Chinese culture - Knowledge

2352: 6113: 4496: 1424: 4639: 3030: 1395: 4977: 5906: 1049:

framework is of central concern to Chinese participants, whether they are social scientists, humanists, or clinical psychiatrists. Chinese culture appears to affect the state of body and health, parent–child interaction, social relationships, individual and group aspirations, models of health care services, and the patterns of disorders and methods of coping under the impact of migration, industrialization, and urbanization. The chapter focuses on the importance of the impact of cultural tradition upon perception, behavioral orientation, pathology, coping, and help-seeking. The mental health concerns that are relevant to the population of mainland China are related to the recent dramatic socialist revolution and particularly to the 10-year period of the Cultural Revolution.

6077: 1143: 778: 2873: 6101: 5864: 3464: 5992: 5891: 6041: 5959: 4236: 4153: 5001:(酒池肉林). A large pool, big enough for several small boats, was constructed on the palace grounds, with inner linings of polished oval shaped stones from the sea shores. The pool was then filled with wine. A small island was constructed in the middle of the pool, where trees were planted, which had skewers of roasted meat hanging from their branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste. During the 5977: 3613: 6158: 729: 4734: 4672: 793: 3762: 1078: 1109: 2433:, as well as variant readings of poems that were also included in the later anthologies. There are also collections of individual poets' work, which generally can be dated earlier than the Qing anthologies, although few earlier than the eleventh century. Only about a hundred Tang poets have such collected editions extant. Another important source is anthologies of poetry compiled during the Tang dynasty, although only thirteen such anthologies survive in full or in part. Many records of poetry, as well as other writings, were lost when the Tang capital of 3959: 2152: 1969: 1811: 6010: 6053: 2998:, such as the episodic structure, interspersed songs and folk sayings, or speaking directly to the reader, but they fashioned self-consciously ironic narratives whose seeming familiarity camouflaged a Neo-Confucian moral critique of late Ming decadence. Plaks explores the textual history of the novels (all published after their author's deaths, usually anonymously) and how the ironic and satiric devices of these novels paved the way for the great novels of the 18th century. Plaks further shows these Ming novels share formal characteristics. 5936: 6172: 5849: 3581: 5834: 5803: 6089: 3604:, famous artists were often commissioned to paint fans. The Chinese dancing fan was developed in the 7th century. The Chinese form of the hand fan was a row of feathers mounted in the end of a handle. In the later centuries, Chinese poems and four-word idioms were used to decorate the fans by using Chinese calligraphy pens. In ancient China, fans came in various shapes and forms (such as in a leaf, oval or a half-moon shape), and were made in different materials such as silk, bamboo, feathers, etc. 3495:. Sometimes, other lanterns can be made out of colored silk (usually red) or vinyl. Silk lanterns are also collapsible with a metal expander and are decorated with Chinese characters and/or designs. The vinyl lanterns are more durable; they can resist rain, sunlight, and wind. Paper lanterns do not last very long, they soon break, and silk lanterns last longer. The gold paper on them will soon fade away to a pale white, and the red silk will become a mix between pink and red. Often associated with 2194: 4939:

express the harmony that should exist between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings. The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the

4337: 4624: 3274: 4660: 1092: 3739:/曲仑) from the Japanese word for the ring-pommel of a sword, where the same motifs were used in metal, and is often called the "Sword-Pommel pattern" in English. This style uses a family of repeated two-branched scrolling shapes cut with a rounded profile at the surface, but below that a "V" section through layers of lacquer in different colours (black, red and yellow, and later green), giving a "marbled" effect from the contrasted colours; this technique is called 6029: 6065: 9367: 5524: 5293: 1367: 3065:, established a strict hierarchical society that used clothing as a status meridian, and inevitably, the height of one's rank influenced the ornateness of a costume. Such markers included the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve and the degree of ornamentation. In addition to these class-oriented developments, Han Chinese clothing became looser, with the introduction of wide sleeves and jade decorations hung from the sash which served to keep the 6200: 6186: 9377: 5819: 6144: 3297: 78: 264: 37: 6125: 2955:. The novel as an extended prose narrative which realistically creates a believable world of its own evolved in China and in Europe from the 14th to 18th centuries, though a little earlier in China. Chinese audiences were more interested in history and were more historically minded. They appreciated relative optimism, moral humanism, and relative emphasis on collective behavior and the welfare of the society. 4920: 5879: 180: 1126: 4701:, which connotes a sense of grandeur as it applies to everything from palaces to farmhouses. One notable exception is in the design of gardens, which tends to be as asymmetrical as possible. Like Chinese scroll paintings, the principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow, to let the patron wander and enjoy the garden without prescription, as in nature herself. 4542: 3252:), and it is this name that survives in English as the "cheongsam". Most Han civilian men eventually voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing while Han women continued wearing Han clothing. Until 1911, the changpao was required clothing for Chinese men of a certain class, but Han Chinese women continued to wear loose jacket and trousers, with an overskirt for formal occasions. The 2396:. During the Tang dynasty, poetry continued to be an important part of social life at all levels of society. Scholars were required to master poetry for the civil service exams, but the art was theoretically available to everyone. This led to a large record of poetry and poets, a partial record of which survives today. Two of the most famous poets of the period were 4714:. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings. 1994:. It was used for thousands of years, but was mostly used by scholars and intellectuals in the upper class society called "shi da fu (士大夫)". It was difficult, but possible, for ordinary people to enter this class by passing written exams. Calligraphy later became commercialized, and works by famous artists became prized possessions. 4697:. Chinese architecture, examples for which can be found from more than 2,000 years ago, is almost as old as Chinese civilization and has long been an important hallmark of Chinese culture. There are certain features common to Chinese architecture, regardless of specific regions, different provinces or use. The most important is 1010:. Throughout Chinese history, many non-Han foreigners like the Indo-Iranians became Han Chinese through assimilation, other groups retained their distinct ethnic identities, or faded away. At the same time, the Han Chinese majority has maintained distinct linguistic and regional cultural traditions throughout the ages. The term 1058:“inclusiveness to diversity,” and “realism and adaptation to changes,” created cultural traditions of abundant contents, sophisticated structures, and various forms. These traditions have since been nourishing, nurturing, and shaping the Chinese people and become internalized in the blood and soul of the Chinese nation. 3659:. While lacquer has been used in China for at least 3,000 years, the technique of carving into very thick coatings of it appears to have been developed in the 12th century CE. It is extremely time-consuming to produce, and has always been a luxury product, essentially restricted to China, though imitated in 5448:

have enjoyed tea for millennia. Scholars hailed the brew as a cure for a variety of ailments; the nobility considered the consumption of good tea as a mark of their status, and the common people simply enjoyed its flavour. In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the

3207:

However, the order for ordinary non-Banner Han civilians to wear Manchu clothing was lifted and only Han who served as officials were required to wear Manchu clothing, with the rest of the civilian Han population dressing however they wanted. Qipao covered most of the woman's body, revealing only the

5397:

cuisines. Color, smell and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food, as well as the meaning, appearance and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised from ingredients used, cuttings, cooking time and seasoning. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the

4938:

and members of the imperial family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to

4709:

3366:

Chinese art has arguably the oldest continuous tradition in the world, and is marked by an unusual degree of continuity within, and consciousness of, that tradition, lacking an equivalent to the Western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles. The media that have usually been classified in

1959:

is considered the founder of this school. His theory attempted to explain the universe in terms of basic forces in nature: the complementary agents of yin (dark, cold, female, negative) and yang (light, hot, male, positive) and the Five Elements or Five Phases (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth).

4688:

that has taken shape through the ages and influenced the architecture of East Asia for many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major

2124:

etc.) in different regions prevented spoken communication with people from other areas. However, the written language made communication possible, such as passing on official orders and documents throughout the entire region of China. Reformers set out to establish a national language, settling on

1048:

The chapter discusses the contemporary situations in Chinese culture that relate to social structure, sociocultural change, and the relationship of these factors to the current state of mental health of the Chinese people. The chapter focuses on the issues of mind, body, and behavior. The cultural

5542:

played a role in the changes in Chinese cuisines over time. Because of imperial expansion and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures were integrated into Chinese cuisines over time. The overwhelmingly large variety of Chinese cuisine comes mainly from the practice of the

2958:

The rise of a money economy and urbanization beginning in the Song era led to a professionalization of entertainment which was further encouraged by the spread of printing, the rise of literacy, and education. In both China and Western Europe, the novel gradually became more autobiographical and

2437:

was damaged by war in the eighth and ninth centuries, so that while more than 50,000 Tang poems survive (more than any earlier period in Chinese history), this still likely represents only a small portion of the poetry that was actually produced during the period. Many seventh-century poets are

1343:

With the rise of European economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, non-Chinese systems of social and political organization gained adherents in China. Some of these would-be reformers totally rejected China's cultural legacy, while others sought to combine the strengths of

2181:

are closely related: they are accomplished using similar tools and techniques, and have a long history of shared artistry. Distinguishing features of Chinese painting and calligraphy include an emphasis on motion charged with dynamic life. According to Stanley-Baker, "Calligraphy is sheer life

1057:

Chinese civilization is the only one that has preserved its historical continuity among the world's “cradles for four ancient civilizations.” In the long process of civilization evolution, the Chinese people, in the spirit of “continuous self-renewal,” “self-discipline and social commitment,”

3571:

source and to keep it away from the walls. When lit, the flame heats the air inside the lantern, thus lowering its density and causing the lantern to rise into the air. The sky lantern is only airborne for as long as the flame stays alight, after which the lantern sinks back to the ground.

3546:

made of paper, with an opening at the bottom where a small fire is suspended. In Asia and elsewhere around the world, sky lanterns have been traditionally made for centuries, to be launched for play or as part of long-established festivities. The name "sky lantern" is a translation of the

4591:

Dance in China is a highly varied art form, consisting of many modern and traditional dance genres. The dances cover a wide range, from folk dances to performances in opera and ballet, and may be used in public celebrations, rituals and ceremonies. There are also 56 officially recognized

2061:

Chinese philosophers, writers and poets were highly respected and played key roles in preserving and promoting the culture of the empire. Some classical scholars, however, were noted for their daring depictions of the lives of the common people, often to the displeasure of authorities.

4774:

also had several other imperial palaces in the capital city where the empress, crown prince, or other members of the imperial family dwelled. There also existed palaces outside of the capital city called "away palaces" (離宮/离宫) where the emperors resided when traveling. Empress dowager

8827: 1292:, although success was available only to males who could afford test preparation. Imperial examinations required applicants to write essays and demonstrate mastery of the Confucian classics. Those who passed the highest level of the exam became elite scholar-officials known as 5425: 5203:. The first generation of art started more for the purpose of survival and warfare than art. Over time, some art forms have branched off, while others have retained a distinct Chinese flavor. Regardless, China has produced some of the most renowned martial artists including 2908:. They are among the world's longest and oldest novels and are considered to be the pinnacle of China's literary achievement in classic novels, influencing the creation of many stories, plays, movies, games, and other forms of entertainment across other parts of East Asia. 2967:

was varied, self-conscious, and experimental. In China, however, there was no counterpart to the 19th-century European explosion of novels. The novels of the Ming and early Qing dynasties represented a pinnacle of classic Chinese fiction. The scholar and literary critic

2685:

poems are lyrics with lines of varying longer and shorter lengths, set according to the certain and specific, fixed patterns of rhyme and tone of conventional musical pieces upon which they are based and after which these matched variations in lyrics (or individual

3020:

China's fashion history covers hundreds of years with some of the most colorful and diverse arrangements. Different social classes in different eras boast different fashion trends, the color yellow was usually reserved for the emperor during China's Imperial era.

5626:

Chinese culture consists of many subcultures. In China, the cultural difference between adjacent provinces (and, in some cases, adjacent counties within the same province) can often be as big as than that between adjacent European nations. Thus, the concept of

4992:

is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree. According to the

1163:

when wealthy and powerful families emerged with large amounts of land and huge numbers of semi-serfs. They dominated important civilian and military positions of the government, making the positions available to members of their own families and clans. The

1344:

Chinese and European cultures. In essence, the history of 20th-century China is one of experimentation with new systems of social, political, and economic organization that would allow for the reintegration of the nation in the wake of dynastic collapse.

1172:

system as an attempt to eradicate this feudalism. Traditional Chinese culture covers large geographical territories, where each region is usually divided into distinct sub-cultures. Each region is often represented by three ancestral items. For example,

7829: 1248:

has been the main ruler above all. Different periods of history have different names for the various positions within society. Conceptually each imperial or feudal period is similar, with the government and military officials ranking high in the

4947:(1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, 4104:

sewn in gold thread, on the idea that it would preserve the body and the souls attached to it. Jade was also thought to combat fatigue in the living. The Han also greatly improved prior artistic treatment of jade. These uses gave way after the

2438:

reported by the 721 imperial library catalog as having left behind massive volumes of poetry, of which only a tiny portion survives, and there are notable gaps in the poetic œuvres of even Li Bai and Du Fu, the two most celebrated Tang poets.

5348:

also plays a role in the change of Chinese cuisines. Because of imperial expansion and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures are integrated into Chinese cuisines over time. The most praised "Four Major Cuisines" are

5021:, was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest terrace, a view extended as far as 1504:. The translation of a large body of foreign Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations, together with works composed in China, into a printed canon had far-reaching implications for the dissemination of 6112: 5905: 5551:

were involved in the food preparation process. Over time, many dishes became part of the everyday citizen's cuisine. Some of the highest quality restaurants with recipes close to the dynastic periods include Fangshan restaurant in

2182:

experienced through energy in motion that is registered as traces on silk or paper, with time and rhythm in shifting space its main ingredients." Calligraphy has also led to the development of many forms of art in China, including

2547:

and scholars of all classes have made significant contributions to and from documenting history to authoring saintly concepts that seem hundreds of years ahead of time. Although the oldest surviving textual examples of surviving

5605:

wanted to resolve the disputes so he held a banquet during his 66th birthday celebrations. The banquet consisted of Manchu and Han dishes, with officials from both ethnic groups attending the banquet together. After the

1854:

society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy. This period ended with the rise of the imperial

3729:(1127–1279), following the development of techniques for making very thick lacquer. There is some evidence from literary sources that it had existed in the late Tang. At first the style of decoration used is known as 4762:(3rd century BC). A Chinese palace is composed of many buildings. It has large areas surrounded by walls and moats. It contains large halls (殿) for ceremonies and official business, as well as smaller buildings, 9332: 5633:(漢族民系/汉族民系, literally "Han ethnic lineage") was born, used for classifying these subgroups within the greater Han ethnicity. These subgroups are, as a general rule, classified based on linguistic differences. 4758:(宮; meaning "palace") represents two connected rooms (呂) under a roof (宀). Originally the character applied to any residence or mansion, but it was used in reference to solely the imperial residence since the 3693:

and imperial dragons can be added. The objects made in the technique are a wide range of small types, but are mostly practical vessels or containers such as boxes, plates and trays. Some screens and pieces of

6575: 4196:

powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, typhoons, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck for people who are worthy of it. During the days of Imperial China, the

5311:

Chinese cuisine is a very important part of Chinese culture, which includes cuisine originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese people in other parts of the world. Because of the

3845:

on. Many artists painted on paper or silk and applied it onto the folding screen. There were two distinct artistic folding screens mentioned in historical literature of the era. One of it was known as the

1760:

Confucianism is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life. Confucianism developed from what was later called the

8075:

Chinese pictorial art as viewed by the connoisseur: notes on the means and methods of traditional Chinese connoisseurship of pictorial art, based upon a study of the art of mounting scrolls in China and

7837: 5277:

is the practice of spiritual, physical, and medical techniques. It is as a form of exercise and although it is commonly used among the elderly, any one of any age can practice it during their free time.

961:. Gentry and farmers constituted the two major classes, while merchant and craftsmen were collected into the two minor. Theoretically, except for the position of the Emperor, nothing was hereditary. 5497:

in preparation, taste, and the occasions when people consume tea. Even today, tea is consumed regularly, both at casual and formal occasions. In addition to being a popular beverage, tea is used in

4705:

has played a very important part in structural development. The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the

1826:

of ancient China. While this period was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it was an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. It came to be known as the Golden Age of

1562:

have helped fill the gap between things that cannot be explained. There is often a blurred line between myth, religion and unexplained phenomenon. Many of the stories have since evolved into

2058:. Academies of scholars sponsored by the empire were formed to comment on the classics in both printed and handwritten form. Members of royalty frequently participated in these discussions. 4340:

Gilin with the head and scaly body of a dragon, tail of a lion and cloven hoofs like a deer. Its body enveloped in sacred flames. Detail from Entrance of General Zu Dashou Tomb (Ming Tomb).

