4787:Daxing Massacre 4701: 4689:Maurice Meisner 4469: 4464: 4405:Guangming Daily 4396:Boluan Fanzheng 4374: 4364:Boluan Fanzheng 4360: 4336: 4331: 4309:, Vice Premier 4298: 4292: 4267: 4261: 4231: 4184: 4161:Little Red Book 4130: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4023:Little Red Book 4014: 4008: 3974: 3968: 3935: 3882: 3863:Little Red Book 3851: 3847: 3830: 3821: 3815: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3706: 3675: 3669: 3637:poisonous plant 3531: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3262: 3248: 3216: 3214:End of the year 3206:. Rebellion by 3199: 3192: 3189: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3141: 3095:The remains of 3089: 3083: 2997:Little Red Book 2980: 2974: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2735: 2707: 2649: 2643: 2623: 2602:, a Peng ally. 2482: 2472: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2368: 2357:Communist Party 2349: 2343: 2337: 2322:forces fled to 2312: 2306: 2301: 2284: 2276:shí nián hàojié 2257:Boluan Fanzheng 2149:Little Red Book 2101:Chinese society 2061: 2023: 2018: 2017: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1451: 1414: 1378: 1376: 1319: 1318: 1242:APEC China 2014 1217: 1207: 1206: 1202:High-speed rail 1137: 1127: 1126: 1107:APEC China 2001 1093: 1037: 1027: 1026: 976: 928:Boluan Fanzheng 918: 908: 907: 859: 790: 767: 597:Tongyong Pinyin 587: 583: 524:Literal meaning 501: 357:Venho du kehmin 313:Tongyong Pinyin 303: 283:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 261:Wénhuà dàgémìng 230:Literal meaning 159:Property damage 101: 97: 95: 86: 59: 43: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18730: 18720: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18637:1970s in China 18634: 18629: 18624: 18622:1960s in China 18619: 18602: 18601: 18589: 18586: 18585: 18583: 18582: 18576: 18571: 18565: 18559: 18553: 18547: 18546:(2016–ongoing) 18541: 18540:(2014–ongoing) 18535: 18529: 18528:(2014–ongoing) 18523: 18517: 18511: 18505: 18504:(2009–ongoing) 18499: 18498:(2004–ongoing) 18493: 18487: 18481: 18475: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18461: 18455: 18443: 18437: 18436: 18435: 18423: 18417: 18411: 18405: 18404:(1971–ongoing) 18399: 18393: 18392: 18391: 18385: 18373: 18372: 18371: 18365: 18359: 18347: 18341: 18340:(1953–ongoing) 18335: 18329: 18328:(1950–ongoing) 18323: 18322:(1949–ongoing) 18317: 18311: 18305: 18304:(1947–ongoing) 18299: 18298:(1947–ongoing) 18293: 18292:(1947–ongoing) 18287: 18281: 18275: 18269: 18266:Noakhali riots 18263: 18257: 18251: 18245: 18239: 18233: 18227: 18221: 18220: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18183: 18177: 18171: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18155:Greek genocide 18152: 18146: 18143:Adana massacre 18140: 18134: 18128: 18122: 18116: 18110: 18104: 18098: 18092: 18086: 18080: 18074: 18068: 18062: 18056: 18050: 18044: 18038: 18032: 18026: 18020: 18014: 18008: 18007:(c.184–c. 205) 18002: 17996: 17990: 17983: 17981: 17977: 17976: 17974: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17956:State religion 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17861:Discrimination 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17827: 17825: 17821: 17820: 17816: 17815: 17813:Zoroastrianism 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17789: 17788: 17778: 17777: 17776: 17775: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17735:Untouchability 17732: 17722: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17664: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17652:discrimination 17644: 17643: 17636: 17629: 17621: 17612: 17611: 17609: 17608: 17596: 17584: 17572: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17525: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17461:Feudal fascism 17458: 17453: 17447: 17445: 17444:Related topics 17441: 17440: 17438: 17437: 17432: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17368: 17358: 17353: 17347: 17345: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17291: 17290: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17180: 17179: 17177:Jiangxi Soviet 17168: 17166: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17158: 17150: 17142: 17134: 17126: 17118: 17108: 17100: 17092: 17084: 17076: 17068: 17057: 17055: 17051: 17050: 17048: 17047: 17045:Zhang Chunqiao 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17015:Narayan Sanyal 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16995:Huey P. Newton 16992: 16987: 16985:Charu Majumdar 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16945:Abimael Guzmán 16942: 16940:Norm Gallagher 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16861: 16859: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16847:Prachanda Path 16844: 16834: 16829: 16823: 16821: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16801:Self-criticism 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16700: 16698: 16694: 16693: 16686: 16685: 16678: 16671: 16663: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16650: 16639: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16600:Class struggle 16597: 16592: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16575: 16569: 16567: 16566:Related topics 16563: 16562: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16497:Five Man Group 16494: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16475:Scarlet Guards 16472: 16467: 16462: 16451: 16449: 16445: 16444: 16442: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16394:Democracy Wall 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16354:Feudal fascism 16351: 16346: 16341: 16335: 16333: 16329: 16328: 16326: 16325: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16297: 16290: 16283: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16169: 16164: 16162:Zhang Chunqiao 16159: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16124: 16122: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16114: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16102: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16051: 16049: 16045: 16044: 16042: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15979:Wuhan incident 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15939: 15938: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15902: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15888: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15842: 15841:by Youqin Wang 15836: 15830: 15825: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15790: 15789:External links 15787: 15786: 15785: 15773: 15761: 15749: 15740: 15728: 15716: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15697: 15690: 15683: 15671: 15664: 15654: 15652:978-0375424281 15637: 15630: 15611: 15601: 15599:978-0835100403 15587: 15577: 15570: 15560: 15553: 15546:Judith Shapiro 15539: 15520: 15508: 15503:Guanlong Cao, 15499: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15482: 15459: 15445: 15429: 15406: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15381: 15367: 15353: 15337: 15320: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15306: 15285: 15278: 15261: 15254: 15252:978-1583671801 15242:Dongping Han, 15240: 15233: 15226: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15191:on 14 May 2016 15174: 15171:Morningsun.org 15167: 15165:978-0199740550 15153: 15141: 15132: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15107: 15106: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15075: 15056: 15050: 15037: 15027:(2): 211–235. 