Chinese characters

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identification of the phonetic and semantic components in compounds—which constitute the vast majority of characters—also plays a key role in reading comprehension. The ease of recognition for a given character is impacted by how regular the positioning of its components is, as well as how reliable its phonetic component is in indicating a specific pronunciation. Moreover, due to the high level of homophony in Chinese languages and the more irregular correspondences between writing and the sounds of speech, it has been suggested that knowledge of orthography plays a greater role in speech recognition for literate Chinese speakers.

2958: 3725: – 188 CE) is traditionally recognised as the inventor of the semi-cursive style, though accreditations of this kind often indicate a given style's early masters, rather than its earliest practitioners. Later analysis has suggested popular origins for semi-cursive, as opposed to it being an invention of Liu. It can be characterised partly as the result of clerical forms being written more quickly, without formal rules of technique or composition: what would be discrete strokes in clerical script frequently flow together instead. The semi-cursive style is commonly adopted in contemporary handwriting. 4440: 4277:. A horizontal writing direction—with characters written from left to right in rows, arranged from top to bottom—only became predominant in the Sinosphere during the 20th century as a result of Western influence. Many publications outside mainland China continue to use the traditional vertical writing direction. Western influence also resulted in the generalised use of punctuation being widely adopted in print during the 19th and 20th centuries. Prior to this, the context of a passage was considered adequate to guide readers; this was enabled by characters being easier than alphabets to read when written 4085: 18488: 4890: 4041: 3152: 18476: 7025:

calligraphy. Use of hanja in education is politically contentious, with official policy regarding the prominence of hanja in curricula having vacillated since the country's independence. Some support the total abandonment of hanja, while others advocate an increase in use to levels previously seen during the 1970s and 1980s. Students in grades 7–12 are presently taught with a principal focus on simple recognition and attaining sufficient literacy to read a newspaper. The South Korean Ministry of Education published the

2631:. For nearly two millennia, this scheme was the primary framework for character analysis used throughout the Sinosphere. Xu based most of his analysis on examples of Qin seal script that were written down several centuries before his time—these were usually the oldest specimens available to him, though he stated he was aware of the existence of even older forms. The first five categories are pictographs, indicatives, compound ideographs, phono-semantic compounds, and loangraphs. The sixth category is given by Xu as 6938: 4397: 13915: 979: 6081: 18452: 6511: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 6349: 3999: 4066: 3056:, inquiring about subjects such as the royal family, military success, and the weather. Inscriptions were made in the divination material itself before and after it had been cracked by exposure to heat; they generally include a record of the questions posed, as well as the answers as interpreted in the cracks. A minority of bones feature characters that were inked with a brush before their strokes were incised; the evidence of this also shows that the conventional 5028:; 'to have'). It is common to use standard characters to transcribe previously unwritten words in Chinese dialects when obvious cognates exist. When no obvious cognate exists due to factors like irregular sound changes, semantic drift, or an origin in a non-Chinese language, characters are often borrowed or invented to transcribe the word—either ad hoc, or according to existing principles. These new characters are generally phono-semantic compounds. 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 18464: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 2932: 2912: 2892: 2872: 2852: 4155:. Variants also emerge for aesthetic reasons, to make handwriting easier, or to correct what the writer perceives to be errors in a character's form. Individual components may be replaced with visually, phonetically, or semantically similar alternatives. The boundary between character structure and style—and thus whether forms represent different characters, or are merely variants of the same character—is often non-trivial or unclear. 2009: 14565: 1532:. Chinese characters have a documented history spanning over three millennia, representing one of the four independent inventions of writing accepted by scholars; of these, they comprise the only writing system continuously used since its invention. Over time, the function, style, and means of writing characters have evolved greatly. Unlike letters in alphabets that reflect the sounds of speech, Chinese characters generally represent 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 1992: 3987: 4013: 2717:), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic shape and calligraphic style, in most cases refer to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The traditional notion of an orderly procession of script styles, each suddenly appearing and displacing the one previous, has been disproven by later scholarship and archaeological work. Instead, scripts evolved gradually, with several coexisting in a given area. 5792:) yields more than 30 different entries. This ambiguity had historically been resolved by also including the associated hanja. While still sometimes used for Sino-Korean vocabulary, it is much rarer for native Korean words to be written using hanja. When learning new characters, Korean students are instructed to associate each one with both its Sino-Korean pronunciation, as well as a native Korean synonym. Examples include: 4027: 5047: 2517:. The process of characters being borrowed as loangraphs should not be conflated with the distinct process of semantic extension, where a word acquires additional senses, which often remain written with the same character. As both processes often result in a single character form being used to write several distinct meanings, loangraphs are often misidentified as being the result of semantic extension, and vice versa. 1975: 4055: 2056:('tree'). Over time, the forms of pictographs have been simplified in order to make them easier to write. As a result, modern readers generally cannot deduce what many pictographs were originally meant to resemble; without knowing the context of their origin in picture-writing, they may be interpreted instead as pure signs. However, if a pictograph's use in compounds still reflects its original meaning, as with 3357: – 208 BCE). It was traditionally believed that Qin scribes only used small seal script, and the later clerical script was a sudden invention during the early Han. However, more than one script was used by Qin scribes: a rectilinear vulgar style had also been in use in Qin for centuries prior to the wars of unification. The popularity of this form grew as writing became more widespread. 6666: 5780:'s occupation of Korea in 1945, the total replacement of hanja with hangul was advocated throughout the country as part of a broader "purification movement" of the national language and culture. However, due to the lack of tones in spoken Korean, there are many Sino-Korean words that are homophones with identical hangul spellings. For example, the phonetic dictionary entry for 56: 2767:) due to his frustration with the limitations of knotting, taking inspiration from his study of the tracks of animals, landscapes, and the stars in the sky. On the day that these first characters were created, grain rained down from the sky; that night, the people heard the wailing of ghosts and demons, lamenting that humans could no longer be cheated. 6172:) in Vietnamese. Literary Chinese was used for all formal writing in Vietnam until the modern era, having first acquired official status in 1010. Literary Chinese written by Vietnamese authors is first attested in the late 10th century, though the local practice of writing is likely several centuries older. Characters used to write Vietnamese called 2531:; 'Canada') is often used as a loangraph for its respective syllable. However, the barrier between a character's pronunciation and meaning is never total: when transcribing into Chinese, loangraphs are often chosen deliberately as to create certain connotations. This is regularly done with corporate brand names: for example, 3495:), involved character forms being mutated and simplified, with many components being consolidated, substituted, or omitted. In turn, the components themselves were regularised to use fewer, straighter, and more well-defined strokes. The resulting clerical forms largely lacked any of the pictorial qualities that remained in seal script. 4421:, where the extremes of any number of mutually reinforcing dualities are balanced by the calligrapher—such as the duality between strokes made quickly or slowly, between applying ink heavily or lightly, between characters written with symmetrical or asymmetrical forms, and between characters representing concrete or abstract concepts. 2827:) in Shandong has been deemed possible by palaeographers, with Qiu concluding that they "cannot be definitively treated as primitive writing, nevertheless they are symbols which resemble most the ancient pictographic script discovered thus far in China... They undoubtedly can be viewed as the forerunners of primitive writing." 2812:(5th millennium BCE). Symbols at each site were inscribed or drawn onto artifacts, appearing one at a time and without indicating any greater context. Qiu concludes, "We simply possess no basis for saying that they were already being used to record language." A historical connection with the symbols used by the late Neolithic 4366:) in which characters can be written, including the historical forms like seal script and clerical script. Most styles used throughout the Sinosphere originated within China, though they may display regional variation. Styles that have been created outside of China tend to remain localised in their use: these include the Japanese 2304:) are composed of at least one semantic component and one phonetic component. They may be formed by one of several methods, often by adding a phonetic component to disambiguate a loangraph, or by adding a semantic component to represent a specific extension of a character's meaning. Examples of phono-semantic compounds include 6686:

serious impediments to achieving the mass literacy and mutual intelligibility required for the country's successful modernisation. Many began advocating for the replacement of Literary Chinese with a written language that more closely reflected speech, as well as for a mass simplification of character forms, or even the total

5369:. When reading, Japanese speakers would adapt the syntax and vocabulary of Literary Chinese texts to reflect their Japanese-language equivalents. Writing essentially involved the inverse of this process, and resulted in ordinary Literary Chinese. When adapted to write Japanese, characters were used to represent both 6677:

were standardised and adopted in mainland China during the 1950s and 1960s, with most either already existing as common variants, or being produced via the systematic simplification of their components. After World War II, the Japanese government also simplified hundreds of character forms, including

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compounds using two phonetic components. This was done because Vietnamese phonology included consonant clusters not found in Chinese, and were thus poorly approximated by the sound values of borrowed characters. Compounds used components with two distinct consonant sounds to specify the cluster, e.g.

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of Chinese literature between roughly the 5th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. This form of the language was imitated by later authors, even as it began to diverge from the language they spoke. This later form, referred to as "Literary Chinese", remained the predominant written

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Hanja are still used in South Korea, though not to the extent that kanji are used in Japan. In general, there is a trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in ordinary contexts. Characters remain in use in place names, newspapers, and to disambiguate homophones. They are also used in the practice of

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had fully matured. The 2nd century BCE is the earliest possible period for the introduction of writing to Korea; the oldest surviving manuscripts in the country date to the early 5th century CE. Also during the 5th century, writing spread from Korea to Japan. Characters were

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to write characters. Strict regularity is not required, and character forms may be accentuated to evoke a variety of aesthetic effects. Traditional ideals of calligraphic beauty often tie into broader philosophical concepts native to East Asia. For example, aesthetics can be conceptualised using the

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Prior to the 20th century, reforms were generally conservative and sought to reduce the use of simplified variants. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an increasing number of intellectuals in China began to see both the Chinese writing system and the lack of a national spoken dialect as

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According to Handel: "While monosyllabism generally trumps morphemicity—that is to say, a bisyllabic morpheme is nearly always written with two characters rather than one—there is an unmistakable tendency for script users to impose a morphemic identity on the linguistic units represented by these

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being used to write both Korean and Japanese by the 6th century. By the late 20th century, characters had largely been replaced with alphabets designed to write Vietnamese and Korean. This leaves Japanese as the only major non-Sinitic language typically written using Chinese characters.

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technique, where the symbol for a word is used to indicate a different word with a similar pronunciation, depending on context. This allowed for words that lacked a plausible pictographic representation to be written down for the first time. This technique pre-empted more sophisticated methods of

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has described a network of regional writing traditions exhibiting both mutual influence and characteristic difference with one another. Like Vietnamese, some invented Zhuang characters are phonetic–phonetic compounds, though not primarily ones intended to describe consonant clusters. Despite the

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is also largely fixed, but may vary according to several different standards. This is summed up in practice with a few rules of thumb, including that characters are generally assembled from left to right, then from top to bottom, with "enclosing" components started before, then closed after, the

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In the years following its establishment, the North Korean government sought to eliminate the use of hanja in standard writing; by 1949, characters had been almost entirely replaced with hangul in North Korean publications. While mostly unused in writing, hanja remain an important part of North

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The memorisation of thousands of different characters is required to achieve literacy in languages written with them, in contrast to the relatively small inventory of graphemes used in phonetic writing. Historically, character literacy was often acquired via Chinese primers like the 6th-century

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Words in Classical Chinese were generally a single character in length. An estimated 25–30% of the vocabulary used in Classical Chinese texts consists of two-character words. Over time, the introduction of multi-syllable vocabulary into vernacular varieties of Chinese was encouraged by phonetic

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Oracle bone script is the direct ancestor of later forms of written Chinese. The oldest known inscriptions already represent a well-developed writing system, which suggests an initial emergence predating the late second millennium BCE. Although written Chinese is first attested in official

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have studied the brain activity associated with literacy. Compared to phonetic systems, reading and writing with characters involves additional areas of the brain—including those associated with visual processing. While the level of memorisation required for character literacy is significant,

4834:, or as a process of translation into and out of Chinese. Compared to other traditions that wrote using alphabets or syllabaries, the literary culture that developed in this context was less directly tied to a specific spoken language. This is exemplified by the cross-linguistic phenomenon of 6884:

was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by the public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants

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Much of the Korean lexicon consists of Chinese loanwords, especially technical and academic vocabulary. While hanja were usually only used to write this Sino-Korean vocabulary, there is evidence that vernacular readings were sometimes used. Compared to the other written vernaculars, very few

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characters that are frequently used in Standard Chinese, pure semantographs are estimated to be the rarest, accounting for about 5% of the lexicon, followed by pure signs with 18%, and semantic–form and phonetic–form compounds together accounting for 19%. The remaining 58% are phono-semantic

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as signifying 'large deer', rather than being a picture of a large man and a deer next to one another. Due to this process of abstraction, as well as to make characters easier to write, pictographs gradually became more simplified and regularised—often to the extent that the original objects

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This proto-writing system was limited to representing a relatively narrow range of ideas with a comparatively small library of symbols. This compelled innovations that allowed for symbols to directly encode spoken language. In each historical case, this was accomplished by some form of the

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in readers of character-based languages appears to involve independent visuospatial and phonological disorders co-occurring. This seems to be a distinct phenomenon from dyslexia as experienced with phonetic orthographies, which can result from only one of the aforementioned disorders.

1833:, the distinct units of sound used by speakers of a language. Despite their origins in picture-writing, Chinese characters are no longer ideographs capable of representing ideas directly; their comprehension relies on the reader's knowledge of the particular language being written. 3051:

Oracle bone inscriptions recorded divinations undertaken to communicate with the spirits of royal ancestors. The inscriptions range from a few characters in length at their shortest, to several dozen at their longest. The Shang king would communicate with his ancestors by means of

1536:, the units of meaning in a language. Writing a language's entire vocabulary requires thousands of different characters. Characters are created according to several different principles, where aspects of both shape and pronunciation may be used to indicate the character's meaning. 4821:

Over time, use of Literary Chinese spread to neighbouring countries, including Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. Alongside other aspects of Chinese culture, local elites adopted writing for record-keeping, histories, and official communications, forming what is sometimes called the

6682:. Across Chinese-speaking polities, mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore use simplified characters, while Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau use traditional characters. In general, Chinese and Japanese readers can successfully identify characters from all three standards. 1775:

character creation that would further expand the lexicon. The process whereby writing emerged from proto-writing took place over a long period; when the purely pictorial use of symbols disappeared, leaving only those representing spoken words, the process was complete.

6531:. Dozens of schemes have been devised for indexing Chinese characters and arranging them in dictionaries, though relatively few have achieved widespread use. Characters may be ordered according to methods based on their meaning, visual structure, or pronunciation. 4830:, and tend to function differently from one another. Reading systems were devised to enable non-Chinese speakers to interpret Literary Chinese texts in terms of their native language, a phenomenon that has been variously described as either a form of diglossia, as 2429:

The phonetic components of most compounds may only provide an approximate pronunciation, even before subsequent sound shifts in the spoken language. Some characters may only have the same initial or final sound of a syllable in common with phonetic components. A

3835:(220–266); he is often called the "father of regular script". The earliest surviving writing in regular script comprises copies of Zhong Yao's work, including at least one copy by Wang Xizhi. Characteristics of regular script include the 'pause' ( 3021:) was first documented in 1899, after specimens were discovered being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, with the symbols carved into them identified as early character forms. By 1928, the source of the bones had been traced to a village near 2276:

go so far as to deny that any compound ideographs were devised in antiquity, maintaining that secondary readings that are now lost are responsible for the apparent absence of phonetic indicators, but their arguments have been rejected by other scholars.

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promulgated in 1964. The majority of these characters were drawn from conventional abbreviations or ancient forms with fewer strokes. The committee also sought to reduce the total number of characters in use by merging some forms together. For example,

6840:(1898–1976) ordered the formation of a Script Reform Committee, with subgroups investigating both simplification and alphabetisation. The simplification subgroup began surveying and collating simplified forms the following year, ultimately publishing a 2071:, which sometimes displace the character's original sense. When this process results in excessive ambiguity between distinct senses written with the same character, it is usually resolved by new compounds being derived to represent particular senses. 3181:

As early as the Shang, the oracle bone script existed as a simplified form alongside another that was used in bamboo books, in addition to elaborate pictorial forms often used in clan emblems. These other forms have been preserved in what is called

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Character input methods may also be based on form, using the shape of characters and existing rules of handwriting to assign unique codes to each character, potentially increasing the speed of typing. Popular form-based input methods include

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Following the introduction of Literary Chinese, characters were later adapted to write many non-Chinese languages spoken throughout the Sinosphere. These new writing systems used characters to write both native vocabulary and the numerous

2656:('large') should be classified as pictographs or indicatives. However, awareness of the 'six writings' model has remained a common component of character literacy, and often serves as a tool for students memorising characters. 2494:

The phenomenon of existing characters being adapted to write other words with similar pronunciations was necessary in the initial development of Chinese writing, and has remained common throughout its subsequent history. Some loangraphs

3623:; 'orderly cursive'), sometimes known in English as 'clerical cursive', 'ancient cursive', or 'draft cursive'. Some attribute this name to the fact that the style was considered more orderly than a later form referred to as 4131:) emerge via several processes. Variant forms have distinct structures, but represent the same morpheme; as such, they can be considered instances of the same underlying character. This is comparable to visually distinct double-storey 1670:. In addition, each invented characters for local use. In written Korean and Vietnamese, Chinese characters have largely been replaced with alphabets, leaving Japanese as the only major non-Chinese language still written using them. 2520:

Loangraphs are also used to write words borrowed from other languages, such as the Buddhist terminology introduced to China in antiquity, as well as contemporary non-Chinese words and names. For example, each character in the name

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first invented in 1907 to represent the sounds of Standard Chinese; both use forms graphically derived from Chinese characters. Other scripts within China that have adapted some characters but are otherwise distinct include the

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Between the 10th and 13th centuries, dynasties founded by non-Han peoples in northern China also created scripts for their languages that were inspired by Chinese characters, but did not use them directly: these included the

12131:. [In the highest antiquity, government was carried on successfully by the use of knotted cords (to preserve the memory of things). In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these written characters and bonds.] 2109:('down')—these characters were originally written as dots placed above and below a line, and later evolved into their present forms with less potential for graphical ambiguity in context. More complex indicatives include 3929:

is now written with five strokes instead of eight, and a system of five basic stroke types is commonly employed in analysis—with certain compound strokes treated as sequences of basic strokes made in a single motion.

11446:. Early China Special Monograph Series. Vol. 4. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. 4898:

shifts that increased the number of homophones. The most common process of Chinese word formation after the Classical period has been to create compounds of existing words. Words have also been created by appending

2613:). In its postface, Xu analyses what he sees as all the methods by which characters are created. Later authors iterated upon Xu's analysis, developing a categorisation scheme known as the 'six writings' ( 2224: 1811:. Morphemes in Chinese—and therefore the characters used to write them—are nearly always a single syllable in length. In some special cases, characters may denote non-morphemic syllables as well; due to this, 6558:) introduced what would ultimately become the predominant method of organisation used by later character dictionaries, whereby characters are grouped according to certain visually prominent components called 7122:

simplified characters—including 49 that differed from those in the PRC, which were ultimately removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted the revisions made in mainland China in 1986.

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Each character of a text is written within a uniform square allotted for it. As part of the evolution from seal script into clerical script, character components became regularised as discrete series of

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styles. Song typefaces are broadly within the tradition of historical Chinese print; both names for the style refer to eras regarded as high points for printing in the Sinosphere. While type during the

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that varied by region. Over time, sound mergers created ambiguities in vernacular speech as more words became homophonic. This ambiguity was often reduced through the introduction of multi-syllable

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Various innovations were required for Chinese characters to emerge from proto-writing. Firstly, pictographs became distinct from simple pictures in use and appearance: for example, the pictograph

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encompassing existing characters that have been borrowed to write other words. Qiu also acknowledges the existence of character classes that fall outside of these principles, such as pure signs.

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that are written in a fixed order. Methods of writing characters have historically included being carved into stone, being inked with a brush onto silk, bamboo, or paper, and being printed using

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Many traditional examples of compound ideographs are now believed to have actually originated as phono-semantic compounds, made obscure by subsequent changes in pronunciation. For example, the

4522:(960–1279) generally resembled the regular script style of a particular calligrapher, most modern Song typefaces are intended for general purpose use and emphasise neutrality in their design. 10066:["渾" added to kanji usable in personal names; Ministry of Justice enacts revised Family Registration Law Enforcement Regulations following judicial ruling, totaling 863 characters]. 5373:

loaned from Chinese, as well as the corresponding native synonyms. Most kanji were subject to both borrowing processes, and as a result have both Sino-Japanese and native readings, known as

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organisation. In clerical and regular script, individual strokes traditionally belong to one of eight categories according to their technique and graphemic function. In what is known as the

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Singapore's Ministry of Education promulgated three successive rounds of simplifications: the first round in 1969 included 502 simplified characters, and the second round in 1974 included

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Chinese characters are accepted as representing one of four independent inventions of writing in human history. In each instance, writing evolved from a system using two distinct types of

3633:; 'modern cursive'), which had first emerged during the Jin and was influenced by semi-cursive and regular script. This later form was exemplified by the work of figures like 11695:

Tong, Xiuli; Liu, Phil D.; McBride-Chang, Catherine (2009). "Metalinguistic and Subcharacter Skills in Chinese Literacy Acquisition". In Wood, Clare Patricia; Connelly, Vincent (eds.).

10997:. Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Vol. 3. Translated by King, Ross; Burge, Marjorie; Park, Si Nae; Lushchenko, Alexey; Hattori, Mina. Brill. 2648:

is problematic, failing to fully capture the nature of Chinese writing, both in the present, as well as at the time Xu was writing. Traditional Chinese lexicography as embodied in the

12025:. Pathways to Advanced Skills (in English and Chinese). Vol. 8. Translated by Zhang Liqing (张立青). Columbus: National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University. 3820:), based on clerical and semi-cursive forms, is the predominant form in which characters are written and printed. Its innovations have traditionally been credited to the calligrapher 4293: 6673:

Attempts to reform and standardise the use of characters—including aspects of form, stroke order, and pronunciation—have been undertaken by states throughout history. Thousands of

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Chinese characters are predominantly input on computers using a standard keyboard. Many input methods (IMEs) are phonetic, where typists enter characters according to schemes like

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From the earliest inscriptions until the 20th century, texts were generally laid out vertically—with characters written from top to bottom in columns, arranged from right to left.