3753:, especially on small boxes and jars with covers, though after the Song only red was often used, and the motifs were often carved with wider flat spaces at the bottom level to be exposed. 4849:) was originally a collective term for the top two levels of administrative division and subdivisions of ancient Chinese cities. The largest division within a city in ancient China was a 3567:

across, with an opening at the bottom. The opening is usually about 10 to 30 cm wide (even for the largest shells), and is surrounded by a stiff collar that serves to suspend the

2337:, the study of Chinese modern literature gradually increased. Modern-era literature has influenced modern interpretations of nationhood and the creation of a sense of national spirit. 5935: 5478:

in 2737 BCE when a leaf from a nearby shrub fell into water the emperor was boiling. Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the

3721:

hide, but the lacquer is very thin, "less than one millimeter in thickness", and the effect very different, with simple abstract shapes on a plain field and almost no impression of

2636:

which was characterized by an exploration of the emotions connected with romantic love together with its valorization, often in a context of a brief poetic story narrative within a

2351: 5489:

Chinese tea culture refers to how tea is prepared as well as the occasions when people consume tea in China. Tea culture in China differs from that in European countries such as

2237:) in the countries where it is practised. Chinese calligraphy focuses not only on methods of writing but also on cultivating one's character (人品) and taught as a discipline (書法; 1640:: 慈 "compassion", 儉/俭 "frugality", and 谦 "humility". The roots of Taoism can be traced back to at least the 4th century BCE. Early Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the 5336:. Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests and deserts also have a strong effect on the local available ingredients, considering climate of China varies from 6929: 3802:

or by other means. It can be made in a variety of designs and with different kinds of materials. Folding screens have many practical and decorative uses. It originated from

3475:

made of thin, brightly colored paper. Paper lanterns come in various shapes and sizes, as well as various methods of construction. In their simplest form, they are simply a

3600:

for "fan" (扇) is etymologically derived from a picture of feathers under a roof. A particular status and gender would be associated with a specific type of fan. During the

3382:

Different forms of art have swayed under the influence of great philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even political figures. Chinese art encompasses all facets of

7204:

Rickett, Guanzi – "all early Chinese political thinkers were basically committed to a reestablishment of the golden age of the past as early Zhou propaganda described it."

2471:

derived from a base set of certain patterns, in fixed-rhythm, fixed-tone, and variable line-length formal types, or model examples: the rhythmic and tonal pattern of the

1554:. The Zhou dynasty oriented religion to worshipping the broader concept of heaven. A large part of Chinese culture is based in the belief in a spiritual world. Countless 4754:

The Chinese palace is an imperial complex where the royal court and the civil government resided. Its structures are considerable and elaborate. The Chinese character

2990:

collectively constituted a technical breakthrough reflecting new cultural values and intellectual concerns. Their educated editors, authors, and commentators used the

6076: 8410: 8255: 7124: 6583: 5486:, Chinese tea was used for medicinal purposes and it was the period when the Chinese people first enjoyed the juice extracted from the tea leaves that they chewed. 3208:

head, hands, and the tips of the toes. The baggy nature of the clothing also served to conceal the figure of the wearer regardless of age. With time, though, the

7147: 6713: 4495: 1757:(not to be confused with Neo-Confucianism) have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian "Asian values". 442: 6664: 3375:

are extremely important in Chinese art, and much of the finest work was produced in large workshops or factories by essentially unknown artists, especially in

1423: 6100: 5470:

Although tea originated in China, during the Tang dynasty, Chinese tea generally represents tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from

201: 4867:. Each fang was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night. Each fang was further divided into several 8558: 7216: 3906:'calligraphed folding screen'). It was not uncommon for people to commission folding screens from artists, such as from Tang-era painter Cao Ba or 2321:

in relation to heaven and earth were theorized in the pre-imperial periods. By the end of the Qing dynasty, Chinese culture had embarked on a new era with

1067: 8811: 3077:, or wrapping the right side over before the left, because of the initially greater challenge to the right-handed wearer (people of Zhongyuan discouraged 2802:

lyrics of this verse form: in other words, rather than being embedded as part of an opera performance the lyrics stand separately on their own. Since the

8350: 858:. The terms 'China' and the geographical landmass of 'China' have shifted across the centuries, before the name 'China' became commonplace in modernity. 8121: 9639: 8528: 6444:

There are currently some projects in China to rebuild the Imperial Gardens, but this appears as a colossal undertaking, and no rebuilding has started.

5976: 4453:

season. In Japan, it is one of the four guardian spirits that protect Kyoto and it is said that it protects the city on the north. Represented by the

3689:

or Sword-Pommel pattern, figures in a landscape, and birds and plants. To these some designs with religious symbols, animals, auspicious characters

6893: 4270:

but such a distinction of gender is often no longer made and they are blurred into a single feminine entity so that the bird can be paired with the

4032:, and beauty. In particular, its subtle, translucent colors and protective qualities caused it to become associated with Chinese conceptions of the 8660: 8326: 7012: 6974:

Alon, Ilan, ed. (2003), Chinese Culture, Organizational Behavior, and International Business Management, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.

4638: 6636: 6465: 3427: 5802: 4013: 1626:

schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs from

4881:; 'placard'), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community. Each pai, in turn, contained an area including several 3029: 8758: 6009: 5991: 7738: 3220:

in the 1920s, partly under the influence of Beijing styles. People eagerly sought a more modernized style of dress and transformed the old

1630:

by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order. Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasize

322: 19: 3212:

were tailored to become more form fitting and revealing. The modern version, which is now recognized popularly in China as the "standard"

8617:: After leaving branch...for four and five days, the color, smell and taste (of lychee) will be gone. (《荔枝圖序》：「若離本枝......四五日外，色、香、味盡去矣」。） 4318:. In the Western world, it is commonly called the Chinese phoenix or simply Phoenix, although mythological similarities with the Western 3685:, and the development of both these and the technique of carving were essentially over by the early Ming. These types were the abstract 3260:

was wide and loose. As hosiery in turn declined in later decades, cheongsams nowadays have come to be most commonly worn with bare legs.

1474: 1394: 7085: 7046: 2892:

commonly regarded by Chinese literary criticism to be the greatest and most influential of pre-modern Chinese fiction. Dating from the

834:) is one of the world's oldest cultures, originating thousands of years ago. The culture prevails across a large geographical region in 9413: 5958: 1885: 759: 7270: 6958:

Mente, Boye De. (2000). The Chinese Have a Word for it: The Complete Guide to Chinese thought and Culture. McGraw-Hill Professional.

6863: 5066:

that have developed over the centuries in China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as

3810:

period (771–256 BCE). These were initially one-panel screens in contrast to folding screens. Folding screens were invented during the

188: 3806:, eventually spreading to the rest of East Asia, Europe, and other parts of the world. Screens date back to China during the Eastern 3106:, a length of fabric that reached the knees. Vivid primary colors and green were used, due to the degree of technology at the time. 2931: 2408:("Complete Tang Poems") anthology compiled in the early eighteenth century includes over 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 authors. 1321: 1299: 317: 8897: 8300: 6507: 7385: 4012:

were exploited since prehistoric times and have largely been exhausted; most Chinese jade today is extracted from the northwestern

1860: 6937: 6040: 2227:(서예; 書藝) literally "the skill/criterion of writing". Chinese calligraphy is normally regarded as one of the "arts" (Chinese 藝術/艺术 1261:(1046–256 BCE) onwards, traditional Chinese society was organized into a hierarchic system of socio-economic classes known as the 9281: 8784: 6344: 5863: 5518: 4518:(1122 BCE – 256 BCE). The earliest music of the Zhou dynasty recorded in ancient Chinese texts includes the ritual music called 3508: 2913: 2580:: they were lyrics which developed from anonymous popular songs into a sophisticated literary genre; although in the case of the 926: 8579: 6735: 6553: 5890: 9342: 3355:

and sculptures. After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically classified by the succession of ruling

2613: 7708: 7239: 5589:. The meal was held for three whole days, across six banquets. The culinary skills consisted of cooking methods from all over 1830:

because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and could be freely discussed. This phenomenon has been called the

142: 8975: 8821: 8742: 8636: 8404: 8249: 8174: 8084: 8041: 8002: 7949: 7903: 7634: 7570: 7521: 7318: 7177: 7118: 7079: 7040: 6996: 6805: 6780: 6707: 658: 334: 312: 8180: 8090: 8047: 8008: 7955: 7909: 7877:

Watt and Ford, pp. 26–27, 46–61, 60 for the use of green ; Rawson, p. 178 ; Grove, "Song" ; Kuwayama, pp. 13–17 on the Song

7768: 7640: 7576: 7527: 7183: 4976: 4201:

usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength. They are also the symbol and representative for the

2173:), or, the artistic expression of human language in a tangible form. There are some general standardizations of the various 1467:

concepts are a reminder of the connection between real-life and the after-life. In Chinese business culture, the concept of

1284:(581–618 CE), educated candidates prepared for the imperial examinations and exam graduates were drafted into government as 114: 9006: 5467:

emperors as early as 2nd century BC. Tea then became a popular drink in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) Dynasties.

4934:

The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over the years. It includes both the vast gardens of the

2421:

and is another widely consulted source for Tang poetry. Despite their names, these sources are not comprehensive, and the

9256: 4486: 3467:

Red lanterns are hung from the trees during the Chinese New Year celebrations in Ditan Park (Temple of Earth) in Beijing.

3399: 3347:

can also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese heritage and Chinese culture. Early "

3195:

fitted loosely and hung straight down the body, or flared slightly in an A-line. Under the dynastic laws after 1636, all

1842:; "hundred schools contend"). The thoughts and ideas discussed and refined during this period have profoundly influenced 7151: 1818:

The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BC, during the

5191:(gong) "achievement" or "merit", and (fu) "man", thus "human achievement") or (previously and in some modern contexts) 4528:'s time. The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was exemplified through the popularization of the 3837:(618–907). During the Tang dynasty, folding screens were considered ideal ornaments for many painters to display their 2937: 1952: 1241: 1000: 121: 5573:

was one of the grandest meals ever documented in Chinese cuisine. It consisted of at least 108 unique dishes from the

4078:. Although these items are so ancient that their original meaning is uncertain, by the time of the composition of the 3339:

that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists. The Chinese art in the

1268:

However, this system did not cover all social groups and the distinctions between the groups became blurred after the

9301: 8875: 8856: 7361: 7250: 6963: 6829: 6613: 1219: 226: 161: 64: 8930: 6671: 4596:, and each ethnic minority group in China also has its own folk dances. The best known Chinese dances today are the 4000:

is better known in Europe, for most of China's history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white "mutton-fat"

2604:, writing it in its distinct and mature form. One of the more notable practitioners and developers of this form was 1650:, which expounds a philosophical system of human behavior in accordance with the alternating cycles of nature. The " 1142: 6499: 1353: 329: 95: 50: 6052: 8550: 7213: 6369: 5208: 2872: 1727: 777: 304: 128: 4885:(alleyways). This system of urban administrative division and subdivision reached an elaborate level during the 9406: 7653:

Chinese authors finally produced novels during the Yuan dynasty... when two of China's 'Four Classic Novels' –

5444:

has a long history in China, having originated there. The history of tea in China is long and complex, for the

5365:, representing West, North, South and East China cuisine correspondingly. Modern "Eight Cuisines" of China are 5333: 5212: 5063: 4593: 4283: 3940:(1368–1644) and was applied to folding screens to create dark screens incised, painted, and inlaid with art of 3893: 3863: 3787: 3224:

to suit their tastes. Slender and form fitting with a high cut, it had great differences from the traditional

2672: 2540: 2034: 1869: 1025: 1007: 817: 752: 99: 8347: 6775:. East-West Culture Learning Institute, John A. Burns School of Medicine. Orlando: Academic Press. p. 2. 3183:). The generic term for both the male and the female forms of Manchu dress, essentially similar garments, was 1298:, a highly esteemed socio-economic position. A major mythological structure developed around the topic of the 6757: 5044: 4275: 3885: 3855: 3779: 3766: 3081:

like many other historical cultures, considering it unnatural, barbarian, uncivilized, and unfortunate). The

1739: 1721: 1651: 1294: 1277: 1017: 918: 866: 809: 4457:, which is located on top of Mt Funaoka in Kyoto. The creature's name is identical to that of the important 1226:

are grouped by its former administrative areas from 1949 to 1980, and are now known as traditional regions.

110: 9644: 9091: 8520: 6503: 6469: 6394: 6304: 6224: 5498: 5038: 4864: 4122: 2306: 1563: 930: 5560: 4901:

referred to the gate of a fang and the marker for an entrance of a building complex or a town; but by the

1134:, a village noted for its well-preserved Ming and Qing era architecture and ancient residential buildings. 9337: 8323:"Chinese Literature – Chunqiu-Zuozhuan 春秋左傳, Gongyangzhuan 公羊傳, Guliangzhuan 穀梁傳 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 6904: 5950: 3814:(206 BCE – 220 CE). Depictions of those folding screens have been found in Han-era tombs, such as one in 3698:

were made. Carved lacquer is only rarely combined with painting in lacquer and other lacquer techniques.

3612: 2867: 2198: 2043: 1587: 1541: 289: 8322: 3914:. The landscape paintings on folding screens reached its height during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The 1451:. The relative influence of each school of practice is a subject of debate and other practices, such as 1208:. Such distinctions give rise to the old Chinese proverb: "十里不同風, 百里不同俗/十里不同風": "praxis vary within ten 9695: 9296: 9201: 7310: 6642: 6473: 6359: 6019: 5539: 5345: 5329: 5325: 4434: 2404:. Tang poetry has had an ongoing influence on world literature and modern and quasi-modern poetry. The 2322: 2134: 1793: 1762: 1574:. Along with the belief in the divine beings, there is belief in evil beings. Practices such as Taoist 8585: 5848: 5833: 5818: 3118:, China's last imperial dynasty, a dramatic shift of clothing occurred, examples of which include the 9399: 6015: 5594: 5514: 4645: 3034: 2370: 2362: 2163: 1235: 745: 494: 299: 5547:

would host banquets with over 100 dishes per meal. A countless number of imperial kitchen staff and

4665:

The Ten Thousand Copies of the Huayan Sutra Pagoda, commonly known as the White Pagoda, Liao dynasty

4514:

with documents and artifacts providing evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the

4243:

in Fuxi Temple (Tianshui). They are mythological birds of East Asia that reign over all other birds.

3463: 3430:

was based on percussion instruments, which later gave away to stringed and reed instruments. By the

2900:

dynasties, they are well known to most Chinese either directly or through their many adaptations to

1036:

in general. Much of the traditional identity within the community has to do with distinguishing the

869:, Chinese culture exerts profound influence on the philosophy, virtue, etiquette, and traditions of 786:

is so often associated with China that it is often referred to as "china" in everyday English usage.

9690: 9634: 9306: 9023: 8999: 8365: 6339: 5878: 5483: 5337: 5002: 4963:

was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while pu was a garden for plants. During the

4214: 3256:

was a new fashion item for Han Chinese women when they started wearing it around 1925.The original

3046: 2995: 2717: 2544: 2533: 2491:

were determined by one of around 800 set patterns, each associated with a particular title, called

2460: 2174: 1819: 1814:

Birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers of the Hundred Schools of Thoughts in the Zhou dynasty.

1784:, as the official ideology, while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism. 1637: 1579: 890: 344: 3441:

would also be introduced and branched regionally in addition to other performance formats such as

9618: 9251: 9216: 9171: 8870:

Hoover, Michael. Stokes, Lisa, Odham. (1999). City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema. Verso publishing.