15011: 15005: 14989: 14983: 14963: 14954: 14948: 14935: 14922: 14904: 14893: 14883:on 5 June 2011 14868: 14862: 14847: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14808: 14788: 14776: 14749:(18): 155–66. 14724: 14709: 14685: 14651: 14636: 14609: 14600:Selected Works 14589: 14570: 14563: 14543: 14536: 14516: 14461: 14435: 14404: 14392: 14380: 14359: 14352: 14330: 14318: 14307: 14276: 14240: 14191: 14164: 14149: 14108: 14079: 14068:on 8 June 2020 14047: 14036:(40): 65–102. 14024: 14005: 14002:. 11 May 2016. 13985: 13960: 13927: 13901:(4): 519–555. 13879: 13872: 13852: 13841:. 8 March 2019 13826: 13811: 13776: 13753: 13720: 13664: 13649: 13616: 13594: 13587: 13566: 13560:978-9814295727 13559: 13539: 13532: 13501: 13494: 13469: 13463:978-0520079816 13462: 13439: 13433:978-0811859462 13432: 13409: 13391:978-0847695119 13390: 13370: 13357:978-1578066094 13356: 13330: 13312:978-0810867796 13311: 13291: 13273:978-0415172905 13272: 13252: 13234:978-0313278082 13233: 13213: 13195:978-1442211797 13194: 13174: 13159: 13137: 13122:(in Chinese). 13104: 13086:978-9004173668 13085: 13060: 13045: 13018: 12995: 12954: 12939: 12912: 12897: 12870: 12864:978-1455504213 12863: 12845: 12838: 12813: 12801: 12758: 12723: 12708: 12687: 12680: 12649: 12635: 12590: 12559: 12541:978-1593110765 12540: 12520: 12513: 12503:. Ithaca, NY: 12484: 12478:978-0804760782 12477: 12454: 12447:. p. 45. 12426: 12398: 12387:on 8 June 2020 12366: 12333: 12306: 12288:978-1570030635 12287: 12264: 12257: 12237: 12222: 12198: 12176: 12145: 12139:978-0774815437 12138: 12113: 12094: 12072: 12044: 12006:(2): 143–175. 11988: 11961:(4): 423–450. 11943: 11936: 11918: 11881: 11863:978-0765631497 11862: 11842: 11824:978-0198038849 11823: 11803: 11785:978-0742566859 11784: 11764: 11746:978-0810868052 11745: 11725: 11707:978-0774859554 11706: 11686: 11668:978-1555846725 11667: 11647: 11641:978-0700715725 11640: 11617: 11599:978-8120813700 11598: 11575: 11557:978-0415353854 11556: 11536: 11518:978-0810868052 11517: 11497: 11463: 11459:revisionists!' 11452: 11431: 11377: 11347:(4): 399–424. 11331: 11308:(3): 967–984. 11290: 11252: 11209: 11202: 11182: 11155: 11119: 11076: 11053: 11021: 11006:(in Chinese). 10990: 10983: 10965: 10934: 10900: 10864: 10825: 10810: 10802: 10784: 10777: 10757: 10724: 10699: 10672: 10647: 10640: 10613: 10586: 10579: 10559: 10533: 10526: 10506: 10486: 10479:(in Chinese). 10460: 10454:978-9627934097 10453: 10429: 10419: 10413:. p. 27. 10395: 10374: 10358: 10348:(in Chinese). 10329: 10323:978-1412814003 10322: 10299: 10289:(in Chinese). 10274: 10256: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10207: 10197: 10183: 10148:(173): 74–99. 10128: 10099: 10061: 10023: 9987: 9972: 9936: 9921: 9898: 9874: 9848: 9807: 9766: 9728: 9665: 9652:People's Daily 9634: 9627:(in Chinese). 9595: 9585: 9571:Chirot, Daniel 9562: 9537: 9506: 9481: 9453: 9432: 9406: 9393: 9376:People's Daily 9374:(in Chinese). 9359: 9312: 9286: 9252: 9234: 9227: 9197: 9191:978-1400858590 9190: 9155: 9148: 9125: 9098:(3): 263–303. 9082: 9050: 9025: 9003:People's Daily 8987: 8981:978-1482829617 8980: 8960: 8953: 8919: 8879: 8844:(3): 263–303. 8824: 8786: 8777: 8771:978-0804735292 8770: 8733: 8701: 8688:10.1086/729112 8662: 8655: 8635: 8629:978-1591397151 8628: 8608: 8577: 8559: 8536: 8498: 8479: 8454: 8435: 8406: 8387: 8364: 8349: 8325: 8310: 8286: 8271: 8247: 8232: 8201: 8186: 8159: 8134: 8109: 8094: 8071: 8020: 7999:10.1086/683125 7968: 7962:978-0824816957 7961: 7934: 7889: 7883:978-3030996871 7882: 7843: 7789: 7782: 7776:. p. 34. 7758: 7751: 7720: 7699:10.1086/683125 7673: 7642: 7635: 7604: 7586: 7555: 7528: 7495: 7469: 7443: 7408: 7401: 7368: 7361: 7334: 7312: 7280: 7249: 7243:978-1570035432 7242: 7209: 7202: 7172: 7165: 7141: 7111: 7096: 7063: 7028:(38): 92–119. 7007: 6984: 6943: 6936: 6737: 6722: 6715: 6674: 6656: 6626: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6534: 6521: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6437:International: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6358: 6357: 6343: 6329: 6313: 6310: 6235: 6232: 6214:In the 1970s, 6163:initiated the 6133: 6130: 6116: 6113: 6097: 6094: 6065:iron rice bowl 6030: 6027: 5983:historiography 5959:and engage in 5925:Main article: 5922: 5919: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5892: 5871: 5868: 5845:Central Africa 5797:Southeast Asia 5765: 5762: 5727: 5724: 5702:archaeological 5653: 5650: 5621:Albanian films 5616:of socialism. 5601:Chinese cinema 5596: 5593: 5525: 5522: 5473:Loyalty dances 5342:newborn things 5322: 5319: 5299:People's Daily 5251: 5248: 5147:Academics and 5116: 5113: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5058: 5055: 4982:Inner Mongolia 4939: 4936: 4829: 4826: 4809:class struggle 4794: 4791: 4721:Inner Mongolia 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4594:《建国以来历次政治运动事实》 4586: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4359: 4356: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4291: 4288: 4263:Main article: 4260: 4257: 4230: 4227: 4215:railway system 4183: 4180: 4117:Zhang Chunqiao 4106: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058:Main article: 4055: 4052: 4010:Main article: 4007: 4004: 3970:Main article: 3967: 3964: 3934: 3931: 3902:border clashes 3881: 3878: 3839: 3829: 3826: 3817:Main article: 3814: 3811: 3786:People's Daily 3765:People's Daily 3734:Main article: 3731: 3728: 3705: 3702: 3668: 3665: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3392:Zhang Chunqiao 3385:Wuhan Incident 3309:Rebel factions 3247: 3244: 3215: 3212: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3161:Yongle Emperor 3158: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3085:Main article: 3082: 3079: 3031:superstructure 2976:Main article: 2973: 2970: 2919:People's Daily 2903: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2817: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2773:People's Daily 2720:People's Daily 2706: 2703: 2689:People's Daily 2665:class struggle 2645:Main article: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2622: 2621:1966: Outbreak 2619: 2555:People's Daily 2550:Five Man Group 2471: 2468: 2432:United Nations 2397:Main article: 2394: 2391: 2369: 2361: 2339:Main article: 2336: 2333: 2308:Main article: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295:of 1928–1931. 