2366:. This component serves a semantic function in each example, indicating the character has some meaning related to water. The remainder of each character is its phonetic component: 4906:, and by borrowing words from other languages. While multi-syllable words are generally written with one character per syllable, abbreviations are occasionally used. For example, 1571:(202 BCE – 220 CE), abstracted the forms of characters—obscuring their pictographic origins in favour of making them easier to write. Following the Han, 1878:), which are often independent characters in their own right, adjusted to occupy a given position in the compound. Components within a character may serve a specific function: 6965:. Inconsistent use of different variant forms was discouraged, and lists of characters to be taught to students at each grade level were developed. The first of these was the 4670:—named after the mythological inventor of writing—in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Often, unnecessary parts are omitted from the encoding according to predictable rules. For example, 6257:. Following the end of colonial rule in 1954, the Vietnamese alphabet has been sole official writing system in Vietnam, and is used exclusively in Vietnamese-language media. 1805:, which are graphemes that represent units of meaning in a language. Specifically, characters represent the smallest units of meaning in a language, which are referred to as 12793: 2678:

Diagram comparing the abstraction of pictographs in cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Chinese characters – from an 1870 publication by French Egyptologist

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has suggested implausible etymologies for some characters. Moreover, several categories are considered to be ill-defined: for example, it is unclear whether characters like

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in oracle bone script. The simpler form remained in use as a loangraph meaning 'to say'; it was replaced in its original sense of 'cloud' with a form that added a semantic

13338: 4850:. Characters may have native readings, Sino-Xenic readings, or both. Comparison of Sino-Xenic vocabulary across the Sinosphere has been useful in the reconstruction of 2486:

pronunciations of these characters were similar, but the phonetic component no longer serves as a useful hint for their pronunciation due to subsequent sound shifts.

5776:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Korean was written either using a mixed script of hangul and hanja, or only using hangul. Following the end of the 3456:) had emerged based on the vulgar form developed within Qin, often called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical". The proto-clerical script evolved gradually; by the 2505:; 'borrowing') are introduced to represent words previously lacking another written form—this is often the case with abstract grammatical particles such as 1850:

dictionary. More recent models have analysed the methods used to create characters, how characters are structured, and how they function in a given writing system.

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Chinese characters have also been repurposed phonetically to transcribe the sounds of non-Chinese languages. For example, the only manuscripts of the 13th-century

12312: 6932: 1298: 6602:. Some modern dictionaries arrange character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling, while also providing a traditional radical-based index. 14040: 12822: 7080:

characters. A 2013 textbook appears to integrate the use of hanja in secondary school education. It has been estimated that North Korean students learn around

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Study of these bronze inscriptions has revealed that the mainstream script underwent slow, gradual evolution during the late Shang, which continued during the

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comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. The

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According to analyses of mainland Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, Japanese, and Korean sources, the total number of characters in the modern lexicon is around

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comprises all the characters created using the same phonetic component, which may have diverged significantly in their pronunciations over time. For example,

7128: 7094: 4250: 3845:) technique used to end horizontal strokes, as well as heavy tails on diagonal strokes made going down and to the right. It developed further during the 3516:). By the end of the Han, this had become the dominant script used by scribes, though clerical script remained in use for formal works, such as engraved 1230: 10757:

Denecke, Wiebke (2014). "Worlds Without Translation: Premodern East Asia and the Power of Character Scripts". In Bermann, Sandra; Porter, Catherine (eds.).

1504: 3714:; 'running script') can be identified during the late Han, with its development stemming from a cursive form of neo-clerical script. Liu Desheng ( 13847: 13837: 4826:. Excepting hypotheses by some linguists of the latter two sharing a common ancestor, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese each belong to different 4412:

to be mastered by Chinese scholars, considered to be an artful means of expressing thoughts and teachings. Chinese calligraphy typically makes use of an

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emerged as the result of cursive influence on clerical script, and has been the primary style used for characters since. Informed by a long tradition of

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dynasties (1644–1912) led to considerable standardisation in character forms, which prefigured later script reforms during the 20th century. This print

3200:. These differences in technique generally resulted in character forms that were less angular in appearance than their oracle bone script counterparts. 6895: 4806:

in pre-modern Europe. While it was not static over time, Literary Chinese retained many properties of spoken Old Chinese. Informed by the local spoken

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After World War II, the Japanese government instituted its own program of orthographic reforms. Some characters were assigned simplified forms called

1756:, meaning 'large', was originally a picture of a large man, but one would need to be aware of its specific meaning in order to interpret the sequence 15115: 14599: 13842: 13601: 13149: 6909: 6833: 1222: 3609:) was in use as early as 24 BCE, synthesising elements of the vulgar writing that had originated in Qin with flowing cursive brushwork. By the 3064:

divinations, it is widely believed that writing was also used for other purposes during the Shang, but that the media used in other contexts—likely

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to describe identically shaped characters with different meanings that emerge via processes other than semantic extension. An example homograph is

1905:—having only semantic, phonetic, and form components respectively, as well as classes corresponding to each combination of component types. Of the 1943:

describing all characters whose forms are wholly related to their meaning, regardless of the method by which the meaning was originally depicted,

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in style, but evolved over time as writing spread across China. Numerous attempts have been made to reform the script, including the promotion of

15525: 15515: 15105: 15100: 15095: 6945:

in the Noto Serif typeface family. From left to right: forms used in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (top), and in Japan and Korea (bottom)

6705:

the following year. The early Republican era (1912–1949) was characterised by growing social and political discontent that erupted into the 1919

5766:) in 1443, it was not adopted by the Korean literati and was relegated to use in glosses for Literary Chinese texts until the late 19th century. 3007:

carried out by the Shang royal house. Contemporaneous inscriptions in a related but distinct style were also made on ritual bronze vessels. This

1799:—which may include characters, numerals, or punctuation—as well as the rules by which they are used to record language. Chinese characters are 6496:

of three to four thousand characters; for specialists in fields like literature or history, this figure may be between five and six thousand.

17241: 15530: 6849: 1286: 1241: 6547:) organised the Chinese lexicon into 16 semantic categories, as well as 3 describing abstract characters such as grammatical particles. The 6198:

characters are phono-semantic compounds corresponding to spoken Vietnamese syllables. Another technique with no equivalent in China created

3853:(344–386). However, most Jin-era writers continued to use neo-clerical and semi-cursive styles in their daily writing. It was not until the 1465: 14674: 13923: 13161: 5621:; 'Japanese sword'), with a pronunciation corresponding to that in Chinese at the time of borrowing. Prior to the universal adoption of 12550: 6764:(CCP). In 1935, the Republican government published the first official list of simplified characters, comprising 324 forms collated by 5332: 1925: 1844:

attempting to explain and refine their use; for most of history, analysis revolved around a model first popularised in the 2nd-century

12350: 17273: 6678:

some simplifications distinct from those adopted in China. Orthodox forms that have not undergone simplification are referred to as

3346:

in 221 BCE, the Qin small seal script was standardised for use throughout the entire country under the direction of Chancellor

13125: 13113: 6844:

in 1956. In 1958, Zhou Enlai announced the government's intent to focus on simplification, as opposed to replacing characters with

3170:, a bronze ritual basin bearing inscriptions describing the deeds and virtues of the first seven Zhou kings – dated 2966: 2268:, but modern analyses instead identify it as a phono-semantic compound—though with disagreement as to which component is phonetic. 1497: 5000:, but reflect the vocabulary of other spoken varieties. The most complete example of an orthography based on a variety other than 13137: 12629: 6841: 2641:; 'reversed and refocused'); however, its definition is unclear, and it is generally disregarded by modern scholars. 14221: 11207:

Louis, François (2003). "Written Ornament: Ornamental Writing: Birdscript of the Early Han Dynasty and the Art of Enchanting".

10718: 4513:) typefaces—with "Song" generally used with simplified Chinese typefaces, and "Ming" with others—broadly correspond to Western 329: 16463: 11760: 6289:. While little is known about its early development, a tradition of vernacular Zhuang writing likely first emerged during the 1886:

components indicate some element of the character's meaning. Components that serve neither function may be classified as pure

18343: 14592: 13460: 12483: 12464: 12445: 12423: 12385: 12363: 12336: 12251: 12030: 11984: 11928: 11905: 11886: 11867: 11844: 11821: 11749: 11725: 11706: 11685: 11666: 11591: 11568: 11493: 11474: 11451: 11429: 11407: 11385: 11366: 11330: 11311: 11292: 11270: 11248: 11197: 11134: 11115: 11096: 11073: 11046: 11024: 11002: 10979: 10949: 10903: 10876: 10855: 10833: 10812: 10788: 10766: 10747: 10728: 10707: 10688: 10666: 10647: 10625: 10571: 10548: 10525: 10474: 10455: 10429: 10398: 10347: 10323: 6881: 6632: 6343: 288: 16912: 6756:(mid-18th century). At this time, character simplification and phonetic writing were being discussed within both the ruling 6273:

have been written with scripts using both borrowed and locally created characters. The most well-documented of these is the

14271: 10446:——— (2011). "Literacy and the Emergence of Writing in China". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). 5184: 4784: 2431: 1249: 16349: 14661: 14113: 5577:

While characters used to write Chinese are monosyllabic, many kanji have multi-syllable readings. For example, the kanji

4612:. Adapting these technologies for use with a writing system comprising thousands of distinct characters was non-trivial. 3470:). Bamboo slips discovered during the late 20th century point to this maturation being completed during the reign of 2733:

were used to keep records prior to the invention of writing. Works that reference the practice include chapter 80 of the

1490: 333: 14885: 12185: 11424:] (in Chinese). Peking University Modern Chinese Language Teaching and Research Office, The Commercial Press. 2004. 11261:; Tong, Xiuhong; Mo, Jianhong (2015). "Developmental Dyslexia in Chinese". In Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.). 2685:

The broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical

2561:, whose meaning merely derives from their having a fixed and distinct form. Basic examples of pure signs are found with 11527:

Shang, Guowen; Zhao, Shouhui (2017). "Standardising the Chinese language in Singapore: Issues of Policy and Practice".

6247:

was highly complex, and the literacy rate among the Vietnamese population never exceeded 5%. Both Literary Chinese and

1666:. Each of these written vernaculars used existing characters to write the language's native vocabulary, as well as the 6520:

in different styles. From right to left: seal script, clerical script, regular script, Song type, and sans-serif type.

5363:—the Japanese term for Literary Chinese writing—began employing a system of reading techniques and annotations called 2674: 18111: 18097: 18067: 17206: 6702: 4329:

The earliest attested Chinese characters were carved into bone, or marked using a stylus in clay moulds used to cast

10615: 3502:(25–220 CE), a simplified and easier form of clerical script appeared, which Qiu terms 'neo-clerical' ( 3250:), as well as the regional forms used in non-Qin states. Examples of these styles were preserved as variants in the 18329: 17046: 16443: 14585: 5080: 4811: 4430: 1784: 1378: 1338: 1141: 14890: 10153: 4858:

that began in 111 BCE. By the 15th century, a system that adapted characters to write Vietnamese called

16769: 16030: 14193: 7027: 6832:

The project of script reform in China was ultimately inherited by the Communists, who resumed work following the

6733:, as well as on the existing body of vernacular literature authored over the preceding centuries, which included 6192:

script had likely emerged by the 13th century, and was initially used to record Vietnamese folk literature. Some

5526:

are equivalent to those used by Chinese-original characters, though most are ideographic compounds. For example,

2669: 9731: 18336: 16902: 16541: 12900: 12543: 6660: 5325: 4876: 3904:). Strokes can be considered both the basic unit of handwriting, as well as the writing system's basic unit of 2067:

Pictographs have often been extended from their original meanings to take on additional layers of metaphor and

870: 582: 372: 61: 6605:

Before the invention of romanisation systems for Chinese, the pronunciation of characters was transmitted via

18518: 17011: 16536: 15594: 14509: 13963: 11739: 10611: 6656: 6447: 6354: 2627:), which identifies every character with one of six categories that had previously been mentioned in the 651: 358: 65: 15873: 12097:. [I would make the people return to the use of knotted cords (instead of the written characters).] 11656: 4943:

that diverged in pronunciation but remained written with the same character. However, Qiu reserves the term

4741:, each distinct graph is assigned a number in the standard, but specifying its appearance or the particular 4333:. Characters have also been incised into stone, or written in ink onto slips of silk, wood, and bamboo. The 3795: 1749:, because the techniques they used were insufficient to carry the meaning of spoken language by themselves. 18322: 18301: 15589: 15364: 14880: 14656: 14568: 14479: 14003: 12181: 5448:, which slowly replaced the earlier convention. Modern Japanese retains the use of kanji to represent most 3854: 3339: 1864: 1148: 4802:

language in China until the 20th century. Its use in the Sinosphere was loosely analogous to that of

18508: 18202: 18181: 16861: 16856: 16551: 16453: 14975: 14666: 14484: 14356: 14281: 13938: 6464: 6075: 5733:

period (918–1392), Korean writers developed a system of phonetic annotations for Literary Chinese called

4838:, where mutual literacy allowed speakers of different languages to engage in face-to-face conversations. 3850: 3077: 1793:

throughout history. The concept of a writing system includes both the written symbols themselves, called

1049: 447: 12187:

Urh-chih-tsze-tëen-se-yin-pe-keáou: Being a Parallel Drawn Between the Two Intended Chinese Dictionaries

4923:

Sometimes, different morphemes come to be represented by characters with identical shapes. For example,

18442: 18269: 16866: 16433: 15846: 14907: 14526: 14499: 14376: 14288: 14035: 14015: 6772:(1887–1939). However, strong opposition within the party resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. 6710: 6595: 6578:

used a system of 540 radicals, while subsequent dictionaries have generally used fewer. The set of 214

6560: 6516: 6476: 6323: 4997: 4855: 4793:. Most characters correspond to morphemes that originally functioned as stand-alone Old Chinese words. 4716: 4525: 4079: 3592: 2776: 1478: 1371: 1165: 1125: 1087: 1035: 668: 515: 15599: 14917: 12056: 11744:. Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series. Vol. 85. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5418:(1868–1912), writers used certain kanji to represent their sound values instead, in a system known as 4337:

for use as a writing medium occurred during the 1st century CE, and is traditionally credited to

2354:; 'slippery'). Each of these characters have three short strokes on their left-hand side: 16519: 16241: 15794: 15381: 14078: 12776: 12536: 11395: 10967: 10913: 6694:(1886–1941) formally proposed the adoption of simplified characters in education for the first time. 6669:

The first official list of simplified character forms, published in 1935 and including 324 characters

5318: 5297: 5262: 4780: 4761: 3886: 3878: 3610: 2749:. According to one tradition, Chinese characters were invented during the 3rd millennium BCE by 1674: 1153: 990: 978: 944: 559: 150: 12002: 11768:(PhD thesis). University of Arizona Graduate College of Second Language Acquisition & Teaching. 11304:

The Grammar of Chinese Characters: Productive Knowledge of Formal Patterns in an Orthographic System

5470:

are visually distinct from one another, owing in large part to different methods of simplification:

3869:

using regular script, which contributed to the prevalence of both throughout later Chinese history.

18513: 18019: 18005: 17310: 15893: 15696: 14912: 14452: 14437: 14427: 14141: 12513: – Comprehensive character dictionary, including examples of Classical Chinese usage 11361:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V:1 (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10959: 7102:

traditional characters. The Ministry of Education also compiles dictionaries of characters used in

6752: 6358:, featuring Chinese characters used to transcribe Mongolian and glosses to the right of each column 5713:. Literary Chinese may have been written in Korea as early as the 2nd century BCE. During the 5370: 5268: 5247: 4851: 4746: 3953:

at the top of characters. The order in which components are drawn within a character is fixed. The

3933:

Characters are constructed according to predictable visual patterns. Some components have distinct

3925:; 'eternity'), which can be written with one stroke of each type. In ordinary writing, 3909: 1540: 17624: 15040: 11323:

Language of Tomorrow: Towards a Transcultural Visual Communication System in a Posthuman Condition

9719: 6253:

fell out of use during the French colonial period, and were gradually replaced by the Latin-based

4707:; the system may prioritize which candidate should appear first based on the surrounding context. 4689:

Contextual constraints may be used to improve candidate character selection. When ignoring tones,

18528: 18308: 17336: 16293: 15970: 15949: 15829: 15809: 15641: 15312: 15216: 14693: 14651: 14608: 14464: 12703: 12237: 10582: 6761: 6687: 6488: 6482: 5399: 5093: 5054: 4731:

While special text encodings for Chinese characters were introduced prior to its popularisation,

3081: 3065: 2730: 1890:

with no particular meaning, other than their presence distinguishing one character from another.

1667: 14457: 14306: 11644:——— (2015b). "Sublexical Processes for Reading Chinese Characters, Neurolinguistic Studies". In 11144:

Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2021).

7076:

distinct characters, and in the 1990s North Korean school children were still expected to learn

5458:

syllabograms are generally used for grammatical affixes, particles, and loanwords. The forms of

4439: 2969:

Ox scapula inscribed with characters recording the result of divinations – dated

2097:, are visual representations of abstract concepts that lack any tangible form. Examples include 17026: 15965: 15955: 15888: 15398: 14831: 14398: 14241: 12839: 11181: 10776: 10334: 10061: 8457: 7036: 6926: 6734: 6679: 6643: 5726: 5714: 4815: 4757: 4726: 4330: 4114: 3197: 3160: 1596: 1308: 1293: 1209: 12003:"The Family of Chinese Character-Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Development)" 10802: 10409: 10037: 9651: 4197:

on the right. As part of the Qin programme to standardise small seal script across China, the

4084: 2573:('eight'), whose forms do not give visual hints to the quantities they represent. 18410: 18315: 18104: 18053: 17513: 17435: 17199: 17138: 17123: 16692: 16571: 16313: 16273: 16005: 15681: 14865: 14853: 14826: 14811: 14393: 14316: 14030: 14008: 12763: 12596: 12167: 11556: 11150: 10823: 10484: 10417: 7222: 7156: 6674: 5395:

were borrowed into Japanese at different points in time from different varieties of Chinese.

5389:

respectively. Moreover, kanji may have multiple readings of either kind. Distinct classes of

4847: 4625: 4434: 3428: 3233: 3034: 2665: 1580: 1281: 1110: 1072: 1027: 884: 17118: 16323: 12380:. Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Vol. 5. Brill. 10871:. Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Vol. 1. Brill. 8645: 6186:) are first attested in an inscription dated to 1209 made at the site of a pagoda. A mature 3196:), where inscriptions were made using a stylus in a clay mould, which was then used to cast 3060:

used by later calligraphers had already been established for many characters by this point.

1836:

The areas where Chinese characters were historically used—sometimes collectively termed the

1685:. Technologies invented since the 19th century allowing for wider use of characters include 18174: 17925: 17602: 17098: 16753: 16717: 16122: 16045: 15878: 15626: 15616: 15455: 15438: 14754: 14161: 14129: 13958: 13083: 12578: 12433: 12324: 12128: 12094: 11159: 10990: 10798: 7275: 7212: 7200: 6599: 6505: 6492:. Studies of Chinese-language literacy suggest that literate individuals generally have an 6334:. Each of these languages are now written with Latin-based alphabets in official contexts. 5680:

still corresponded to specific Japanese words. Some are still in use: the official list of

5254: 5191: 4884: 4733: 4667: 4643: 4621: 4592:

Before computers became ubiquitous, earlier electro-mechanical communications devices like

4587: 4260: 4158:

For example, prior to the Qin dynasty the character meaning 'bright' was written as either

3858: 930: 11680:. Studies in Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 14 (Rev. ed.). John Benjamins. 10850:] (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). Nanning: Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House. 1989. 10205: 7001:

characters. The Japanese government restricts characters that may be used in names to the

3460:(202 BCE – 220 CE), it had arrived at a mature form, also called 8: 17001: 16897: 16619: 16142: 14848: 14405: 14371: 14206: 14173: 14020: 13948: 13865: 13706: 13701: 13455: 13265: 12771: 12058:

Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes

10226: 7233: 6893:

simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised

6848:, which had been introduced earlier that year. The 1956 scheme was largely ratified by a 6739: 6706: 6619:; 'reverse cut') method, where each entry lists a common character with the same 6368: 6364: 6254: 4391: 4274: 4256: 3697: 2980:

The oldest attested Chinese writing comprises a body of inscriptions produced during the

1631: 1442: 1437: 1092: 738: 311: 209: 137: 15164: 11163: 5196: 3637:(303–361), who is often regarded as the most important calligrapher in Chinese history. 1893:

A straightforward structural classification scheme may consist of three pure classes of

18523: 18160: 18137: 17771: 17660: 17650: 17542: 17485: 17471: 17428: 17133: 17016: 16851: 16743: 16702: 16656: 16651: 16546: 16196: 16127: 16092: 16040: 15853: 15841: 15252: 15174: 15075: 14630: 14521: 14351: 14236: 14134: 14068: 14063: 13953: 13943: 13569: 13547: 13440: 13248: 13243: 13166: 13154: 13142: 13130: 13118: 12642: 12411: 12195: 12191: 11735: 11515: 11336: 11280: 11224: 11012: 10925: 10882: 10598: 10564:

Research on the Qin Writing System: Through the Lens of the History of Writing in China

10422:

The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC

10377: 6819:

Comparison between character forms, showing systematic simplification of the component

6452: 6311: 5411: 5283: 4738: 4451: 4264: 3008: 2836: 1714: 1678: 1651: 1044: 618: 610: 17393: 17051: 5717:

period (57 BCE – 668 CE), characters were also used to write

4454:

was invented in China between the 6th and 9th centuries, followed by the invention of

4203:

form was promoted. Some scribes ignored this, and continued to write the character as

2165:('bright'), interpreted as the juxtaposition of the two brightest objects in the sky: 637: 18283: 18276: 18012: 17998: 17910: 17799: 17709: 17688: 17667: 17595: 17527: 17386: 17344: 17296: 17031: 17021: 16666: 16661: 16566: 16561: 16468: 16423: 16246: 16226: 16216: 16206: 16201: 16137: 16132: 16060: 15995: 15980: 15930: 15925: 15868: 15804: 15762: 15604: 15490: 15413: 14929: 14924: 14801: 14432: 14422: 14301: 14266: 14121: 14073: 14025: 13792: 13645: 13579: 13435: 13420: 13091: 13068: 13022: 12947: 12873: 12753: 12721: 12675: 12614: 12604: 12569: 12479: 12460: 12441: 12419: 12381: 12359: 12332: 12247: 12108: 12026: 11980: 11955: 11924: 11901: 11882: 11863: 11840: 11817: 11800: 11745: 11721: 11702: 11681: 11662: 11614: 11587: 11564: 11544: 11489: 11470: 11447: 11425: 11403: 11381: 11362: 11352: 11326: 11307: 11288: 11266: 11258: 11244: 11216: 11193: 11130: 11111: 11092: 11069: 11042: 11020: 10998: 10975: 10945: 10899: 10886: 10872: 10851: 10829: 10808: 10784: 10762: 10743: 10724: 10703: 10684: 10662: 10643: 10621: 10590: 10567: 10544: 10537: 10521: 10470: 10451: 10425: 10394: 10343: 10319: 10046:

receives cabinet notice on 30th: to be officially confirmed in cabinet meeting].