8762: 6329: 5419: 5223:

are also praised and talked about within the culture. Martial arts schools also teach the art of

5010: 2959:

serious in exploration of social, moral, and philosophical problems. Chinese fiction of the late

2318: 1571: 1546:

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, Chinese religion was oriented to worshipping the supreme god

1337: 693: 193: 88: 7730: 6124: 5535:) in the middle, and a spoon. Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones. 4235: 4152: 3705:(618–906), and many modern writers have pointed to some late Tang pieces of armour found on the 3096:, a narrow-cuffed, knee-length tunic tied with a sash, and a narrow, ankle-length skirt, called 18:

This article is about Chinese culture in general. For culture in mainland China after 1949, see

9141: 9136: 9031: 6354: 5809: 5636:

Using this linguistic classification, some of the well-known subcultures within China include:

5236: 5227:, which has evolved from a pugilistic display of Kung Fu to an entertaining dance performance. 5216: 4930:(1506–1521), built during the Ming dynasty, is an exemplary work of South Chinese style garden. 4426: 3315: 1329: 294: 8113: 7626: 7562: 6064: 4524:

and each piece may be associated with a dance. Some of the oldest written music dates back to

9261: 9236: 9151: 9131: 9081: 9051: 9041: 8394: 8239: 7306: 7108: 7069: 7030: 6324: 6279: 6088: 6028: 5923: 5629: 5147: 5131: 4690: 4177: 4106: 3967: 3434: 3423: 2646: 2290: 2270: 2269:

is often regarded as the touchstone of Chinese cultural development. Concepts covered in the

2178: 2005: 1843: 1823: 1805: 1641: 1555: 1537: 1513: 688: 504: 499: 135: 7616:

Cline, Eric; Takács, Sarolta Anna, eds. (2015), "Language and Writing: Chinese Literature",

7262: 6800:(1st ed. 2016 ed.). Singapore: Springer Singapore : Imprint: Springer. p. 5. 6697: 2596:(also known as Li Po, 701 – 762) are fraught with historical doubt, certainly the Tang poet 9347: 9226: 9221: 9101: 8689: 8144: 7513: 6871: 5716: 5316:

and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many other cuisines in

5144:), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called 5121: 5034: 4812: 4776: 4733: 4613: 4422: 4093: 4089: 3761: 3660: 3442: 3127: 3062: 2786: 2557: 2553: 2422: 2071: 1985: 1847: 1731: 1700:), is widely considered the keystone work of the Taoist tradition, together with the later 1169: 898: 882: 663: 638: 432: 56: 8292: 5781: 5402:

are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut and pick up food.

4671: 4387:

made appearances in a variety of subsequent Chinese works of history and fiction, such as

3122:(or qipao in Mandarin). The clothing of the era before the Qing dynasty is referred to as 1612: 8: 9671: 9531: 9321: 9291: 9241: 9196: 9176: 9166: 9066: 8992: 8887: 6495: 6384: 5942: 5824: 5667: 5590: 5490: 5482:

of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar. During the

5450: 5429: 5415: 4694: 4469: 4362: 4319: 4274:, which is traditionally deemed male. The fenghuang is also called the "August Rooster" ( 4130: 3842: 3585: 2495:詞牌/词牌. Originally they were written to be sung to a tune of that title, with set rhythm, 2202: 2155: 2146: 1285: 1033: 988: 611: 8693: 7377: 5610:, common people learned about the imperial banquet. The original meal was served in the 5195:("martial arts" or "military arts"). China also includes the home to the well-respected 3958: 2503:

was also a period of great scientific literature, and saw the creation of works such as

2151: 1749:

believed Legalism departed from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a

1586:

with peachwood swords are just some of the concepts passed down from generations. A few

792: 9266: 9181: 9161: 9046: 9036: 8710: 8675: 8654: 7006: 6576:"Chinese Culture, Tradition, and Customs – Penn State University and Peking University" 6299: 6289: 5763: 5740: 5728: 4573: 4553: 4538:, although the instrument is known to have played a major role before the Han dynasty. 4165: 3038: 2885: 2721: 2301: 2260: 1995: 1827: 1810: 1766: 1713: 1623: 1501: 1497: 1473:, indicating the primacy of relations over rules, has been well documented. While many 1464: 910: 894: 874: 842:

in whole and is extremely diverse, with customs and traditions varying greatly between

560: 417: 382: 339: 8788: 5299:

are a large variety of filled, rolled appetizers or dim sum found in Chinese cuisine.

4365:

creature in Chinese culture, said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a

3681:

dynasties, the main types of subject matter for the carvings were all begun under the

2333:

were considered pioneers in modern literature at that time. After the founding of the

2004:

or "Book of Changes", dates to around 1000 BC. A flourishing of philosophy during the

1968: 1077: 861:

Chinese civilization is historically considered a dominant culture of East Asia. With

9376: 9311: 9246: 9211: 9146: 9126: 9116: 9076: 9061: 9056: 8971: 8871: 8852: 8817: 8738: 8715: 8676:"Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau" 8642: 8632: 8400: 8245: 8170: 8080: 8037: 7998: 7988: 7945: 7899: 7630: 7566: 7517: 7456:

Paragraph 17 in Paul W. Kroll "Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty", chapter 14 in Mair 2001.

7447:

Paragraph 16 in Paul W. Kroll "Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty", chapter 14 in Mair 2001.

7429:

Paragraph 15 in Paul W. Kroll "Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty", chapter 14 in Mair 2001.

7357: 7314: 7246: 7173: 7114: 7075: 7036: 6992: 6959: 6825: 6801: 6776: 6751: 6703: 6545: 6374: 6319: 6264: 6219: 5769: 5685: 5479: 5370: 5358: 5341: 5244: 5196: 4784: 4771: 4461: 4438: 4392: 4346: 4251:

birds found in Chinese and East Asian mythology that reign over all other birds. The

4248: 4206: 4169: 4101: 3993: 3981: 3919: 3695: 3597: 3404: 3340: 3303: 3200: 2570: 2517: 2484: 2282: 2278: 1991: 1529: 1509: 1456: 1370: 1361: 1357: 1312: 1245: 1117:, a village in Yi County in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province. 1108: 992: 969: 914: 481: 471: 453: 422: 390: 23: 7232: 3163:

women typically wore a one-piece dress that retrospectively came to be known as the

2521:. There were also enormous works of historiography and large encyclopedias, such as 9624: 9465: 9422: 9352: 9271: 9231: 9206: 9186: 9121: 9096: 9086: 9071: 8705: 8697: 8680: 8500: 7704: 6738:. Asia Times Online. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 6389: 6379: 6274: 6269: 6244: 6234: 6205: 6191: 5758: 5734: 5656: 5607: 5586: 5544: 5394: 5386: 5362: 5354: 5313: 5304: 5256: 5200: 4935: 4832: 4706: 4557: 4511: 4418: 4350: 4311: 4218: 4210: 4198: 4181: 4173: 4110: 4045: 4021: 3838: 3829:

became popular too. Even though folding screens were known to have been used since

3648: 3548: 3532: 3504: 3415: 3395: 3387: 3376: 3360: 3344: 3007: 2846:(襯字/衬字 "filler words" which are additional words to make a more complete meaning). 2731: 2286: 2130: 2126: 2081: 2025: 1881:, the "Taishigong Zixu" (太史公自序), refers to the schools of thought described below. 1754: 1746: 1735: 1673: 1559: 1505: 1452: 1440: 1430: 1408: 1333: 1262: 1250: 1097: 996: 942: 922: 878: 847: 588: 457: 437: 284: 274: 263: 254: 7406:

Shu Xincheng 舒新城, ed. Cihai (辭海 "Sea of Words"). 3 vols. Shanghai: Zhonghua. 1936.

2213:(書法/书法), literally "the way/method/law of writing". In Japan it is referred to as 1726:

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, was the official philosophy throughout most of

1100:, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles. 9596: 9191: 9156: 9111: 9106: 9015: 8589: 8354: 8160: 8073: 8031: 7992: 7939: 7893: 7760: 7617: 7556: 7503: 7243: 7220: 7167: 6249: 6239: 5775: 5752: 5710: 5679: 5390: 5382: 5350: 5287: 5104: 4506:

Music and dance were closely associated in the very early periods of China. The

4442: 4118: 4037: 3941: 3830: 3580: 3543: 3507:, where they are often hung outside of businesses to attract attention. In Japan 3391: 3372: 3199:

in the banner system were forced to adopt the Manchu male hairstyle of wearing a

3172: 3102: 3078: 2969: 2943: 2925: 2905: 2877: 2117: 1701: 1037: 941:

As early as the Zhou dynasty, the Chinese government divided Chinese people into

902: 851: 713: 616: 546: 541: 464: 427: 4193: 3418:

became a highly appreciated art in court circles encompassing a wide variety of

3188: 3168: 3149: 3134:

have been used for decorative as well as economic purposes. Among them were the

9660: 9566: 9516: 9495: 9490: 9475: 8166: 7984: 6284: 6259: 6254: 6149: 5919: 5698: 5645: 5611: 5602: 5445: 5374: 5052: 4923: 4914: 4767: 4763: 4740: 4723: 4711: 4490: 4482: 4412: 4388: 4315: 4301: 4271: 4157: 3773: 3714: 3638: 3631: 3283: 3054: 2749: 2527: 2488: 2393: 2274: 2248: 2039: 1981: 1944: 1801: 1691: 1566:. Other concepts have extended beyond mythology into spiritual symbols such as 1486: 1201: 1012: 630: 606: 598: 584: 573: 412: 360: 245: 8505: 8488: 4125:

and an important artistic medium. Although its use never became widespread in

3765:

Chinese folding screen used at the Austrian imperial court, 18th century, the

3282:, 1759, by Shen Quan (1682–1760). Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The 2475:

are based upon certain, definitive musical song tunes. They are also known as

2193: 9684: 9370: 6314: 6177: 5839: 5787: 5704: 5574: 5471: 5378: 5366: 5268: 5252: 5204: 5058: 5048: 4944: 4780: 4629: 4454: 4366: 4336: 4202: 4080: 3803: 3726: 3584:

A commercially produced scented wood folding fan, featuring a drawing of the

3499:, paper lanterns are common in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and similarly in 3454: 3438: 3330: 3136: 3082: 2901: 2823: 2807: 2775: 2609: 2561: 2380:

written in or around the time of, or in the characteristic style of, China's

2109: 2105: 1644:(Naturalists), and was deeply influenced by one of China's oldest texts, the 1508:

throughout China. Chinese Buddhism is also marked by the interaction between

1460: 1269: 1131: 984: 886: 683: 489: 8646: 2137:, modeled after the vocabulary and grammar of the standard spoken language. 1477:

are part of the tradition, some of the most recognized holy figures include

9470: 9460: 8892: 8719: 8602: 7694:(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), esp. pp. 497–98. 6364: 6309: 6294: 6163: 5946: 5869: 5598: 5582: 5494: 5300: 5296: 5192: 5113: 5014: 4940: 4902: 4890: 4886: 4685: 4649: 4623: 4597: 4577: 4535: 4515: 4464: 4062: 4033: 3953: 3937: 3907: 3834: 3807: 3750: 3702: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3627: 3601: 3528: 3241: 3232:

and celebrities in the city that would make these redesigned tight fitting

3115: 3092:– 1046 BC), developed the rudiments of Chinese clothing; it consisted of a 2986: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2897: 2893: 2759: 2706: 2692:

poems) generally take their name. The fixed-tone type of verse such as the

2676: 2633: 2629: 2589: 2585: 2500: 2468: 2456: 2381: 2357: 2310: 2266: 2183: 2055: 2051: 2020: 1851: 1773: 1772:(551–479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the 1743: 1717: 1664: 1627: 1551: 1482: 1448: 1382: 1273: 1258: 1198: 1165: 972: 733: 8981:

Exploring Ancient World Cultures – Ancient China, University of Evansville

6606:"Chinese Culture: Ancient China Traditions and Customs, History, Religion" 6605: 4100:, the royal family and prominent lords were buried entirely ensheathed in 3725:. The style of carving into thick lacquer used later is first seen in the 1558:

have helped answer questions, even serving as an alternative to medicine.

9581: 9485: 9380: 8934: 6229: 5911: 5650: 5578: 5553: 5464: 5411: 5271:

are also part of the culture where it is performed during social events.

5239:

and pastimes are popular within Chinese culture. The most common game is

4964: 4759: 4373:

mythological family of one-horned beasts. The earliest references to the

4097: 3915: 3822: 3811: 3710: 3656: 3458: 3431: 3368: 3196: 2811: 2712: 2700: 2662: 2621: 2597: 2450: 2417: 2415:(全唐文, "Complete Tang Prose"), despite its name, contains more than 1,500 2346: 2170: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2047: 1927: 1856: 1777: 1750: 1730:'s history, and mastery of Confucian texts was the primary criterion for 1659: 1317: 1289: 1281: 1254: 1210: 1205: 1156: 965: 906: 523: 8955: 8918: 4659: 3798:. It consists of several frames or panels, which are often connected by 3273: 9561: 9455: 8737:. The United States of America: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 5997: 5854: 5548: 5523: 5399: 5292: 5224: 4601: 3821:

Folding screens were originally made from wooden panels and painted on

3560: 3559:. The general design is a thin paper shell, which may be from about 30 3336: 3229: 2919: 2522: 2389: 2366: 2159: 2085: 2077: 2046:

of Chinese literature were written during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

1655: 1590:

rituals are still in use today after thousands of years of refinement.

1366: 979:. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of China, 95% of 839: 404: 368: 8701: 6982: 6980: 4969: 3701:

Later Chinese writers dated the introduction of carved lacquer to the

1780:(206 BCE – 220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" 1606: 9576: 9480: 6406: 6349: 6214: 5915: 5722: 5662: 5502: 5475: 5474:. According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor 5321: 5047:

of Eastern martial arts. Chinese martial arts, often named under the

4981: 4702: 4564:-type instrument that is also integral in Native American cultures), 4545: 4525: 4400: 4379: 4240: 4230: 4056: 4025: 3989: 3985: 3963: 3795: 3706: 3500: 3476: 3419: 3348: 3311: 3131: 3119: 2991: 2624:, during which it was indeed a popular poetic form. A revival of the 2605: 2385: 2093: 2029: 1874: 1781: 1769: 1636:(effortless action), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity, and the 1412: 1174: 1160: 1091: 933:

are celebrated, instilled, and practiced by people around the world.

835: 783: 4889:, and continued in the following dynasties. For example, during the 3531:, and are often released into the night sky for aesthetic effect at 2076:

At the start of the 20th century, most of the population were still

77: 9541: 9511: 9445: 9391: 8606: 6977: 6334: 5982: 5927: 5746: 5459: 5454: 5022: 4698: 4358: 4017: 4001: 3815: 3623: 3496: 3383: 3296: 3217: 2620:

form of Classical Chinese poetry is especially associated with the

2512: 2187: 2010: 1948: 1904: 1901: 1893: 1753:

remain greatly valued in China today. In recent years, a number of

1583: 1575: 1567: 1547: 1478: 1378: 1307: 1194: 1190: 958: 843: 8984: 6143: 4783:

or Yiheyuan (頤和園/颐和园 – "The Garden of Nurtured Harmony") near the

3673:/彫漆, carving lacquer).Though most surviving examples are from the 9629: 9586: 9546: 7110:

Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China

6670:(Report). National Population and Talent Division. Archived from 6411: 5897: 5673: 5615: 5556: 5264: 5248: 5240: 5220: 5188: 4894: 4796: 4744: 4565: 4561: 4499: 4050: 4009: 3997: 3876:'painted folding screen') and the other was known as the 3523: 3513: 3484: 3472: 3409: 3356: 3352: 3287: 2675:, consisting of words written in one of a number of certain, set 2504: 2434: 2326: 2295: 2121: 2097: 2000: 1956: 1940: 1897: 1646: 1114: 1083:

Residence of the Lu Family in Dongyang, built in the Ming period.

954: 531: 7604:

have become the Four Great Classic Novels of Chinese literature.

7342:書 being here used as in 楷书/楷書, etc, and meaning "writing style". 6987:

Pollard, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert; Rosenberg; Tignor (2011).

3596:, wood or paper side-mounted fans from the 2nd century BCE. The 179: 9551: 9536: 9526: 9521: 8785:"Notes on Chinese Culture – Food and Drinks (08) – Chinese Tea" 8612: 7561:, Understanding Modern Nations, Sta Barbara: ABC-CLIO, p. 7543:... is considered one of China's four great classical novels... 6699:

China's Multicultural Economies: Social and Economic Indicators

6401: 6001: 5433: 5274: 4919: 4882: 4840: 4823: 4458: 4450: 4430: 4291: 4262: 4185: 4114: 3977: 3911: 3722: 3663:

in somewhat different styles. The producing process is called

3593: 3488: 3480: 3319: 3160: 3152: 2889: 2739: 2593: 2483:(詩餘/诗馀, "that which is beside poetry").Typically the number of 2397: 2377: 2330: 2238: 2228: 1797: 1681: 1632: 1533: 1517: 1469: 1444: 1374: 1325: 1182: 1178: 980: 976: 950: 946: 825: 568: 536: 509: 8629:

Inscribed landscapes : travel writing from imperial China

8461:

Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong,

7898:. University of California Press. pp. 268–271, 275, 277. 7836:. The British Museum. See "Curator's comments". Archived from 6466:"Chinese Dynasty Guide – The Art of Asia – History & Maps" 6118:

Chinese Export—European Market, 18th century - Tea Caddy (lid)

5601:, the Manchu and Han Chinese peoples struggled for power. The 4192:-like with four legs. They traditionally symbolize potent and 2861: 9591: 9571: 7235:

Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China

5563:

are in some ways rooted from the original dynastic cuisines.

