590:
575:
682:
698:
730:
19:
531:
602:
710:
256:
555:
507:
2112:
543:
442:. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Thousand Myriad, Half Cash, and Zero Cash took on new identities as the suitless Old Thousand, White Flower, and Red Flower respectively. They are sometimes joined by a "Ghost" card. The Myriad Myriad card disappeared by the late 19th century. During the Qing dynasty, draw-and-discard games became more popular and the 30-card deck was often multiplied with each card having two to five copies.
193:
1238:
519:
657:. There are 24 or 25 series of cards with each series based on a character from that book. Each series contains four or five identical cards. One variation known as 3-5-7 decks, contain 27 different series but with an uneven number of cards, some have two, three, or five cards with the total being 110 cards.
663:
contain eight series of cards repeated eight times. One card from each series is a special version of the card differentiated from the rest by depicting a human or doll. Each series is marked by one character that when strung together forms a blessing. Included in each deck is a ninth characterless
384:
There is no 10 Myriad card as it would share the same name as its suit. By the late 16th-century, the suit of Cash added two more cards: Half Cash and Zero Cash. The Cash suit was also in reverse order with the lower number cards beating the higher. This feature also appeared in other early card
328:
227:. Players simply draw or are dealt a card and follow its instructions such as drinking a certain number of cups or making someone else drink. The popularity of wine cards peaked from the 16th to mid-17th centuries. "Eight Immortals Wine Cards" are still used in
286:). The invention of the concept of suits increased the level of strategy in trick-taking games; the card of one suit cannot beat the card of another suit regardless of its rank. The idiosyncratic ranking and suits come from Chinese dice games.
461:, a multi-trick game. Six Tigers decks lack illustrations and instead just have ideograms of the rank and suit of each card. Another structurally similar deck was Bài Bất found in North Vietnam until the 1970s; its three-suit version is
589:
681:
246:
Some cards have illustrations and/or poetry on them. During the Ming dynasty, most packs were printed as dual-use decks, which allowed them to be used just like money-suited playing cards for other card games.
177:
345:
Money-suited cards have attracted the most attention from scholars. They are considered to be the ancestors of most of the world's playing cards. Each suit represents a different unit of currency.
749:. Each suit contains cards named after the seven different chessmen. Some decks have multiple copies of each card and may also contain "gold" wild cards. Vietnam uses a two-suited version called
868:
Lo, Andrew (2004) 'China's
Passion for Pai: Playing Cards, Dominoes, and Mahjong.' In: Mackenzie, C. and Finkel, I., (eds.), Asian Games: The Art of Contest. New York: Asia Society, pp. 217-231.
574:
1160:
643:
554:
1198:
631:
but one is in ordinary script while the other is in the financial or formal script. Some decks come with special suitless cards. There are 4 copies of each card.
697:
741:(also known as Chinese chess) appeared during the nineteenth century. They are generally divided into two categories, those with two suits known as red or
416:
289:
446:
noted that the three-suited decks were ten times more popular than four-suited ones prior to 1783, a disparity which has since significantly increased.
1334:
758:
634:
1393:
1352:
742:
292:
come in different sizes. Smaller decks are used in trick-taking and banking games. 32-card decks, with the civil suit doubled, are used to play
166:
1191:
1381:
1340:
660:
458:
443:
212:
84:(tiles); but there is no difference in play between these, as either serves to hide one face from the other players with identical backs.
133:
76:), meaning "plaque", to refer to both playing cards and tiles. Many early sources are ambiguous, and do not specifically refer to paper
2121:
1676:
756:
Like money-suited cards with mahjong tiles, there are tile versions of chess cards. In Taiwan, two-suited versions are used to play
1509:
1184:
180:), during the Yuan dynasty. It refers to a 17 July 1294 case in which two gamblers, Yan Sengzhu and Zheng Zhugou, were arrested in
1938:
1661:
1656:
1116:
Catalogue of the collection of playing cards bequeathed to the
Trustees of the British museum by the late Lady Charlotte Schreiber
1297:
1954:
621:, first appeared during the 19th century. There are several types of character cards but are all used to play rummy-like games.
2099:
481:
601:
1921:
1721:
1686:
790:, which was not externally attested until 1524. Some of the names and characters from his deck are different from later ones.
627:
are quite similar to Six Tigers packs but each deck contains only two suits and includes rank 10. Both suits are labelled in
427:
from early
Chinese banknotes. Some cards, most commonly the highest and lowest of each suit, will have a red stamp mimicking
111:
were invented in China. Trick-taking games eventually became multi-trick games. These then evolved into the earliest type of
2041:
1562:
2148:
2139:
1504:
362:
1463:
1456:
1449:
675:
Unlike other types of
Chinese cards, they have not spread to other countries and are largely confined to southern China.
2008:
1681:
1520:
1430:
1691:
1229:
1932:
1556:
1550:
1514:
1442:
1436:
835:
1716:
1701:
1271:
1706:
1671:
1666:
1568:
1544:
1029:
1711:
1538:
2115:
1926:
1891:
1696:
1533:
1527:
1309:
2020:
2014:
1871:
1637:
709:
450:, which also exists in card format, was derived from these types of games during the middle of the 19th century.