7328: 7103: 6765: 6713:

over the subsequent decades. Alongside the corresponding spoken variety now known as

6698: 6606: 6584: 6493: 6468: 6315: 5046: 5005: 4827: 4794: 4476: 4280: 4040: 3471: 3277: 3255: 3215: 2269: 2161:—combine other characters to convey a new, synthetic meaning. A canonical example is 1820: 1623: 1556: 1102: 1067: 1062: 694: 499: 491: 127: 122: 9515: 7059:

characters. The list has been expanded several times since; as of 2022, it includes

7008: 6451:

that have survived from the medieval era use characters in this manner to write the

5113: 2991: – 1050 BCE), with the very earliest examples from the reign of 1924:) presents three principles of character function adapted from earlier proposals by 18417: 18355: 18248: 18209: 18195: 18153: 18028: 17974: 17955: 17889: 17881: 17867: 17860: 17785: 17581: 17556: 17492: 17464: 17379: 17365: 17282: 17255: 17192: 17103: 17006: 16828: 16671: 16298: 16278: 16268: 16263: 16147: 15903: 15836: 15824: 15789: 15784: 15767: 15706: 15671: 15631: 15433: 15428: 15376: 15327: 15211: 15145: 15085: 15035: 14980: 14897: 14875: 14860: 14806: 14796: 14730: 14538: 14058: 13933: 13797: 13787: 13772: 13718: 13640: 13591: 13552: 13501: 13415: 13367: 13351: 13231: 13191: 13186: 13073: 13027: 12973: 12968: 12958: 12952: 12781: 12726: 12711: 12587: 12559: 12209: 12152: 11972: 11947: 11792: 11769: 11606: 11536: 11503: 11167: 11061: 10963: 10916:(1951). "The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols". 10436: 10369: 10357: 9458: 6730: 6714: 6319: 6282: 6086: 5304: 5273: 5229: 5001: 4961:). In the 20th century, this character was created again with the meaning ' 4798: 4789:

Writing first emerged during the historical stage of the Chinese language known as

4334: 3866: 2813: 2726: 2562: 2558: 2273: 1741: 1659: 1615: 406: 323: 142: 18255: 17450: 17076: 16727: 16097: 12271: 11540: 11380:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. VII:1. Cambridge University Press. 10440: 10373: 5421: 5158: 2957: 1404: 18475: 18468: 18241: 17933: 17874: 17820: 17813: 17792: 17778: 17762: 17740: 17695: 17588: 17563: 17535: 17520: 17443: 17421: 17414: 17372: 17332: 17303: 16991: 16961: 16784: 16707: 16473: 16403: 16308: 16256: 16236: 16172: 16162: 16152: 16117: 16082: 16077: 16072: 15985: 15940: 15935: 15819: 15814: 15661: 15651: 15505: 15470: 15465: 15445: 15339: 15297: 15237: 15120: 15090: 15000: 14960: 14902: 14836: 14816: 14764: 14747: 14735: 14489: 14469: 14366: 14326: 14311: 14050: 13900: 13890: 13870: 13827: 13822: 13688: 13652: 13635: 13625: 13564: 13382: 13318: 13260: 13208: 13203: 13105: 13001: 12996: 12905: 12852: 12847: 12827: 12812: 12807: 12748: 12743: 12733: 12716: 12688: 12660: 12637: 12241: 11696: 11356: 10937: 10635: 8089: 7355: 6983: 6970: 6726: 6620: 6301: 6270: 5777: 5681: 5103: 5088: 4722: 4574: 4548:) in Japanese. Sans-serif strokes are rendered as simple lines of even thickness. 3439: 3366: 3038: 2181:, together expressing their shared quality of brightness. Other examples include 1812: 1745:

representing concepts only by shared convention. These systems are classified as

1627: 1564: 1529: 1525: 1259: 1082: 1000: 806: 665: 477: 132: 16438: 15621: 12399: 10617:

Handbook of Korean Vocabulary: A Resource for Word Recognition and Comprehension

5118: 5098: 4396: 4377: 2781:

Collections of graphs and pictures have been discovered at the sites of several

1330: 18456: 18378: 18262: 18146: 18126: 18035: 17903: 17834: 17733: 17681: 17674: 17506: 17499: 17478: 17457: 17358: 17351: 17158: 17113: 17041: 17036: 16887: 16871: 16846: 16789: 16779: 16774: 16614: 16488: 16448: 16418: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16328: 16303: 16251: 16191: 16157: 16107: 16055: 16020: 15975: 15945: 15898: 15858: 15757: 15711: 15666: 15584: 15520: 15475: 15460: 15423: 15403: 15371: 15359: 15307: 15302: 15292: 15282: 15277: 15194: 15179: 15169: 15135: 15125: 15070: 15055: 15020: 14870: 14774: 14722: 14612: 14543: 14533: 14504: 14494: 14211: 14183: 13895: 13880: 13782: 13733: 13728: 13713: 13657: 13596: 13478: 13450: 13430: 13377: 13346: 13323: 13313: 13308: 13270: 13253: 13198: 13063: 13045: 12963: 12937: 12878: 12798: 12786: 12738: 12693: 12683: 12609: 12395: 12352:

Orthography of Early Chinese Writing: Evidence from Newly Excavated Manuscripts

12320: 11998: 11610: 11348: 11034: 10676: 7178: 7072:

Korean education: a 1971 textbook for university history departments contained

6937: 6579: 6415: 6410: 6388: 6376: 4880: 4737:

is the predominant text encoding worldwide. According to the philosophy of the

4494: 3803: 3734: 3525: 3521: 2754: 2679: 1816: 1790: 1698: 1686: 1618:, characters were often adapted to write local languages spoken throughout the 1584: 1572: 1429: 1191: 1120: 1097: 715: 708: 691: 461: 199: 33: 19:"Hanzi" redirects here. For the Chinese philosopher also known as "Hanzi", see 16588: 13914: 11951: 11146:"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China" 9418: 8629: 6873:

component. The simplified forms of these two characters have been merged into

6175: 6128: 6069: 4983:

as the phonetic component, but the words represented by each are not related.

4861: 4600:

were originally designed for use with alphabets, often by means of alphabetic

3068:—were less durable than bronzes or oracle bones, and have not been preserved. 2995:

dated between 1250 and 1200 BCE. Many of these inscriptions were made on

2513: 2507: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2052: 2046: 2040: 1645: 1015: 787: 305: 18502: 18385: 18234: 18167: 18090: 18060: 17918: 17896: 17827: 17723: 17702: 17549: 17407: 17325: 17318: 17289: 17248: 17163: 17153: 17148: 16935: 16629: 16288: 16231: 15883: 15656: 15540: 15495: 15450: 15418: 15267: 15184: 15157: 15130: 15060: 15045: 15030: 14985: 14742: 14344: 14156: 14151: 13723: 13667: 13662: 13630: 13617: 13493: 13445: 13372: 13328: 13218: 13055: 12978: 12817: 12665: 12652: 12503: – Reference glyphs, readings, and meanings for characters in 12500: 12346: 12286: 11994: 11959: 11804: 11618: 11548: 11220: 10594: 10413: 9863: 7107: 6769: 6636: 6439: 6419: 6372: 6331: 6080: 6024: 5984: 5944: 5904: 5864: 5824: 4903: 4601: 4455: 4444: 3183: 3164: 2587: 2064:('clear sky'), it can still be analysed as a semantic component. 1930: 1846: 1746: 1710: 1682: 1548: 552: 273: 219: 172: 15204: 11340: 9611: 9547: 8609: 6717:, this written vernacular was promoted by intellectuals and writers such as 5633:

readings matching the syllables in the loanword. These spellings are called

3342:

of the other Chinese states that culminated in the founding of the imperial

18492: 18451: 17841: 17806: 17747: 17234: 16996: 16892: 16805: 16697: 16598: 16408: 16221: 16186: 16167: 16102: 15990: 15752: 15676: 15485: 15480: 15391: 15386: 15322: 15262: 15242: 15199: 15189: 15140: 15025: 15005: 14995: 14843: 14821: 14779: 14577: 14216: 14166: 13542: 13425: 13398: 12942: 12932: 12519: – Character lookup by orthography, phonology, and etymology 12080: 12076: 11185: 6845: 6435: 6427: 6348: 6327: 6290: 5075: 4519: 4463: 4462:(972–1051) during the 11th century. The increasing use of print during the 4418: 4270: 3954: 3229: 3204: 3057: 3053: 2786: 2735: 2466:; 'route') are part of the phonetic series of characters using 1936: 1841: 1694: 1576: 1158: 764: 627: 413: 279: 16050: 12143: 11796: 11762:

Semantic vs. Phonetic Decoding Strategies in Non-Native Readers of Chinese

10942:

Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze-Age China

7136:

traditional characters used in elementary and junior secondary education.

7035:

characters meant to be learned by secondary school students. In 1991, the

6690:

tailored to a specific spoken variety. In 1909, the educator and linguist

1579:, states using Chinese characters have standardised their forms: broadly, 18480: 18424: 18188: 18119: 17400: 17091: 16951: 16712: 16556: 16413: 16318: 16087: 16015: 16000: 15908: 15701: 15611: 15510: 15500: 15354: 15317: 15272: 15257: 15232: 15152: 15080: 15065: 14769: 14361: 14335: 14231: 14201: 14178: 14146: 13885: 13875: 13679: 13574: 13559: 13522: 13470: 13291: 13282: 13178: 13017: 12892: 12619: 12124: 12090: 11969:

Chinese Grammatology: Script Revolution and Literary Modernity, 1916–1958

10336:

Long Story of Short Forms: The Evolution of Simplified Chinese Characters

9290: 8904: 7296: 6266: 5384: 5352: 4790: 4663: 4471: 3862: 3857:(420–589) that regular script became the predominant form. The system of 3846: 3520:. Qiu describes neo-clerical as a transitional form between clerical and 3499: 3457: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3343: 3085: 2996: 2483: 1568: 1560: 1057: 684: 531: 389: 12510: 11774: 11519: 11172: 11145: 10866: 10602: 9262: 7961: 6960: 6510: 4818:, which comprise much of the vocabulary in modern varieties of Chinese. 1314: 17081: 17056: 16624: 16067: 15557: 15552: 15408: 15349: 14990: 13777: 13751: 13517: 13483: 12988: 12915: 11228: 10995:

Literary Sinitic and East Asia: A Cultural Sphere of Vernacular Reading

10962:(2010). "Early Chinese Literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In 10929: 10342:. Stockholm East Asian Monographs. Vol. 11. Stockholm University. 8477: 6837: 6757: 6623:

as the character in question, alongside one with the same final sound.

6423: 6384: 5720: 5376: 5143: 4823: 4807: 4605: 4597: 4486:('old character shapes'). Printed Chinese characters may use different 4482: 3799:

A page from a Song-era publication printed using a regular script style

3634: 3268:), a term which has fallen out of favour due to its lack of precision. 3004: 2981: 2068: 2025: 1837: 1690: 1619: 1552: 1357: 1182: 1175: 508: 11976: 11065: 10842: 10381: 10287: 8377: 7487: 7361: 6913:

was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of

5432:

were graphically simplified to create two distinct syllabaries called

3937:

when occupying specific positions within a character—for example, the

1761: 1758: 18392: 18371: 18364: 17143: 16980: 16676: 16643: 16478: 16369: 15918: 15646: 15562: 15287: 14226: 13977: 13968: 13696: 13586: 13238: 13226: 13037: 12868: 12457:

Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern

12233: 12156: 11439: 11236: 10170: 8733: 8709: 8661: 8117: 7519: 7263: 6952: 6691: 6431: 6155: 5449: 5415: 5224: 4846:

each language had borrowed from Chinese, collectively referred to as

4835: 4742: 4593: 4413: 4409: 3905: 3821: 3214: – 256 BCE) until assuming the form now known as 2782: 2699:), the "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical 2532: 1914: 1801: 1731: 1720: 1604: 1588: 1521: 575: 239: 224: 24: 17086: 11127:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

10702:. Contributions to the Sociology of Language. Vol. 19. Mouton. 8880: 6594:(1615). Character dictionaries have historically been indexed using 5171: 5163: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 1650:

respectively. Writing traditions also emerged for some of the other

18463: 17108: 17071: 17066: 16946: 16907: 16748: 16507: 16392: 16283: 16025: 15913: 15863: 15734: 15247: 15050: 15010: 14791: 14784: 14635: 14516: 14102: 13743: 12924: 12528: 10585:(2002). "The Representation of Cantonese with Chinese Characters". 9342: 8920: 8353: 7921: 7188: 7098:

was published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education in 1982, and lists

6701:

toppled the Qing dynasty, and resulted in the establishment of the

6392: 5443: 5435: 5219: 5150: 5138: 5018:; 'to not have'), derived by removing two strokes from 4962: 4843: 4639: 4635: 4562: 4487: 4459: 3998: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 2931: 2911: 2891: 2871: 2851: 2038:), representational pictures of physical objects. Examples include 1824: 1807: 1795: 1592: 1533: 1457: 1418: 1411: 1115: 596: 427: 194: 17128: 14548: 11586:] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. 11506:; Chen Zhiqun (陳志群) (2013). "The Reality of Compound Ideographs". 11469:] (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. 9823: 7977: 7706: 7571: 6803: 6785: 6380: 6300:

Chinese government encouraging its replacement with a Latin-based

4971:). Both of these characters are phono-semantic compounds with 4749:(BMP) represents the standard's 2 smallest code points. Of these, 4745:

used is a choice made by the engine rendering the text. Unicode's

3986: 1452: 214: 17215: 16722: 16593: 16483: 16458: 16344: 16181: 16035: 16010: 15779: 15686: 15334: 14948: 14759: 14415: 14095: 13982: 13811: 13407: 12114: 11898:

Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911

11058:

Codes of Modernity: Chinese Scripts in the Global Information Age

9671: 9639: 6722: 6286: 6276: 5770:

characters were invented to write Korean words; these are called

5747:

in Japan, though it only entered widespread use during the later

5736: 4940: 4889: 4369: 4338: 3832: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3000: 2992: 2805: 2801: 2750: 2745: 2599: 2008: 1882:

components provide a hint for the character's pronunciation, and

1829: 1663: 1655: 818: 720: 634: 317: 255: 20: 11017:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide

10516:———, ed. (2020). "The Three Kingdoms Period". 10210:[A look at North Korea’s "Literary Chinese" textbooks]. 9775: 9223: 8721: 7459: 5402:

is a mixed script, and has also incorporated syllabaries called

4012: 3151: 1991: 18216: 15960: 15772: 15691: 15636: 15344: 15015: 14474: 14276: 12476:

Studies in Colloquial Chinese and Its History: Dialect and Text

10231:["Learn up to 3000 characters, but don't write them"]. 10098: 8995: 7503: 7168: 6718: 6611: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5730: 5725:, a form of Korean-language literature that mostly made use of 5515: 5358: 4955:, which originally meant 'weight used at a steelyard' ( 4631: 4065: 4026: 3517: 3483: 3033:, the final Shang capital—which was excavated by a team led by 3022: 1600: 1544: 1347: 833: 10868:

Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script

10391:

The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System

10110: 9990: 9252: 9250: 8856: 7905: 7770: 7666: 7638: 7331:

pronunciation; the word is pronounced in modern Vietnamese as

6107: Borrowed characters representing native Vietnamese words 4916:; 'twenty') may be written as the contracted form 4674:('border') is encoded using the Cangjie method as 4054: 1974: 699: 32:"Chinese character" redirects here. For the moth species, see 16583: 16578: 16428: 16211: 16112: 15799: 14710: 13987: 12416:

The Chinese Computer: A Global History of the Information Age

12072: 9151: 8573: 8497: 8169: 7869: 7809: 7443: 6590: 6084:

The first two lines of the 19th-century Vietnamese epic poem

5772: 5704: 5636: 5627:, loanwords were typically written with unrelated kanji with 5068: 5037: 4899: 4803: 4609: 4514: 4401: 3915:, calligraphers practice their technique using the character 3347: 3030: 3026: 2809: 2790: 1771: 1724: 1639: 1635: 1608: 1010: 1005: 907: 847: 673: 656: 642: 11783:

Xue, Shiqi (1982). "Chinese Lexicography Past and Present".

11321:

Nawar, Haytham (2020). "Transculturalism and Posthumanism".

11091:] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Peking University Press. 10134: 10018: 9563: 8585: 8561: 8317: 6665: 6101: Borrowed characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words 4099:(left) is used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The simplified form 3254:. Historically, Zhou forms were collectively referred to as 17061: 16956: 12061:(in French). Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion. p. 243. 11376:———; Harbsmeier, Christoph, eds. (1998). 10974:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. 10924:(3/4). Cambridge, MA: Harvard–Yenching Institute: 433–492. 10316:

Beyond Sinology: Chinese Writing and the Scripts of Culture

9932: 9930: 9851: 9394: 9370: 9247: 9199: 9187: 9067: 8985: 8983: 8944: 8365: 7857: 7415: 6536: 5512:. Characters invented for Japanese-language use are called 5405: 5131: 4467: 3965: 2740: 2576: 1397: 204: 11938:

Zhao, Liming (1998). "Nüshu: Chinese Women's Characters".

9839: 9575: 9446: 9434: 9278: 9211: 9091: 9031: 8956: 8185: 8157: 8133: 7893: 7833: 7734: 7722: 7535: 4760:, a designation comprising characters used in each of the 4088:

Variants of the Chinese character for 'turtle', collected

12522: 12020:

The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts

11635:

Lee, Chia-Ying (2015a). "Neurolinguistics, Overview". In

11561:

Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels

10518:

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture

10251: 9903: 8798: 8796: 8597: 7937: 7628: 7626: 4297:

Ordinary handwriting on a lunch menu in Hong Kong. Here,

4103:(not pictured) is used in China, and the simplified form 615: 601: 587: 541: 10186: 9978: 9966: 9954: 9927: 9879: 9683: 9406: 9330: 9306: 9163: 9079: 9007: 8980: 8868: 8844: 8537: 8053: 8029: 8017: 7758: 6887:

Chart of Generally Utilised Characters of Modern Chinese

3271: 3232:. Other scripts in use during the late Zhou include the 520: 55: 12507:, with information about the history of Han unification 12313:

Bibliography of the Chinese language and writing system

12123:] (in Literary Chinese and English). Translated by 12089:] (in Literary Chinese and English). Translated by 11603:

Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Online

10074: 9627: 9503: 9382: 9127: 9019: 8781: 8757: 8513: 8397: 8041: 7949: 7587: 7547: 6933:

Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters

3831: – 230), who was living in the state of 2644:

Modern scholars agree that the theory presented in the

1789:

Chinese characters have been used in several different

12329:

Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems

11862:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Fudan University Press. 10505:

Zhang Xiaoheng (张小衡). "Computational Linguistics". In

10006: 9763: 8968: 8793: 8697: 8685: 8433: 8341: 8329: 8305: 8293: 8281: 7845: 7623: 7611: 7204: 7009: 7002: 6992: 6984: 6971: 6958: 6950: 6709:, catalysing the replacement of Literary Chinese with 5742: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5669: 5657: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5602: 5596: 5595:. In different contexts, it can also be read with the 5590: 5584: 5539: 5533: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5419: 5403: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5364: 5356: 5346: 4367: 4236: 4230: 4216: 4215:

was followed by the proliferation of a third variant:

4210: 4204: 4198: 4179: 4165: 4159: 949: 935: 18440: 11839:] (in Chinese). Beijing Normal University Press. 11678:

Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese

11529:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

10086: 9891: 9695: 9599: 9587: 9358: 9318: 9139: 9115: 9103: 9055: 9043: 8832: 8808: 7799: 7797: 7599: 7129:

List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters

7095:

Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters

4251:

Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts

4150: 3438: – 221 BCE), an immature form of 1543:

made during the 13th century BCE in what is now

496: 482: 466: 452: 432: 418: 12516: 11694: 10263: 10239: 10122: 9799: 9751: 9728:, The Brain Network for Chinese Language Processing. 9535: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9235: 8886: 8525: 8269: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8105: 8005: 7993: 7881: 7821: 7782: 7682: 7654: 7559: 7475: 7431: 7226: 7216: 7050: 6842:

draft scheme of simplified characters and components

6486:, as well as surname dictionaries like the Song-era 6050: 6037: 6010: 5997: 5970: 5957: 5930: 5917: 5890: 5877: 5850: 5837: 5787: 5734: 5718: 4986:

There are a number of 'dialect characters' (

2252:('trust') as an ideographic compound of 1673:

At the most basic level, characters are composed of

1551:

royal house. Character forms were originally highly

889: 875: 12440:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 12246:. South San Francisco, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 12238:"Standard Annex #38: Unicode Han Database (Unihan)" 9942: 9811: 8932: 8409: 5345:In Japanese, Chinese characters are referred to as 4307:) is being used as an unofficial short form of 3955:

order in which the strokes of a component are drawn

1528:and others from regions historically influenced by 564: 11940:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 11785:Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 11626:Ho, Connie Suk-Han. "Dyslexia, Developmental". In 11039:Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia 10536: 10467:The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language 10450:. University of Washington Press. pp. 51–84. 10275: 9915: 9787: 8892: 8820: 8769: 8673: 8421: 7794: 7746: 7367: 7160: 6896:List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese 4870: 4854:. Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam during the 2757:. Cangjie is said to have invented symbols called 2720: 11923:] (in Chinese). Beijing: The Language Press. 11915:Zhang Xiaoheng (张小衡); Li Xiaotong (李笑通) (2013). 11698:Contemporary Perspectives on Reading and Spelling 11416: 11375: 10825:The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet 9707: 9665: 9621: 9491: 9474: 9175: 8745: 8651: 8467: 8257: 8245: 8145: 8077: 8065: 7694: 7391: 6910:List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters 4764:. As of version 16.0, Unicode defines a total of 4400:Chinese calligraphy of mixed styles by Song poet 4109:(top row; third from the right) is used in Japan. 3849:(317–420) in the hands of Wang Xizhi and his son 1739:visually depicting objects or concepts, or fixed 1547:, Henan, as part of divinations conducted by the 18500: 12180: 10424:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–123. 8549: 8445: 8233: 7332: 6352:Excerpt from a 1908 edition of the 13th-century 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6114: 6091: 4893:Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters 4859: 4559:) imitate a handwritten style of regular script. 4490:, of which there are four broad classes in use: 4375: 1858:Most characters can be analysed structurally as 1643: 792: 303: 12438:Middle Chinese: A Study in Historical Phonology 10609: 10587:Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 10116: 7403: 7379: 7016:whose use are historically prevalent in names. 6588:(1716), but originally appeared in the earlier 6379:. This has occurred in other contexts as well: 4317:; 'meal') by omitting the latter's 4229:on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 769: 743: 11011: 8359: 7126:The Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau's 6978:list published in 1946, later replaced by the 6834:proclamation of the People's Republic of China 6598:, where characters are grouped by radical and 6337: 5663: 5643: 5609: 5578: 5564: 5553: 5527: 4933:) or the extended sense of 'row' ( 4573:), called "Song" in Japan, correspond to semi- 4543: 4104: 2185:('rest'), composed of pictographs 912: 17200: 14593: 12544: 11257: 10496:Yin, John Jing-hua. "Chinese Characters". In 9737: 6775: 6650: 6514:The first four characters of the 6th-century 5476:were derived from smaller components of each 5326: 4698: 4679: 3861:for the civil service established during the 2937: 2917: 2897: 2877: 2857: 1498: 377: 363: 14607: 14343: 12400:"Polysyllabic Characters in Chinese Writing" 12375:Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of 12041: 11675: 11563:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11347: 10944:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10821: 10543:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10539:Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics 10393:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society. 10214:(in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 14 March 2014. 10140: 10024: 9781: 9745: 9557: 9525: 9272: 9229: 8727: 8715: 8667: 8655: 8635: 7899: 7875: 7084:hanja by the time they graduate university. 7044: 6458: 6305: 6294: 6274: 6044: 6031: 6004: 5991: 5964: 5951: 5924: 5911: 5884: 5871: 5844: 5831: 5781: 4774: 4650:('Hong Kong') could be input as 4064: 4053: 4039: 4025: 4011: 3997: 3985: 2482:), a literary first-person pronoun. The 2223: 852: 838: 315: 12432: 12278:Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan 11879:The Chinese Lexicon: A Comprehensive Survey 11658:Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960 11555: 11502: 10700:Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam 10580: 9157: 8191: 7776: 7740: 7362:Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House 1989 7113: 5709:In Korean, Chinese characters are known as 5506:for some moras were derived from different 4797:is the form of written Chinese used in the 4710: 4278: 4095:from printed sources. The traditional form 3865:(581–618) required test takers to write in 3531: 2285: 1170: 23:. For the anthology attributed to him, see 17207: 17193: 14600: 14586: 14564: 14334: 12551: 12537: 12295:]. Taiwan Ministry of Education. 2023. 12280:]. Taiwan Ministry of Education. 2024. 12232: 11676:Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin (2014) . 11263:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 11143: 10781:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 10656: 10063:人名用漢字に「渾」追加司法判断を受け法務省改正戸籍法施行規則を施行、計863字に 8099: 7815: 6997:kanji were expanded to include a total of 6688:replacement of characters with an alphabet 5805: 5333: 5319: 3984: 3003:or turtle plastrons—and recorded official 1505: 1491: 12331:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 12319: 11773: 11734: 11715: 11701:. New York: Routledge. pp. 202–221. 11526: 11171: 11110:. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. 10936: 10898:. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. 10723:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 10716: 10697: 10675: 10620:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 10297: 10257: 9857: 9521: 9412: 9376: 9073: 8874: 8862: 8623: 8163: 8139: 8127: 7839: 6600:sorted within each group by stroke number 5755:alphabet was invented by the Joseon king 4424: 4408:Calligraphy was traditionally one of the 4147:forms both representing the Latin letter 3968:Sequence and placement of the strokes in 1614:After being introduced in order to write 12410: 12345: 12214:. The Unicode Consortium. 22 August 2019 11895: 11758: 11279: 11089:Concise and Practical Chinese Characters 11055: 11033: 10681:Nationalism and Language Reform in China 9677: 9645: 9581: 9569: 9509: 9388: 9025: 8989: 8962: 8914: 8787: 8739: 7827: 7632: 7529: 7193: 7041:Table of Hanja for Use in Personal Names 6936: 6664: 6509: 6347: 6314:written with Chinese characters include 6079: 5426:. Starting in the 9th century, specific 5024: 5014: 4888: 4438: 4395: 4292: 4285:, due to their more discretised shapes. 4083: 3949:on the right side of characters, but as 3794: 3613:, the Han cursive style became known as 2673: 2557:Some characters and components are pure 2478: 2462: 2446: 2232:illustrated as its component characters 250:, Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja) 18534:Writing systems without word boundaries 14259: 12473: 12054: 11971:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11854:Yin Jiming (殷寄明); et al. (2007). 11645: 11636: 11627: 11600: 11584:Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters 11180: 11060:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10797: 10756: 10737: 10634: 10318:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10313: 10293: 9701: 9553: 9424: 9256: 9205: 9193: 8950: 8639: 8111: 8035: 7605: 7497: 7183: 6217:; 'Moon') was created as a compound of 5662:spelling of 'America', now rendered as 5488:were derived from the cursive forms of 3048:oracle bone fragments have been found. 1947:that include a phonetic component, and 334:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 18501: 12474:Simmons, Richard VanNess, ed. (2022). 12358:. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University. 12236:; Cook, Richard, eds. (31 July 2024). 11811: 11483: 11394: 10893: 10864: 10720:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy 10332: 10192: 10180: 10176: 10155:乻(땅이름 늘)·賏(목치장 영)... ‘인명용 한자’ 40자 추가된다 10104: 10092: 9897: 9689: 9661: 9593: 9464: 9452: 9440: 9428: 9400: 9364: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9300: 9296: 9284: 9268: 9217: 9169: 9145: 9121: 9109: 9097: 9085: 9061: 9037: 9013: 9001: 8974: 8926: 8910: 8850: 8619: 8603: 8519: 8483: 8391: 8047: 7999: 7987: 7971: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7927: 7915: 7887: 7788: 7712: 7676: 7525: 7481: 7469: 7453: 7421: 7373: 7007:kanji, plus an additional list of 983 5414:, rather than morphemes. Prior to the 4939:): these morphemes are ultimately 4678:, which corresponds to the components 4241:became the character's standard form. 3958:components they enclose. For example, 2549:; 'delicious enjoyable'). 2130: 1853: 617: 498: 18344:American Printing House for the Blind 18120:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 17772:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 17188: 16978: 16933: 16826: 16505: 16390: 15732: 14946: 14708: 14691: 14581: 12532: 12071: 11966: 11914: 11320: 11301: 11235: 11206: 10775: 10566:] (in Chinese). Academia Sinica. 10504: 10448:Writing & Literacy in Early China 10445: 10407: 10388: 10356: 10245: 10128: 10080: 9909: 9869: 9748:, pp. 150–151, 346–349, 393–394. 9049: 8838: 8814: 8763: 8679: 8543: 8491: 8275: 8251: 8175: 8095: 8059: 7764: 7553: 7513: 6957:; the older forms were then labelled 6907:less common characters. In 2013, the 6882:second round of simplified characters 6861:('cloud') was written as 6633:functional magnetic resonance imaging 6344:Transcription into Chinese characters 5808: 5802: 5674:used solely for their pronunciation, 4927:may represent either 'road' ( 4581: 4288: 4073: 3979: 3528:period (220–280 CE) and beyond. 3272:Qin unification and small seal script 3041:between 1928 and 1937. To date, over 2830: 16827: 12558: 12394: 12372: 12243:The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0 12141: 12017: 11993: 11937: 11830: 11643: 11634: 10958: 10912: 10557: 10534: 10515: 10506: 10497: 10488: 10483: 10464: 10269: 10000: 9996: 9984: 9972: 9960: 9948: 9936: 9885: 9873: 9845: 9829: 9805: 9769: 9757: 9725: 9713: 9657: 9541: 9497: 9485: 9468: 8579: 8507: 8487: 8471: 8415: 8239: 8179: 8151: 8123: 7648: 7593: 6119:representing native Vietnamese words 5494:in their entirety. In addition, the 4996:) that are not used in standard 4785:Adoption of Chinese literary culture 1819:. Logographs may be contrasted with 1250:Standard Form of National Characters 109:Top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left 17214: 12454: 11876: 11853: 11782: 11654: 11460: 11438: 10988: 10848:Dictionary of the Old Zhuang Script 10761:. Oxford: Wiley. pp. 204–216. 10495: 10281: 10224: 9817: 9633: 9352: 9133: 8938: 8898: 8591: 8567: 8531: 8439: 8427: 8403: 8387: 8371: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8299: 8287: 8263: 8227: 8215: 8203: 8083: 8071: 8023: 8011: 7983: 7967: 7911: 7863: 7851: 7803: 7752: 7728: 7716: 7700: 7688: 7672: 7660: 7644: 7617: 7577: 7565: 7541: 7493: 7465: 7449: 7437: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7146: 6889:was published in 1988 and included 6626: 5410:to represent phonetic units called 2591:is a character dictionary authored 2376:) is pronounced identically to 1766:represented are no longer obvious. 13: 16934: 12306: 11921:Handbook of the YES Sorting Method 11625: 11577: 11124: 11105: 11082: 10918:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 10759:A Companion to Translation Studies 10225:Kim Mi-young (김미영) (4 June 2001). 10012: 9921: 9833: 9793: 9741: 9617: 9605: 9529: 9241: 9181: 8887:Tong, Liu & McBride-Chang 2009 8826: 8802: 8775: 8751: 8703: 8691: 8615: 8555: 8503: 8463: 8451: 8383: 7581: 7509: 7425: 6574:; 'section headers'). The 6310:remains in use. Other non-Sinitic 6260: 5797:Example Korean dictionary listings 5607:, such as in the Chinese loanword 5355:(710–794), readers and writers of 5008:. A common Cantonese character is 4209:. However, the increased usage of 3524:which remained in use through the 3360: 2205:('good'), composed of 2024:Most of the oldest characters are 1967:Graphical evolution of pictographs 1668:loanwords it borrowed from Chinese 1634:, Chinese characters are known as 1539:The first attested characters are 14: 18545: 12494: 12151:(in Literary Chinese). Tokyo. 2. 11896:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008). 11718:Introduction to Classical Chinese 11285:The Chinese Typewriter: A History 10822:Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011) . 10360:(1986). "Early Chinese Writing". 10070:(in Japanese). 25 September 2017. 6725:(1891–1962). It was based on the 6293:(618–907). Modern scholarship on 5538:; 'mountain pass') is a compound 5520:. The methods employed to create 4528:are called 'black form' ( 4348:). There are numerous styles, or 4273:are generally not indicated with 3962:is drawn in the following order: 3728: 2416:) is pronounced similarly to 2396:) is pronounced similarly to 2358:, a simplified combining form of 1778: 1567:, which had matured by the early 18486: 18474: 18462: 18450: 14563: 14041:Literary and colloquial readings 13913: 12260: 12226: 12202: 12174: 11812:Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008). 10640:The Writing Systems of the World 10218: 10198: 10146: 10054: 10050:(in Japanese). 24 November 2010. 10030: 7321: 6941:Regional forms of the character 6802: 6784: 5045: 4812:literary and colloquial readings 4615: 4431:History of printing in East Asia 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3150: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 2956: 2930: 2910: 2890: 2870: 2850: 2007: 1990: 1973: 1954: 1785:Chinese character classification 1339:Literary and colloquial readings 977: 54: 16979: 12511:Chinese Text Project Dictionary 12135: 12101: 12065: 12048: 11461:——— (2013). 11325:. Intellect. pp. 130–155. 11108:Chinese Writing and Calligraphy 11015:; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014). 10661:. Routledge. pp. 167–168. 10160:Hanja for Use in Personal Names 7311: 7161: 7152: 7028:Basic Hanja for Educational Use 6942: 6866: 6820: 6499: 5761: 5545: 4980: 4972: 4952: 4948: 4924: 4871:Literary and vernacular Chinese 4542:) in Chinese and 'Gothic' ( 4318: 4222: 4190: 4171: 3969: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3476: 3071: 2808:(6th millennium BCE), and 2721:Traditional invention narrative 2670:History of the Chinese language 2359: 2355: 2261: 2253: 2214: 2206: 2194: 2186: 2174: 2166: 1757: 1753: 721: 700: 674: 657: 643: 616: 602: 588: 565: 542: 521: 60:"Chinese character" written in 14673:Languages by writing system / 12478:. Hong Kong University Press. 12018:——— (2003). 11661:. Cambridge University Press. 11508:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 11488:. Princeton University Press. 11402:. Cambridge University Press. 11192:. Cambridge University Press. 11019:. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. 10783:. Cambridge University Press. 10740:The Origins of Chinese Writing 10717:——— (1984). 10698:——— (1977). 10408:——— (1999). 10389:——— (1994). 10306: 10166:(in Korean). 26 December 2021. 7252: 7173: 7066: 7019: 6874: 6810: 6792: 6661:Traditional Chinese characters 6570: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6265:Several minority languages of 6231: 6219: 6207: 6182: 6168: 6150: 6136: 6124:Chinese characters are called 5751:period (1392–1897). While the 4992: 4979:as the semantic component and 4967: 4957: 4935: 4929: 4912: 4877:Reconstructions of Old Chinese 4810:, texts were read aloud using 4694: 4690: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4552: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4385: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4313: 4303: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4100: 4096: 3921: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3841: 3836: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3629: 3619: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3466: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3264: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3224: 3192: 3029:—discovered to be the site of 3017: 2763: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2637: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2501: 2472: 2456: 2440: 2422: 2412: 2402: 2392: 2382: 2372: 2350: 2340: 2330: 2320: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2280: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2034: 1959: 1874: 1704: 1526:to write the Chinese languages 1242:Nan Min Recommended Characters 950: 936: 890: 876: 793: 497: 483: 467: 453: 434: 433: 419: 378: 364: 1: 18112:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 18068:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 16506: 16391: 15733: 11814:Handbook of Chinese Mythology 11741:Chinese History: A New Manual 11541:10.1080/01434632.2016.1201091 10659:Writing Systems and Phonetics 10558:Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) (2003). 10441:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.004 10374:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979980 10235:(in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 9666:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998 9622:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998 8652:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998 7344: 7300: 7288: 7279: 7267: 6744: 6657:Simplified Chinese characters 6552: 6541: 6448:Secret History of the Mongols 6355:Secret History of the Mongols 6063: 4089: 3825: 3719: 3432: 3351: 3208: 3171: 2985: 2970: 2817: 2794: 2603: 2592: 2489: 1735:. Ideographs could either be 1583:are used to write Chinese in 770: 89: 18323:National Braille Association 18302:Braille Institute of America 18020:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 14947: 14569:List of varieties of Chinese 12418:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12184:; Montucci, Antonio (1817). 11287:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 8929:, pp. 28, 69, 126, 169. 8742:, pp. 280–282, 293–297. 7349: 7292: 13th century BCE 7287:Chinese characters emerging 7055:), which initially included 6760:(KMT) party, as well as the 6438:, and the syllabary for the 6096:and the Vietnamese alphabet 4343: 4113:Over a character's history, 3872: 3855:Northern and Southern period 2770: 2753:, a scribe of the legendary 2743: II" commentary to the 2344:; 'surge'), and 1919: 1827:, which generally represent 93: 13th century BCE 7: 18203:Refreshable braille display 18182:Optical braille recognition 17779:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 17311:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 16454:New Epoch Notation Painting 11900:. Oxford University Press. 11816:. Oxford University Press. 11720:. Oxford University Press. 11601:Sybesma, Rint, ed. (2015). 11578:Su Peicheng (苏培成) (2014). 11265:. Oxford University Press. 11241:CJKV Information Processing 11041:. Oxford University Press. 10896:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 10894:Hannas, William C. (1997). 10742:. Oxford University Press. 10465:Chan, Sin-Wai, ed. (2016). 9738:McBride, Tong & Mo 2015 7227: 7217: 7205: 7051: 7010: 7003: 6993: 6991:list in 1981. In 2010, the 6985: 6972: 6959: 6951: 6545: 3rd century BCE 6465:Chinese character education 6338:Graphically derived scripts 6076:Literary Chinese in Vietnam 6051: 6038: 6011: 5998: 5971: 5958: 5931: 5918: 5891: 5878: 5851: 5838: 5788: 5743: 5735: 5719: 5691: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5658: 5650: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5540: 5534: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5420: 5404: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5365: 5357: 5347: 5031: 4646:for Japanese. For example, 4368: 3498:Around the midpoint of the 3078:Chinese bronze inscriptions 2785:settlements throughout the 2386:) in Standard Chinese, 2155:associative idea characters 2095:self-explanatory characters 1234:(Hong Kong, 2007) 10: 18550: 18270:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 14709: 14527:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 12310: 12293:Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka 11831:Yang Runlu (杨润陆) (2008). 11759:Williams, Clay H. (2010). 11611:10.1163/2210-7363-ecll-all 11484:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 11243:(2nd ed.). O'Reilly. 10487:"Chinese Linguistics". In 8360:Knechtges & Chang 2014 6930: 6924: 6836:in 1949. In 1951, Premier 6776:People's Republic of China 6711:written vernacular Chinese 6654: 6651:Reform and standardisation 6596:radical-and-stroke sorting 6517:Thousand Character Classic 6503: 6477:Thousand Character Classic 6462: 6341: 6073: 6067: 5702: 5035: 4998:written vernacular Chinese 4874: 4856:millennium of Chinese rule 4778: 4720: 4717:Chinese character encoding 4714: 4619: 4585: 4474:, exemplified by the 1716 4428: 4389: 4254: 4248: 4237: 4231: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4180: 4166: 4160: 4080:Variant Chinese characters 4077: 3876: 3732: 3364: 3275: 3075: 2834: 2777:Neolithic symbols in China 2774: 2663: 2659: 2290:Phono-semantic compounds ( 1913:The Chinese palaeographer 1840:—have a long tradition of 1815:is often characterised as 1782: 1718: 1708: 1479:Transliteration of Chinese 1036:Neolithic symbols in China 31: 18: 16:Logographic writing system 18402: 18353: 18293: 18226: 18136: 18082: 18045: 18006:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 17985: 17966: 17947: 17852: 17758: 17719: 17646: 17573: 17272: 17265: 17226: 17184: 16987: 16974: 16942: 16929: 16880: 16839: 16835: 16822: 16798: 16762: 16736: 16685: 16642: 16607: 16527: 16520:Chinese family of scripts 16518: 16514: 16501: 16399: 16386: 16337: 15745: 15741: 15728: 15590:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 15577: 15225: 14968: 14959: 14955: 14942: 14717: 14704: 14700: 14692: 14687: 14675:by first written accounts 14644: 14623: 14619: 14561: 14445: 14414: 14325: 14250: 14192: 14112: 14087: 14049: 13996: 13922: 13911: 13858: 13810: 13765: 13742: 13687: 13678: 13616: 13535: 13510: 13492: 13469: 13406: 13397: 13360: 13337: 13299: 13290: 13281: 13217: 13177: 13104: 13082: 13054: 13036: 13010: 12987: 12923: 12914: 12891: 12861: 12838: 12762: 12702: 12674: 12651: 12628: 12595: 12586: 12577: 12566: 12042:Primary and media sources 11952:10.1515/ijsl.1998.129.127 11837:Modern Chinese Characters 11711:– via Google Books. 11371:– via Google Books. 10838:– via Google Books. 10817:– via Google Books. 10657:Cruttenden, Alan (2021). 10630:– via Google Books. 10434:– via Google Books. 10042:[The amended list of 9467:, pp. 231, 234–235; 8326:, pp. 113, 139, 466. 