5260: 4819: 4809: 4569: 4529: 4520: 4507: 4446: 4331: 4189: 4147: 4126: 4029: 4005: 3799: 3718: 3568: 3564: 3492: 3402:

period. Early Chinese music and poetry was influenced by the

3123: 3058: 3015: 3011: 2948: 2576: 2496: 2401: 2334: 2223:), literally "the way/principle of writing"; and in Korea as 2038:, written from 109 BC to 91 BC. The Tang dynasty witnessed a 2015: 1936: 1889: 1742:.There was often conflict between the philosophies, e.g. the 1669: 1594: 1223: 862: 855: 8029: 5424: 3749:/剃犀) in Chinese. This style continued to be used up to the 9601: 9556: 9450: 8582: 5317: 4927: 4905:, a paifang had evolved into a purely decorative monument. 4897:

was divided into a total of 36 fangs. Originally, the word

4815: 4689:

influence on the architectural styles of East Asia such as

4585: 4581: 4541: 4252: 4085: 3974: 3826: 3050: 2810:

dynasty, and reached a special height of popularity in the

2780: 1998:

has a long past; the earliest classic work in Chinese, the

1908: 1303: 870: 8851:

Kong, Foong, Ling. . The Food of Asia. Tuttle Publishing.

7071:

Chinnamastā, the Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess

5243:. The same pieces are used for other styled games such as 4787:, but on a much smaller scale than the Old Summer Palace. 4004:

was the most highly praised and prized. Native sources in

3527:

used to write on them. Airborne paper lanterns are called

3351:

art" dates back to 10,000 BC, mostly consisting of simple

2384:(18 June 618 – 4 June 907, including the 690–705 reign of 2177:

of calligraphy in this tradition. Chinese calligraphy and

2065: 1943:

were influential leaders. The School of Naturalists was a

1125: 8477:

Che Bing Chiu, "Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis"

6866:[One of the Three Treasures of Guangdong Grass]. 5441: 4997:, one of the most famous features of this garden was the 4770:, and outbuildings. Apart from the main imperial palace, 2842:

in that it is more colloquial, and is allowed to contain

2584:

form some of its fixed-rhythm patterns have an origin in

1850:

up to the present day in China and across East Asia. The

1599: 1550:, with the king and diviners acting as priests and using 1493: 1186: 1043: 8375: 8373: 8237: 8111: 6822:

Mandarins: The Circulation of Elites in China, 1600–1900

4429:. Despite its English name, it is usually depicted as a 3825:

surfaces, eventually folding screens made from paper or

3236:

popular at that time. In Shanghai it was first known as

2388:) or that follows a certain style, often considered the 2028:) Dynastic histories were often written, beginning with 1925:). The philosophy is embodied in an eponymous book: the 8489:"Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society" 5125: 4040:. The most prominent early use was the crafting of the 2858:(散套), with the latter containing more than one melody. 2314: 1738:

strains of thought have also been influential, such as

7697: 7502:

Shep, Sydney J. (2011), "Paper and Print Technology",

6986: 6634: 4369:

or illustrious ruler. Qilin is a specific type of the

2911:

Chinese fiction, rooted in narrative classics such as

2784:(雜劇/杂剧), in which case these Qu may be referred to as 1340:

are some of the rituals and customs found in society.

1159:(202 BC – 220 AD), there was a partial restoration of 8370: 7850:

Kuwayama, pp. 13–14 ; Rawson, p. 175 ; Grove, "Tang"

5320:, with modifications made to cater to local palates. 5187:

Chinese martial arts are collectively given the name

5177: 5165: 5153: 5137: 5095: 5083: 5071: 3592:

The oldest existing Chinese fans are a pair of woven

2293:. Some of the most important early texts include the 8970:

Aspect of Chinese culture, Chang Zonglin. Li Xukui,

8888:"Chinese Culture: Customs & Traditions of China" 8551:"Eight Cuisines of China – Shandong & Guangdong" 7327: 6139: 4176:, and East Asian culture. Chinese dragons have many 3437:

became a new art form after the invention of paper.

2834:

are lyrics written to fit a different melodies, but

1668:, a compact book containing teachings attributed to 7035:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48, 62–63. 5102:) of martial arts. Examples of such traits include 4534:(plucked instrument with seven strings) during the 3049:(especially in elite circles) was inseparable from 1931:. Another group is the School of the Military (兵家; 1658:may also have been a major influence, expounding a 102:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9640:San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade 8452:, Editions de La Martiniere, Paris 2010, p. 10–11. 8030:Lee, O-Young; Yi, Ŏ-ryŏng; Holstein, John (1999). 5985:is a signature scenery depicted in Chinese gardens 5559:and the Oriole Pavilion. Arguably all branches of 5457:was announced, indicating that tea from the genus 5211:. The arts have also co-existed with a variety of 4556:that are integral to Chinese culture, such as the 4473:) portrayed in the company of a turtle and snake. 3073:was essentially wrapped over, in a style known as 2814:of the Yuan dynasty, therefore it is often called 1907:who studied under the ancient Chinese philosopher 1593:Taoism, a religious or philosophical tradition of 1006:In modern China, there are 56 officially labelled 7941:Chinese Furniture: A Guide to Collecting Antiques 7895:Austere luminosity of Chinese classical furniture 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7421: 6552:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 6106:Main hall and tea house in Dunedin Chinese Garden 4476: 3521:and there is a special style of lettering called 3240:or "long dress" (長衫—Mandarin Chinese: chángshān; 2716:forms of poetry comprise the three main forms of 1972:Range of Chinese dialect groups according to the 1068:List of regions of the People's Republic of China 9682: 7223:, Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 4 June 2014 6082:Tea caddy, Chinese - Indianapolis Museum of Art 5303:are the main dishes in Chinese Spring Festival ( 5017:. In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the 5009:, with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by 3538:The Chinese sky lantern (天燈, 天灯), also known as 1947:era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of 8279:The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore 7198: 6840:The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13, p. 30. 5585:, and it is only reserved and intended for the 2537:fully compiled and edited by the 11th century. 1776:golden age of several centuries before. In the 1253:, and the rest of the population under regular 8392: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7450: 7432: 7418: 7172:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–47. 5505:is one of the main teas originating in China. 5328:of Chinese provinces depend on differences in 5124:, religions and legends. Styles that focus on 4710:express the harmony that should exist between 3363:, most of which lasted several hundred years. 2884:The Four Great Classical or Classic Novels of 2679:, based upon the tunes of various songs. Thus 2355:A Tang dynasty era copy of the preface to the 2218: 2008:produced such noteworthy works as Confucius's 1863:. A traditional source for this period is the 1597:origin, emphasizes living in harmony with the 1542:Fortune-telling § Eastern fortune telling 9407: 9000: 8134: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7887: 7885: 7883: 6932:[Say "Three" and "Three Treasures"]. 5184:), is another popular classification method. 4766:, towers, residences, galleries, courtyards, 4747:. It symbols imperial class in ancient China. 4588:(pear-shaped plucked lute), and many others. 3931: 3924: 3878: 3848: 3744: 3734: 3668: 3655:) is a distinctive Chinese form of decorated 3617: 3144:), mostly Manchu, who as a group were called 2947:, and official histories, developed into the 2340: 1787: 1604: 1302:. Trades and crafts were usually taught by a 753: 8659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8631:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 8573: 8399:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–. 8162:Pictures and visuality in early modern China 7983: 7938:Mazurkewich, Karen; Ong, A. Chester (2006). 7555:Li Xiaobing (2016), "Literature and Drama", 7011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6695: 4818:or gateway structure that is related to the 4310:) since it sometimes takes the place of the 3551:name but they have also been referred to as 2479:(長短句/长短句, "lines of irregular lengths") and 2133:, Classical Chinese was quickly replaced by 1155:During the 361 years of civil war after the 8433:Les Jardins - paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 8381:Les Jardins – paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 8285: 8202: 8200: 8198: 7997:. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. 7924: 7615: 7148:"Constructive Engagement with Asian Values" 7106: 6991:. New York, New York: Norton. p. 164. 6628: 5120:) mimicry, or training methods inspired by 3936:"incised colors"), emerged during the late 3901: 3871: 3491:or metal frame of hoops covered with tough 2862:The novels in Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty 2628:poetry form occurred during the end of the 65:Learn how and when to remove these messages 9414: 9400: 9007: 8993: 8866: 8864: 8674:Houyuan Lu; et al. (7 January 2016). 8673: 7970: 7880: 4164:Loongs, also known as Chinese Dragon, are 3471:The Chinese paper lantern (紙燈籠, 纸灯笼) is a 3203:as did all Manchu men and dress in Manchu 2169:Chinese calligraphy is a form of writing ( 1832:Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought 1707: 1439:Most spiritual practices are derived from 1032:) has been used to describe the notion of 760: 746: 8709: 8504: 8276: 8071: 8067: 8065: 5531:) on the far right, personal chopsticks ( 5219:. Legendary and controversial moves like 4677:Poyang Yongfu Temple Pagoda, Song dynasty 3483:placed inside, although more complicated 3398:was one of the first forms of art in the 3041:showing Han nobility clothing of the era. 1492:Chinese Buddhism has shaped some Chinese 227:Learn how and when to remove this message 162:Learn how and when to remove this message 20:Culture of the People's Republic of China 8450:Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis 8195: 7788: 7786: 7024: 7022: 6496:"Guggenheim Museum – China: 5,000 years" 5522: 5423: 5291: 4975: 4918: 4540: 4494: 4335: 4234: 4151: 3957: 3760: 3611: 3579: 3462: 3028: 2871: 2588:. The form was further developed in the 2350: 2209:In China, calligraphy is referred to as 2192: 2150: 1967: 1809: 1365: 1280:also has a long history; ever since the 1148:Flower Theatre, a Qing period guildhall. 204:of all important aspects of the article. 22:. For culture in Taiwan after 1949, see 8861: 8847: 8845: 8277:Ingersoll, Ernest; et al. (2013). 7944:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 144–146. 7891: 7351: 7107:Ching, Julia; Guisso, R. W. L. (1991). 6851:The Chinese Imperial Examination System 6770: 6550:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6345:Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining 5519:Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining 4306: 3833:, it became rapidly popular during the 3061:. The dynasty to follow the Shang, the 3001: 2876:Ming dynasty wood carving books in the 2754: 2425:in the twentieth century included many 2066:Varieties of dialect and writing system 1696: 9683: 8473: 8471: 8158: 8062: 7300: 7067: 6528: 5941:"Nine Dragons" handscroll section, by 4973:became the character for all gardens. 4345: 4136: 4129:, jade became important to the art of 3717:. These are red and black lacquer on 2826:typical of the Yuan dynasty era. Both 2614:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2455:Ci (辭/辞) are a poetic form, a type of 1877:. The autobiographical section of the 1044:The characteristics of Chinese culture 200:Please consider expanding the lead to 9395: 8988: 8900:from the original on 9 September 2017 8244:. Yale University Press. p. 77. 7859:Watt and Ford, p. 7 ; Rawson, p. 175 7819:Watt and Ford, pp. 6–7 (p. 7 quoted) 7783: 7049:from the original on 1 September 2023 7028: 7019: 6952: 6736:"Common traits bind Jews and Chinese" 4121:. Nonetheless, jade remained part of 4084:, they were thought to represent the 3616:Box with the character for "Spring" ( 3408:, and the Chinese poet and statesman 2798:refers to the detached status of the 2653: 2650:form of short story tales to poetry. 2441: 2201:– brush, ink, paper and ink stone in 1935:) that studied warfare and strategy; 1003:, numbering over 1.3 billion people. 925:have had global influence, while its 9421: 8842: 8830:from the original on 22 October 2023 8531:from the original on 11 January 2017 8413:from the original on 22 October 2023 8329:from the original on 6 February 2007 8303:from the original on 19 October 2011 8258:from the original on 22 October 2023 8183:from the original on 22 October 2023 8124:from the original on 6 February 2017 8093:from the original on 22 October 2023 8050:from the original on 22 October 2023 8011:from the original on 22 October 2023 7958:from the original on 22 October 2023 7912:from the original on 22 October 2023 7771:from the original on 2 February 2019 7643:from the original on 22 October 2023 7579:from the original on 22 October 2023 7530:from the original on 22 October 2023 7501: 7127:from the original on 22 October 2023 7088:from the original on 22 October 2023 6922: 6771:Tseng, Wen-Shing; Wu, David (1985). 6716:from the original on 22 October 2023 6543: 6522: 5808:A traditional red Chinese door with 5621: 5540:Imperial, royal and noble preference 5346:Imperial, royal and noble preference 5267:are also popular. Ethnic games like 5160:). Geographical association, as in " 4188:, but are most commonly depicted as 4044:, found since the 3rd-millennium BC 2600:(812–870) was a great master of the 2487:in each line and the arrangement of 173: 100:adding citations to reliable sources 71: 30: 9014: 8809: 8732: 8561:from the original on 28 August 2011 8468: 8238:William Watson; Chuimei Ho (2007). 8023: 7165: 6638:The Republic of China Yearbook 2016 6510:from the original on 9 October 2009 4827:from which it is derived. The word 4684:Chinese architecture is a style of 4487:List of Chinese musical instruments 3575: 3045:From the beginning of its history, 1732:entry into the imperial bureaucracy 1373:, a temple with the combination of 1347: 1229: 964:China's majority ethnic group, the 13: 8803: 8626: 8486: 8210:6th Ed, Vol. I. McGraw-Hill, 2010. 8036:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 135. 7731:"articles – brief history of fans" 7692:Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel 7554: 7273:from the original on 26 April 2015 7186:from the original on 26 April 2023 7074:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 6795: 6556:from the original on 11 March 2017 6046:Dragon Tea Pot, Republic of China 5527:Photo showing serving chopsticks ( 4113:practices and new developments in 3925: 3879: 3849: 3448: 2423:manuscripts discovered at Dunhuang 2186:carving, ornate paperweights, and 1459:and others, have been introduced. 1242:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 14: 9707: 8964: 8759:"Tea and the Chinese way of life" 8079:. Hacker Art Books. p. 159. 7741:from the original on 22 June 2017 6773:Chinese culture and mental health 6616:from the original on 29 June 2017 5501:, as well as in Chinese cuisine. 4908: 4717: 3996:. Although deep and bright green 3756: 3607: 2080:, and the many languages spoken ( 1990:The ancient written standard was 46:This article has multiple issues. 9375: 9366: 9365: 8949: 8923: 8912: 8880: 8627:E., Strassberg, Richard (1994). 8281:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 7711:from the original on 18 May 2014 6500:Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 6198: 6184: 6170: 6156: 6142: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6008: 5990: 5975: 5957: 5934: 5904: 5889: 5877: 5862: 5847: 5832: 5817: 5801: 4732: 4670: 4658: 4637: 4622: 3422:with specialized styles such as 3295: 3272: 2592:. Although the contributions of 2309:. Many Chinese concepts such as 1422: 1393: 1354:Chinese spiritual world concepts 1322:four virtues women must abide by 1288:. This led to the creation of a 1214:, customs vary within a hundred 1141: 1124: 1107: 1090: 1076: 791: 776: 727: 262: 178: 76: 35: 8777: 8751: 8726: 8667: 8620: 8595: 8543: 8513: 8487:Ma, Guansheng (December 2015). 8480: 8463:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 8455: 8446:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 8438: 8425: 8386: 8359: 8341: 8315: 8270: 8231: 8222: 8213: 8152: 8105: 8072:van Gulik, Robert Hans (1981). 7871: 7862: 7853: 7844: 7822: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7753: 7723: 7684: 7675: 7666: 7609: 7548: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7409: 7400: 7388:from the original on 6 May 2020 7370: 7356:. Beijing: 中華書局. p. 1118. 7345: 7336: 7294: 7285: 7255: 7226: 7207: 7169:An Introduction to Confucianism 7159: 7139: 7100: 7068:Benard, Elisabeth Anne (2010). 7061: 6968: 6936:. 19 March 2009. Archived from 6886: 6870:. 26 March 2009. Archived from 6856: 6843: 6834: 6824:, Ayer (June 1980), hardcover, 6814: 6789: 6764: 6728: 6635:Executive Yuan, Taiwan (2016). 6438: 6425: 6370:Science and technology in China 5508: 5493:and other Asian countries like 5112:) physical exercises involving 5064:several hundred fighting styles 5028: 4863:), equivalent to a current day 4607: 4568:(zither with movable bridges), 4502:, a type of Chinese instrument. 3973:Chinese jade (玉) refers to the 3947: 3053:, supposedly discovered by the 2806:became popular during the late 2644:poems in an application of the 1300:mythology of the imperial exams 192:may be too short to adequately 87:needs additional citations for 54:or discuss these issues on the 9333:British Indian Ocean Territory 8521:"Four Major Cuisines in China" 8135: 7291:Wurm, Li, Baumann, Lee (1987) 6689: 6657: 6598: 6568: 6537: 6488: 6458: 6431:Also known more simply as the 5405: 4877: 4859: 4845: 4477:Music, instruments and dancing 4357:), or Kirin in Japanese, is a 4296: 4287: 4279: 3966:(璧) with a dual dragon motif, 3932: 3897: 3889: 3867: 3859: 3791: 3783: 2744: 2568:followed the tradition of the 2243: 2233: 2140: 2129:as the spoken form. After the 2035:Records of the Grand Historian 1870:Records of the Grand Historian 1686: 1622:is a fundamental idea in most 1189:. The ancient city of Lin'an ( 1029: 1021: 867:earliest ancient civilizations 830: 821: 813: 202:provide an accessible overview 1: 8761:. radio86.com. Archived from 8112:張世南 (Zhang Shi'nan) (1200s). 7659:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 7590:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 7505:The Encyclopedia of the Novel 7352:Wang Li; et al. (2000). 6451: 5965: 5005:(722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the 4584:(alto fiddle or bowed lute), 3944:, ivory, or other materials. 3794:) is a type of free-standing 3767:Imperial Furniture Collection 3086: 2974:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2818:(元曲), specifying the type of 2673:Classical Chinese poetry form 2254: 1919: 1912: 1722:Legalism (Chinese philosophy) 1401: 798:Chinese shrine in Ningbo city 9645:Christmas and holiday season 8348:古建上的主要装饰纹样——麒麟古建园林技术－作者:徐华铛 7994:Paper and printing, Volume 5 7113:. Chinese University Press. 6989:Worlds Together Worlds Apart 6504:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum 6470:Minneapolis Institute of Art 6395:Chinese units of measurement 6225:Chinese ancestral veneration 5884:Taoist architecture in China 5499:traditional Chinese medicine 5215:including the more standard 5039:List of Chinese martial arts 4808:, is a traditional style of 4512:dawn of Chinese civilization 4224: 4123:traditional Chinese medicine 3314:(1416–1480). Located at the 2850:can be further divided into 2671:form of poetry is a type of 2307:Four Books and Five Classics 1564:traditional Chinese holidays 1001:world's largest ethnic group 7: 8978:, Tsinghua University Press 8931:"晉語是中國北方的唯一一個非官話方言，但是否歸屬官話" 8813:Origin of Confucian cuisine 8293:"qilin (Chinese mythology)" 8228:Pope-Henessey, Chapter IV. 8219:Pope-Henessey, Chapter II. 6529:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). 6330:Chinese sphere of influence 6135: 6058:Tea Pots, Republic of China 5951:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 5178: 5166: 5154: 5138: 5096: 5084: 5072: 4548:("Face-Changing") Performer 4510:of China dates back to the 4395:apparently captured a live 3024: 2868:Four Great Classical Novels 2459:, done in the tradition of 2365:, originally attributed to 2199:Four Treasures of the Study 2044:Four Great Classical Novels 1963: 1523: 1061: 1052: 936: 10: 9712: 8601:This standard starts from 8448:, preface, and Bing Chiu, 8143:are inscriptions that are 7510:Encyclopedia of Literature 7311:Princeton University Press 7301:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 6894:"1/4/2008 three treasures" 6360:Numbers in Chinese culture 6020:Victoria and Albert Museum 5794: 5512: 5409: 5285: 5281: 5230: 5032: 4912: 4794: 4790: 4721: 4611: 4480: 4467:, who is sometimes (as in 4437:. It is known as Genbu in 4410: 4377:are in the 5th century BC 4329: 4228: 4160:in Fuxi Temple (Tianshui). 4145: 4020:. Jade was prized for its 3988:onward. It is the primary 3951: 3771: 3636: 3503:with large communities of 3452: 3328: 3005: 2865: 2774:). Qu may be derived from 2758:) form of poetry from the 2660: 2640:poem or a linked group of 2622:poetry of the Song dynasty 2448: 2344: 2341:Poetry in the Tang dynasty 2335:People's Republic of China 2323:written vernacular Chinese 2258: 2144: 2135:written vernacular Chinese 2069: 1979: 1886:ancient Chinese philosophy 1794:Hundred Schools of Thought 1791: 1788:Hundred Schools of Thought 1765:from the teachings of the 1763:Hundred Schools of Thought 1711: 1527: 1351: 1272:of Chinese culture in the 1233: 1224:People's Republic of China 1220:provincial-level divisions 1065: 17: 9669: 9653: 9610: 9504: 9438: 9429: 9361: 9320: 9280: 9022: 8787:. dict.cn. Archived from 8506:10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004 8353:30 September 2007 at the 6756:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6702:. Springer. p. vii. 6533:. AuthorHouse. p. 2. 