2283: 2280: 2189:Inner Mongolia 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1763:Italian states 1755: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1656:Tax resistance 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1557:Class conflict 1554: 1549: 1547:Civil disorder 1544: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237:Supercomputing 1234: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1059: 1057:1992 consensus 1054: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1002: 992: 987: 982: 975: 974: 972:Beijing Spring 969: 964: 959: 958: 957: 947: 946: 945: 935: 930: 925: 919: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 840:Sufan movement 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 791: 786: 785: 782: 781: 773: 772: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 744: 735: 734: 728: 727: 720: 711: 710: 704: 703: 693: 687: 686: 679: 673: 672: 670:Yue: Cantonese 666: 665: 658: 652: 651: 645: 644: 637: 631: 630: 624: 623: 613: 607: 606: 599: 593: 592: 579: 573: 572: 565: 559: 558: 551: 545: 544: 538: 537: 536:Transcriptions 529: 528: 525: 521: 520: 513: 507: 506: 497: 491: 490: 486: 485: 482: 481: 474: 465: 464: 458: 457: 450: 441: 440: 434: 433: 423: 417: 416: 409: 403: 402: 395: 389: 388: 386:Yue: Cantonese 382: 381: 374: 368: 367: 361: 360: 353: 347: 346: 340: 339: 329: 323: 322: 315: 309: 308: 299: 293: 292: 285: 279: 278: 271: 265: 264: 257: 251: 250: 244: 243: 242:Transcriptions 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 215: 209: 208: 205: 204: 196: 195: 185:Zhang Chunqiao 178: 174: 173: 160: 156: 155: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 92: 88: 87: 72: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18729: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18614: 18612: 18599: 18594: 18587: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18569: 18566: 18563: 18560: 18557: 18554: 18551: 18548: 18545: 18542: 18539: 18536: 18533: 18530: 18527: 18524: 18521: 18518: 18515: 18512: 18509: 18506: 18503: 18500: 18497: 18494: 18491: 18488: 18485: 18482: 18479: 18476: 18473: 18470: 18465: 18462: 18459: 18456: 18453: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18446:Yugoslav Wars 18444: 18441: 18438: 18433: 18432:Big Excursion 18430: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18421: 18418: 18415: 18412: 18409: 18406: 18403: 18400: 18397: 18394: 18389: 18386: 18383: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18369: 18366: 18363: 18360: 18357: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18345: 18342: 18339: 18336: 18333: 18330: 18327: 18324: 18321: 18318: 18315: 18312: 18309: 18306: 18303: 18300: 18297: 18294: 18291: 18288: 18285: 18282: 18279: 18276: 18273: 18270: 18267: 18264: 18261: 18258: 18255: 18252: 18249: 18246: 18243: 18242:The Holocaust 18240: 18237: 18234: 18231: 18228: 18225: 18222: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18181: 18178: 18175: 18172: 18169: 18166: 18162: 18159: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18150: 18147: 18144: 18141: 18138: 18137:Dungan Revolt 18135: 18132: 18129: 18126: 18123: 18120: 18117: 18114: 18111: 18108: 18105: 18102: 18099: 18096: 18093: 18090: 18087: 18084: 18081: 18078: 18075: 18072: 18069: 18066: 18063: 18060: 18057: 18054: 18051: 18048: 18045: 18042: 18039: 18036: 18033: 18030: 18027: 18024: 18021: 18018: 18015: 18012: 18009: 18006: 18003: 18000: 17997: 17994: 17991: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17978: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17951:State atheism 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17846:Deprogramming 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17798:Protestantism 17796: 17794: 17791: 17787: 17784: 17783: 17782: 17779: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17744: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17708:LDS or Mormon 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17690: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17665: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17642: 17637: 17635: 17630: 17628: 17623: 17622: 17619: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17583: 17573: 17571: 17561: 17560: 17557: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17478: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17348: 17346: 17344:Organizations 17342: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17320:Two Whatevers 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17289: 17286: 17285: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17261:January Storm 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17248: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17196: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17178: 17175: 17174: 17173: 17170: 17169: 17167: 17163: 17154: 17151: 17146: 17143: 17138: 17135: 17130: 17127: 17122: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17101: 17096: 17093: 17088: 17085: 17080: 17077: 17072: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17052: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16990:Pierre Mulele 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16950:Harry Haywood 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16900:Afzal Bangash 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16856: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16839: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16822: 16818: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16766:New Democracy 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16684: 16679: 16677: 16672: 16670: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16649: 16641: 16640: 16637: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16610:Two Whatevers 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16564: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16470:Rebel Faction 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16457: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16446: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16404:Loyalty dance 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16319: 16317: 16316: 16312: 16310: 16309: 16305: 16303: 16302: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16291: 16289: 16288: 16284: 16282: 16281: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16270: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16203:Wang Dongxing 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16148:Deng Xiaoping 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16119: 16113: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16095: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15969:January Storm 15967: 15965: 15964:12-3 incident 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15951: 15949: 15945: 15937: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15886: 15881: 15879: 15874: 15872: 15867: 15866: 15863: 15856: 15855: 15850: 15846: 15843: 15840: 15837: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15823: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15783: 15782: 15777: 15774: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15742:Zhang Yimou, 15741: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15729: 15726: 15725: 15720: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15712:Hibiscus Town 15708: 15705: 15704: 15695: 15692:Lijia Zhang, 15691: 15688: 15684: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15672: 15669: 15668:Spider Eaters 15665: 15662: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15612: 15609: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15564: 15561: 15558: 15554: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15509: 15506: 15502: 15501: 15492: 15491: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15463: 