7970:, pp. 153–154, 161; 7087: 7045: 7031:in 1972, which specified 6862: 6858: 6616: 6565: 6459:Literacy and lexicography 6306: 6295: 6275: 6249: 6243: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6174: 6161: 6143: 6127: 6115: 6092: 6045: 6032: 6023: 6021: 6005: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5965: 5952: 5943: 5941: 5925: 5912: 5903: 5901: 5885: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5845: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5782: 5698: 5664: 5644: 5610: 5579: 5565: 5554: 5528: 5019: 5009: 4987: 4917: 4907: 4860: 4781:Chinese family of scripts 4775:Vocabulary and adaptation 4762:Chinese family of scripts 4756:(or 32%) are assigned to 4704: 4699: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4544: 4308: 4298: 4244: 4105: 4049: 4035: 4021: 4007: 3993: 3976: 3926: 3916: 3879:Chinese character strokes 3715: 3624: 3614: 3461: 3259: 3219: 3187: 3012: 2938: 2918: 2898: 2878: 2858: 2758: 2690: 2653: 2632: 2570: 2569:('five') and 2566: 2522: 2512: 2506: 2496: 2467: 2451: 2450:; 'tea') and 2435: 2417: 2407: 2397: 2387: 2377: 2367: 2345: 2335: 2334:; 'stream'), 2325: 2315: 2305: 2249: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2202: 2182: 2162: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2029: 2014: 1997: 1980: 1869: 1658:script used to write the 1644: 991:Chinese family of scripts 961: 943: 929: 924: 920: 913: 906: 901: 883: 869: 864: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 827: 817: 805: 800: 786: 763: 737: 732: 714: 707: 690: 683: 664: 650: 633: 626: 609: 595: 581: 574: 558: 551: 537: 530: 514: 507: 490: 476: 460: 446: 426: 412: 405: 400: 396: 385: 371: 357: 352: 348: 343: 322:characters used to write 316: 310:characters used to write 304: 271: 261: 254: 238: 233: 185: 164: 159: 116: 99: 95: – present 83: 73: 53: 47: 17993:Chinese semi-syllabaries 17256:Unicode braille patterns 17242:International uniformity 15697:Thomas Natural Shorthand 12373:King, Ross, ed. (2023). 12341:– via pinyin.info. 12287: 12272: 12147: 12115: 12109: 12081: 12055:Maspero, Gaston (1870). 12022: 11916: 11855: 11832: 11579: 11462: 11417: 11190:The Archaeology of China 11084: 11083:Li Dasui (李大遂) (2013). 10843: 10559: 10314:Bachner, Andrea (2014). 10227: 10206: 10154: 10141:Taylor & Taylor 2014 10107:, pp. 65–66, 69–72. 10062: 10039:改定常用漢字表、30日に内閣告示閣議で正式決定 10038: 10025:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9876:, pp. 70–74, 80–82. 9782:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9746:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9680:, pp. 145, 400–401. 9648:, pp. 100–103, 203. 9558:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9526:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9471:, pp. 140–142, 151. 9273:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9230:Taylor & Taylor 2014 9004:, pp. 124–125, 133. 8728:Needham & Tsien 2001 8718:, pp. 146–147, 159. 8716:Needham & Tsien 2001 8670:, pp. 23–25, 38–41. 8668:Needham & Tsien 2001 8656:Taylor & Taylor 2014 8636:Taylor & Taylor 2014 8594:, pp. 297–300, 373. 8582:, pp. 57–60, 63–65. 8570:, pp. 204–215, 373. 8466:, pp. 54, 196–197; 8374:, pp. 113, 139–142. 8098:, pp. 74, 107–108; 7876:Taylor & Taylor 2014 7866:, pp. 273–274, 302. 7139: 7114:Other regional standards 6920: 6753:Dream of the Red Chamber 5371:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 4852:Middle Chinese phonology 4747:Basic Multilingual Plane 4711:Encoding and interchange 4703:are both transcribed as 4577:in the Western paradigm. 3532:Cursive and semi-cursive 3481:). This process, called 2552: 2314:; 'river'), 2286:Phono-semantic compounds 2017:('elephant') 2000:('mountain') 1541:oracle bone inscriptions 1231:Commonly-Used Characters 1223:Commonly Used Characters 744: 373:Traditional Chinese 18330:Blindness organizations 18309:Braille Without Borders 18098:Canadian currency marks 17720:Egyptian lineage family 16903:Southwest Paleohispanic 12459:. New York: Riverhead. 12127:. 1899 – via the 11716:Vogelsang, Kai (2021). 11655:Tam, Gina Anne (2020). 11056:Kuzuoğlu, Uluğ (2023). 10777:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 10738:Demattè, Paola (2022). 10581:Cheung Kwan-hin (張系顯); 10535:Chen Ping (陳平) (1999). 10117:Choo & O'Grady 1996 9158:Cheung & Bauer 2002 7777:Sampson & Chen 2013 7741:Sampson & Chen 2013 7731:, pp. 15, 190–202. 7544:, pp. 19, 162–168. 6762:Chinese Communist Party 6582:was popularised by the 6489:Hundred Family Surnames 6483:Three Character Classic 5400:Japanese writing system 4480:, was later dubbed the 4447:, a sans-serif typeface 4115:variant character forms 3082:Bamboo and wooden slips 3066:bamboo and wooden slips 2324:; 'lake'), 2240:positioned side by side 2228:The compound character 1204:Collation and standards 359:Simplified Chinese 17647:Russian lineage family 17047:Great Lakes Algonquian 15956:Greco-Iberian alphabet 15889:Gabelsberger shorthand 14832:Inscriptional Parthian 12211:Technical Introduction 11877:Yip, Po-ching (2000). 11860:Modern Chinese Writing 11557:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 11486:The Languages of China 10418:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 10410:"Language and Writing" 8468:Peking University 2004 7333: 7237: 7037:Supreme Court of Korea 6946: 6927:Japanese script reform 6903:common characters and 6680:traditional characters 6670: 6644:Developmental dyslexia 6521: 6359: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6121: 5727:Sino-Korean vocabulary 4894: 4758:CJK Unified Ideographs 4727:CJK Unified Ideographs 4448: 4425:Printing and typefaces 4405: 4376: 4326: 4279: 4110: 4069: 4058: 4044: 4030: 4016: 4002: 3990: 3800: 3479: 141–87 BCE 2682: 2241: 1597:traditional characters 1466:Slavonic transcription 1309:Japanese script reform 1294:Traditional characters 302:This article contains 283:CJK Unified Ideographs 78:Logographic 18411:Accessible publishing 18337:Schools for the blind 18316:Japan Braille Library 18105:Computer Braille Code 17759:Indian lineage family 17139:Old Persian cuneiform 16006:Carolingian minuscule 14812:Ancient North Arabian 12434:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 12168:National Diet Library 12142:Shao Si (邵思) (1035). 11967:Zhong, Yurou (2019). 11797:10.1353/dic.1982.0009 11302:Myers, James (2019). 10683:. New York: Octagon. 10333:Bökset, Roar (2006). 10258:Shang & Zhao 2017 9848:, pp. xviii–xix. 9832:, pp. xvii–xix; 9431:, pp. 73, 84–87. 8362:, pp. 1257–1259. 8026:, pp. 59–60, 66. 6940: 6931:Further information: 6675:simplified characters 6668: 6513: 6463:Further information: 6383:was a script used by 6351: 6083: 5265: / ISO 3602 4892: 4848:Sino-Xenic vocabulary 4779:Further information: 4666:on the mainland, and 4626:Japanese input method 4620:Further information: 4442: 4435:East Asian typography 4429:Further information: 4399: 4296: 4249:Further information: 4087: 4068: 4057: 4043: 4029: 4015: 4001: 3989: 3945:component appears as 3859:imperial examinations 3798: 3611:Jin dynasty (266–420) 3429:Warring States period 3234:bird-worm seal script 3037:(1896–1979) from the 2677: 2666:Chinese script styles 2664:Further information: 2227: 2135:Compound ideographs ( 1709:Further information: 1581:simplified characters 1282:Simplified characters 18519:Culture of East Asia 18175:Mountbatten Brailler 17530:(largely reassigned) 17313:(largely reassigned) 16862:Southeastern Iberian 16857:Northeastern Iberian 14755:Egyptian hieroglyphs 12505:The Unicode Standard 12129:Chinese Text Project 12113:[Xi Ci II]. 12095:Chinese Text Project 12007:Sino-Platonic Papers 11881:. Psychology Press. 10989:Kin, Bunkyō (2021). 10865:Handel, Zev (2019). 10807:. London: Reaktion. 10804:A History of Writing 10228:'3000자까지 배우되 쓰지는 마라' 9872:, pp. 113–114; 9740:, pp. 688–690; 9678:Yong & Peng 2008 9664:, pp. 170–172; 9646:Yong & Peng 2008 9582:Yong & Peng 2008 9427:, pp. 113–115; 9403:, pp. 145, 150. 9351:, pp. 124–126; 9299:, pp. 112–113; 8865:, pp. xvii–xix. 8740:Yong & Peng 2008 8654:, pp. 175–176; 8638:, pp. 372–373; 8470:, pp. 148–152; 8406:, pp. 113, 149. 7986:, pp. 102–108; 7633:Yong & Peng 2008 7530:Yong & Peng 2008 7283: 3100 BCE 7276:Egyptian hieroglyphs 7271: 3200 BCE 7242:Also referred to as 7213:Revised Romanisation 6506:Chinese dictionaries 5192:Japanese punctuation 4885:Varieties of Chinese 4771:Chinese characters. 4734:The Unicode Standard 4654:using pinyin, or as 4622:Chinese input method 4588:Chinese character IT 4526:Sans-serif typefaces 4261:Japanese punctuation 3910:Eight Principles of 2974: 1200 BCE 2825: 2600 BCE 2798: 6500 BCE 2127:('flat and level'). 1563:(221–206 BCE). 871:Revised Romanization 18127:Nemeth braille code 17913:(reassigned vowels) 17438:(extended to 8-dot) 17012:Canadian Aboriginal 16898:Khitan small script 16620:Khitan large script 15810:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 12412:Mullaney, Thomas S. 12192:Cadell & Davies 12145:Explaining Surnames 11736:Wilkinson, Endymion 11281:Mullaney, Thomas S. 11173:10.1017/RDC.2020.90 11164:2021Radcb..63..155L 11106:Li, Wendan (2009). 11013:Knechtges, David R. 10509:, pp. 420–437. 10491:, pp. 152–184. 10485:Wang, William S.-Y. 10015:, pp. 145–146. 9987:, pp. 196–197. 9975:, pp. 159–160. 9963:, pp. 155–156. 9939:, pp. 154–156. 9912:, pp. 157–158. 9888:, pp. 150–153. 9784:, pp. 117–118. 9636:, pp. 152–153. 9572:, pp. 273–277. 9560:, pp. 110–111. 9455:, pp. 251–252. 9443:, pp. 239–240. 9287:, pp. 88, 102. 9259:, pp. 189–194. 9232:, pp. 275–279. 9220:, pp. 192–196. 9208:, pp. 129–132. 9196:, pp. 122–129. 9136:, pp. 301–302. 9100:, pp. 155–156. 9040:, pp. 136–138. 8953:, pp. 204–216. 8805:, pp. 152–153. 8730:, pp. 201–205. 8706:, pp. 175–179. 8694:, pp. 180–183. 8658:, pp. 374–375. 8546:, pp. 106–116. 8442:, pp. 144–145. 8350:, pp. 130–148. 8338:, pp. 138–139. 8314:, pp. 119–124. 8302:, pp. 59, 119. 8290:, pp. 104–107. 8130:, pp. 681–682. 8112:Liu & Chen 2012 8102:, pp. 155–175. 8062:, pp. 130–138. 7946:, pp. 170–171. 7854:, pp. 261–265. 7818:, pp. 167–168. 7779:, pp. 265–268. 7767:, pp. 104–110. 7719:, pp. 185–187. 7620:, pp. 163–171. 7596:, pp. 147–148. 7584:, pp. 102–111. 7580:, pp. 97–100; 7500:, pp. 104–109. 7052:Inmyeong-yong hanja 6740:Journey to the West 6707:May Fourth Movement 6387:women to write the 6369:Khitan small script 6365:Khitan large script 6255:Vietnamese alphabet 5799: 5351:. Beginning in the 5185:Typographic symbols 4392:Chinese calligraphy 4257:Chinese punctuation 3973: 3698:semi-cursive script 3643:Semi-cursive script 3175: 900 BCE 2999:—usually either ox 2535:'s Chinese name is 2131:Compound ideographs 1983:('Sun') 1854:Structural analysis 1253:(Taiwan, 1982) 1245:(Taiwan, 2009) 739:Vietnamese alphabet 210:Khitan small script 18509:Chinese characters 18161:Braille translator 18138:Braille technology 18114:(science; GS8/GS6) 18083:Symbols in braille 18013:Taiwanese Mandarin 17528:Taiwanese Mandarin 17134:Nwagu Aneke script 16686:Other logosyllabic 16608:Chinese-influenced 16547:Oracle bone script 16529:Chinese characters 16464:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 15854:Eclectic shorthand 15842:Duployan shorthand 15795:Caucasian Albanian 15595:Canadian syllabics 14631:History of writing 14522:Cantonese Bopomofo 14389:Chinese characters 14317:Written Sichuanese 12901:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 12455:Tsu, Jing (2022). 11378:Language and Logic 11358:Paper and Printing 11353:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin 11259:McBride, Catherine 10799:Fischer, Steven R. 9608:, pp. 47, 51. 8913:, pp. 11–12; 8606:, pp. 16, 19. 8506:, pp. 65–66; 8048:Yang & An 2008 7930:, pp. 67–69; 7647:, pp. 44–45; 7556:, pp. 57, 60. 7512:, pp. 56–57; 7496:, pp. 13–15; 7468:, pp. 22–26; 7440:, pp. 11, 16. 7258:Zev Handel lists: 6947: 6899:, which specified 6671: 6556: 100 CE 6522: 6453:Mongolian language 6418:used to write the 6360: 6312:languages of China 6122: 6090:, written in both 5814:Native translation 5795: 4895: 4739:Unicode Consortium 4642:for Cantonese, or 4582:Use with computers 4452:Woodblock printing 4449: 4406: 4346: 121 CE 4335:invention of paper 4327: 4289:Methods of writing 4265:Korean punctuation 4139:and single-storey 4111: 4074:Variant characters 4070: 4059: 4045: 4031: 4017: 4003: 3991: 3966: 3801: 3228:) within the Zhou 3009:oracle bone script 2844:Oracle bone script 2837:Oracle bone script 2831:Oracle bone script 2789:valley, including 2683: 2611: 148 CE 2596: 100 CE 2565:beyond four, e.g. 2242: 2151:logical aggregates 1939:(1911–1966), with 1715:History of writing 1652:languages of China 1518:Chinese characters 1265:(Japan, 2010) 971:Chinese characters 344:Chinese characters 178:Chinese characters 48:Chinese characters 18438: 18437: 18434: 18433: 18356:tactile alphabets 18284:William Bell Wait 18277:Sabriye Tenberken 18078: 18077: 17943: 17942: 17928:(Japanese vowels) 17726:-mediated scripts 17653:-mediated scripts 17180: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17172: 17171: 17032:Ditema tsa Dinoko 16970: 16969: 16925: 16924: 16921: 16920: 16818: 16817: 16814: 16813: 16638: 16637: 16497: 16496: 16382: 16381: 16378: 16377: 15724: 15723: 15720: 15719: 15573: 15572: 14938: 14937: 14925:Teeline Shorthand 14683: 14682: 14575: 14574: 14557: 14556: 14384: 14383: 14302:Written Cantonese 14297: 14296: 14079:Classical grammar 14074:Cantonese grammar 13909: 13908: 13806: 13805: 13612: 13611: 13531: 13530: 13393: 13392: 13100: 13099: 12887: 12886: 12777:Chengdu–Chongqing 12570:Sinitic languages 12523:Chinese Etymology 12485:978-988-8754-09-0 12466:978-0-7352-1472-9 12447:978-0-7748-0192-8 12425:978-0-262-04751-7 12398:(2 August 2011). 12387:978-90-04-43769-2 12365:978-963-463-811-7 12338:978-0-8248-1207-2 12253:978-1-936213-34-4 12032:978-0-87415-349-1 11986:978-0-231-54989-9 11977:10.7312/zhon19262 11930:978-7-80241-670-3 11907:978-0-19-156167-2 11888:978-0-415-15174-0 11869:978-7-309-05525-2 11846:978-7-303-09437-0 11823:978-0-19-533263-6 11751:978-0-674-06715-8 11727:978-0-19-883497-7 11708:978-0-415-49716-9 11687:978-90-272-1794-3 11668:978-1-108-77640-0 11593:978-7-100-10440-1 11570:978-0-520-07028-8 11504:Sampson, Geoffrey 11495:978-0-691-01468-5 11476:978-7-100-09369-9 11453:978-1-55729-071-7 11431:978-7-100-00940-9 11409:978-0-521-29653-3 11387:978-0-521-57143-2 11368:978-0-521-08690-5 11332:978-1-78938-183-2 11313:978-1-138-29081-5 11294:978-0-262-03636-8 11272:978-0-19-026684-4 11250:978-0-596-51447-1 11199:978-0-521-64310-8 11136:978-1-138-90731-7 11117:978-0-8248-3364-0 11098:978-7-301-21958-4 11075:978-0-231-20938-0 11066:10.7312/kuzu20938 11048:978-0-19-251869-9 11026:978-90-04-19240-9 11004:978-90-04-43730-2 10981:978-0-521-85558-7 10964:Chang, Kang-i Sun 10951:978-0-520-02969-9 10905:978-0-8248-1892-0 10878:978-90-04-35222-3 10857:978-7-5363-0614-1 10835:978-1-4443-5985-5 10814:978-1-86189-101-3 10790:978-0-521-43519-2 10768:978-0-470-67189-4 10749:978-0-19-763576-6 10730:978-0-8248-1068-9 10709:978-90-279-7643-7 10690:978-0-374-92095-1 10668:978-1-000-33404-3 10649:978-0-631-18028-9 10627:978-0-8248-1815-9 10573:978-957-671-995-0 10550:978-0-521-64572-0 10527:978-1-138-21115-5 10500:, pp. 51–63. 10476:978-1-317-38249-2 10457:978-0-295-80450-7 10431:978-0-521-47030-8 10400:978-0-940490-78-9 10362:World Archaeology 10358:Boltz, William G. 10349:978-91-628-6832-1 10325:978-0-231-16452-8 10195:, pp. 67–68. 10183:, pp. 66–67. 10158:[乻 · 賏... 40 10083:, pp. 82–84. 9860:, pp. 11–13. 9772:, pp. 60–67. 9692:, pp. 27–28. 9668:, pp. 79–80. 9624:, pp. 65–66. 9584:, pp. 55–58. 9379:, pp. 23–24. 9339:, pp. 75–82. 9315:, pp. 64–66. 9303:, pp. 60–61. 9244:, pp. 78–80. 9172:, pp. 75–77. 9160:, pp. 12–20. 9088:, pp. 86–87. 9076:, pp. 22–23. 9016:, pp. 64–65. 8965:, pp. 72–73. 8917:, pp. 15–16. 8853:, pp. 74–75. 8766:, pp. 23–25. 8534:, pp. 58–59. 8522:, pp. 43–44. 8230:, pp. 76–78. 8218:, pp. 88–89. 8206:, pp. 63–66. 8166:, pp. 46–47. 8142:, pp. 28–42. 8050:, pp. 84–86. 8038:, pp. 79–80. 8014:, pp. 44–45. 7958:, pp. 48–49. 7900:Gnanadesikan 2011 7878:, pp. 30–32. 7842:, pp. 51–52. 7691:, pp. 39–42. 7663:, pp. 18–19. 7568:, pp. 14–18. 7532:, pp. 95–98. 7329:Middle Vietnamese 7223:McCune–Reischauer 7104:Taiwanese Hokkien 6766:Peking University 6703:Republic of China 6699:Xinhai Revolution 6609:. These used the 6607:rime dictionaries 6585:Kangxi Dictionary 6494:active vocabulary 6480:and 13th-century 6469:Literacy in China 6158:characters'), or 6061: 6060: 5343: 5342: 5006:Written Cantonese 4828:language families 4795:Classical Chinese 4551:"Kai" typefaces ( 4477:Kangxi Dictionary 4281:scriptio continua 4189:on the left, and 4063: 4062: 3696:An early form of 3472:Emperor Wu of Han 3285:Small seal script 3278:Small seal script 3256:large seal script 3216:small seal script 2270:Peter A. Boodberg 2121:('concave'), and 2091:simple ideographs 1557:small seal script 1515: 1514: 1379:Zetian characters 1211:Kangxi Dictionary 965: 964: 957: 956: 897: 896: 885:McCune–Reischauer 728: 727: 583:Yale Romanization 407:Standard Mandarin 330:rendering support 297: 296: 18541: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18479: 18478: 18467: 18466: 18455: 18454: 18446: 18427: 18420: 18418:Braille literacy 18413: 18395: 18388: 18381: 18374: 18367: 18346: 18339: 18332: 18325: 18318: 18311: 18304: 18286: 18279: 18272: 18265: 18258: 18251: 18244: 18237: 18219: 18212: 18210:Slate and stylus 18205: 18198: 18196:Perkins Brailler 18191: 18184: 18177: 18170: 18163: 18156: 18154:Braille embosser 18149: 18129: 18122: 18115: 18107: 18100: 18093: 18071: 18063: 18056: 18038: 18031: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18001: 17994: 17978: 17975:American Braille 17959: 17956:Algerian Braille 17936: 17929: 17921: 17914: 17906: 17899: 17892: 17885: 17877: 17870: 17863: 17845: 17837: 17830: 17823: 17816: 17809: 17802: 17795: 17788: 17781: 17774: 17751: 17743: 17736: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17691: 17684: 17677: 17670: 17663: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17598: 17591: 17584: 17571: 17570: 17566: 17559: 17552: 17545: 17538: 17531: 17523: 17516: 17509: 17502: 17495: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17453: 17446: 17439: 17431: 17424: 17417: 17410: 17403: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17285: 17270: 17269: 17258: 17251: 17244: 17237: 17220: 17209: 17202: 17195: 17186: 17185: 16976: 16975: 16931: 16930: 16837: 16836: 16829:Semi-syllabaries 16824: 16823: 16525: 16524: 16516: 16515: 16503: 16502: 16388: 16387: 15743: 15742: 15730: 15729: 15632:Japanese Braille 15217:Zanabazar square 15086:Nepalese scripts 14976:Bengali–Assamese 14966: 14965: 14957: 14956: 14944: 14943: 14861:Pitman shorthand 14706: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14689: 14688: 14621: 14620: 14602: 14595: 14588: 14579: 14578: 14567: 14566: 14539:Taiwanese Hangul 14428:Mainland Chinese 14341: 14340: 14332: 14331: 14257: 14256: 13934:Standard Chinese 13917: 13685: 13684: 13404: 13403: 13297: 13296: 13288: 13287: 13170: 13158: 13146: 13134: 13122: 12921: 12920: 12593: 12592: 12584: 12583: 12560:Chinese language 12553: 12546: 12539: 12530: 12529: 12525:by Richard Sears 12489: 12470: 12451: 12429: 12407: 12391: 12369: 12357: 12342: 12300: 12296: 12285:"Introduction". 12281: 12270:"Introduction". 12264: 12258: 12257: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12182:Morrison, Robert 12178: 12172: 12171: 12166:– via the 12165: 12163: 12157:10.11501/1287529 12139: 12133: 12132: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12093:– via the 12069: 12063: 12062: 12052: 12036: 12014: 11990: 11963: 11934: 11911: 11892: 11873: 11850: 11827: 11808: 11779: 11777: 11767: 11755: 11731: 11712: 11691: 11672: 11649: 11640: 11631: 11622: 11597: 11574: 11552: 11523: 11499: 11480: 11457: 11435: 11413: 11391: 11372: 11355:, eds. (2001) . 11344: 11317: 11298: 11276: 11254: 11232: 11203: 11177: 11175: 11140: 11121: 11102: 11079: 11052: 11030: 11008: 10985: 10955: 10938:Keightley, David 10933: 10909: 10890: 10861: 10839: 10818: 10794: 10772: 10753: 10734: 10713: 10694: 10672: 10653: 10636:Coulmas, Florian 10631: 10612:O'Grady, William 10606: 10583:Bauer, Robert S. 10577: 10560:秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察 10554: 10542: 10531: 10510: 10501: 10492: 10480: 10461: 10435: 10404: 10385: 10353: 10341: 10329: 10301: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10179:, pp. 113; 10174: 10168: 10167: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9994: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9867: 9861: 9855: 9849: 9843: 9837: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9567: 9561: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9472: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8649: 8643: 8633: 8627: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8501: 8495: 8481: 8475: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8192:Shaughnessy 1991 8189: 8183: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7981: 7975: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7925: 7919: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7523: 7517: 7507: 7501: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7463: 7457: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7338: 7336: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7304: 1 CE 7302: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7272: 7269: 7256: 7250: 7230: 7220: 7208: 7195: 7185: 7175: 7164: 7163: 7154: 7150: 7135: 7121: 7101: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7034: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6944: 6916: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6850:revised list of 6826: 6822: 6812: 6806: 6794: 6788: 6749: 6746: 6721:(1881–1936) and 6715:Standard Chinese 6627:Neurolinguistics 6618: 6572: 6567: 6557: 6554: 6546: 6543: 6530: 6529: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6297: 6283:Zhuang languages 6280: 6279: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6245: 6241:). As a system, 6240: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6087:The Tale of Kieu 6054: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5765: 5764: 1418–1450 5763: 5746: 5741:, comparable to 5740: 5724: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5668:. As opposed to 5667: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5409: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5368: 5362: 5350: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5305:Polivanov system 5286:(keyboard input) 5055:Japanese writing 5049: 5042: 5041: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5002:Standard Chinese 4994: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4937: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4865: 4864: 4832:reading by gloss 4770: 4769: 4755: 4754: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4658:using Jyutping. 