5571:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 5515:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 5440:The practice of drinking 5117: 5109: 4999:Wine Pool and Meat Forest 4872: 4854: 4836: 4433:entwined together with a 4406: 4354: 3745: 3735: 3669: 3652: 3618: 3487:consist of a collapsible 3216:, was first developed in 2735: 2632:and the beginning of the 2363:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 2325:for the common citizens. 2219: 2054:was developed during the 1677: 1605: 1324:, while scholars such as 1278:Ancient Chinese education 1236:Social structure of China 9635:Color in Chinese culture 9082:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8241:Arts of China, 1600–1900 8208:The Humanistic Tradition 7735:aboutdecorativestyle.com 7541:Dream of the Red Chamber 6665:Population in brief 2015 6610:www.travelchinaguide.com 6580:elements.science.psu.edu 6531:East Asia: A New History 6418: 6340:Color in Chinese culture 6130:Ancient China's Tea Pots 5918:that once belonged to a 5692: 5639: 5484:Spring and Autumn period 5128:manipulation are called 5122:Old Chinese philosophies 5003:Spring and Autumn period 4325: 4215:Chinese Tributary System 4141: 3109: 3033:Tang dynasty mural from 2718:Classical Chinese poetry 2552:are from 8th century CE 2534:Four Great Books of Song 2461:Classical Chinese poetry 2247:, "the rules of writing 1820:Spring and Autumn period 9343:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8493:Journal of Ethnic Foods 8393:A.H. Longhurst (1995). 8297:Encyclopædia Britannica 7892:Handler, Sarah (2007). 7830:"armour / 盔甲 (MAS 621)" 7707:. The Free Dictionary. 7672:Ropp, 1990, p. 310-311 7598:A Dream of Red Mansions 7378:"Shodo and Calligraphy" 7267:Encyclopædia Britannica 7242:20 January 2012 at the 6820:Robert Mortimer Marsh, 5595:Manchus conquered China 5561:Hong Kong eastern style 5543:dynastic periods, when 5420:History of tea in China 4988:The old character for 4403:was skeptical of this. 4255:were originally called 3263: 3130:. Many symbols such as 2319:Four Pillars of Destiny 1974:Language Atlas of China 1708:Philosophy and legalism 1588:Chinese fortune telling 1572:Imperial guardian lions 1338:Taoist sexual practices 1306:. The female historian 995:, and about 17% of the 8605:in the 6th century by 8549: 8159:Clunas, Craig (1997). 8147:, achieved by carving) 7303:The Languages of China 7156:. Columbia University. 5964:Hair Ornament, China, 5810:Imperial guardian lion 5536: 5437: 5432:(茶艺，茶藝) set and three 5308: 4985: 4931: 4594:ethnic groups in China 4580:(vertical flute), the 4549: 4503: 4427:Chinese constellations 4341: 4244: 4161: 3970: 3769: 3634: 3589: 3509:the traditional styles 3468: 3316:National Palace Museum 3042: 2881: 2376:Tang poetry refers to 2373: 2361:poems composed at the 2206: 2166: 1977: 1815: 1386: 1332:would expand on this. 8592:. Accessed June 2011. 7625:, Routledge, p. 7514:John Wiley & Sons 7415:Jing-Schmidt, p. 256 7382:Vincent's Calligraphy 7333:Stanley-Baker (2010) 7307:Princeton, New Jersey 6696:Guo Rongxing (2011). 6325:Chinese paper cutting 6280:Chinese folk religion 6000:leaves steeping in a 5924:Warring States period 5630:Han Chinese subgroups 5526: 5513:Further information: 5427: 5330:historical background 5295: 4979: 4922: 4572:(bridgeless zither), 4544: 4498: 4339: 4238: 4155: 4107:Three Kingdoms period 3968:Warring States period 3962:A Chinese jade named 3961: 3818:, Shandong Province. 3764: 3615: 3583: 3466: 3424:Ming dynasty painting 3343:(Taiwan) and that of 3329:Further information: 3280:Pine, Plum and Cranes 3032: 2996:earlier story-tellers 2992:narrative conventions 2875: 2541:Notable Confucianists 2354: 2271:Chinese classic texts 2196: 2179:ink and wash painting 2154: 2042:flowering, while the 2006:Warring States period 1971: 1824:Warring States period 1813: 1806:School of Naturalists 1624:Chinese philosophical 1556:methods of divination 1538:Chinese folk religion 1514:Chinese folk religion 1369: 1244:period, some form of 1193:), is represented by 9619:CCTV New Year's Gala 9257:United Arab Emirates 8588:10 July 2011 at the 8555:TravelChinaGuide.com 8118:遊宦紀聞 (yóuhuàn jìwén) 7868:Kuwayama, pp. 13–14 7810:Watt and Ford, p. 3 7594:Outlaws of the Marsh 7214:"Chinese philosophy" 6645:on 18 September 2017 6544:Wong, David (2017). 5896:Wooden sculpture of 5043:China is one of the 5035:Chinese martial arts 4739:Corner tower of the 4614:Chinese architecture 4445:. It represents the 4399:in 122 BC, although 4133:and Southeast Asia. 3922:, which is known as 3228:. It was high-class 3128:Han Chinese clothing 3063:Western Zhou dynasty 3002:Fashion and clothing 2554:Dunhuang manuscripts 2369:(303–361 AD) of the 2158:written by the poet 2072:Varieties of Chinese 1986:Varieties of Chinese 1848:social consciousness 1702:writings of Zhuangzi 1170:imperial examination 659:World Heritage Sites 96:improve this article 9284:limited recognition 8694:2016NatSR...618955L 7840:on 7 November 2017. 7761:"Chinese Hand Fans" 7681:Ropp, 1990, p. 311 7619:The Ancient World, 7602:Journey to the West 7145:Bary, Theodore de. 6796:Li, Deshun (2016). 6677:on 16 February 2016 6433:Four Classic Novels 6385:Chinese mathematics 6355:I Ching's influence 5969: 19th century 5825:Journey to the West 5657:Culture of Shandong 5581:culture during the 5451:Emperor Jing of Han 5430:Chinese tea culture 5416:Chinese tea culture 5007:Terrace of Shanghua 4984:in a Chinese garden 4554:musical instruments 4470:Journey to the West 4421::玄武) is one of the 4307:yün-chi or k'un-chi 4284:traditional Chinese 4247:Fenghuang (鳳凰) are 4166:legendary creatures 4137:Mythological beings 3894:traditional Chinese 3864:traditional Chinese 3788:traditional Chinese 3643:Carved lacquer or 3586:Great Wall of China 3367:the West since the 2982:Journey to the West 2904:and other forms of 2612:dynasty during the 2556:, beginning in the 2203:Chinese calligraphy 2156:Chinese calligraphy 2147:Chinese calligraphy 1859:and the subsequent 1840:pai-chia cheng-ming 1767:Chinese philosopher 1734:. A number of more 1611:, literally "Way", 1400:The Fengxian cave ( 1286:scholar-bureaucrats 1034:Chinese nationalism 1026:traditional Chinese 818:traditional Chinese 8733:Liu, Tong (2012). 8396:Story of the Stupa 7989:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin 7237:(Open Court 1993). 7219:2 May 2015 at the 6798:On Chinese Culture 6300:Chinese literature 6290:Chinese instrument 5764:Sichuanese culture 5651:Culture of Beijing 5537: 5438: 5344:in the northeast. 5326:cooking techniques 5309: 5245:Shanghai Solitaire 5025:, the Great Lake. 4986: 4932: 4804:, also known as a 4550: 4504: 4342: 4276:simplified Chinese 4245: 4162: 3984:in China from the 3971: 3920:Coromandel screens 3916:lacquer techniques 3886:simplified Chinese 3856:simplified Chinese 3780:simplified Chinese 3778:A folding screen ( 3770: 3635: 3590: 3469: 3043: 2886:Chinese literature 2882: 2722:Chinese literature 2704:together with the 2374: 2261:Chinese literature 2207: 2167: 2125:the Beijing-based 1996:Chinese literature 1978: 1828:Chinese philosophy 1816: 1714:Chinese philosophy 1613:also romanized as 1411:, commissioned by 1387: 1177:is represented by 1018:simplified Chinese 999:, making them the 875:Chinese characters 810:simplified Chinese 495:Confucian religion 9696:Politics of China 9678: 9677: 9389: 9388: 9326:other territories 8976:978-7-302-12632-4 8823:978-7-81082-370-8 8765:on 16 August 2011 8744:978-0-521-18680-3 8702:10.1038/srep18955 8638:978-0-520-91486-5 8406:978-81-206-0160-4 8251:978-0-300-10735-7 8206:Fiero, Gloria K. 8176:978-1-86189-008-5 8086:978-0-87817-264-1 8043:978-0-8048-2129-2 8004:978-0-521-08690-5 7951:978-0-8048-3573-2 7905:978-0-520-21484-2 7834:Collection online 7705:"Chinese lantern" 7690:Andrew H. Plaks, 7661:– were published. 7636:978-1-317-45839-5 7572:978-1-61069-626-5 7523:978-1-4051-6184-8 7492:Yip, pp. 306–308 7483:Zhang, pp. 76–80 7320:978-0-691-01468-5 7313:. pp. 3–16. 7179:978-0-521-64430-3 7154:on 11 March 2005. 7120:978-962-201-469-5 7081:978-81-208-1748-7 7042:978-0-226-12047-8 6998:978-0-393-91847-2 6807:978-981-10-0279-3 6782:978-0-12-701630-6 6709:978-1-4614-5860-9 6476:on 6 October 2008 6375:Chinese astronomy 6320:Chinese orchestra 6220:Chinese animation 6070:Laoshan green tea 5922:dedicated to the 5770:Taiwanese culture 5717:Hong Kong culture 5686:Zhongyuan culture 5622:Major subcultures 5480:seven necessities 5247:. Others include 5197:Shaolin Monastery 4785:Old Summer Palace 4779:(慈禧太后) built the 4772:Chinese dynasties 4393:Emperor Wu of Han 4322:are superficial. 4207:Mandate of Heaven 4178:animal-like forms 4170:Chinese mythology 4102:jade burial suits 4030:musical qualities 3994:Chinese sculpture 3904: 3874: 3696:Chinese furniture 3598:Chinese character 3533:lantern festivals 3396:Porcelain pottery 3341:Republic of China 3304:ink wash painting 2518:Dream Pool Essays 2509:Xin Yixiang Fayao 2499:, and tempo. The 1992:Classical Chinese 1900:developed by the 1642:School of Yinyang 1530:Religion in China 1429:Inside a cave of 1371:Hanging Monastery 1362:Buddhism in China 1358:Chinese mythology 1320:and outlined the 1313:Lessons for Women 1270:commercialization 997:global population 865:being one of the 770: 769: 391:Sinitic languages 335:Foreign relations 237: 236: 229: 219: 218: 172: 171: 164: 146: 111:"Chinese culture" 69: 24:Culture of Taiwan 9703: 9625:Chinese calendar 9532:Buddha's delight 9466:New Year picture 9432:Culture of China 9423:Chinese New Year 9416: 9409: 9402: 9393: 9392: 9379: 9369: 9368: 9338:Christmas Island 9024:Sovereign states 9016:Culture of Asia 9009: 9002: 8995: 8986: 8985: 8958: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8937:on 22 March 2021 8933:. Archived from 8927: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8884: 8878: 8868: 8859: 8849: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8791:on 4 August 2012 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8658: 8650: 8624: 8618: 8599: 8593: 8583:Beautyfujian.com 8580:"Fujian Cuisine. 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8466: 8459: 8453: 8444:Feng Chaoxiong, 8442: 8436: 8431:Michel Baridon, 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8390: 8384: 8379:Michel Baridon, 8377: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8235: 8229: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8211: 8204: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8138: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8069: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7981: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7935: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7889: 7878: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7802: 7801:Grove; Cinnabar 7799: 7793: 7790: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7650: 7648: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7586: 7584: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7537: 7535: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7475: 7474:Davis, p. lxvii 7472: 7466: 7465:Frankel, p. 216 7463: 7457: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7430: 7427: 7416: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7259: 7253: 7230: 7224: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7150:. Archived from 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7026: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7002: 6984: 6975: 6972: 6966: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6909: 6903:. Archived from 6898: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6860: 6854: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6832: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6641:. Archived from 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6586:on 18 March 2019 6582:. Archived from 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6546:"Chinese Ethics" 6541: 6535: 6534: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6472:. Archived from 6462: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6390:Chinese medicine 6380:Chinese calendar 6305:Chinese marriage 6275:Chinese folklore 6270:Chinese festival 6235:Chinese Buddhism 6208: 6206:Singapore portal 6203: 6202: 6201: 6194: 6192:Hong Kong portal 6189: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6127: 6115: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6012: 5994: 5979: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5938: 5912:Que pillar gates 5908: 5893: 5881: 5866: 5851: 5836: 5821: 5805: 5759:Macanese culture 5735:Hunanese culture 5663:Culture of Gansu 5608:Wuchang Uprising 5597:and founded the 5340:in the south to 5314:Chinese diaspora 5305:Chinese New Year 5201:Wudang Mountains 5183: 5171: 5159: 5143: 5119: 5111: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5045:main birthplaces 4936:Chinese emperors 4879: 4874: 4861: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4736: 4707:Chinese emperors 4674: 4662: 4641: 4626: 4356: 4348: 4308: 4298: 4289: 4281: 4219:history of China 4211:Celestial Empire 4199:Emperor of China 4174:Chinese folklore 4046:Liangzhu culture 4042:Six Ritual Jades 3935: 3934: 3928: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3861: 3852: 3793: 3785: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3672: 3671: 3661:Japanese lacquer 3654: 3621: 3620: 3576:Chinese hand fan 3540:Kongming lantern 3505:Overseas Chinese 3416:Chinese painting 3377:Chinese ceramics 3361:Chinese emperors 3345:overseas Chinese 3299: 3276: 3091: 3088: 3055:Yellow Emperor's 3008:Chinese clothing 2987:The Golden Lotus 2951:as early as the 2756: 2746: 2737: 2245: 2235: 2222: 2221: 2131:May 4th Movement 2026:Chinese classics 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1861:purge of dissent 1836:bǎijiā zhēngmíng 1751:culture of merit 1698: 1688: 1679: 1610: 1609: 1510:Indian religions 1453:Neo-Confucianism 1441:Chinese Buddhism 1431:Longmen Grottoes 1426: 1409:Longmen Grottoes 1406: 1403: 1397: 1348:Spiritual values 1334:Chinese marriage 1263:four occupations 1257:. From the late 1230:Social structure 1145: 1128: 1111: 1098:Fenghuang County 1094: 1080: 1031: 1023: 832: 823: 815: 795: 780: 762: 755: 748: 734:China portal 732: 731: 730: 300:Military history 266: 257: 255:Culture of China 241: 240: 232: 225: 214: 211: 205: 182: 174: 167: 160: 156: 153: 147: 145: 104: 80: 72: 61: 39: 38: 31: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9691:Chinese culture 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9665: 9649: 9606: 9597:Mandarin orange 9500: 9434: 9425: 9420: 9390: 9385: 9357: 9325: 9316: 9297:Northern Cyprus 9283: 9276: 9018: 9013: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8938: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8869: 8862: 8850: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8824: 8816:. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8768: 8766: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8731: 8727: 8672: 8668: 8652: 8651: 8639: 8625: 8621: 8600: 8596: 8590:Wayback Machine 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8460: 8456: 8443: 8439: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8407: 8391: 8387: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8360: 8355:Wayback Machine 8346: 8342: 8332: 8330: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8306: 8304: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8275: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8177: 8157: 8153: 8127: 8125: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8087: 8070: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8044: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8005: 7985:Needham, Joseph 7982: 7971: 7961: 7959: 7952: 7936: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7906: 7890: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7646: 7644: 7637: 7614: 7610: 7582: 7580: 7573: 7553: 7549: 7533: 7531: 7524: 7516:, p. 596, 7500: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7433: 7428: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7244:Wayback Machine 7231: 7227: 7221:Wayback Machine 7212: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7043: 7032:What Is Taoism? 7027: 7020: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6940:on 18 July 2011 6928: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6874:on 26 June 2009 6862: 6861: 6857: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6769: 6765: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6710: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6542: 6538: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6335:Chinese studies 6245:Chinese clothes 6204: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6138: 6131: 6128: 6119: 6116: 6107: 6104: 6095: 6092: 6083: 6080: 6071: 6068: 6059: 6056: 6047: 6044: 6035: 6034:Zhu-Ye-Qing-Tea 6032: 6023: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5986: 5980: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5953: 5939: 5930: 5909: 5900: 5894: 5885: 5882: 5873: 5867: 5858: 5852: 5843: 5837: 5828: 5822: 5813: 5806: 5797: 5782:Wenzhou culture 5776:Teochew culture 5753:Lingnan culture 5741:Jiangxi culture 5729:Huizhou culture 5711:Hokkien culture 5695: 5668:Dongbei culture 5642: 5624: 5521: 5511: 5422: 5410:Main articles: 5408: 5290: 5288:Chinese cuisine 5284: 5233: 5041: 5033:Main articles: 5031: 5019:Terrace of Gusu 4917: 4911: 4799: 4793: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4552:There are many 4493: 4481:Main articles: 4479: 4441:and Hyeonmu in 4415: 4409: 4334: 4328: 4233: 4227: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4094:four directions 3956: 3950: 3942:mother-of-pearl 3776: 3759: 3713:and now in the 3641: 3610: 3578: 3563:to a couple of 3544:hot air balloon 3461: 3453:Main articles: 3451: 3449:Chinese lantern 3392:performance art 3373:decorative arts 3335:Chinese art is 3333: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3277: 3266: 3126:or traditional 3112: 3089: 3079:left-handedness 3075:jiaoling youren 3027: 3018: 3006:Main articles: 3004: 2994:developed from 2970:Andrew H. Plaks 2944:Taiping Guangji 2932:Da Tang Xiyu Ji 2926:Wenyuan Yinghua 2906:popular culture 2878:Tian Yi Chamber 2870: 2864: 2665: 2659: 2657:in Yuan dynasty 2616:. However, the 2531:of 1084 or the 2453: 2447: 2445:in Song dynasty 2349: 2343: 2263: 2257: 2149: 2143: 2074: 2068: 2050:in the form of 1988: 1980:Main articles: 1966: 1922: 1915: 1808: 1792:Main articles: 1790: 1724: 1712:Main articles: 1710: 1662:of wu wei. The 1638:Three Treasures 1544: 1528:Main articles: 1526: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1404: 1398: 1364: 1352:Main articles: 1350: 1276:(960–1279 CE). 