15460: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15446: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15410: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15392: 15389: 15388: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15352: 15348: 15344: 15343: 15338: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15314: 15313: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15259: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15227: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15190: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15172: 15168: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15123: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15078: 15072: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15061:Ignatius, Adi 15057: 15053: 15047: 15043: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14941: 14936: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14912: 14911: 14905: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14869: 14865: 14859: 14855: 14854: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14838: 14834: 14833: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14801: 14800: 14792: 14785: 14784:Thurston 1988 14780: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14733: 14731: 14729: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14697: 14689: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14658: 14656: 14647: 14640: 14624: 14620: 14613: 14602: 14601: 14593: 14585: 14581: 14574: 14566: 14560: 14556: 14555: 14547: 14539: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14520: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14465: 14449: 14445: 14439: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14408: 14399: 14397: 14389: 14384: 14376: 14375: 14370: 14363: 14355: 14353:9783838219073 14349: 14345: 14341: 14334: 14327: 14322: 14316: 14311: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14279: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14258:. New Haven: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14245: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14195: 14179: 14175: 14168: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14146: 14143:. p. 7. 14142: 14138: 14137: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14084: 14067: 14063: 14062: 14057: 14051: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14028: 14020: 14016: 14009: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13989: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13972: 13964: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13932: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13883: 13875: 13869: 13865: 13864: 13856: 13840: 13836: 13830: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13812:9780231207058 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13785: 13783: 13781: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13727: 13725: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13685: 13680: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13623: 13621: 13604: 13598: 13590: 13584: 13580: 13573: 13571: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13551: 13543: 13535: 13533:9781760462499 13529: 13525: 13521: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13497: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13476: 13474: 13465: 13459: 13455: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13435: 13429: 13425: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13382: 13374: 13359: 13353: 13349: 13344: 13343: 13334: 13318: 13314: 13308: 13304: 13303: 13295: 13279: 13275: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13256: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13226: 13225: 13217: 13201: 13197: 13191: 13187: 13186: 13178: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13108: 13092: 13088: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13033: 13025: 13023: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12969: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12959: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12927: 12919: 12917: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12894: 12890: 12889: 12881: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12849: 12841: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12822: 12820: 12818: 12810: 12805: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12763: 12746: 12743:(6): 119–36. 12742: 12738: 12734: 12727: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12705: 12701: 12694: 12692: 12683: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12664: 12656: 12654: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12524: 12516: 12514:9781501774157 12510: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12480: 12474: 12470: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12450: 12446: 12445: 12440: 12436: 12435:Ching, Pao-yu 12430: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12370: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12337: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12280: 12279: 12271: 12269: 12260: 12254: 12250: 12249: 12241: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12210: 12202: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12169: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12155:Larry Wortzel 12149: 12141: 12135: 12131: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12110: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12076: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 12000: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11947: 11939: 11937:0-333-91287-X 11933: 11929: 11922: 11903: 11899: 11892: 11885: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11846: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11816: 11815: 11807: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11777: 11776: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11729: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11699: 11698: 11690: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11651: 11643: 11637: 11634:. Routledge. 11633: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11582: 11580: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11540: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11440:Lovell, Julia 11435: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11393: 11384: 11382: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11294: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11213: 11205: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11186: 11170: 11166: 11159: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11126: 11124: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11092:(2): 173–87. 11091: 11087: 11086:Asian Affairs 11080: 11069: 11060: 11058: 11041: 11037: 11032:Bai, Yintai. 