4657: 4653: 4649: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4546: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4466:(1368–1644) and 4381: 4373: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4345: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4284: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3867:Literary Chinese 3843: 3838: 3830: 3827: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3463: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3434: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3356: 3353: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3266: 3261: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3226: 3221: 3213: 3210: 3194: 3189: 3176: 3173: 3154: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3047: 3046: 3019: 3014: 2990: 2987: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2814:Dawenkou culture 2799: 2796: 2765: 2760: 2727:Chinese classics 2715: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2692: 2655: 2639: 2634: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2597: 2594: 2572: 2568: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2437: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2274:William G. Boltz 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159:syssemantographs 2147: 2142: 2138: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2087: 2082: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2016: 2011: 1999: 1994: 1982: 1977: 1935:(1901–1979) and 1934: 1923: 1921: 1908: 1876: 1871: 1862:made of smaller 1764: 1755: 1660:Zhuang languages 1649: 1648: 1616:Literary Chinese 1507: 1500: 1493: 1226:(PRC, 2013) 1192:Digital encoding 1111:Modern typefaces 994: 981: 967: 966: 953: 952: 939: 938: 922: 921: 916: 915: 893: 892: 879: 878: 862: 861: 856: 855: 842: 841: 813: 796: 795: 724: 723: 703: 702: 679: 678: 677: 660: 659: 646: 645: 622: 621: 620: 605: 604: 591: 590: 570: 569: 568: 547: 546: 545: 526: 525: 524: 503: 502: 501: 486: 485: 472: 471: 470: 456: 455: 442: 441: 440: 438: 422: 421: 398: 397: 381: 380: 367: 366: 341: 340: 321: 320: 309: 308: 293: 284: 249: 246: 155: 94: 91: 58: 45: 44: 18549: 18548: 18544: 18543: 18542: 18540: 18539: 18538: 18514:Chinese culture 18499: 18498: 18497: 18487: 18485: 18473: 18461: 18449: 18441: 18439: 18430: 18423: 18416: 18409: 18398: 18391: 18384: 18377: 18370: 18363: 18349: 18342: 18335: 18328: 18321: 18314: 18307: 18300: 18289: 18282: 18275: 18268: 18261: 18254: 18247: 18242:Charles Barbier 18240: 18233: 18222: 18215: 18208: 18201: 18194: 18187: 18180: 18173: 18166: 18159: 18152: 18145: 18132: 18125: 18118: 18110: 18103: 18096: 18089: 18074: 18066: 18059: 18052: 18041: 18034: 18027: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17997: 17992: 17981: 17973: 17967:Frequency-based 17962: 17954: 17939: 17932: 17924: 17917: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17880: 17873: 17866: 17859: 17848: 17840: 17833: 17826: 17819: 17812: 17805: 17798: 17791: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17763:Bharati Braille 17760: 17754: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17721: 17715: 17708: 17701: 17694: 17687: 17680: 17673: 17666: 17659: 17648: 17642: 17635: 17630: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17601: 17594: 17587: 17580: 17569: 17562: 17555: 17548: 17541: 17534: 17526: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17491: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17449: 17442: 17434: 17427: 17420: 17413: 17406: 17399: 17392: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17337:Unified English 17331: 17324: 17317: 17309: 17302: 17295: 17288: 17281: 17266:Braille scripts 17261: 17254: 17247: 17240: 17233: 17222: 17218: 17213: 17168: 16983: 16966: 16962:Stokoe notation 16938: 16917: 16876: 16831: 16810: 16794: 16758: 16737:Logoconsonantal 16732: 16681: 16634: 16603: 16510: 16493: 16474:Siglas poveiras 16395: 16374: 16333: 16237:Younger Futhark 15941:Gregg shorthand 15737: 15716: 15569: 15221: 14951: 14934: 14713: 14696: 14679: 14652:Writing systems 14640: 14615: 14613:writing systems 14606: 14576: 14571: 14553: 14490:Tongyong Pinyin 14470:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 14458:Dungan Cyrillic 14441: 14410: 14380: 14321: 14312:Written Hokkien 14293: 14252: 14246: 14222:Middle Mandarin 14188: 14108: 14083: 14045: 13992: 13925: 13918: 13905: 13854: 13802: 13761: 13738: 13674: 13608: 13527: 13506: 13488: 13465: 13389: 13356: 13333: 13277: 13213: 13173: 13164: 13152: 13140: 13128: 13116: 13096: 13078: 13050: 13032: 13006: 12983: 12910: 12883: 12857: 12834: 12758: 12698: 12670: 12647: 12624: 12573: 12562: 12557: 12501:Unihan Database 12497: 12492: 12486: 12467: 12448: 12426: 12396:Mair, Victor H. 12388: 12366: 12355: 12339: 12321:DeFrancis, John 12315: 12309: 12307:Further reading 12304: 12303: 12299: 12289: 12284: 12274: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12254: 12231: 12227: 12217: 12215: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12179: 12175: 12161: 12159: 12149: 12140: 12136: 12117: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12083: 12070: 12066: 12053: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12033: 12024: 11999:Mair, Victor H. 11987: 11931: 11918: 11908: 11889: 11870: 11857: 11847: 11834: 11824: 11765: 11752: 11728: 11709: 11688: 11669: 11594: 11581: 11571: 11496: 11477: 11467:Chinese Writing 11464: 11454: 11444:Chinese Writing 11432: 11419: 11410: 11388: 11369: 11349:Needham, Joseph 11333: 11314: 11295: 11273: 11251: 11200: 11137: 11125:Li, Yu (2020). 11118: 11099: 11086: 11076: 11049: 11035:Kornicki, Peter 11027: 11005: 10982: 10952: 10906: 10879: 10858: 10845: 10836: 10815: 10791: 10769: 10750: 10731: 10710: 10691: 10677:DeFrancis, John 10669: 10650: 10628: 10574: 10561: 10551: 10528: 10477: 10458: 10432: 10401: 10350: 10339: 10326: 10309: 10304: 10296:, p. 166; 10292: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10272:, pp. 161. 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10175: 10171: 10164:The Chosun Ilbo 10156: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10064: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 9995: 9991: 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9908: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9868: 9864: 9856: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9828: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9780: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9760:, pp. 153. 9756: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9620:, p. 183; 9616: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9568: 9564: 9552: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9524:, p. 242; 9520: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9475: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9423: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9291: 9283: 9279: 9267: 9263: 9255: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9156: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9036: 9032: 9024: 9020: 9012: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8821: 8813: 8809: 8801: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8714: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8666: 8662: 8650: 8646: 8634: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8502: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8402: 8398: 8390:, p. 149; 8382: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178:, p. 424; 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8100:Liu et al. 2017 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7982: 7978: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7926: 7922: 7914:, p. 168; 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7816:Cruttenden 2021 7814: 7810: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7675:, p. 154; 7671: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7524: 7520: 7516:, pp. 3–4. 7508: 7504: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7464: 7460: 7456:, pp. 4–5. 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7400:, pp. 3–4. 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7341: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7291: 7282: 7270: 7257: 7253: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7133: 7119: 7116: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7060: 7056: 7032: 7022: 6998: 6979: 6966: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6914: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6870: 6851: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6778: 6747: 6727:Beijing dialect 6663: 6653: 6629: 6580:Kangxi radicals 6555: 6544: 6527: 6525: 6508: 6502: 6471: 6461: 6346: 6340: 6302:Zhuang alphabet 6281:script for the 6271:Southwest China 6263: 6261:Other languages 6120: 6113: Invented 6110: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6022: 5982: 5942: 5902: 5862: 5822: 5796: 5778:Empire of Japan 5760: 5707: 5701: 5642: 5641:: for example, 5608: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5558: 5549: 5339: 5310: 5309: 5300: 5290: 5289: 5280: 5259: 5250: 5240:Transliteration 5235: 5234: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5187: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5155: 5134: 5124: 5123: 5110: 5085: 5071: 5040: 5034: 4976: 4887: 4873: 4787: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4752: 4750: 4729: 4723:Han unification 4719: 4713: 4628: 4618: 4590: 4584: 4437: 4427: 4394: 4388: 4374:and Vietnamese 4342: 4322: 4291: 4271:Word boundaries 4267: 4253: 4247: 4226: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4175: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4092: 4082: 4076: 4071: 3967: 3942: 3935:combining forms 3881: 3875: 3828: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3475: 3440:clerical script 3435: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3374:Clerical script 3369: 3367:Clerical script 3363: 3361:Clerical script 3354: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3211: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3074: 3044: 3042: 3039:Academia Sinica 2988: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2797: 2779: 2773: 2725:Several of the 2723: 2672: 2662: 2610: 2606: 2598:by the scholar 2595: 2583: 2555: 2492: 2432:phonetic series 2363: 2288: 2283: 2265: 2257: 2218: 2210: 2198: 2190: 2178: 2170: 2133: 2089:), also called 2077: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1957: 1928: 1918: 1906: 1856: 1813:written Chinese 1791:writing systems 1787: 1781: 1727: 1717: 1707: 1687:telegraph codes 1565:Clerical script 1530:Chinese culture 1511: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1449: 1426: 1392: 1391:Derived systems 1384: 1383: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1353: 1343: 1334: 1323: 1322: 1305: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1256: 1237: 1218: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1144: 1140:Properties and 1133: 1132: 1107: 1079: 1054: 1041: 1030: 1001:Written Chinese 997: 988: 931:Revised Hepburn 811: 782: 781: 780: 759: 758: 757: 733:Vietnamese name 675: 566: 543: 522: 478:Tongyong Pinyin 468: 448:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 436: 386:Literal meaning 339: 338: 337: 328:Without proper 285: 282: 276: 264: 247: 244: 229: 188: 181: 167: 160:Related scripts 147: 112: 92: 86: 79: 69: 49: 39: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18547: 18537: 18536: 18531: 18529:Southeast Asia 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18496: 18495: 18483: 18471: 18459: 18436: 18435: 18432: 18431: 18429: 18428: 18421: 18414: 18406: 18404: 18403:Related topics 18400: 18399: 18397: 18396: 18389: 18382: 18379:New York Point 18375: 18368: 18360: 18358: 18351: 18350: 18348: 18347: 18340: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18312: 18305: 18297: 18295: 18291: 18290: 18288: 18287: 18280: 18273: 18266: 18263:Harris Mowbray 18259: 18252: 18245: 18238: 18230: 18228: 18224: 18223: 18221: 18220: 18213: 18206: 18199: 18192: 18185: 18178: 18171: 18164: 18157: 18150: 18147:Braille e-book 18142: 18140: 18134: 18133: 18131: 18130: 18123: 18116: 18108: 18101: 18094: 18086: 18084: 18080: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18072: 18064: 18057: 18049: 18047: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18039: 18032: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18016: 18009: 18002: 17989: 17987: 17983: 17982: 17980: 17979: 17970: 17968: 17964: 17963: 17961: 17960: 17951: 17949: 17945: 17944: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17937: 17930: 17922: 17915: 17907: 17900: 17893: 17886: 17878: 17871: 17864: 17856: 17854: 17850: 17849: 17847: 17846: 17838: 17831: 17824: 17817: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17789: 17782: 17775: 17767: 17765: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17752: 17744: 17737: 17729: 17727: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17713: 17706: 17699: 17692: 17685: 17678: 17671: 17664: 17656: 17654: 17644: 17643: 17641: 17640: 17639: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17599: 17592: 17585: 17577: 17575: 17568: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17447: 17440: 17432: 17425: 17418: 17411: 17404: 17397: 17390: 17383: 17376: 17369: 17362: 17355: 17348: 17341: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17278: 17276: 17274:French-ordered 17267: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17252: 17245: 17238: 17230: 17228: 17224: 17223: 17212: 17211: 17204: 17197: 17189: 17182: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17174: 17173: 17170: 17169: 17167: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17114:Linear Elamite 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16988: 16985: 16984: 16972: 16971: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16943: 16940: 16939: 16936:Sign languages 16927: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16913:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16888:Espanca script 16884: 16882: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16847:Linear Elamite 16843: 16841: 16833: 16832: 16820: 16819: 16816: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16808: 16802: 16800: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16766: 16764: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16740: 16738: 16734: 16733: 16731: 16730: 16728:Yi (Classical) 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16689: 16687: 16683: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16648: 16646: 16640: 16639: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16611: 16609: 16605: 16604: 16602: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16554: 16552:Bronze scripts 16549: 16544: 16539: 16533: 16531: 16522: 16512: 16511: 16499: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16384: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16376: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16367: 16365:Flag semaphore 16362: 16360:New York Point 16357: 16355:Telegraph code 16352: 16350:Maritime flags 16347: 16341: 16339: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16304:Visible Speech 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16274:Sorang Sompeng 16271: 16266: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16158:Galik alphabet 16155: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16058: 16056:Tironian notes 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15901: 15899:Garay alphabet 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15839: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15827: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15776: 15775: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15749: 15747: 15739: 15738: 15726: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15682:Sorang Sompeng 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15605:Déné syllabics 15602: 15592: 15587: 15581: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15568: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15560: 15550: 15549: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15389: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15368: 15367: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15331: 15330: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15229: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15202: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15150: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14972: 14970: 14963: 14953: 14952: 14940: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14933: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14900: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14866:Proto-Sinaitic 14863: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14846: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14727: 14726: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14698: 14697: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14627: 14625: 14617: 14616: 14605: 14604: 14597: 14590: 14582: 14573: 14572: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14534:Taiwanese kana 14531: 14530: 14529: 14524: 14514: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14505:Lessing-Othmer 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14449: 14447: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14347: 14338: 14329: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14307:Written Dungan 14304: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14286: 14285: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14263: 14261: 14254: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14212:Middle Chinese 14209: 14204: 14198: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14181: 14179:Wubi (Wang Ma) 14176: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14138: 14137: 14127: 14124: 14118: 14116: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14099: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13930: 13928: 13920: 13919: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13904: 13903: 13898: 13896:Xiangnan Tuhua 13893: 13888: 13883: 13881:Shaozhou Tuhua 13878: 13873: 13868: 13862: 13860: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13816: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13769: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13754: 13748: 13746: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13693: 13691: 13682: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13650: 13649: 13648: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13622: 13620: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13514: 13512: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13498: 13496: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13481: 13475: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13412: 13410: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13380: 13370: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13357: 13355: 13354: 13349: 13343: 13341: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13305: 13303: 13294: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13263: 13258: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13236: 13235: 13234: 13223: 13221: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13183: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13159: 13147: 13135: 13123: 13110: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13094: 13088: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13060: 13058: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13048: 13042: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13004: 12999: 12993: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12929: 12927: 12918: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12903: 12897: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12850: 12844: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12794:Renshou–Fushun 12791: 12790: 12789: 12779: 12768: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12719: 12714: 12708: 12706: 12704:Central Plains 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12657: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12634: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12601: 12599: 12590: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12556: 12555: 12548: 12541: 12533: 12527: 12526: 12520: 12514: 12508: 12496: 12495:External links 12493: 12491: 12490: 12484: 12471: 12465: 12452: 12446: 12430: 12424: 12408: 12392: 12386: 12370: 12364: 12347:Galambos, Imre 12343: 12337: 12316: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12282: 12266: 12259: 12252: 12225: 12201: 12173: 12134: 12100: 12064: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12037: 12031: 12015: 11991: 11985: 11964: 11946:(1): 127–137. 11935: 11929: 11912: 11906: 11893: 11887: 11874: 11868: 11851: 11845: 11828: 11822: 11809: 11791:(1): 151–169. 11780: 11756: 11750: 11732: 11726: 11713: 11707: 11692: 11686: 11673: 11667: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11646:Sybesma (2015) 11641: 11637:Sybesma (2015) 11632: 11628:Sybesma (2015) 11598: 11592: 11575: 11569: 11553: 11535:(4): 315–329. 11524: 11514:(2): 255–272. 11500: 11494: 11481: 11475: 11458: 11452: 11436: 11430: 11422:Modern Chinese 11414: 11408: 11392: 11386: 11373: 11367: 11345: 11331: 11318: 11312: 11299: 11293: 11277: 11271: 11255: 11249: 11233: 11209:Ars Orientalis 11204: 11198: 11178: 11158:(1): 155–175. 11141: 11135: 11122: 11116: 11103: 11097: 11080: 11074: 11053: 11047: 11031: 11025: 11009: 11003: 10986: 10980: 10956: 10950: 10934: 10910: 10904: 10891: 10877: 10862: 10856: 10840: 10834: 10819: 10813: 10795: 10789: 10773: 10767: 10754: 10748: 10735: 10729: 10714: 10708: 10695: 10689: 10673: 10667: 10654: 10648: 10632: 10626: 10607: 10578: 10572: 10555: 10549: 10532: 10526: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10502: 10493: 10475: 10462: 10456: 10443: 10430: 10414:Loewe, Michael 10405: 10399: 10386: 10368:(3): 420–436. 10354: 10348: 10330: 10324: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10302: 10298:DeFrancis 1984 10286: 10274: 10262: 10260:, p. 320. 10250: 10238: 10217: 10197: 10185: 10169: 10145: 10143:, p. 179. 10133: 10121: 10109: 10097: 10085: 10073: 10053: 10029: 10027:, p. 275. 10017: 10005: 10003:, p. 136. 9999:, p. 79; 9989: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9941: 9926: 9924:, p. 142. 9914: 9902: 9890: 9878: 9862: 9858:DeFrancis 1972 9850: 9838: 9836:, p. 136. 9822: 9820:, p. 404. 9810: 9808:, p. 171. 9798: 9796:, p. 136. 9786: 9774: 9762: 9750: 9730: 9718: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9670: 9660:, p. 88; 9650: 9638: 9626: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9574: 9562: 9546: 9544:, p. 481. 9534: 9532:, p. 123. 9528:, p. 14; 9522:DeFrancis 1984 9514: 9502: 9490: 9473: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9417: 9413:DeFrancis 1977 9405: 9393: 9381: 9377:DeFrancis 1977 9369: 9357: 9341: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9289: 9277: 9275:, p. 435. 9271:, p. 49; 9261: 9246: 9234: 9222: 9210: 9198: 9186: 9174: 9162: 9150: 9138: 9126: 9114: 9102: 9090: 9078: 9074:Wilkinson 2012 9066: 9054: 9052:, p. 205. 9042: 9030: 9018: 9006: 8994: 8992:, p. 168. 8979: 8977:, p. 212. 8967: 8955: 8943: 8941:, p. XII. 8931: 8919: 8903: 8891: 8889:, p. 203. 8879: 8875:Wilkinson 2012 8867: 8863:Vogelsang 2021 8855: 8843: 8841:, p. 193. 8831: 8829:, p. 222. 8819: 8817:, p. 422. 8807: 8792: 8780: 8778:, p. 218. 8768: 8756: 8744: 8732: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8644: 8642:, p. 245. 8628: 8624:Keightley 1978 8622:, p. 27; 8618:, p. 54; 8608: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8512: 8496: 8490:, p. 58; 8486:, p. 86; 8476: 8456: 8444: 8432: 8430:, p. 143. 8420: 8418:, p. 125. 8408: 8396: 8386:, p. 51; 8376: 8364: 8352: 8340: 8328: 8316: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8278:, p. 156. 8268: 8256: 8244: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8194:, p. 1–4. 8184: 8168: 8164:Keightley 1978 8156: 8144: 8140:Keightley 1978 8132: 8128:Wilkinson 2012 8116: 8104: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7976: 7974:, p. 170. 7960: 7948: 7936: 7920: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7844: 7840:Vogelsang 2021 7832: 7820: 7808: 7806:, p. 154. 7793: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7755:, p. 155. 7745: 7743:, p. 261. 