1246:Chinese monarch 1238: 1232: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1070: 1064: 1055: 1046: 939: 831:Zhōnghuá wénhuà 806:Chinese culture 803: 802: 801: 800: 799: 796: 788: 787: 781: 766: 728: 726: 719: 718: 709: 708: 699: 698: 694:National anthem 679: 678: 669: 668: 654: 653: 644: 643: 634: 633: 622: 621: 602: 601: 589:performing arts 579: 578: 564: 563: 552: 551: 527: 526: 515: 514: 485: 484: 448: 447: 408: 407: 396: 395: 386: 385: 374: 373: 364: 363: 352: 351: 350: 349: 278: 277: 253: 233: 222: 221: 220: 215: 209: 206: 199: 187:This article's 183: 168: 157: 151: 148: 105: 103: 93: 81: 40: 36: 27: 12: 11: 5: 9709: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9661:Lunar New Year 9657: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9567:Pineapple tart 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9517:Spring pancake 9514: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9491:Chinese dragon 9488: 9483: 9478: 9476:Reunion dinner 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9419: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9373: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8966: 8965:External links 8963: 8960: 8959: 8948: 8922: 8911: 8879: 8860: 8841: 8822: 8802: 8776: 8750: 8743: 8725: 8666: 8637: 8619: 8594: 8572: 8542: 8512: 8499:(4): 195–199. 8479: 8467: 8454: 8437: 8424: 8405: 8385: 8369: 8358: 8340: 8314: 8284: 8269: 8250: 8230: 8221: 8212: 8194: 8175: 8169:. p. 61. 8167:Reaktion Books 8151: 8145:counter-relief 8136:款謂陰字，是凹入者，刻畫成之 8120:(in Chinese). 8104: 8085: 8061: 8042: 8022: 8003: 7969: 7950: 7923: 7904: 7879: 7870: 7861: 7852: 7843: 7821: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7782: 7752: 7722: 7696: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7635: 7608: 7571: 7547: 7522: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7431: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7369: 7362: 7344: 7335: 7326: 7319: 7293: 7284: 7254: 7233:Graham, A.C., 7225: 7206: 7197: 7178: 7158: 7138: 7119: 7099: 7080: 7060: 7041: 7029:Creel (1970). 7018: 6997: 6976: 6967: 6951: 6921: 6910:on 5 June 2011 6885: 6855: 6842: 6833: 6813: 6806: 6788: 6781: 6763: 6727: 6708: 6688: 6656: 6627: 6597: 6567: 6536: 6521: 6487: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6437: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6285:Chinese garden 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Chinese dragon 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6240:Chinese cinema 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6195: 6181: 6167: 6153: 6150:Society portal 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6026: 6024: 6014: 6007: 6005: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5956: 5954: 5940: 5933: 5931: 5910: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5699:Haipai culture 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5638: 5623: 5620: 5612:Forbidden City 5603:Kangxi Emperor 5591:Imperial China 5510: 5507: 5428:A traditional 5407: 5404: 5398:dining table. 5286:Main article: 5283: 5280: 5232: 5229: 5049:umbrella terms 5030: 5027: 4967:(221–206 BC), 4924:Jichang Garden 4915:Chinese garden 4913:Main article: 4910: 4909:Chinese garden 4907: 4795:Main article: 4792: 4789: 4741:Forbidden City 4738: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724:Chinese palace 4722:Main article: 4719: 4718:Chinese palace 4716: 4712:man and nature 4676: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4646:Tianing Temple 4644:The Pagoda of 4643: 4636: 4635: 4632:, Song dynasty 4628: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4612:Main article: 4609: 4606: 4491:Dance of China 4483:Music of China 4478: 4475: 4411:Main article: 4408: 4405: 4389:Feng Shen Bang 4330:Main article: 4327: 4324: 4316:Chinese zodiac 4297:yùnjī or kūnjī 4272:Chinese dragon 4229:Main article: 4226: 4223: 4146:Main article: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4008:and along the 3952:Main article: 3949: 3946: 3774:Folding screen 3772:Main article: 3758: 3757:Folding screen 3755: 3715:British Museum 3639:Carved lacquer 3637:Main article: 3632:Nanjing Museum 3609: 3608:Carved lacquer 3606: 3577: 3574: 3450: 3447: 3301: 3294: 3293: 3278: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3111: 3108: 3100:, worn with a 3090: 1600 BC 3026: 3023: 3003: 3000: 2866:Main article: 2863: 2860: 2778:, such as the 2762:may be called 2661:Main article: 2658: 2652: 2528:Zizhi Tongjian 2449:Main article: 2446: 2440: 2394:Chinese poetry 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2291:constellations 2259:Main article: 2256: 2253: 2249:Han characters 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2100:(Ban-lam-gu), 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 1982:Spoken Chinese 1965: 1962: 1945:Warring States 1884:Mohism was an 1802:The Art of War 1789: 1786: 1755:New Confucians 1747:Neo-Confucians 1728:Imperial China 1709: 1706: 1525: 1522: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1349: 1346: 1234:Main article: 1231: 1228: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1013:Zhonghua minzu 938: 935: 797: 790: 789: 782: 775: 774: 773: 772: 771: 768: 767: 765: 764: 757: 750: 742: 739: 738: 737: 736: 721: 720: 717: 716: 710: 706: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 680: 676: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 661: 655: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 635: 629: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 609: 603: 597: 596: 595: 592: 591: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 565: 559: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 539: 534: 528: 522: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 468: 467: 461: 460: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 409: 403: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 387: 381: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 365: 359: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 326: 325: 320: 315: 307: 302: 297: 295:Historiography 292: 287: 281: 280: 279: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 259: 258: 250: 249: 235: 234: 217: 216: 196:the key points 186: 184: 177: 170: 169: 84: 82: 75: 70: 44: 43: 41: 34: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9708: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9673: 9668: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9412: 9410: 9405: 9403: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9372: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9307:South Ossetia 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9010: 9005: 9003: 8998: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8957: 8952: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8915: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8876:1-85984-203-8 8873: 8867: 8865: 8858: 8857:0-7946-0146-4 8854: 8848: 8846: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8806: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8670: 8662: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8576: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8507: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8474: 8472: 8464: 8458: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8434: 8428: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8389: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8367: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8344: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8273: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8234: 8225: 8216: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8068: 8066: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8033:Things Korean 8026: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7874: 7865: 7856: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7789: 7787: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7678: 7669: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7542: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7412: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7365: 7363:7-101-01219-1 7359: 7355: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7288: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7251:0-8126-9087-7 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7210: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6971: 6965: 6964:0-658-01078-6 6961: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6934:Xinhuanet.com 6931: 6925: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6830:0-405-12981-5 6827: 6823: 6817: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6673: 6666: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315:Chinese opera 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:Chinese drama 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6255:Chinese dance 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6196: 6193: 6182: 6179: 6178:Taiwan portal 6168: 6165: 6154: 6151: 6145: 6140: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5960: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5902: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5789: 5788:Wuyue culture 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5723:Hubei culture 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5705:Hakka culture 5703: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567:Manhan Quanxi 5564: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5472:ancient China 5468: 5466: 5463:was drunk by 5462: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5449:mausoleum of 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5334:ethnic groups 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5269:Chinese yo-yo 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:pai gow poker 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5205:Wong Fei Hung 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5142: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4945:Shang dynasty 4943:, during the 4942: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813:architectural 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781:Summer Palace 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4673: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4630:Liaodi Pagoda 4625: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4455:Kenkun Shrine 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203:Son of Heaven 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4081:Rites of Zhou 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:ancient China 3801: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3732: 3728: 3727:Southern Song 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:fire balloons 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542:, is a small 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3455:Paper lantern 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439:Chinese opera 3436: 3433: 3429: 3428:Chinese music 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3405:Book of Songs 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3331:Arts of China 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3284:Palace Museum 3281: 3275: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3248:; Cantonese: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3146:Banner People 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3084: 3083:Shang dynasty 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2914:Shishuo Xinyu 2909: 2907: 2903: 2902:Chinese opera 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888:are the four 2887: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838:differs from 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:Chinese opera 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Southern Song 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2776:Chinese opera 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677:tone patterns 2674: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Southern Tang 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2562:Liang dynasty 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:poetic meters 2467:use a set of 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2162:(王羲之) of the 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2024:. (See also: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953:Five Elements 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1923: 391 BC 1916: 470 BC 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:authoritarian 1733: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1461:Reincarnation 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1425: 1414: 1410: 1405: 675 AD 1396: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168:extended the 1167: 1162: 1158: 1144: 1133: 1127: 1116: 1110: 1099: 1093: 1079: 1069: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1008:ethnic groups 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:Han Taiwanese 982: 978: 974: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913:, etiquette, 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 827: 819: 811: 807: 794: 785: 779: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 744: 743: 741: 740: 735: 725: 724: 723: 722: 715: 712: 711: 707:Organisations 703: 702: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 673: 672: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 648: 647: 640: 637: 636: 632: 626: 625: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 600: 594: 593: 590: 586: 583: 582: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 562: 556: 555: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 519: 518: 511: 508: 506: 505:New religions 503: 501: 500:Folk religion 498: 496: 493: 491: 490:Chan Buddhism 488: 487: 483: 477: 476: 473: 470: 469: 466: 463: 462: 459: 455: 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 406: 400: 399: 392: 389: 388: 384: 378: 377: 370: 367: 366: 362: 356: 355: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 330:Ethnic groups 328: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 276: 270: 269: 265: 261: 260: 256: 252: 251: 247: 243: 242: 239: 231: 228: 213: 203: 197: 195: 190: 185: 181: 176: 175: 166: 163: 155: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: – 112: 108: 107:Find sources: 101: 97: 91: 90: 85:This article 83: 79: 74: 73: 68: 66: 59: 58: 53: 52: 47: 42: 33: 32: 29: 25: 21: 16: 9617: 9471:Red envelope 9461:Dragon dance 9431: 9322:Dependencies 9252:Turkmenistan 9217:Saudi Arabia 8951: 8939:. Retrieved 8935:the original 8925: 8919:晉語的使用範圍與歷史起源 8914: 8902:. Retrieved 8893:Live Science 8891: 8882: 8832:. Retrieved 8812: 8810:徐文苑 (2005). 8805: 8793:. Retrieved 8789:the original 8779: 8767:. Retrieved 8763:the original 8753: 8734: 8728: 8685: 8679: 8669: 8628: 8622: 8610: 8603:Tang dynasty 8597: 8575: 8563:. Retrieved 8554: 8545: 8533:. Retrieved 8524: 8515: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8462: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8432: 8427: 8415:. Retrieved 8395: 8388: 8380: 8366:zh:s:史記/卷028 8361: 8343: 8331:. Retrieved 8317: 8305:. Retrieved 8296: 8287: 8278: 8272: 8260:. Retrieved 8240: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8207: 8185:. Retrieved 8161: 8154: 8140: 8133: 8126:. Retrieved 8117: 8107: 8095:. Retrieved 8074: 8052:. Retrieved 8032: 8025: 8013:. Retrieved 7993: 7960:. Retrieved 7940: 7914:. Retrieved 7894: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7838:the original 7833: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7773:. Retrieved 7765:hand-fan.org 7764: 7755: 7743:. Retrieved 7734: 7725: 7713:. Retrieved 7699: 7691: 7686: 7677: 7668: 7658: 7655:Water Margin 7654: 7652: 7645:, retrieved 7622: 7618: 7611: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7581:, retrieved 7558:Modern China 7557: 7550: 7540: 7539: 7532:, retrieved 7509: 7504: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7411: 7402: 7390:. Retrieved 7381: 7372: 7353: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7302: 7296: 7287: 7275:. Retrieved 7266: 7257: 7234: 7228: 7209: 7200: 7188:. Retrieved 7168: 7166:Yao (2000). 7161: 7152:the original 7141: 7129:. Retrieved 7109: 7102: 7090:. Retrieved 7070: 7063: 7051:. Retrieved 7031: 6988: 6970: 6954: 6942:. Retrieved 6938:the original 6933: 6924: 6912:. Retrieved 6905:the original 6900: 6888: 6876:. Retrieved 6872:the original 6867: 6864:"廣東三寶之一禾稈草" 6858: 6853:(2013) p. 3. 