11028: 11026: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10994: 10986: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10904: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10868: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10832: 10830: 10821: 10814: 10805: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10780: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10761: 10745: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10728: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10687: 10683: 10676: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10643: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10620: 10618: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10563: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10510: 10502: 10501: 10500:天地翻覆—中国文化大革命史 10496: 10495:Yang, Jisheng 10490: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10465: 10456: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10399: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10378: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10342:"文革的本质：一场大清洗" 10336: 10334: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10306: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10287:中國共產革命七十年 (下) 10284: 10283:Chen, Yung-fa 10278: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10248: 10247:Consensus Net 10244: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10219:(in Chinese). 10218: 10214: 10213:"文革死亡人数的一家之言" 10208: 10204: 10203:Open Magazine 10199: 10198: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10104: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10068: 10066: 10057: 10054:. Hong Kong. 10053: 10052:Open Magazine 10049: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10005: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9959: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9905: 9903: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9826: 9823:(in French). 9822: 9818: 9811: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9641: 9639: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9448:Wilson Center 9442: 9436: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9403: 9397: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9301: 9297: 9290: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9230: 9228:9781315494890 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8991: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8972: 8964: 8956: 8954:0-393-97351-4 8950: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8915: 8911: 8908:(2): 211–35. 8907: 8903: 8902: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8799:The Economist 8796: 8795:"Yao Wenyuan" 8790: 8781: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8543: 8541: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8371: 8369: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8164: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7656:The Spectator 7653: 7646: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7621:. Routledge. 7620: 7619: 7611: 7609: 7600: 7596: 7595:"murdoch edu" 7590: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7364: 7358: 7355:. Scarecrow. 7354: 7353: 7348: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7300: 7292: 7284: 7269: 7268:Peking Review 7265: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7145: 7137: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6718: 6716:9781760462499 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6671: 6668:. p. 2. 6667: 6660: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6538: 6531: 6530:head of state 6525: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6416:Neo-Stalinism 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6330: 6327: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6262:, writing in 6261: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244:Andrew Walder 6239: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6140:of Peru, the 6139: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6112: 6110: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5933: 5928: 5917: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5837:South Vietnam 5834: 5830: 5829:North Vietnam 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606:hong bao pian 5602: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5521: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5422:State Council 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200:hydrogen bomb 5197: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181:Zhao Jiuzhang 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5161:Xiong Qinglai 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149:intellectuals 5140: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5085: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001:ethnic Korean 4997: 4995: 4994:Uyghur people 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4822: 4821:Wuxuan County 4818: 4817:Zhuang people 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4739:, as well as 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4709:Wuxuan County 4705: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4665:Vice Chairman 4662: 4661:Open Magazine 4658: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4381:Deng Xiaoping 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4340:Two Whatevers 4326: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307:Wang Dongxing 4302: 4297: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4155:(center) and 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4091: 4080: 4071: 4061: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4018: 4013: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3927:Richard Nixon 3922: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3517: 3501: 3485: 3469: 3453: 3437: 3421: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295:January Storm 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224:12-3 incident 3221: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3097:Wanli Emperor 3093: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:Bian Zhongyun 3058: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2955:Wang Guangmei 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2802: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2769:Deng Xiaoping 2766: 2760: 2756: 2755:revisionism. 2753: 2750:, authored a 2749: 2745: 2739: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2648: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2569:Wang Dongxing 2566: 2562: 2561:Yang Shangkun 2557: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523:civil servant 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2464:North Vietnam 2461: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Deng Xiaoping 2211:, as well as 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2172:in 1971, the 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:seizing power 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1734: 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1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287:Space program 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 956: 953: 952: 951: 948: 944: 941: 940: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 917: 912: 911: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 856: 853: 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18448:(1991–2001) 18428:(1984–1989) 18388:Famen Temple 18378:(1966–1976) 18375: 18188:(1922–1991) 18157:(1913–1922) 17688:Christianity 17678:Baháʼí Faith 17475: 17245: 17214:2002–present 17030:Wang Hongwen 17020:Siraj Sikder 16895:Mohan Baidya 16890:Alain Badiou 16776:People's war 16738: 16537:61 Renegades 16320: 16313: 16306: 16299: 16292: 16285: 16278: 16238:Yang Chengwu 16172:Wang Hongwen 16153:Gang of Four 15947:Major events 15891: 15852: 15835:by Dave Pugh 15795: 15779: 15767: 15755: 15743: 15734: 15722: 15710: 15693: 15686: 15677: 15674:Ting-Xing Ye 15667: 15660: 15643: 15633: 15617: 15607: 15590: 15580: 15573: 15566: 15556: 15549: 15526: 15514: 15504: 15488: 15465: 15451: 15435: 15432:Gao Xingjian 15412: 15394: 15370: 15356: 15340: 15326: 15316: 15315:Guokai Liu, 15310:Commentaries 15291: 15281: 15280:Yiching Wu, 15267: 15264:Ross Terrill 15257: 15243: 15236: 15229: 15214: 15193:. 