7733: 7721: 7715:, p. 68; 7705: 7693: 7681: 7665: 7653: 7637: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7528:, p. 51; 7518: 7502: 7486: 7474: 7458: 7442: 7430: 7424:, p. 59; 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7366: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7320: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7285: 7273: 7259: 7251: 7241: 7240: 7231: 7209: 7197: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7115: 7112: 7089: 7086: 7068: 7065: 7039:published the 7021: 7018: 6925:Main article: 6922: 6919: 6818: 6817: 6808: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6790: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6735:classic novels 6652: 6649: 6637:neurolinguists 6628: 6625: 6504:Main article: 6501: 6498: 6460: 6457: 6416:Geba syllabary 6411:semi-syllabary 6391:language, and 6389:Xiangnan Tuhua 6377:Jurchen script 6339: 6336: 6262: 6259: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6068:Main article: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6042: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6002: 5989: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5962: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5922: 5909: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5882: 5869: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5842: 5829: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5715:Three Kingdoms 5703:Main article: 5700: 5697: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197:Iteration mark 5194: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5114:Jinmeiyō kanji 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5036:Main article: 5033: 5030: 4881:Middle Chinese 4872: 4869: 4816:compound words 4776: 4773: 4715:Main article: 4712: 4709: 4638:for Mandarin, 4617: 4614: 4602:text encodings 4586:Main article: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4560: 4549: 4523: 4426: 4423: 4390:Main article: 4387: 4384: 4331:ritual bronzes 4290: 4287: 4246: 4243: 4235:. Ultimately, 4078:Main article: 4075: 4072: 4061: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3995: 3992: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3964: 3874: 3871: 3804:Regular script 3783: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3742:Regular script 3741: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735:Regular script 3733:Main article: 3730: 3729:Regular script 3727: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3593:Cursive script 3580: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3539:Cursive script 3538: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526:Three Kingdoms 3522:regular script 3415: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3365:Main article: 3362: 3359: 3340:Qin's conquest 3326: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3276:Main article: 3273: 3270: 3198:ritual bronzes 3159: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3073: 3070: 2965: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2916: 2909: 2908: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2876: 2869: 2868: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2835:Main article: 2832: 2829: 2775:Main article: 2772: 2769: 2755:Yellow Emperor 2729:indicate that 2722: 2719: 2680:Gaston Maspero 2661: 2658: 2582: 2581:classification 2575: 2554: 2551: 2491: 2488: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2149:)—also called 2132: 2129: 2076: 2073: 2050:('Moon'), and 2013: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1855: 1852: 1817:morphosyllabic 1783:Main article: 1780: 1779:Classification 1777: 1706: 1703: 1701:on computers. 1699:text encodings 1585:mainland China 1573:regular script 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1432: 1430:Jurchen script 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1217: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1151: 1145: 1142:classification 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 996: 995: 983: 982: 974: 973: 963: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 947: 941: 940: 933: 927: 926: 925:Transcriptions 918: 917: 910: 904: 903: 899: 898: 895: 894: 887: 881: 880: 873: 867: 866: 865:Transcriptions 858: 857: 850: 844: 843: 836: 830: 829: 825: 824: 821: 815: 814: 809: 803: 802: 798: 797: 790: 784: 783: 779: 778: 775: 771: 767: 761: 760: 756: 755: 752: 749: 745: 741: 735: 734: 730: 729: 726: 725: 718: 716:Middle Chinese 712: 711: 709:Middle Chinese 705: 704: 697: 688: 687: 681: 680: 671: 662: 661: 654: 648: 647: 640: 631: 630: 624: 623: 613: 607: 606: 599: 593: 592: 585: 579: 578: 576:Yue: Cantonese 572: 571: 562: 556: 555: 549: 548: 539: 535: 534: 528: 527: 518: 512: 511: 505: 504: 494: 488: 487: 480: 474: 473: 464: 458: 457: 450: 444: 443: 430: 424: 423: 416: 410: 409: 403: 402: 401:Transcriptions 394: 393: 387: 383: 382: 375: 369: 368: 361: 355: 354: 350: 349: 346: 345: 332:, you may see 300: 299: 298: 295: 294: 277: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 252: 251: 242: 236: 235: 231: 230: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 200:Jurchen script 197: 191: 189: 186: 183: 182: 180: 179: 170: 168: 166:Parent systems 165: 162: 161: 157: 156: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 118: 114: 113: 111: 110: 107: 103: 101: 97: 96: 87: 84: 81: 80: 77: 75: 71: 70: 59: 51: 50: 35:Cilix glaucata 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18546: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18506: 18504: 18494: 18484: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18447: 18444: 18426: 18422: 18419: 18415: 18412: 18408: 18407: 18405: 18401: 18394: 18390: 18387: 18386:Night writing 18383: 18380: 18376: 18373: 18369: 18366: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18357: 18352: 18345: 18341: 18338: 18334: 18331: 18327: 18324: 18320: 18317: 18313: 18310: 18306: 18303: 18299: 18298: 18296: 18294:Organisations 18292: 18285: 18281: 18278: 18274: 18271: 18267: 18264: 18260: 18257: 18256:Valentin Haüy 18253: 18250: 18246: 18243: 18239: 18236: 18235:Louis Braille 18232: 18231: 18229: 18225: 18218: 18214: 18211: 18207: 18204: 18200: 18197: 18193: 18190: 18186: 18183: 18179: 18176: 18172: 18169: 18168:Braille watch 18165: 18162: 18158: 18155: 18151: 18148: 18144: 18143: 18141: 18139: 18135: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18117: 18113: 18109: 18106: 18102: 18099: 18095: 18092: 18091:Braille music 18088: 18087: 18085: 18081: 18069: 18065: 18062: 18058: 18055: 18054:Luxembourgish 18051: 18050: 18048: 18044: 18037: 18033: 18030: 18026: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18010: 18007: 18003: 18000: 17996: 17995: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17984: 17976: 17972: 17971: 17969: 17965: 17957: 17953: 17952: 17950: 17946: 17935: 17931: 17927: 17923: 17920: 17916: 17912: 17908: 17905: 17901: 17898: 17894: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17876: 17872: 17869: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17857: 17855: 17853:Other scripts 17851: 17843: 17839: 17836: 17832: 17829: 17825: 17822: 17818: 17815: 17811: 17808: 17804: 17801: 17797: 17794: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17776: 17773: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17764: 17757: 17749: 17745: 17742: 17738: 17735: 17731: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17707: 17704: 17700: 17697: 17693: 17690: 17686: 17683: 17679: 17676: 17672: 17669: 17665: 17662: 17658: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17645: 17634: 17629: 17626: 17625:Northern Sámi 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17606: 17604: 17600: 17597: 17593: 17590: 17586: 17583: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17574:Nordic family 17572: 17565: 17561: 17558: 17554: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17540: 17537: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17522: 17518: 17515: 17514:South African 17511: 17508: 17504: 17501: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17469: 17466: 17462: 17459: 17455: 17452: 17448: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17436:Luxembourgish 17433: 17430: 17426: 17423: 17419: 17416: 17412: 17409: 17405: 17402: 17398: 17395: 17391: 17388: 17384: 17381: 17377: 17374: 17370: 17367: 17363: 17360: 17356: 17353: 17349: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17323: 17320: 17316: 17312: 17308: 17305: 17301: 17298: 17294: 17291: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17279: 17277: 17275: 17271: 17268: 17264: 17257: 17253: 17250: 17249:ASCII braille 17246: 17243: 17239: 17236: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17225: 17217: 17210: 17205: 17203: 17198: 17196: 17191: 17190: 17187: 17183: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17064: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16977: 16973: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16932: 16928: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16885: 16883: 16879: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16838: 16834: 16830: 16825: 16821: 16807: 16804: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16780:Attic (Greek) 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16761: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16735: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16718:Proto-Elamite 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16684: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16645: 16641: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16610: 16606: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16517: 16513: 16509: 16504: 16500: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16398: 16394: 16389: 16385: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16232:Elder Futhark 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16150: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16123:Old Hungarian 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15993: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15774: 15771: 15770: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15731: 15727: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15657:Masaram Gondi 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15627:Gunjala Gondi 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15580: 15576: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15554: 15551: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15440: 15439:Old Sundanese 15437: 15436: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15383: 15382:Old Maldivian 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15366: 15365:Bilang-bilang 15363: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15224: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15185:Sylheti Nagri 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15159: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15088: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14986:Brahmi script 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14945: 14941: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14881:South Arabian 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14827:Inscriptional 14825: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14716: 14712: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14690: 14686: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14603: 14598: 14596: 14591: 14589: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14570: 14560: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14463: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14453:Cyrillization 14451: 14450: 14448: 14444: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14413: 14407: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14345:Script styles 14342: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14324: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14290: 14287: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14255: 14249: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14191: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14131: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14100: 14098: 14097: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13995: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13927: 13921: 13916: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13815: 13813: 13809: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13677: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13534: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13472: 13468: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13336: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13240: 13237: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13228: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13216: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13168: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13148: 13144: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13127: 13124: 13120: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13081: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12837: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12627: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12554: 12549: 12547: 12542: 12540: 12535: 12534: 12531: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12487: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12458: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12354: 12353: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12294: 12290: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12255: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12213: 12212: 12205: 12198:. p. 18. 12197: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12169: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12104: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12060: 12059: 12051: 12047: 12034: 12028: 12021: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11995:Zhou Youguang 11992: 11988: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11936: 11932: 11926: 11922: 11913: 11909: 11903: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11838: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11815: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11764: 11763: 11757: 11753: 11747: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11585: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11487: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11468: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11396:Norman, Jerry 11393: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11324: 11319: 11315: 11309: 11306:. Routledge. 11305: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11186:Chen, Xingcan 11183: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11138: 11132: 11129:. Routledge. 11128: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11054: 11050: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10968:Owen, Stephen 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10914:Hung, William 10911: 10907: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10741: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10701: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10642:. Blackwell. 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10610:Choo, Mi-Ho; 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10565: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10520:. Routledge. 10519: 10514: 10508: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10478: 10472: 10469:. Routledge. 10468: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10433: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10338: 10337: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10311: 10300:, p. 71. 10299: 10295: 10290: 10284:, p. 29. 10283: 10278: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10248:, p. 81. 10247: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10207:북한의 한문교과서를 보다 10201: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10142: 10137: 10131:, p. 84. 10130: 10125: 10119:, p. ix. 10118: 10113: 10106: 10101: 10095:, p. 48. 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10069: 10065: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10033: 10026: 10021: 10014: 10009: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9981: 9974: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9951:, p. 63. 9950: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9931: 9923: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9900:, p. 26. 9899: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9859: 9854: 9847: 9842: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9778: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9727: 9722: 9715: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9596:, p. 73. 9595: 9590: 9583: 9578: 9571: 9570:Kornicki 2018 9566: 9559: 9556:, p. 8; 9555: 9550: 9543: 9538: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9512:, p. 71. 9511: 9510:Kuzuoğlu 2023 9506: 9499: 9494: 9487: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9415:, p. 19. 9414: 9409: 9402: 9397: 9391:, p. 63. 9390: 9389:Kornicki 2018 9385: 9378: 9373: 9367:, p. 73. 9366: 9361: 9355:, p. XI. 9354: 9350: 9345: 9338: 9333: 9327:, p. 79. 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9286: 9281: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9251: 9243: 9238: 9231: 9226: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9202: 9195: 9190: 9184:, p. 88. 9183: 9178: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9154: 9148:, p. 59. 9147: 9142: 9135: 9130: 9124:, p. 34. 9123: 9118: 9112:, p. 74. 9111: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9064:, p. 58. 9063: 9058: 9051: 9046: 9039: 9034: 9028:, p. 57. 9027: 9026:Kornicki 2018 9022: 9015: 9010: 9003: 8998: 8991: 8990:Kornicki 2018 8986: 8984: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8963:Kornicki 2018 8959: 8952: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8915:Kornicki 2018 8912: 8907: 8901:, p. 18. 8900: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8877:, p. 22. 8876: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8852: 8847: 8840: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8811: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8790:, p. 25. 8789: 8788:Mullaney 2017 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8754:, p. 62. 8753: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8729: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8669: 8664: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8626:, p. 50. 8625: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8569: 8564: 8558:, p. 70. 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8516: 8510:, p. 88. 8509: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8480: 8474:, p. 88. 8473: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8454:, p. 41. 8453: 8448: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8417: 8412: 8405: 8400: 8394:, p. 70. 8393: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8373: 8368: 8361: 8356: 8349: 8344: 8337: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8277: 8272: 8266:, p. 77. 8265: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8160: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8126:, p. 1; 8125: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8086:, p. 39. 8085: 8080: 8074:, p. 31. 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8002:, p. 43. 8001: 7996: 7990:, p. 69. 7989: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7934:, p. 48. 7933: 7929: 7924: 7918:, p. 60. 7917: 7913: 7908: 7902:, p. 61. 7901: 7896: 7890:, p. 60. 7889: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7828:Williams 2010 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7791:, p. 68. 7790: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7703:, p. 46. 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7679:, p. 68. 7678: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7651:, p. 61. 7650: 7646: 7641: 7635:, p. 19. 7634: 7629: 7627: 7619: 7614: 7608:, p. 14. 7607: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7527: 7522: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7484:, p. 33. 7483: 7478: 7472:, p. 74. 7471: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7452:, p. 1; 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7428:, p. 48. 7427: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7335: 7330: 7324: 7314: 7298: 7295: 7286: 7277: 7274: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7158: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7124: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7085: 7064: 7053: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7029: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7005: 6995: 6990: 6987: 6977: 6974: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6954: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6898: 6897: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6805: 6791:Traditional ( 6787: 6773: 6771: 6770:Qian Xuantong 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6697:In 1911, the 6695: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6621:initial sound 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6576:Shuowen Jiezi 6573: 6563: 6562: 6550: 6549:Shuowen Jiezi 6539: 6538: 6532: 6519: 6518: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6440:Lisu language 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6420:Naxi language 6417: 6412: 6408: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6373:Tangut script 6370: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6350: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6177: 6165: 6157: 6147: 6133: 6130: 6089: 6088: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6056: 6053: 6043: 6040: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6003: 6000: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5963: 5960: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5923: 5920: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5883: 5880: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5843: 5840: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5801: 5793: 5790: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5729:. During the 5728: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5696: 5693: 5689:includes 106 5688: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5660: 5652: 5639: 5638: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5583:has a native 5575: 5542: 5536: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5349: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298:Cyrillization 5294: 5293: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5017: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4984: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4921: 4915: 4905: 4904:reduplication 4902:to words, by 4901: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4799:classic works 4796: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4708: 4687: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4616:Input methods 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4576: 4575:script styles 4564: 4561: 4550: 4541: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:moveable type 4453: 4446: 4445:Prison Gothic 4441: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4417:framework of 4415: 4411: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4371: 4365: 4351: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4316: 4306: 4295: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4242: 4170:—with either 4156: 4152: 4130: 4116: 4086: 4081: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3975: 3963: 3956: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3805: 3797: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3736: 3726: 3713: 3699: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3612: 3608: 3594: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3485: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3455: 3441: 3430: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3368: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3257: 3253: 3252:Shuowen Jiezi 3249: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3184:bronze script 3169: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093:Bronze script 3087: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3058:stroke orders 3055: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2983: 2967: 2959: 2933: 2913: 2893: 2873: 2853: 2838: 