6850: 6845: 6836: 6821: 6816: 6797: 6791: 6772: 6766: 6742:23 September 6740:. Retrieved 6730: 6718:. Retrieved 6698: 6691: 6679:. Retrieved 6672:the original 6659: 6647:. Retrieved 6643:the original 6637: 6630: 6620:10 September 6618:. Retrieved 6609: 6600: 6590:10 September 6588:. Retrieved 6584:the original 6579: 6570: 6560:16 September 6558:. Retrieved 6549: 6539: 6530: 6524: 6512:. Retrieved 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6474:the original 6460: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6365:Peking opera 6310:Chinese name 6295:Chinese jade 6250:Chinese food 6164:China portal 5947:Song dynasty 5870:Dragon dance 5635: 5628: 5625: 5599:Qing dynasty 5583:Qing dynasty 5570: 5569:, literally 5566: 5565: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5509:Food culture 5488: 5469: 5458: 5439: 5310: 5301:Spring rolls 5297:Spring rolls 5273: 5235:A number of 5234: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5129: 5114:Five Animals 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5042: 5029:Martial arts 5018: 5015:Zhou dynasty 5006: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941:Yellow River 4933: 4903:Song dynasty 4898: 4891:Ming dynasty 4887:Tang dynasty 4876: 4868: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4822: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4755: 4753: 4686:architecture 4683: 4650:Liao dynasty 4608:Architecture 4598:Dragon dance 4590: 4551: 4536:Tang dynasty 4530: 4519: 4516:Zhou dynasty 4505: 4468: 4423:Four Symbols 4416: 4396: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4343: 4305: 4295: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4249:mythological 4246: 4239:Relief of a 4163: 4156:Relief of a 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4041: 3972: 3954:Chinese jade 3948:Chinese jade 3938:Ming dynasty 3923: 3877: 3847: 3835:Tang dynasty 3820: 3777: 3751:Ming dynasty 3740: 3730: 3703:Tang dynasty 3700: 3690: 3686: 3683:Song dynasty 3664: 3644: 3642: 3628:Qing dynasty 3602:Song dynasty 3591: 3556: 3552: 3539: 3537: 3529:sky lanterns 3524:chōchin moji 3522: 3518: 3512: 3470: 3443:variety arts 3435:papercutting 3414: 3403: 3400:Palaeolithic 3381: 3365: 3334: 3307: 3279: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242:Shanghainese 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3164: 3156: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3116:Qing dynasty 3113: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3074: 3070: 3069:closed. The 3066: 3047:Han clothing 3044: 3019: 2985: 2981: 2978:Water Margin 2977: 2973: 2972:argues that 2965:Qing dynasty 2961:Ming dynasty 2957: 2953:Song dynasty 2942: 2938:Youyang Zazu 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2883: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2760:Yuan dynasty 2753: 2743: 2726: 2725: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2668: 2666: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634:Qing dynasty 2630:Ming dynasty 2625: 2617: 2601: 2590:Tang dynasty 2586:Central Asia 2581: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2549: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2516: 2508: 2501:Song dynasty 2492: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2457:lyric poetry 2454: 2442: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2382:Tang dynasty 2375: 2358:Lantingji Xu 2356: 2311:Yin and Yang 2300: 2294: 2267:Zhou dynasty 2264: 2242: 2232: 2224: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2168: 2075: 2060: 2056:Song dynasty 2052:movable type 2033: 2021:Tao Te Ching 2019: 2009: 1999: 1989: 1973: 1932: 1926: 1896:thought and 1883: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1852:intellectual 1839: 1835: 1834:(百家爭鳴/百家争鸣; 1831: 1817: 1774:Zhou dynasty 1759: 1744:Song dynasty 1725: 1718:Confucianism 1695: 1685: 1665:Tao Te Ching 1663: 1645: 1631: 1628:Confucianism 1619: 1614: 1598: 1592: 1552:oracle bones 1545: 1491: 1483:Jade Emperor 1468: 1449:Confucianism 1438: 1383:Confucianism 1342: 1311: 1293: 1274:Song dynasty 1267: 1259:Zhou dynasty 1239: 1215: 1209: 1199:bamboo shoot 1166:Tang dynasty 1154: 1056: 1047: 1011: 1005: 973:ethnic group 963: 943:four classes 940: 899:martial arts 883:architecture 860: 829: 805: 804: 689:Coat of arms 664:Architecture 639:Martial arts 433:Tea ceremony 323:1949–present 238: 223: 207: 191: 189:lead section 158: 149: 139: 132: 125: 118: 106: 94:Please help 89:verification 86: 62: 55: 49: 48:Please help 45: 28: 15: 9672:Golden Week 9582:Turnip cake 9486:Firecracker 9381:Asia portal 9282:States with 9202:Philippines 9142:South Korea 9137:North Korea 9032:Afghanistan 8941:7 September 8904:9 September 8735:Chinese Tea 8611:Preface of 6720:26 November 6681:14 February 6649:8 September 6230:Chinese art 6094:Chinese tea 6022:, 1425–1436 5945:(1244 CE), 5842:performance 5680:Jin culture 5646:Hui culture 5593:. When the 5579:Han Chinese 5554:Beihai Park 5465:Han dynasty 5412:Chinese tea 5406:Tea culture 5257:bone domino 5209:many others 5105:Shaolinquan 4965:Qin dynasty 4760:Qin dynasty 4344:The Qilin ( 4217:during the 4098:Han dynasty 4038:immortality 3843:calligraphy 3812:Han dynasty 3711:Aurel Stein 3657:lacquerware 3553:sky candles 3459:Sky lantern 3432:Han dynasty 3369:Renaissance 3250:chèuhngsāam 3197:Han Chinese 3181:banner gown 3114:During the 3037:'s tomb in 2920:Sou Shen Ji 2663:Qu (poetry) 2598:Wen Tingyun 2477:Changduanju 2451:Ci (poetry) 2413:Quantangwen 2406:Quantangshi 2371:Jin dynasty 2347:Tang poetry 2305:within the 2205:traditions. 2171:calligraphy 2164:Jin dynasty 2141:Calligraphy 2048:Printmaking 2032:'s seminal 1857:Qin dynasty 1778:Han dynasty 1660:realpolitik 1318:Han dynasty 1290:meritocracy 1282:Sui dynasty 1255:Chinese law 1206:hickory nut 1183:aged ginger 1157:Han dynasty 1038:family name 966:Han Chinese 313:before 1912 9685:Categories 9592:Melon seed 9562:Lotus seed 9456:Lion dance 9262:Uzbekistan 9237:Tajikistan 9152:Kyrgyzstan 9132:Kazakhstan 9052:Bangladesh 9042:Azerbaijan 8565:1 November 8535:10 January 8417:1 November 8262:30 October 8187:30 October 8165:. London: 8128:30 October 8097:30 October 8054:30 October 8015:30 October 7962:30 October 7916:30 October 7534:30 October 7512:, Vol. 2, 7190:29 October 7131:29 October 7092:29 October 7053:29 October 6868:Huaxia.com 6849:Rui Wang, 6514:10 October 6480:10 October 6452:References 6016:Ming table 5998:Oolong tea 5855:Lion dance 5549:concubines 5533:putongkuai 5400:Chopsticks 5255:and other 5225:lion dance 5174:"southern" 5162:northern"( 5156:wàijiāquán 5140:nèijiāquán 5136:(內家拳/内家拳; 5068:"families" 5062:, are the 4602:Lion Dance 4363:chimerical 4302:Wade–Giles 4194:auspicious 4092:, and the 4074:, and the 4026:durability 3501:Chinatowns 3337:visual art 3230:courtesans 3191:/长袍). The 2963:and early 2880:collection 2790:(散曲). The 2750:Wade–Giles 2523:Sima Guang 2485:characters 2390:Golden Age 2367:Wang Xizhi 2255:Literature 2160:Wang Xizhi 2078:illiterate 1844:lifestyles 1692:Wade–Giles 1656:Shen Buhai 1502:philosophy 1498:literature 1463:and other 1310:wrote the 1240:Since the 1218:". The 31 987:), 76% of 970:East Asian 927:traditions 911:philosophy 895:literature 840:Sinosphere 612:Television 561:Literature 405:Traditions 369:Sinosphere 210:March 2024 152:March 2019 122:newspapers 51:improve it 9577:Taro cake 9481:Fireworks 9348:Hong Kong 9302:Palestine 9227:Sri Lanka 9222:Singapore 9102:Indonesia 8956:山西方言與山西文化 8834:1 January 8795:9 January 8769:9 January 8688:: 18955. 8655:cite book 8609:from the 8435:. p. 348 8383:. p. 348 8333:8 January 7775:8 January 7745:8 January 7263:"Zou Yan" 7007:cite book 6407:Tian-tsui 6215:Bian Lian 5943:Chen Rong 5916:Chongqing 5827:(西遊記/西游记) 5503:Green tea 5476:Shen Nong 5371:Cantonese 5342:subarctic 5322:Seasoning 5092:"schools" 5011:King Jing 4982:Moon gate 4703:Feng shui 4546:Bian Lian 4526:Confucius 4401:Sima Qian 4380:Zuo Zhuan 4241:fenghuang 4231:Fenghuang 4225:Fenghuang 4096:. By the 3990:hardstone 3986:Neolithic 3839:paintings 3831:antiquity 3823:lacquered 3796:furniture 3707:Silk Road 3497:festivals 3477:paper bag 3420:Shan shui 3357:dynasties 3349:Stone Age 3312:Lin Liang 3177:sijigiyan 3120:cheongsam 3057:consort, 2854:(小令) and 2822:found in 2429:and some 2386:Wu Zetian 2283:astronomy 2279:astrology 2188:inkstones 2094:Cantonese 2030:Sima Qian 1875:Sima Qian 1782:Huang-Lao 1770:Confucius 1578:fighting 1560:Folklores 1413:Wu Zetian 1407:) of the 1251:hierarchy 1175:Guangdong 1161:feudalism 991:, 23% of 989:Singapore 968:, are an 955:craftsman 931:festivals 848:provinces 836:East Asia 784:Porcelain 652:Monuments 472:Festivals 454:Mythology 418:Etiquette 383:Languages 340:Dynasties 318:1912–1949 309:Economic 194:summarize 57:talk page 9542:Fat choy 9512:Nian gao 9446:Dashuhua 9371:Category 9292:Abkhazia 9242:Thailand 9197:Pakistan 9177:Mongolia 9172:Maldives 9167:Malaysia 9067:Cambodia 8898:Archived 8828:Archived 8720:26738699 8647:44957693 8607:Bai Juyi 8586:Archived 8559:Archived 8529:Archived 8411:Archived 8351:Archived 8327:Archived 8301:Archived 8256:Archived 8181:Archived 8122:Archived 8091:Archived 8048:Archived 8009:Archived 7991:(1985). 7956:Archived 7910:Archived 7769:Archived 7739:Archived 7709:Archived 7641:archived 7577:archived 7528:archived 7386:Archived 7271:Archived 7240:Archived 7217:Archived 7184:Archived 7125:Archived 7086:Archived 7047:Archived 6901:RTHK.org 6752:cite web 6714:Archived 6614:Archived 6554:Archived 6508:Archived 6136:See also 5983:Koi Pond 5928:Ba Manzi 5926:general 5747:Jiangnan 5587:emperors 5545:emperors 5529:gongkuai 5460:Camellia 5395:Zhejiang 5387:Shandong 5363:Huaiyang 5338:tropical 5148:external 5132:internal 5023:Lake Tai 4699:symmetry 4600:and the 4449:and the 4439:Japanese 4417:Xuanwu ( 4359:mythical 4288:鶤雞 or 鵾雞 4261:and the 4213:and the 4180:such as 4117:such as 4111:Buddhist 4022:hardness 4018:Xinjiang 4014:province 4002:nephrite 3918:for the 3910:painter 3908:Song-era 3816:Zhucheng 3626:period, 3624:Qianlong 3511:include 3485:lanterns 3426:. Early 3388:folk art 3384:fine art 3302:Chinese 3218:Shanghai 3185:chángpáo 3039:Qianling 3025:Pre-Qing 2852:Xiaoling 2772:Yüan-chü 2698:and the 2574:and the 2571:Shi Jing 2513:Shen Kuo 2299:and the 2287:calendar 2273:include 2127:Mandarin 2082:Mandarin 2011:Analects 1964:Language 1951:and the 1949:yin-yang 1905:scholars 1902:academic 1894:rational 1822:and the 1740:Legalism 1652:Legalist 1584:jiangshi 1576:exorcism 1570:and the 1568:Door god 1548:Shang Di 1524:Religion 1506:Buddhism 1479:Guan Yin 1457:Buddhism 1379:Buddhism 1330:Cheng Yi 1308:Ban Zhao 1195:tea leaf 1191:Hangzhou 1062:Regional 1053:Abstract 993:Malaysia 959:merchant 937:Identity 919:politics 915:religion 879:ceramics 844:counties 482:Religion 458:folklore 438:Clothing 428:Funerals 423:Marriage 345:Monarchs 305:Language 290:Timeline 246:a series 244:Part of 9654:Related 9630:Chunyun 9587:Yusheng 9547:Yau gok 9267:Vietnam 9182:Myanmar 9162:Lebanon 9092:Georgia 9047:Bahrain 9037:Armenia 8711:4704058 8690:Bibcode 8615:Diagram 8307:24 July 7354:王力古漢語字典 7277:1 March 6944:20 June 6930:"說三與三寶" 6914:20 June 6878:20 June 6412:Xiangqi 6018:in the 5898:Guanyin 5812:knocker 5795:Gallery 5749:culture 5676:culture 5674:Shaanxi 5670:(東北/东北) 5616:Beijing 5557:Beijing 5491:Britain 5446:Chinese 5391:Sichuan 5383:Jiangsu 5282:Cuisine 5265:xiangqi 5259:games. 5249:pai gow 5241:Mahjong 5231:Leisure 5221:Dim Mak 5217:18 arms 5213:weapons 5189:Kung Fu 5180:nánquán 5168:běiquán 5080:"sects" 5053:kung fu 5013:of the 4899:paifang 4895:Beijing 4883:hutongs 4846:páifāng 4833:Chinese 4829:paifang 4810:Chinese 4802:Paifang 4797:Paifang 4791:Paifang 4768:gardens 4764:temples 4745:Beijing 4566:Guzheng 4562:Ocarina 4500:Guzheng 4425:of the 4419:Chinese 4361:hooved 4351:Chinese 4320:phoenix 4314:in the 4312:Rooster 4263:females 4182:turtles 4119:alchemy 4010:Yangtze 3998:jadeite 3926:kuǎncǎi 3880:shuping 3850:huaping 3691:(right) 3649:Chinese 3549:Chinese 3519:chōchin 3514:bonbori 3479:with a 3473:lantern 3410:Qu Yuan 3371:as the 3353:pottery 3306:called 3288:Beijing 3137:Banners 3132:phoenix 3035:Li Xian 2766:(元曲 P: 2732:Chinese 2647:chuanqi 2608:of the 2560:of the 2545:Taoists 2505:Su Song 2435:Changan 2327:Hu Shih 2302:Shujing 2296:I Ching 2098:Min Nan 2001:I Ching 1957:Zou Yan 1941:Sun Bin 1933:Bingjia 1898:science 1697:Lao Tzu 1674:Chinese 1618:). The 1595:Chinese 1475:deities 1465:rebirth 1316:in the 1222:of the 1115:Hongcun 923:history 903:cuisine 714:Museums 677:Symbols 547:Pottery 542:Gardens 532:Ikebana 465:Cuisine 285:History 275:History 136:scholar 9552:Kralan 9537:Fa gao 9527:Bakkwa 9522:Jiaozi 9439:Topics 9312:Taiwan 9247:Turkey 9212:Russia 9147:Kuwait 9127:Jordan 9117:Israel 9077:Cyprus 9062:Brunei 9057:Bhutan 8974: 8874: 8855: 8820: 8741: 8718: 8708: 8681:Nature 8645: 8635: 8613:Lychee 8403: 8248: 8173: 8083: 8040: 8001: 7948: 7902: 7792:Grove 7715:18 May 7647:6 June 7633: 7621:Vol. V 7600:, and 7583:6 June 7569: 7520: 7392:28 May 7360: 7317: 7249: 7176: 7117: 7078: 7039: 6995: 6962: 6828: 6804: 6779: 6706: 6502:& 6402:Taoism 6002:gaiwan 5920:temple 5575:Manchu 5434:gaiwan 5418:, and 5393:, and 5375:Fujian 5275:Qigong 5172:) and 5152:(外家拳; 5094:(门/門; 4843:: 4841:pinyin 4835:: 4824:Torana 4820:Indian 4806:Pailou 4489:, and 4465:Xuanwu 4459:Taoist 4451:winter 4443:Korean 4431:turtle 4413:Xuanwu 4407:Xuanwu 4383:. The 4353:: 4304:: 4294:: 4292:pinyin 4286:: 4278:: 4209:, the 4205:, the 4158:dragon 4115:Taoism 4088:, the 4070:, the 4066:, the 4060:, the 4054:, the 4048:: the 3982:carved 3912:Guo Xi 3896:: 3888:: 3866:: 3858:: 3800:hinges 3790:: 3782:: 3723:relief 3665:Diāoqī 3651:: 3645:Qīdiāo 3594:bamboo 3565:metres 3489:bamboo 3481:candle 3320:Taipei 3308:Eagles 3246:zansae 3238:zansae 3205:qipao. 3173:Manchu 3161:Manchu 3157:qí rén 3153:pinyin 3014:, and 2984:, and 2890:novels 2856:Santao 2844:Chenzi 2816:Yuanqu 2812:poetry 2768:Yuánqǔ 2764:Yuanqu 2752:: 2742:: 2740:pinyin 2734:: 2724:, the 2564:, the 2558:poetry 2398:Li Bai 2378:poetry 2331:Lu Xun 2289:, and 2285:, the 2275:poetry 2241:: 2239:pinyin 2231:: 2229:pinyin 2175:styles 2040:poetic 1804:, and 1798:Mohism 1720:, and 1694:: 1684:: 1682:pinyin 1676:: 1647:Yijing 1633:wu wei 1580:mogwai 1540:, and 1534:Taoism 1518:Taoism 1516:, and 1487:Buddha 1481:, the 1470:guanxi 1445:Taoism 1381:, and 1375:Taoism 1360:, and 1326:Zhu Xi 1295:jinshi 1204:, and 1179:chenpi 1028:: 1020:: 981:Taiwan 977:nation 957:, and 951:farmer 947:gentry 921:, and 852:cities 828:: 826:pinyin 820:: 812:: 617:Cinema 574:Poetry 569:Manhua 537:Bonsai 510:Taoism 413:Values 361:People 248:on the 138: 131: 124: 117: 109: 9611:Other 9572:Squab 9353:Macau 9272:Yemen 9232:Syria 9207:Qatar 9187:Nepal 9122:Japan 9097:India 9087:Egypt 9072:China 8076:Japan 6908:(PDF) 6897:(PDF) 6675:(PDF) 6668:(PDF) 6419:Notes 5790:(吳/吴) 5755:(粵/粤) 5693:South 5682:(晉/晋) 5659:(魯/鲁) 5640:North 5495:Japan 5455:Xi'an 5379:Hunan 5367:Anhui 5351:Chuan 5261:Weiqi 5237:games 5193:Wushu 5176:(南拳; 5090:) or 5059:wushu 4995:Shiji 4695:Korea 4691:Japan 4574:sheng 4570:guqin 4521:yayue 4508:music 4447:north 4435:snake 4397:qilin 4385:qilin 4375:qilin 4332:Qilin 4326:Qilin 4267:huang 4253:males 4190:snake 4148:Loong 4142:Loong 4131:Korea 4127:Japan 4090:earth 4076:zhang 4063:huang 4006:Henan 3978:mined 3719:camel 3569:flame 3493:paper 3258:qipao 3254:qipao 3234:qipao 3226:qipao 3222:qipao 3214:qipao 3210:qipao 3201:queue 3193:qipao 3165:qípáo 3124:Hanfu 3110:Qipao 3098:chang 3059:Leizu 3016:Qipao 3012:Hanfu 2949:novel 2848:Sanqu 2836:Sanqu 2828:Sanqu 2796:Sanqu 2787:sanqu 2770:, W: 2720:. In 2606:Li Yu 2594:Li Bo 2577:yuefu 2497:rhyme 2493:cípái 2489:tones 2481:Shiyu 2402:Du Fu 2244:shūfǎ 2234:yìshù 2225:Seoye 2220:書道/书道 2215:Shodō 2211:Shūfǎ 2110:Hakka 2106:Xiang 2016:Laozi 1937:Sunzi 1890:logic 1879:Shiji 1867:, or 1865:Shiji 1687:Lǎozǐ 1670:Laozi 1304:shifu 1202:trunk 1132:Xinye 891:dance 887:music 863:China 856:towns 838:with 631:Sport 607:Radio 599:Media 585:Music 443:Games 143:JSTOR 129:books 9602:Fish 9557:Kuih 9505:Food 9451:Nian 9192:Oman 9157:Laos 9112:Iraq 9107:Iran 8972:ISBN 8943:2017 8906:2017 8872:ISBN 8853:ISBN 8836:2006 8818:ISBN 8797:2012 8771:2012 8739:ISBN 8716:PMID 8661:link 8643:OCLC 8633:ISBN 8567:2017 8537:2017 8525:CITS 8419:2017 8401:ISBN 8335:2019 8309:2011 8264:2017 8246:ISBN 8189:2017 8171:ISBN 8141:kuǎn 8130:2017 8099:2017 8081:ISBN 8056:2017 8038:ISBN 8017:2017 7999:ISBN 7964:2017 7946:ISBN 7918:2017 7900:ISBN 7777:2019 7747:2019 7717:2014 7657:and 7649:2020 7631:ISBN 7585:2020 7567:ISBN 7536:2017 7518:ISBN 7394:2016 7358:ISBN 7315:ISBN 7279:2011 7247:ISBN 7192:2017 7174:ISBN 7133:2017 7115:ISBN 7094:2017 7076:ISBN 7055:2017 7037:ISBN 7013:link 6993:ISBN 6960:ISBN 6946:2009 6916:2009 6880:2009 6826:ISBN 6802:ISBN 6777:ISBN 6758:link 6744:2015 6722:2013 6704:ISBN 6683:2016 6651:2017 6622:2017 6592:2017 6562:2017 6516:2008 6482:2008 5872:(舞龙) 5857:(舞狮) 5840:Xiqu 5577:and 5517:and 5361:and 5332:and 5324:and 5318:Asia 5263:and 5207:and 5199:and 5164:北拳; 5082:(派; 5070:(家; 5056:and 5037:and 4990:yuan 4970:yuan 4957:yuan 4955:and 4928:Wuxi 4865:ward 4860:fāng 4851:fang 4816:arch 4777:Cixi 4756:gong 4693:and 4586:pipa 4582:erhu 4578:xiao 4576:and 4367:sage 4258:feng 4186:fish 4184:and 4057:cong 4036:and 4034:soul 3975:jade 3903:lit. 3873:lit. 3841:and 3827:silk 3808:Zhou 3741:tìxī 3731:guri 3687:guri 3679:Qing 3677:and 3675:Ming 3517:and 3457:and 3390:and 3264:Arts 3103:bixi 3051:silk 2898:Qing 2896:and 2894:Ming 2830:and 2781:Zaju 2710:and 2667:The 2511:and 2411:The 2400:and 2329:and 2265:The 2251:"). 2197:The 2184:seal 2122:Ping 2014:and 1984:and 1939:and 1928:Mozi 1909:Mozi 1846:and 1582:and 1500:and 1485:and 1447:and 1336:and 1328:and 1185:and 1030:中華民族 1022:中华民族 975:and 929:and 907:arts 871:Asia 822:中華文化 814:中华文化 684:Flag 587:and 456:and 115:news 9324:and 8706:PMC 8698:doi 8501:doi 8114:"5" 7627:508 7563:269 5914:of 5784:(欧) 5778:(潮) 5772:(台) 5766:(蜀) 5743:(贛) 5737:(湘) 5731:(徽) 5725:(楚) 5719:(港) 5713:(閩) 5707:(客) 5701:(海) 5688:(豫) 5653:(京) 5614:in 5453:in 5442:tea 5359:Yue 5110:少林拳 5098:mén 5086:pài 5078:), 5074:jiā 4961:You 4959:. 4949:you 4926:in 4878:pái 4869:pai 4558:Xun 4531:qin 4462:god 4371:lin 4168:in 4109:to 4086:sky 4072:gui 4016:of 3992:of 3980:or 3709:by 3622:), 3555:or 3359:of 3318:in 3310:by 3179:or 3159:). 2794:in 2792:San 2755:chü 2707:shi 2525:'s 2515:'s 2507:'s 2427:shi 2392:of 2118:Hui 2114:Gan 2102:Jin 2096:), 2090:Yue 2018:'s 1888:of 1873:by 1620:Tao 1615:Dao 1600:Tao 1494:art 1187:hay 524:Art 98:by 9687:: 9496:Fu 8896:. 8890:. 8863:^ 8844:^ 8826:. 8714:. 8704:. 8696:. 8684:. 8678:. 8657:}} 8653:{{ 8641:. 8557:. 8553:. 8527:. 8523:. 8495:. 8491:. 8470:^ 8409:. 8372:^ 8325:. 8299:. 8295:. 8254:. 8197:^ 8179:. 8132:. 8116:. 8089:. 8064:^ 8046:. 8007:. 7987:; 7972:^ 7954:. 7926:^ 7908:. 7882:^ 7832:. 7785:^ 7767:. 7763:. 7737:. 7733:. 7651:, 7639:, 7629:, 7596:, 7592:, 7587:, 7575:, 7565:, 7538:, 7526:, 7508:, 7434:^ 7420:^ 7384:. 7380:. 7309:: 7305:. 7269:. 7265:. 7182:. 7123:. 7084:. 7045:. 7021:^ 7009:}} 7005:{{ 6979:^ 6899:. 6754:}} 6750:{{ 6712:. 6612:. 6608:. 6578:. 6548:. 6506:. 6498:. 6468:. 6350:Go 5966:c. 5949:. 5618:. 5414:, 5389:, 5385:, 5381:, 5377:, 5373:, 5369:, 5357:, 5355:Lu 5353:, 5307:). 5251:, 5126:qi 5118:五形 4980:A 4953:pu 4951:, 4893:, 4875:; 4857:; 4839:; 4837:牌坊 4743:, 4648:, 4604:. 4485:, 4391:. 4355:麒麟 4349:; 4300:; 4290:; 4282:; 4280:鹍鸡 4221:. 4172:, 4068:hu 4051:bi 4028:, 4024:, 3964:Bi 3933:款彩 3900:; 3898:書屏 3892:; 3890:书屏 3870:; 3868:畫屏 3862:; 3860:画屏 3792:屏風 3786:; 3784:屏风 3746:剔犀 3736:屈輪 3670:雕漆 3653:漆雕 3630:. 3561:cm 3535:. 3445:. 3412:. 3394:. 3386:, 3379:. 3286:, 3244:: 3189:長袍 3175:: 3171:, 3169:旗袍 3155:: 3150:旗人 3142:qí 3094:yi 3087:c. 3071:yi 3067:yi 3010:, 2980:, 2976:, 2941:, 2935:, 2929:, 2923:, 2917:, 2840:Ci 2832:Ci 2820:Qu 2804:Qu 2800:Qu 2748:; 2745:qǔ 2738:; 2727:Qu 2713:fu 2701:ci 2695:Qu 2689:Qu 2682:Qu 2669:Qu 2655:Qu 2642:ci 2638:ci 2626:ci 2618:ci 2602:ci 2582:ci 2566:ci 2550:ci 2543:, 2473:ci 2465:Ci 2463:. 2443:Ci 2431:fu 2418:fu 2317:, 2315:Qi 2313:, 2281:, 2277:, 2190:. 2120:, 2116:, 2112:, 2108:, 2104:, 2088:, 2086:Wu 2084:, 1955:; 1920:c. 1913:c. 1892:, 1838:; 1800:, 1796:, 1716:, 1704:. 1690:; 1680:; 1678:老子 1654:" 1536:, 1532:, 1520:. 1512:, 1496:, 1489:. 1455:, 1443:, 1402:c. 1377:, 1356:, 1265:. 1216:li 1211:li 1197:, 1181:, 1040:. 1024:; 953:, 949:, 945:: 917:, 909:, 905:, 901:, 897:, 893:, 889:, 885:, 881:, 877:, 873:. 854:, 850:, 846:, 824:; 816:; 60:. 9415:e 9408:t 9401:v 9008:e 9001:t 8994:v 8945:. 8908:. 8838:. 8799:. 8773:. 8747:. 8722:. 8700:: 8692:: 8686:6 8663:) 8649:. 8569:. 8539:. 8509:. 8503:: 8497:2 8465:. 8421:. 8337:. 8311:. 8266:. 8191:. 8139:( 8101:. 8058:. 8019:. 7966:. 7920:. 7779:. 7749:. 7719:. 7396:. 7366:. 7323:. 7281:. 7194:. 7135:. 7096:. 7057:. 7015:) 7001:. 6948:. 6918:. 6882:. 6810:. 6785:. 6760:) 6746:. 6724:. 6685:. 6653:. 6624:. 6594:. 6564:. 6518:. 6484:. 6435:. 5436:. 5150:" 5146:" 5134:" 5130:" 5116:( 5108:( 4873:牌 4871:( 4855:坊 4853:( 4831:( 4560:( 3930:( 3884:( 3854:( 3743:( 3733:( 3667:( 3647:( 3619:春 3588:. 3322:. 3290:. 3187:( 3167:( 3148:( 3140:( 3085:( 2736:曲 2730:( 2217:( 2092:( 1976:. 1918:– 1911:( 1672:( 1607:道 1603:( 1415:. 1385:. 1016:( 983:( 808:( 761:e 754:t 747:v 230:) 224:( 212:) 208:( 198:. 165:) 159:( 154:) 150:( 140:· 133:· 126:· 119:· 92:. 67:) 63:( 26:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index