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Retrieved 6606: 6599:Song, Yongyi 6537: 6524: 6511: 6485: 6484: 6436: 6435: 6326:China portal 6305: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6237: 6227:Donald Tsang 6221: 6213: 6211:'s actions. 6209:Adolf Hitler 6189: 6183: 6169: 6154: 6138:Shining Path 6135: 6126: 6122:Global Times 6121: 6118: 6105: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6061: 6054: 6053:, author of 6048: 6032: 6008: 5991: 5980: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5891:to citizens. 5883: 5841: 5790: 5779: 5750: 5735: 5719: 5713: 5699: 5686: 5684: 5672:Qin Shihuang 5663: 5646:Yan'an Talks 5635: 5629: 5618: 5614: 5610:hong bao shu 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584:Pan Tianshou 5573: 5563:Xuanchuanhua 5561: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5544:xuanchuanhua 5542: 5538: 5535: 5514: 5508:supplanted " 5505: 5481:Yellow Music 5479: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5445:Cai Chusheng 5439: 5437: 5426: 5419: 5407:Li Guangtian 5384: 5372: 5364: 5357: 5354:Peking opera 5350: 5338: 5330: 5311: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5276:zàofǎn yǒulǐ 5274: 5267: 5259: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5208: 5189: 5173:Wu Dingliang 5146: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5066: 5051: 5047: 5032: 5013: 5005:Julia Lovell 4998: 4975: 4972:and his wife 4958:Panchen Lama 4929: 4919:In Yunnan's 4918: 4911: 4895: 4887: 4883:running dogs 4880: 4876: 4872: 4858: 4857: 4802: 4796: 4776: 4761: 4745: 4743:in Beijing. 4714: 4660: 4622: 4603:Chen Yung-fa 4597: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4456: 4429: 4425:ten marshals 4410: 4403: 4395: 4393: 4344: 4337: 4323: 4303: 4299: 4284: 4280: 4268: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4139:Gang of Four 4135: 4131: 4113:Wang Hongwen 4109:Gang of Four 4060:Gang of Four 4048: 4043:National Day 4040: 4036: 4029: 4021: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3923: 3915: 3906:Ussuri River 3899: 3895: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3831: 3822: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3770: 3764: 3753: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3667:1968: Purges 3649: 3623:, including 3619: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3583:Wang Hongwen 3576: 3573:buried alive 3562: 3547: 3532: 3397: 3389: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3327: 3314: 3286:Wang Hongwen 3279: 3275: 3271: 3240: 3235: 3217: 3208:party cadres 3200: 3121: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3033:of society. 3027: 3022: 3013: 3008: 2996: 2993: 2959: 2940: 2933: 2928:On July 28, 2927: 2917: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2827: 2783: 2777: 2772: 2761: 2757: 2730: 2718: 2687: 2684: 2674: 2658: 2641:Notification 2635: 2624: 2614: 2604: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2553: 2543: 2516: 2510: 2495: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2421: 2405:Soviet Union 2402: 2350: 2313: 2285: 2275: 2269: 2255: 2245: 2178: 2174:Gang of Four 2168:. After the 2148: 2117: 2072: 2068: 2066: 1917:People Power 1837: 1634:Disobedience 1327:Constitution 923:Gang of Four 892: 805:Proclamation 708:Southern Min 635:Romanization 549:Hanyu Pinyin 438:Southern Min 351:Romanization 255:Hanyu Pinyin 193:Wang Hongwen 129:Organized by 48: 40: 18692:Politicides 18534:(2014–2017) 18522:(2014–2017) 18516:(2013–2016) 18454:(1992–1996) 18416:(1975–1979) 18410:(1975–1990) 18316:(1948–1980) 18262:(1945–1989) 18256:(1945–1989) 18250:(1941–1945) 18244:(1939–1945) 18232:(1936–1975) 18217:legislation 18182:(1917–1990) 18176:(1915–1923) 18170:(1914–1924) 18151:(1912–1913) 18139:(1862–1877) 18121:(1857–1858) 18115:(1789–1801) 18103:(1683–1922) 18097:(1673–1829) 18091:(1609–1614) 18085:(1562–1598) 18079:(1561–1812) 18073:(1526–1791) 18067:(1522–1712) 18061:(1500–1526) 18037:(1184–1908) 18035:Inquisition 17946:Segregation 17911:Intolerance 17851:Desecration 17793:Neopaganism 17786:Persecution 17747:Persecution 17730:Persecution 17693:Catholicism 17673:Exclusivism 17513:Nazi-Maoism 17140:(1965—1966) 17079:On Practice 17035:Yao Wenyuan 16935:Saroj Dutta 16885:Bob Avakian 16832:Mao-spontex 16414:Yiku sitian 16263:Ye Jianying 16258:Hua Guofeng 16253:Mao Yuanxin 16243:Chen Zaidao 16178:Peng Dehuai 16167:Yao Wenyuan 16121:Key figures 15994:Project 571 15822:photographs 15764:Zhang Yimou 15724:Red Sorghum 15719:Zhang Yimou 15456:Gladys Yang 15228:Anit Chan, 15195:28 November 15144:Ji-li Jiang 15125:Jack Chen, 14887:19 November 14699:. Durham : 14315:AsiaNews.it 14101:27 December 13943:"文革时期的荒诞外交" 13763:j.ctvnjbhrb 13484:. Seattle: 13342:Jazz Planet 13035:. Durham : 12929:. Durham : 12794:19 November 12751:12 November 12583:15 November 12419:23 February 12391:23 February 12343:"青海核武基地的劫难" 12326:23 February 11268:(2): 7–53. 11175:16 February 11148:30 December 10927:16 February 10893:16 February 10857:16 February 10750:29 November 10717:30 November 10692:15 February 10665:14 February 10624:Jian, Guo; 10552:27 December 10048:"最新版文革死亡人數" 9756:29 November 9550:Nikkei Asia 9474:19 November 9386:17 February 9300:Morning Sun 8601:28 February 8521:. Beijing. 7521:15 February 7345:Jian, Guo; 6735:, p. . 6649:28 November 6619:27 December 6608:Sciences Po 6517:Peng Dehuai 6452:July Theses 6366:Qin dynasty 6176:Enver Hoxha 5753:broadsheets 5642:reactionary 5524:Visual arts 5449:Zheng Junli 5329:The ballet 5315:Jiang Zemin 5177:Yao Tongbin 5124:Yao Tongbin 4912:During the 4649:Ye Jianying 4637:Ye Jianying 4481:Xi Zhongxun 4444:Zhao Ziyang 4383:became the 4352:Li Xiannian 4311:Li Xiannian 4248:Wen Hui Bao 4236:Hua Guofeng 4121:Yao Wenyuan 3972:Project 571 3966:Project 571 3911:Third Front 3629:Zhongnanhai 3617:in August. 