2828: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2731:knotted cords 2728: 2718: 2716: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2651: 2650:Shuowen Jiezi 2647: 2646:Shuowen Jiezi 2642: 2640: 2630: 2629:Shuowen Jiezi 2626: 2601: 2590: 2589: 2588:Shuowen Jiezi 2580: 2579:Shuowen Jiezi 2574: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2534: 2530: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2504: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2415: 2405: 2395: 2385: 2375: 2353: 2343: 2333: 2323: 2313: 2303: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2247: 2246:Shuowen Jiezi 2226: 2222: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2079:Indicatives ( 2072: 2070: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2027: 2010: 1993: 1976: 1955:Semantographs 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:semantographs 1938: 1932: 1927: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:semantographs 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1847:Shuowen Jiezi 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1747:proto-writing 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1711:Proto-writing 1702: 1700: 1696: 1695:input methods 1693:, as well as 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:moveable type 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Shang dynasty 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028:script styles 1026:Evolution of 1023: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 992: 987: 986: 985: 984: 980: 976: 975: 972: 969: 968: 960: 948: 946: 942: 934: 932: 928: 923: 919: 911: 909: 905: 902:Japanese name 900: 888: 886: 882: 874: 872: 868: 863: 859: 851: 849: 845: 837: 835: 831: 826: 822: 820: 816: 810: 808: 804: 799: 791: 789: 785: 776: 773: 772: 768: 766: 762: 753: 750: 747: 746: 742: 740: 736: 731: 719: 717: 713: 710: 706: 698: 696: 693: 689: 686: 682: 672: 670: 667: 663: 655: 653: 649: 641: 639: 636: 632: 629: 625: 619: 614: 612: 608: 600: 598: 594: 586: 584: 580: 577: 573: 563: 561: 557: 554: 550: 540: 536: 533: 529: 519: 517: 513: 510: 506: 500: 495: 493: 489: 481: 479: 475: 465: 463: 459: 451: 449: 445: 431: 429: 425: 417: 415: 411: 408: 404: 399: 395: 391: 388: 384: 376: 374: 370: 362: 360: 356: 351: 347: 342: 335: 331: 327: 325: 319: 314:, as well as 313: 307: 292: 290: 281: 280:U+4E00–U+9FFF 278: 275: 274:Unicode range 270: 266: 263:Unicode alias 260: 257: 253: 243: 241: 237: 232: 226: 223: 221: 220:Tangut script 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 190: 187:Child systems 184: 177: 176: 174: 173:Proto-writing 169: 163: 158: 154: 152: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 119: 115: 108: 106:Left-to-right 105: 104: 102: 98: 88: 82: 76: 72: 68:(right) forms 67: 63: 57: 52: 46: 43: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 22: 17926:Thai and Lao 17603:Scandinavian 17235:1829 braille 17227:Braille cell 17027:Cypro-Minoan 16893:Pahawh Hmong 16806:Sitelen Pona 16770:Hindu-Arabic 16528: 16103:Mundari Bani 15677:Pahawh Hmong 15486:Tamil-Brahmi 15392:Eveyla Akuru 15387:Dhives Akuru 14854:Paleo-Hebrew 14721: 14657:undeciphered 14475:Hanyu Pinyin 14465:Romanization 14388: 14372:Semi-cursive 14217:Old Mandarin 14174:Stroke count 14101: 14094: 14016:Old National 13859:Unclassified 12764:Southwestern 12597:Northeastern 12579:Major groups 12568: 12504: 12475: 12456: 12437: 12415: 12404:Language Log 12403: 12378: 12374: 12351: 12328: 12292: 12277: 12262: 12242: 12228: 12216:. Retrieved 12210: 12204: 12186: 12176: 12160:. Retrieved 12144: 12137: 12125:Legge, James 12120: 12103: 12091:Legge, James 12087:Tao Te Ching 12086: 12067: 12057: 12050: 12019: 12010: 12006: 11968: 11943: 11939: 11920: 11897: 11878: 11859: 11836: 11813: 11788: 11784: 11775:10150/195163 11761: 11740: 11717: 11697: 11677: 11657: 11602: 11583: 11560: 11532: 11528: 11511: 11507: 11485: 11466: 11443: 11421: 11399: 11377: 11357: 11341:j.ctv36xvqb7 11322: 11303: 11284: 11262: 11240: 11212: 11208: 11189: 11155: 11149: 11126: 11107: 11088: 11057: 11038: 11016: 10994: 10971: 10960:Kern, Martin 10941: 10921: 10917: 10895: 10867: 10847: 10824: 10803: 10780: 10758: 10739: 10719: 10699: 10680: 10658: 10639: 10616: 10586: 10563: 10538: 10517: 10466: 10447: 10421: 10390: 10365: 10361: 10335: 10315: 10294:Fischer 2004 10289: 10277: 10265: 10253: 10241: 10232: 10220: 10211: 10200: 10188: 10172: 10163: 10162:added]. 10159: 10148: 10136: 10124: 10112: 10100: 10088: 10076: 10067: 10056: 10047: 10043: 10032: 10020: 10008: 9992: 9980: 9968: 9956: 9944: 9917: 9905: 9893: 9881: 9865: 9853: 9841: 9825: 9813: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9753: 9733: 9721: 9709: 9704:, p. 9. 9702:Demattè 2022 9697: 9685: 9673: 9653: 9641: 9629: 9613: 9601: 9589: 9577: 9565: 9554:Demattè 2022 9549: 9537: 9517: 9505: 9493: 9460: 9448: 9436: 9425:Coulmas 1991 9420: 9408: 9396: 9384: 9372: 9360: 9344: 9332: 9320: 9308: 9292: 9280: 9264: 9257:Fischer 2004 9237: 9225: 9213: 9206:Coulmas 1991 9201: 9194:Coulmas 1991 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9141: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8997: 8970: 8958: 8951:Denecke 2014 8946: 8934: 8922: 8906: 8894: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8846: 8834: 8822: 8810: 8783: 8771: 8759: 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8647: 8640:Bachner 2014 8631: 8611: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8527: 8515: 8499: 8479: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8379: 8367: 8355: 8343: 8331: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8271: 8259: 8247: 8235: 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8182:, p. 2. 8171: 8159: 8154:, p. 1. 8147: 8135: 8119: 8114:, p. 6. 8107: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8036:Demattè 2022 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7979: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7923: 7907: 7895: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7668: 7656: 7640: 7613: 7606:Demattè 2022 7601: 7589: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7521: 7505: 7498:Coulmas 1991 7489: 7477: 7461: 7445: 7433: 7417: 7412:, p. 5. 7405: 7393: 7388:, p. 2. 7381: 7376:, p. 1. 7369: 7357: 7327:This is the 7323: 7318:characters." 7313: 7254: 7247: 7243: 7192: 7182: 7172: 7148: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7093: 7091: 7070: 7063:characters. 7040: 7026: 7023: 6948: 6917:characters. 6908: 6894: 6886: 6879: 6846:Hanyu Pinyin 6831: 6809:Simplified ( 6751: 6738: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6642: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6589: 6583: 6575: 6569: 6559: 6548: 6535: 6533: 6523: 6515: 6500:Dictionaries 6487: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6446: 6444: 6436:Yi languages 6428:Sui language 6406:zhùyīn fúhào 6404: 6361: 6353: 6291:Tang dynasty 6264: 6159: 6141: 6125: 6123: 6085: 5817:Sino-Korean 5771: 5768: 5710: 5708: 5576: 5544:composed of 5397: 5344: 5263:Kunrei-shiki 5214:Syllabograms 5119:Hyōgai kanji 5099:Kyōiku kanji 5076:Stroke order 5023: 5013: 4991: 4985: 4966: 4956: 4944: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4911: 4896: 4840: 4831: 4820: 4788: 4732: 4730: 4688: 4660: 4629: 4591: 4537: 4520:Song dynasty 4481: 4475: 4450: 4419:yin and yang 4407: 4361: 4349: 4328: 4312: 4302: 4268: 4157: 4126: 4112: 3934: 3932: 3920: 3911: 3899: 3885: 3882: 3851:Wang Xianzhi 3840: 3815: 3802: 3709: 3695: 3628: 3618: 3604: 3591: 3511: 3497: 3482: 3465: 3451: 3426: 3337: 3263: 3251: 3247:niǎochóngshū 3245: 3230:state of Qin 3223: 3205:Zhou dynasty 3202: 3191: 3180: 3166: 3072:Zhou scripts 3062: 3054:scapulimancy 3050: 3016: 2997:oracle bones 2979: 2787:Yellow River 2780: 2762: 2746:I Ching 2744: 2736:Tao Te Ching 2734: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2577:Traditional 2563:the numerals 2556: 2544: 2526: 2519: 2500: 2493: 2477: 2471: 2461: 2455: 2445: 2439: 2428: 2421: 2411: 2401: 2391: 2381: 2371: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2319: 2309: 2299: 2289: 2245: 2243: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2134: 2115:('convex'), 2094: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2066: 2033: 2023: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937:Chen Mengjia 1912: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1845: 1842:lexicography 1835: 1828: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1768: 1751: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1672: 1613: 1599:are used in 1577:lexicography 1553:pictographic 1538: 1517: 1516: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1356: 1346: 1333:and readings 1313: 1287:second round 1260: 1248: 1240: 1229: 1221: 1210: 1183: 1176: 1093:Semi-cursive 1034: 989: 970: 945:Kunrei-shiki 628:Southern Min 560:Romanization 538:Romanization 516:Romanization 414:Hanyu Pinyin 353:Chinese name 301: 286: 151:among others 148: 42: 40: 34: 25: 18425:RoboBraille 18249:Róża Czacka 18189:Perforation 17986:Independent 17884:(Bhutanese) 17619:Greenlandic 17290:Azerbaijani 17092:Jindai moji 16981:Syllabaries 16952:SignWriting 16852:Celtiberian 16754:Hieroglyphs 16557:Seal script 16542:Traditional 16414:Blissymbols 16319:Warang Citi 16294:Tolong Siki 16247:Marcomannic 16227:Dalecarlian 16217:Anglo-Saxon 16197:Pau Cin Hau 16088:Medefaidrin 16041:Merovingian 16001:Blackletter 15909:Asomtavruli 15702:Warang Citi 15511:Ulu scripts 15456:New Tai Lue 15399:Mon–Burmese 15253:Bhattiprolu 15081:Nandinagari 14908:ʾEsṭrangēlā 14667:constructed 14544:Xiao'erjing 14406:Punctuation 14399:Traditional 14352:Oracle bone 14336:Logographic 14232:Proto-Hakka 14207:Eastern Han 14202:Old Chinese 14064:Classifiers 14031:Northern Wu 13959:Singaporean 13165: [ 13153: [ 13141: [ 13129: [ 13117: [ 11151:Radiocarbon 10507:Chan (2016) 10498:Chan (2016) 10489:Chan (2016) 10307:Works cited 10193:Hannas 1997 10181:Hannas 1997 10177:Handel 2019 10105:Hannas 1997 10093:Hannas 1997 9898:Bökset 2006 9690:Norman 1988 9662:Norman 1988 9594:Norman 1988 9465:Handel 2019 9453:Handel 2019 9441:Handel 2019 9429:Hannas 1997 9401:Handel 2019 9365:Hannas 1997 9349:Handel 2019 9337:Handel 2019 9325:Norman 1988 9313:Hannas 1997 9301:Hannas 1997 9297:Handel 2019 9285:Handel 2019 9269:Hannas 1997 9218:Handel 2019 9170:Norman 1988 9146:Handel 2019 9122:Handel 2019 9110:Norman 1988 9098:Norman 1988 9086:Norman 1988 9062:Norman 1988 9038:Hannas 1997 9014:Handel 2019 9002:Handel 2019 8975:Handel 2019 8927:Handel 2019 8911:Handel 2019 8851:Norman 1988 8620:Handel 2019 8604:Bökset 2006 8520:Handel 2019 8484:Norman 1988 8392:Norman 1988 8000:Handel 2019 7988:Norman 1988 7972:Norman 1988 7956:Handel 2019 7944:Norman 1988 7932:Handel 2019 7928:Norman 1988 7916:Norman 1988 7888:Ramsey 1987 7789:Norman 1988 7713:Norman 1988 7677:Norman 1988 7526:Handel 2019 7482:Handel 2019 7470:Norman 1988 7454:Handel 2019 7422:Norman 1988 7374:Handel 2019 7297:Maya script 7067:North Korea 7020:South Korea 6982:-character 6969:-character 6748: 1592 5589:reading of 5353:Nara period 5269:Nihon-shiki 4808:vernaculars 4791:Old Chinese 4656:hoeng1gong2 4652:xiang1gang3 4598:typewriters 4565:typefaces ( 4505:) or Ming ( 4472:orthography 4404:(1051–1107) 4386:Calligraphy 4093: 1800 3863:Sui dynasty 3847:Eastern Jin 3500:Eastern Han 3458:Han dynasty 3344:Qin dynasty 3212: 1046 3086:Seal script 3005:divinations 2989: 1250 2821: 4300 2484:Old Chinese 2406:), and 2281:Phonographs 2103:('up') and 2075:Indicatives 2026:pictographs 1960:Pictographs 1945:phonographs 1929: [ 1922: 1935 1910:compounds. 1899:phonographs 1737:pictographs 1705:Development 1691:typewriters 1654:, like the 1569:Han dynasty 1561:Qin dynasty 1171:Orthography 1045:Oracle bone 828:Korean name 801:Zhuang name 685:Eastern Min 85:Time period 74:Script type 64:(left) and 62:traditional 18503:Categories 17977:(obsolete) 17958:(obsolete) 17750:(Pakistan) 17661:Belarusian 17543:Vietnamese 17486:Portuguese 17472:Philippine 17429:Lithuanian 17082:Hentaigana 17077:Man'yōgana 16537:Simplified 16424:Ersu Shaba 16338:Non-linear 16143:Old Uyghur 16133:Old Permic 16128:Old Italic 16061:Visigothic 15996:Beneventan 15931:Glagolitic 15894:Gadabuursi 15558:Kolezhuthu 15553:Vatteluttu 15491:Tanchangya 15414:Saurashtra 14991:Devanagari 14849:Phoenician 14802:Manichaean 14495:Wade–Giles 14394:Simplified 14289:Vernacular 14282:in Vietnam 14135:Simplified 14122:Biaoxingma 14069:Honorifics 14004:Historical 13949:Philippine 13939:Sichuanese 13866:Badong Yao 13570:Shao–Jiang 13441:Philippine 13249:Xiangxiang 13244:Shuangfeng 12989:Taizhou Wu 12772:Sichuanese 12311:See also: 12234:Lunde, Ken 12190:. London: 11237:Lunde, Ken 10991:King, Ross 10246:Lunde 2008 10129:Lunde 2008 10081:Lunde 2008 10068:The Nikkei 10048:The Nikkei 10044:jōyō kanji 9910:Zhong 2019 9870:Zhong 2019 9050:Ebrey 1996 8839:Lunde 2008 8815:Zhang 2016 8764:Lunde 2008 8680:Nawar 2020 8544:Myers 2019 8492:Zhang 2013 8276:Boltz 1994 8252:Louis 2003 8176:Boltz 1986 8096:Boltz 1999 8060:Boltz 1994 7765:Boltz 1994 7554:Boltz 2011 7514:Boltz 1994 7345:References 7244:sinographs 7234:Vietnamese 7179:Wade–Giles 7157:simplified 6854:characters 6838:Zhou Enlai 6768:professor 6758:Kuomintang 6655:See also: 6432:the script 6424:the script 6342:See also: 6074:See also: 6064:Vietnamese 5695:readings. 5671:man'yōgana 5550:'MOUNTAIN' 5509:man'yōgana 5491:man'yōgana 5479:man'yōgana 5450:word stems 5429:man'yōgana 5422:man'yōgana 5159:Man'yōgana 5144:Hentaigana 5104:Tōyō kanji 5089:Jōyō kanji 5061:Components 4875:See also: 4824:Sinosphere 4721:See also: 4606:Morse code 4594:telegraphs 4483:jiu zixing 4443:Sample of 4325:component. 4255:See also: 3877:See also: 3829: 151 3723: 147 3635:Wang Xizhi 3436: 475 3355: 280 3338:Following 3165:Shi Qiang 3076:See also: 2982:Late Shang 2924:'straight' 2823: – c. 2609: – c. 2546:Kěkǒu Kělè 2490:Loangraphs 2248:describes 2069:synecdoche 1949:loangraphs 1865:components 1838:Sinosphere 1802:logographs 1732:ideographs 1719:See also: 1679:woodblocks 1632:Vietnamese 1620:Sinosphere 1522:logographs 1405:man'yōgana 1331:Homographs 1184:xin zixing 1177:jiu zixing 1149:Components 1103:Flat brush 462:Wade–Giles 392:characters 312:Vietnamese 138:Vietnamese 66:simplified 18524:East Asia 18393:Vibratese 18372:Moon type 18365:Decapoint 18046:Eight-dot 17999:Cantonese 17948:Reordered 17911:Inuktitut 17800:Malayalam 17710:Ukrainian 17689:Mongolian 17668:Bulgarian 17631:Norwegian 17596:Icelandic 17387:Hungarian 17345:Esperanto 17297:Cantonese 16881:Redundant 16693:Anatolian 16644:Cuneiform 16572:bird-worm 16508:Logograms 16479:Testerian 16393:Ideograms 16370:Moon type 16257:Staveless 16148:Mongolian 16093:Molodtsov 16051:Sütterlin 15919:Mkhedruli 15785:Bassa Vah 15735:Alphabets 15707:Mwangwego 15672:Mwangwego 15647:Kharosthi 15600:Blackfoot 15563:Malayanma 15434:Sundanese 15429:Sukhothai 15377:Malayalam 15328:Khom Thai 15288:Goykanadi 15212:Tocharian 15165:ʼPhags-pa 15036:Khudabadi 14981:Bhaiksuki 14876:Samaritan 14807:Nabataean 14662:inventors 14433:Taiwanese 14423:Cantonese 14267:Classical 14227:Proto-Min 14162:Microsoft 14021:Cantonese 13997:Phonology 13978:Cantonese 13969:Singdarin 13954:Malaysian 13944:Taiwanese 13848:Rongjiang 13838:Yongjiang 13834:Southern 13819:Northern 13793:Luo–Guang 13702:Hong Kong 13697:Guangzhou 13653:Taiwanese 13646:Changting 13580:Zhanjiang 13494:Zhongshan 13461:Malaysian 13456:Singapore 13421:Zhangzhou 13373:Zhongshan 13266:Yong–Quan 13162:Jing-Zhan 13092:Xuancheng 13069:Jiangshan 12948:Changzhou 12869:Junjiahua 12722:Guanzhong 12605:Changchun 12325:"Chinese" 12196:T. Boosey 12023:中国语文的时代演进 11960:0165-2516 11917:一二三笔顺检字手册 11805:2160-5076 11619:2210-7363 11605:. Brill. 11549:0143-4632 11442:(2000) . 11440:Qiu Xigui 11221:0571-1371 11215:: 18–27. 10887:189494805 10828:. Wiley. 10679:(1972) . 10638:(1991) . 10595:2409-2878 10270:Chen 1999 10233:Chosun NK 10212:Chosun NK 10001:Chen 1999 9997:Zhou 2003 9985:Chen 1999 9973:Chen 1999 9961:Chen 1999 9949:Zhou 2003 9937:Chen 1999 9886:Chen 1999 9874:Chen 1999 9846:Zhou 2003 9830:Zhou 2003 9806:Wang 2016 9770:Zhou 2003 9758:Chen 1999 9726:Lee 2015a 9714:Lee 2015b 9658:Zhou 2003 9542:Hung 1951 9498:Zhao 1998 9486:Zhou 1991 9469:Zhou 2003 8580:Zhou 2003 8508:Zhou 2003 8488:Zhou 2003 8472:Zhou 2003 8416:Chan 2020 8240:Chen 2003 8180:Kern 2010 8152:Kern 2010 8124:Kern 2010 7649:Zhou 2003 7594:Yang 2008 7350:Citations 7299:emerging 7278:emerging 7266:emerging 7264:cuneiform 7262:Sumerian 7248:sinograms 7199:Japanese 7132:includes 6953:shinjitai 6692:Lufei Kui 6156:Confucian 6057:'father' 5897:'person' 5416:Meiji era 5225:Okurigana 4993:fāngyánzì 4945:homograph 4844:loanwords 4836:brushtalk 4743:allograph 4488:typefaces 4414:ink brush 4410:four arts 4382:scripts. 3977:Character 3906:graphemic 3873:Structure 3822:Zhong Yao 3225:xiǎozhuàn 2944:'leather' 2783:Neolithic 2771:Neolithic 2739:and the " 2607: 58 2533:Coca-Cola 2301:xíngshēng 2044:('Sun'), 2035:xiàngxíng 1915:Qiu Xigui 1860:compounds 1808:morphemes 1796:graphemes 1721:Ideograph 1605:Hong Kong 1589:Singapore 1534:morphemes 1073:Bird-worm 289:full list 240:ISO 15924 234:ISO 15924 225:Yi script 117:Languages 100:Direction 26:Han Feizi 18469:Language 18029:Japanese 17890:Georgian 17882:Dzongkha 17868:Armenian 17786:Gujarati 17651:Cyrillic 17582:Estonian 17557:Yugoslav 17493:Romanian 17465:Nigerian 17380:Hawaiian 17366:Ghanaian 17283:Albanian 17144:Sumerian 17109:Linear B 17072:Katakana 17067:Hiragana 17017:Cherokee 16947:ASLwrite 16908:Bopomofo 16763:Numerals 16749:Hieratic 16708:Isthmian 16677:Sumerian 16657:Assyrian 16652:Akkadian 16309:Vithkuqi 16284:Tifinagh 16252:Medieval 16207:Pisidian 16202:Phrygian 16173:Vagindra 16118:Ol Chiki 16026:Interlac 15981:Kayah Li 15971:Jenticha 15926:Veso Bey 15914:Nuskhuri 15904:Georgian 15874:Formosan 15869:Etruscan 15864:Enochian 15820:Cyrillic 15805:Coelbren 15763:Armenian 15662:Meroitic 15652:Mandombe 15642:Jenticha 15506:Tigalari 15471:Tai Viet 15466:Tai Tham 15446:Tagbanwa 15298:Javanese 15248:Baybayin 15238:Balinese 15226:Southern 15121:Pracalit 15116:Pachumol 15091:Bhujimol 15051:Mahajani 15011:Gurmukhi 15001:Gujarati 14969:Northern 14949:Abugidas 14930:Ugaritic 14918:Maḏnḥāyā 14792:Tifinagh 14785:Solitreo 14723:Numerals 14636:Grapheme 14624:Overview 14517:Bopomofo 14446:Phonetic 14438:Two-cell 14367:Clerical 14277:in Japan 14272:Adoption 14260:Official 14251:Literary 14126:Boshiamy 14103:Xiehouyu 14059:Numerals 14036:Mandarin 13964:Standard 13924:Standard 13798:Qin–Lian 13788:Yong–Xun 13773:Gao–Yang 13719:Jiujiang 13707:Malaysia 13641:Tingzhou 13592:Wenchang 13553:Jianyang 13543:Northern 13502:Sanxiang 13416:Quanzhou 13399:Southern 13368:Manjiang 13232:Changsha 13192:Nanchang 13187:Chang–Du 13084:Xuanzhou 13074:Qingtian 13028:Wencheng 12974:Jiangyin 12969:Jinxiang 12959:Shaoxing 12953:Hangzhou 12933:Shanghai 12874:Qinjiang 12782:Minjiang 12754:Xinjiang 12712:Dongping 12676:Jiaoliao 12615:Shenyang 12588:Mandarin 12517:zi.tools 12436:(1984). 12414:(2024). 12349:(2006). 12323:(1989). 12075:(1891). 11997:(1991). 11738:(2012). 11559:(1991). 11520:23754815 11398:(1988). 11283:(2017). 11239:(2008). 11188:(2012). 11037:(2018). 10970:(eds.). 10940:(1978). 10801:(2004). 10779:(1996). 10614:(1996). 10603:23826053 10420:(eds.). 10282:Tam 2020 9818:Qiu 2000 9634:Xue 1982 9353:Kin 2021 9134:Qiu 2000 8939:Kin 2021 8899:Yip 2000 8592:Qiu 2000 8568:Qiu 2000 8532:Yin 2016 8440:Qiu 2000 8428:Qiu 2000 8404:Qiu 2000 8388:Qiu 2000 8372:Qiu 2000 8348:Qiu 2000 8336:Qiu 2000 8324:Qiu 2000 8312:Qiu 2000 8300:Qiu 2000 8288:Qiu 2000 8264:Qiu 2000 8228:Qiu 2000 8216:Qiu 2000 8204:Qiu 2000 8084:Qiu 2000 8072:Qiu 2000 8024:Qiu 2000 8012:Qiu 2000 7984:Qiu 2013 7968:Qiu 2000 7912:Qiu 2000 7864:Qiu 2000 7852:Qiu 2000 7804:Qiu 2000 7753:Qiu 2000 7729:Qiu 2000 7717:Qiu 2000 7701:Qiu 2000 7689:Yip 2000 7673:Qiu 2000 7661:Qiu 2000 7645:Qiu 2000 7618:Qiu 2000 7578:Yin 2007 7566:Qiu 2000 7542:Qiu 2000 7494:Qiu 2000 7466:Qiu 2000 7450:Qiu 2000 7438:Qiu 2000 7410:Qiu 2000 7398:Qiu 2000 7386:Qiu 2000 7194:Hon3 zi6 7189:Jyutping 7167:Chinese 7011:jinmeiyō 6961:kyūjitai 6867:⾬ 6821:⾨ 6737:such as 6731:Mandarin 6635:(fMRI), 6561:radicals 6434:for the 6426:for the 6393:bopomofo 5977:'small' 5857:'water' 5656:was the 5624:katakana 5601:reading 5586:kun'yomi 5546:⼭ 5503:katakana 5497:hiragana 5485:hiragana 5482:, while 5473:katakana 5467:katakana 5461:hiragana 5452:, while 5444:katakana 5436:hiragana 5385:kun'yomi 5220:Furigana 5151:Katakana 5139:Hiragana 5081:Radicals 5032:Japanese 4973:⾦ 4963:thallium 4941:cognates 4640:Jyutping 4636:bopomofo 4563:Fangsong 4460:Bi Sheng 4378:lệnh thư 4319:⾷ 4223:⽬ 4191:⽉ 4186:'WINDOW' 4172:⽇ 4153:⟩ 4149:⟨ 3939:⼑ 3620:zhāngcǎo 3018:jiǎgǔwén 3001:scapulae 2984:period ( 2904:'travel' 2864:'Heaven' 2638:zhuǎnzhù 2360:⽔ 2266:'SPEECH' 2262:⾔ 2254:⼈ 2215:⼦ 2207:⼥ 2195:⽊ 2187:⼈ 2175:⽉ 2167:⽇ 1926:Tang Lan 1884:semantic 1880:phonetic 1830:phonemes 1825:alphabet 1624:Japanese 1595:, while 1593:Malaysia 1458:Bopomofo 1419:katakana 1412:hiragana 1372:Variants 1315:kyūjitai 1166:Radicals 1116:Fangsong 1083:Clerical 603:Hon3 zi6 597:Jyutping 454:Hanntzyh 428:Bopomofo 195:Bopomofo 128:Japanese 18457:Writing 18443:Portals 17934:Tibetan 17875:Burmese 17861:Amharic 17844:(India) 17821:Sinhala 17814:Punjabi 17793:Kannada 17741:Persian 17696:Russian 17636:Swedish 17614:Finnish 17589:Faroese 17564:Zambian 17536:Turkish 17521:Spanish 17444:Maltese 17422:Latvian 17415:Italian 17394:Iñupiaq 17373:Guarani 17333:English 17304:Catalan 17221:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ 17216:Braille 17099:Kikakui 17037:Eskayan 17022:Cypriot 16872:Dunging 16744:Demotic 16723:Tenevil 16667:Hittite 16662:Elamite 16615:Jurchen 16594:Sawndip 16589:Chữ Nôm 16489:Zapotec 16484:Yerkish 16459:Nsibidi 16444:Miꞌkmaw 16434:Isotype 16404:Adinkra 16345:Braille 16329:Zaghawa 16299:Vellara 16279:Sunuwar 16269:Sidetic 16264:Shavian 16192:Osmanya 16182:Ol Onal 16036:Kurrent 16021:Insular 16011:Fraktur 15986:Klingon 15976:Kaddare 15950:Archaic 15859:Elbasan 15847:Chinook 15837:Deseret 15825:Bosnian 15780:Avoiuli 15768:Avestan 15758:Ariyaka 15687:Tengwar 15585:Bharati 15546:Serawai 15536:Pasemah 15521:Lampung 15476:Lai Tay 15461:Tai Noi 15424:Sinhala 15404:Pallava 15372:Makasar 15360:Lontara 15335:Kulitan 15308:Kannada 15303:Kadamba 15293:Hanunoo 15283:Grantha 15278:Fakkham 15195:Tibetan 15180:Soyombo 15175:Siddhaṃ 15170:Sharada 15146:Litumol 15136:Tirhuta 15126:Ranjana 15111:Kvemmol 15071:Multani 15056:Marchen 15021:Kalinga 14961:Brahmic 14898:Sogdian 14837:Psalter 14817:Pahlavi 14797:Mandaic 14775:Cursive 14760:Elymaic 14731:Aramaic 14416:Braille 14377:Cursive 14327:Scripts 14194:History 14184:ZhengMa 14130:Cangjie 14096:Chengyu 14051:Grammar 14026:Hokkien 13983:Hokkien 13891:Waxiang 13871:Danzhou 13843:Guandao 13828:Younian 13823:Tongdao 13812:Pinghua 13752:Taishan 13668:Raoping 13636:Huizhou 13626:Meixian 13602:Banqiao 13575:Leizhou 13565:Pu–Xian 13560:Central 13548:Jian'ou 13523:Longyan 13471:Teochew 13408:Hokkien 13383:Nanlang 13339:Fu–Ning 13319:Changle 13301:Houguan 13292:Eastern 13239:Loushao 13227:Changyi 13209:Da–Tong 13204:Ying–Yi 13150:Yanzhou 13018:Wenzhou 13011:Oujiang 13002:Tiantai 12997:Taizhou 12906:Zhi–Yan 12853:Nantong 12848:Nanjing 12823:Gui–Liu 12813:Nanping 12808:Kunming 12734:Luoyang 12689:Qingdao 12661:Tianjin 12638:Beijing 12630:Beijing 12121:I Ching 12001:(ed.). 11856:现代汉语文字学 11580:现代汉字学纲要 11400:Chinese 11229:4434272 11182:Liu, Li 11160:Bibcode 11085:简明实用汉字学 10993:(ed.). 10972:To 1375 10930:2718184 10013:Li 2020 9922:Li 2020 9834:Li 2020 9794:Li 2020 9742:Ho 2015 9618:Su 2014 9606:Su 2014 9530:Li 2020 9242:Li 2020 9182:Li 2020 8827:Su 2014 8803:Li 2020 8776:Su 2014 8752:Li 2013 8704:Li 2009 8692:Li 2009 8616:Li 2020 8556:Li 2009 8504:Li 2009 8464:Li 2020 8452:Li 2020 8384:Li 2020 7582:Su 2014 7510:Li 2020 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