3377:Chen Zaidao 3342:Tan Zhenlin 3334:Ye Jianying 3323:Pan Fusheng 3291:Chen Pixian 3075:Song Binbin 2736: [ 2669:Luo Ruiqing 2535:Yao Wenyuan 2490:Luo Ruiqing 2452:coup d'état 2426:, altering 2424:revisionist 2252:Hua Guofeng 2217:Peng Dehuai 2185:cannibalism 1979:Arab Spring 1577:Human chain 1567:Coup d'état 1476:Proletarian 1079:1998 floods 1007:863 Program 888:Third Front 855:Canton Fair 732:Eastern Min 656:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 489:Formal name 462:Eastern Min 372:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 189:Yao Wenyuan 44:‹ The 18677:Mao Zedong 18611:Categories 18031:(643–1526) 17906:Iconoclasm 17901:Hate crime 17831:Censorship 17720:Falun Gong 17535:Red Guards 17256:Red August 17226:Korean War 17184:Long March 17040:Akram Yari 17000:Nie Yuanzi 16970:Kang Sheng 16965:Jiang Qing 16880:Samir Amin 16870:Faiz Ahmad 16865:Mao Zedong 16583:Mango cult 16455:Red Guards 16248:Kang Sheng 16233:Qiu Huizuo 16213:Ji Dengkui 16157:Jiang Qing 16138:Zhou Enlai 16133:Liu Shaoqi 16128:Mao Zedong 16055:Red August 15731:Chen Kaige 15666:Rae Yang, 15657:Yang Jiang 15634:Red Sorrow 15628:1400096987 15619:Red Azalea 15614:Anchee Min 15589:Liu Ping, 15579:Ken Ling, 15563:Ji Xianlin 15542:Liang Heng 15537:0394555481 15523:Nien Cheng 15511:Jung Chang 15480:0765377063 15427:037541309X 15403:0805082077 15379:0030050634 15365:0805280693 15351:0670219185 15335:0850312086 15304:0701173459 15276:0804729220 15223:0812918657 14623:總統蔣公思想言論總集 14428:31 October 14388:Ewing 2011 14342:. Ibidem. 14294:1348572572 14184:30 October 13939:Huang, Hua 13609:31 January 13115:张晓风：我的父亲母亲 13013:1250021710 12977:. Durham: 12907:1325647379 12191:11 January 12104:1377558716 12065:20 January 11911:5 December 11327:destroyed. 11046:5 December 11014:13 January 10803:081332615X 10778:0679422714 10606:5 December 9982:1120781893 9931:1120781893 9867:12 October 9332:(1): 158. 8529:28 January 8359:1156439609 8339:. Durham: 8320:1156439609 8300:. Durham: 8281:1156439609 8261:. Durham: 8242:1156439609 8222:. Durham: 8196:1156439609 8176:. Durham: 8104:1120781893 7186:Tsou, Tang 7106:1156439609 7086:. Durham: 6994:1145096137 6549:References 6492:Iconoclasm 6201:Li Zicheng 6197:Huang Chao 6100:See also: 6009:After the 5968:Resolution 5957:Resolution 5953:Resolution 5914:See also: 5898:, the 2nd 5879:consulates 5860:Red Guards 5746:Red Guards 5695:Ming Tombs 5576:Feng Zikai 5415:Zhao Shuli 5167:, Wu Han, 5165:Jian Bozan 5132:Zhou Enlai 5024:Hui people 5020:Dai people 4942:See also: 4815:among the 4779:Dao County 4772:Hui people 4764:a massacre 4741:Red August 4485:Xi Jinping 4467:Death toll 4462:Atrocities 4400:Hu Yaobang 4362:See also: 4294:See also: 4157:Kang Sheng 4153:Zhou Enlai 4149:Jiang Qing 4125:Jiang Qing 3980:Lin's son 3767:, saying: 3740:See also: 3736:Mango cult 3683:Liu Shaoqi 3671:See also: 3645:dirty bomb 3558:Hui Muslim 3554:Kang Sheng 3250:See also: 3071:Red Guards 2978:Red August 2910:Liu Shaoqi 2820:Liu Shaoqi 2744:Nie Yuanzi 2607:Kang Sheng 2531:Jiang Qing 2474:See also: 2345:See also: 2320:Republican 2299:Background 2209:Liu Shaoqi 2144:Red Guards 2136:Red August 2097:capitalist 2085:Mao Zedong 2001:Euromaidan 1949:Bolivarian 1897:Nicaraguan 1877:Guatemalan 1815:Young Turk 1795:Philippine 1624:Nonviolent 1619:Resistance 1594:Insurgency 1504:Nonviolent 1499:From above 1471:Democratic 1147:Shenzhou 5 1000:Opposition 810:Korean War 795:Revolution 577:Wade–Giles 297:Wade–Giles 181:Jiang Qing 171:Ming tombs 102:1976-10-06 98:1966-05-16 75:Mao Zedong 18382:Four Olds 18095:Test Acts 17961:Terrorism 17803:Rastafari 17752:Ahmadiyya 17471:Guevarism 17209:1989–2002 17204:1976–1989 17199:1949–1976 16925:Chin Peng 16920:Chen Boda 16756:Mass line 16744:Four Olds 16729:Comprador 16339:Four Olds 16272:Documents 16228:Wu Faxian 16208:Xie Fuzhi 16198:Chen Boda 16188:Peng Zhen 16048:Massacres 15776:Jiang Wen 15757:Blue Kite 15462:Liu Cixin 15442:Mabel Lee 15419:Ina Rilke 15409:Dai Sijie 14818:503828045 14771:156609951 14719:503828045 14629:6 October 14557:. Gwulo. 14511:154770001 14495:0305-7410 14302:253067190 14235:235452119 14227:0305-7410 14159:881183403 13980:0140-0460 13971:The Times 13915:155036059 13771:241177426 13715:235452119 13707:0305-7410 13169:932368688 13055:503828045 12718:227930948 12618:Gao, Mobo 12314:Cao, Pu. 12232:881183403 12036:143436282 12020:0097-7004 11983:144491731 11975:0097-7004 11874:1 October 11718:1 October 11418:1324-9347 11361:1385-4879 11322:0309-1317 11282:1061-1932 11247:154681969 11114:153348414 11106:0306-8374 11035:"内人党"冤案前后 10922:0362-4331 10888:0261-3077 10852:0362-4331 10771:. Knopf. 10162:0305-7410 10094:143087356 9843:2070-3449 9790:0190-8286 9716:153730706 9700:0305-7410 9520:iPolitics 9346:0015-7120 9274:0362-4331 9120:143387271 8874:143387271 8858:0097-7004 8807:0013-0613 8696:1324-9347 8682:: 67–88. 8127:1 January 8066:145582720 8050:0305-7410 8015:146977237 8007:1324-9347 7917:1961-9898 7838:148920995 7830:0097-7004 7715:146977237 7707:1324-9347 7482:ChinaFile 7058:154449798 7042:0305-7410 7002:218936313 6554:Citations 6421:Stalinism 6280:bona fide 6178:began a " 6051:Shen Tong 6000:Liu Xinwu 5875:embassies 5853:Indonesia 5801:Indonesia 5710:Mawangdui 5486:Li Jinhui 5457:Wang Ying 5411:Yang Shuo 5232:Zhanjiang 5169:Rao Yutai 4866:, and in 4852:Chongqing 4756:Guangdong 4725:Guangdong 4699:Massacres 4556:Ding Shu 4329:Aftermath 3982:Lin Liguo 3948:Politburo 3661:Changchun 3653:Chongqing 3641:Changchun 3565:Zhengzhou 3535:Chongqing 3516:Guangzhou 3500:Chongqing 3436:Zhengzhou 3087:Four Olds 3055:Xie Fuzhi 2930:Red Guard 2824:President 2733:Cao Yi'ou 2725:Four Olds 2661:Politburo 2611:Chen Boda 2600:Lu Dingyi 2598:director 2592:political 2546:Peng Zhen 2502:cleansing 2470:Precursor 2282:Etymology 2205:Four Olds 2193:Guangdong 2089:his death 1954:Bulldozer 1907:Carnation 1902:Argentine 1845:1917–1923 1833:Communist 1778:Hungarian 1614:Rebellion 1552:Civil war 1514:Permanent 1461:Communist 1456:Bourgeois 1363:Geography 1358:Education 1232:Chang'e 3 1182:Expo 2010 517:無產階級文化大革命 502:无产阶级文化大革命 53:is being 18598:Religion 18119:Utah War 17989:(64–313) 17966:Violence 17856:Domicide 17808:Yazidism 17725:Hinduism 17683:Buddhism 17659:By group 17528:Japanese 17518:New Left 17508:Naxalite 17466:Hoxhaism 17005:Qi Benyu 16980:Lin Biao 16975:Li Minqi 16955:Ted Hill 16915:Bo Xilai 16820:Variants 16697:Concepts 16648:Category 16332:Concepts 16223:Qi Benyu 16143:Lin Biao 15820:and the 15640:Emily Wu 15632:Nanchu, 15063:(2009). 15033:40022499 14995:(1999). 14973:(2008). 14842:AsiaNews 14672:Archived 14668:BBC News 14448:BBC News 14422:Archived 14178:Archived 14095:Archived 13920:19 March 13396:Archived 13317:Archived 13278:Archived 13239:Archived 13200:Archived 13124:Archived 13091:Archived 12949:63178961 12745:Archived 12620:(2008). 12577:Archived 12546:Archived 12449:Archived 12437:(2019). 12293:Archived 12157:(eds.). 11902:Archived 11868:Archived 11829:Archived 11790:Archived 11751:Archived 11712:Archived 11673:Archived 11604:Archived 11562:Archived 11523:Archived 11484:Archived 11369:24675396 11008:Archived 10808:, p. 198 10497:(2017). 10443:(2002). 10350:Archived 10285:(1998). 10243:胡耀邦史料信息网 10178:43671719 10170:20058959 10123:Archived 10056:Archived 9960:(2019). 9794:Archived 9750:Archived 9722:Ming Bao 9629:Archived 9573:(1996). 9524:Archived 9425:23 April 9354:20031879 9305:16 March 9279:16 March 9018:21 March 9012:Archived 8937:(1999). 8914:40022499 8811:Archived 8726:16 March 8720:Archived 8595:Archived 8565:archived 8523:Archived 8485:Archived 8441:Archived 8393:Archived 8082:(2019). 7927:25 April 7921:Archived 7903:(2011). 7573:Archived 7571:. 1984. 7515:Archived 7435:Archived 7422:(2001). 7188:(1988). 6613:Archived 6486:General: 6312:See also 6260:Mobo Gao 6222:In 2007 6142:Naxalite 6036:Xianyang 5974:and the 5887:and the 5864:Legation 5835:against 5805:Malaysia 5708:and the 5506:de facto 5399:Deng Tuo 5368:misogyny 5196:executed 4986:Xinjiang 4899:lynching 4641:3.42–20 4570:and the 4536:1.1–1.6 4523:Remarks 4315:Chen Yun 3590:Lianyuan 3484:Lianyuan 3468:Shanghai 3236:de facto 3125:Buddhism 2988:Lin Biao 2986:Mao and 2765:Hangzhou 2588:academic 2243:policy. 2111:and the 2075:, was a 2011:Sudanese 1989:Egyptian 1984:Tunisian 1937:Romanian 1838:Cultural 1824:Chinese 1799:Iranian 1768:February 1689:American 1684:Atlantic 1673:Examples 1646:Samizdat 1450:By class 1425:a series 1423:Part of 1368:Politics 1337:Shanghai 1257:Xiong'an 677:Jyutping 563:Bopomofo 407:Jyutping 269:Bopomofo 111:Location 100: – 91:Duration 57:. › 46:template 18352:(1963) 18109:(1700s) 17824:Methods 17781:Judaism 17767:Sunnism 17757:Shi'ism 17668:Atheism 17523:Chinese 17165:History 16218:Wang Li 16193:Tao Zhu 15899:Prelude 15769:To Live 15707:Xie Jin 15490:To Live 15472:Ken Liu 15091:General 14829:Sources 14763:2158588 14678:1 April 14211:: 355. 14072:1 April 13953:1 April 13845:1 April 13691:: 367. 13402:27 June 13363:27 June 13323:27 June 13284:27 June 13245:27 June 13206:27 June 13097:27 June 12552:27 June 12359:14 July 12299:27 June 12028:3181306 11490:25 July 11426:3182405 11404:: 162. 10354:Note 12 9623:]. 9207:"China" 8152:10 June 7993:: 103. 7693:: 119. 7666:4 March 7579:27 June 7548:10 June 7305:2 March 7273:5 March 6172:Albania 6040:Shaanxi 6015:Li Peng 5896:Chen Yi 5831:in its 5817:Myanmar 5809:Vietnam 5556:dazibao 5552:dazibao 5539:dazibao 5500:" and " 5429:Hao Ran 5391:Lao She 5376:Mei Zhi 5192:Qinghai 5128:missile 5068:Suiming 5009:Yanbian 4999:In the 4925:Kunming 4864:Sichuan 4797:In the 4752:Guangxi 4717:Guangxi 4646:Marshal 4517:Source 4448:premier 4438:as its 4432:He Long 3999:Outline 3992:Outline 3904:on the 3799:Chengdu 3597:Wenzhou 3569:Kaifeng 3541:alone. 3539:Chengdu 3452:Kaifeng 3420:Wuzhong 3381:Wang Li 3357:Guizhou 3338:Chen Yi 3330:Tao Zhu 3204:Jiangxi 3177:Huineng 2584:Hai Rui 2580:Outline 2527:Hai Rui 2291:or the 2221:He Long 2132:Beijing 2079:in the 1942:Singing 1892:Rwandan 1867:Spanish 1862:Siamese 1850:Russian 1820:Mexican 1746:Belgian 1721:Serbian 1709:Haitian 1694:Brabant 1679:English 1609:Protest 1542:Boycott 1536:Methods 1509:Passive 1353:Economy 1348:Culture 1332:Beijing 715:Hokkien 586:ʻ 445:Hokkien 213:Chinese 177:Arrests 139:Outcome 96: ( 18581:(2024) 18570:(2023) 18564:(2020) 18558:(2019) 18552:(2019) 18510:(2011) 18492:(2002) 18486:(2001) 18480:(2000) 18474:(2000) 18466:(1999) 18460:(1995) 18442:(1990) 18434:(1989) 18422:(1984) 18398:(1971) 18390:(1966) 18384:(1966) 18370:(1963) 18364:(1963) 18358:(1963) 18346:(1955) 18334:(1950) 18310:(1948) 18286:(1947) 18280:(1946) 18274:(1946) 18268:(1946) 18238:(1933) 18226:(1924) 18145:(1909) 18133:(1864) 18127:(1860) 18043:(1191) 18025:(1099) 18019:(1096) 17980:Events 17916:Pogrom 17762:Sufism 17493:Nanjie 17156:(1983) 17148:(1966) 17132:(1964) 17124:(1960) 17116:(1957) 17106:(1956) 17098:(1938) 17090:(1937) 17082:(1937) 17074:(1937) 17066:(1927) 16910:Biplav 16858:People 16690:Maoism 16573:Maoism 16448:Groups 16183:Wu Han 15784:(1994) 15772:(1993) 15760:(1993) 15748:(1992) 15739:(1992) 15727:(1987) 15715:(1984) 15650: 15626: 15597: 15535: 15485:Yu Hua 15478: 15448:Gu Hua 15425: 15401: 15377: 15363: 15349: 15333: 15302: 15288:Xinran 15274: 15250: 15221: 15163: 15099:about 15073: 15048: 15031: 15003: 14981: 14946: 14920: 14860: 14816: 14806: 14769: 14761: 14717: 14707: 14561: 14534: 14509: 14503:655689 14501: 14493: 14454:18 May 14350: 14300: 14292: 14284: 14274: 14233: 14225: 14157: 14147: 14042:651980 14040: 13978: 13913: 13870: 13819: 13809: 13769: 13761: 13751: 13713: 13705: 13657: 13647: 13585: 13557: 13530: 13492: 13460: 13430: 13388: 13354: 13309: 13270: 13231: 13192: 13167: 13157: 13083: 13053: 13043: 13011: 13003: 12993: 12947: 12937: 12905: 12895: 12861: 12836: 12716: 12706: 12678: 12633: 12538: 12511: 12475: 12285: 12255: 12230: 12220: 12174: 12136: 12102: 12092: 12034: 12026: 12018: 11981: 11973: 11934: 11860: 11821: 11782: 11743: 11704: 11665: 11638: 11596: 11554: 11515: 11450: 11424: 11416: 11367: 11359: 11320: 11280: 11245: 11239:655646 11237: 11200: 11112: 11104: 11067:挖肃灾难实录 10981: 10920: 10886: 10850: 10800: 10775: 10638: 10577: 10524: 10451: 10417: 10320: 10291:Taipei 10176: 10168: 10160: 10092: 9980: 9970: 9929: 9919: 9841: 9788: 9714: 9708:653530 9706: 9698: 9583: 9555:20 May 9530:20 May 9499:20 May 9352: 9344: 9272: 9225: 9188: 9146: 9118: 9112:189334 9110: 8978: 8951: 8912: 8872: 8866:189334 8864: 8856: 8817:22 May 8805: 8768: 8694: 8653: 8626: 8557: 8477: 8433: 8385: 8357: 8347: 8318: 8308: 8279: 8269: 8240: 8230: 8194: 8184: 8102: 8092: 8064: 8058:651368 8056: 8048: 8013: 8005: 7959: 7915: 7880: 7836: 7828: 7780: 7749: 7713: 7705: 7633: 7399: 7359: 7240: 7200: 7163: 7104: 7094: 7056: 7050:652308 7048: 7040: 7000: 6992: 6982: 6934: 6713: 6396:Maoism 6128:rule. 6090:Utopia 5998:, and 5867:there. 5791:China 5700:Later 5667:feudal 5582:, and 5580:Shi Lu 5461:Xu Lai 5459:, and 5395:Fu Lei 5143:Line". 5016:Yunnan 4990:Qur'an 4891:Pufang 4868:Xuzhou 4840:, and 4768:Yunnan 4737:Ruijin 4735:, and 4729:Yunnan 4624:Laogai 4618:7.731 4585:1.728 4541:county 4370:, and 4032:Ye Qun 3892:parade 3659:, and 3657:Xiamen 3258:, and 2786:(July) 2578:. The 2513:Wu Han 2381:Soviet 2324:Taiwan 2219:, and 2199:, and 2197:Yunnan 2140:cadres 1994:Yemeni 1974:Kyrgyz 1964:Orange 1932:Velvet 1927:Yogurt 1872:August 1855:German 1828:Xinhai 1808:Second 1785:Eureka 1773:German 1704:French 1661:Terror 1604:Mutiny 1519:Social 1494:Colour 739:Fuzhou 469:Fuzhou 191:, and 147:Deaths 121:Motive 18013:(732) 17742:Islam 17477:Juche 15604:Ma Bo 15029:JSTOR 14931:(PDF) 14914:(PDF) 14767:S2CID 14759:JSTOR 14604:(PDF) 14507:S2CID 14499:JSTOR 14298:S2CID 14282:JSTOR 14231:S2CID 14038:JSTOR 13911:S2CID 13817:JSTOR 13767:S2CID 13759:JSTOR 13711:S2CID 13655:JSTOR 13130:3 May 13001:JSTOR 12644:(PDF) 12627:(PDF) 12185:(PDF) 12164:(PDF) 12032:S2CID 12024:JSTOR 11979:S2CID 11905:(PDF) 11894:(PDF) 11476:(PDF) 11422:JSTOR 11365:JSTOR 11243:S2CID 11235:JSTOR 11110:S2CID 11071:(PDF) 10174:S2CID 10166:JSTOR 10090:S2CID 10008:(PDF) 9827:(4). 9800:9 May 9712:S2CID 9704:JSTOR 9444:(PDF) 9350:JSTOR 9116:S2CID 9108:JSTOR 9075:7 May 9043:7 May 8910:JSTOR 8870:S2CID 8862:JSTOR 8062:S2CID 8054:JSTOR 8011:S2CID 7834:S2CID 7711:S2CID 7438:(PDF) 7427:(PDF) 7325:(PDF) 7134:[ 7054:S2CID 7046:JSTOR 6998:S2CID 6638:(PDF) 6503:Notes 5936:Mao." 5849:Ghana 5726:Media 5715:Kaogu 5403:Baren 5288:Anhui 4932:Hebei 4733:Hunan 4672:1979 4633:1982 4610:1991 4579:1996 4553:1999 4528:2014 4514:Time 4107:The " 3232:melee 3228:Taipa 3220:Macau 2740:] 2201:Hunan 2134:with 1969:Tulip 1887:Cuban 1803:First 1753:Texas 1726:Greek 1699:Liège 1629:Civil 1187:BRICS 649:Hakka 584:Wu-ch 365:Hakka 221:文化大革命 115:China 17650:and 15648:ISBN 15624:ISBN 15595:ISBN 15544:and 15533:ISBN 15476:ISBN 15423:ISBN 15399:ISBN 15375:ISBN 15361:ISBN 15347:ISBN 15331:ISBN 15300:ISBN 15272:ISBN 15248:ISBN 15219:ISBN 15197:2023 15161:ISBN 15071:ISBN 15046:ISBN 15001:ISBN 14979:ISBN 14944:ISBN 14918:ISBN 14889:2023 14858:ISBN 14814:OCLC 14804:ISBN 14715:OCLC 14705:ISBN 14680:2011 14631:2023 14559:ISBN 14532:ISBN 14491:ISSN 14456:2021 14430:2011 14402:Fong 14348:ISBN 14290:OCLC 14272:ISBN 14223:ISSN 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