240:
2177:
2130:
438:
became more popular. This was done by removing the suit of Tens save for the
Thousand Myriad as in the game of
38:
530:
266:
first appeared around the
Southern Song dynasty and are derived from all twenty-one combinations of a pair of
30:
103:
attribute to the
Chinese the invention of playing cards. Michael Dummett also contends that the concept of
115:
games during the eighteenth century. By the end of the monarchy, the vast majority of traditional
Chinese
2172:
1580:
1975:
882:
380:
of
Myriads: 20 to 90 Myriad, Hundred Myriad, Thousand Myriad, and Myriad Myriad (11 cards in total)
1148:
506:
88:
729:
431:. On both ends of some decks are markings that serve as indices to let players fan their cards.
2182:
2047:
914:
821:. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 63(3), 389–406.
301:
300:. Larger decks, for rummy or fishing games, may have well over a hundred cards and can include
279:
138:
1266:
1986:
1907:
1425:
493:
489:
428:
311:. Unlike regular domino tiles, these are short and squat allowing them to stand upright like
119:
were of the draw-and-discard or fishing variety. Chinese playing cards have been spread into
96:
56:
1885:
1844:
664:
series with seven cards showing one doll and one card showing two dolls. They are found in
638:
18:
1482:
172:
The earliest unambiguous reference to playing cards is from a 1320 legal compilation, the
8:
1475:
542:
354:
307:
Although originating from tiles, domino card games inspired the creation of a tile game,
165:(1084 – c. 1155) recorded that the leaf game's rules were lost by their time. The writer
1731:
618:
1022:
The
Figurative Works of Chen Hongshou (1599-1652): Authentic Voices, Expanding Markets
423:
cards after one of the most popular games. The suits of Cash and Strings derive their
145:
dynasty (960–1127) is often mistaken for a card game but it is described as a type of
22:
Ladies of a Mandarin's family playing a game of cards. Drawing by Thomas Allom (1843).
1959:
1796:
1743:
1726:
1025:
581:
465:. These Vietnamese cards were redesigned by A. Camoin & Cie of Marseilles during
336:
108:
966:
184:
along with nine of their paper playing cards and the woodblocks used to print them.
1651:
1616:
1357:
1001:
851:
831:
746:
691:. Upper cards are in the ordinary suit while the lower ones are in the formal suit.
628:
466:
263:
1282:
1176:
1076:
2003:
1980:
1590:
940:
497:
308:
232:
100:
518:
488:
cards were possibly a descendant. Ultimately, all four-suited decks (especially
1574:
424:
409:
dynasties, the suit of Myriads and Tens depicted characters from the novel the
120:
1803:
255:
2166:
2079:
1469:
847:
565:
477:
435:
312:
220:
204:
196:
142:
92:
60:
2074:
1813:
1791:
462:
1786:
1585:
1207:
1154:
886:
411:
406:
402:
283:
216:
146:
104:
63:
26:
1142:
2025:
1138:
162:
169:(974-1020) and his friends are the last known players of the leaf game.
1808:
1251:
1103:(1st American ed.). Hong Kong: Hangilsa Publishing Co. p. 29.
819:
The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards
818:
561:
470:
398:
275:
259:
Chinese domino cards with civil suit on top and military on the bottom.
158:
150:
2064:
1171:
1166:
750:
647:" used by students from the Tang to the Qing dynasty and mentioned in
1749:
716:
669:
653:
496:
packs) are indirectly descended from the money-suited system through
224:
200:
116:
215:
are arguably the earliest playing cards since they originate in the
1781:
1776:
1737:
1276:
340:
293:
181:
1755:
595:
Three-suited Water Margin deck, markings on ends serve as indices.
1621:
1611:
1488:
1376:
738:
665:
447:
439:
386:
346:
316:
297:
274:. Though not visually apparent, they are divided into two suits:
228:
192:
1595:
469:
to depict people wearing traditional Japanese costumes from the
1858:
1830:
1771:
1370:
1328:
1132:
648:
624:
485:
420:
370:
236:
46:
1237:
1024:. Farnham (GB) Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate. pp. 80&82.
703:
Great Man cards. Inscription is to be read from right to left.
967:"Literati Culture in Ming Dynasty Drinking Games Using Cards"
688:
454:
394:
390:
271:
112:
1167:
Detailed scans of complete deck of traditional Chinese cards
784:
Old Incidents in the Xuanhe Period of the Great Song Dynasty
1410:
267:
154:
1172:
Detailed scans of complete deck of Luk Fu/Six Tigers cards
999:
Lo, Andrew (2003). "Pan Zhiheng's 'Xu Yezi Pu' - Part 2".
327:
157:
in which players consulted the leaves (pages) of a book.
484:
or Cherki in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Korean
270:. They became available in card format around 1600 in
59:(1127–1279). They were certainly in existence by the
1206:
1155:
Chinese and Southeast Asian playing cards and tiles
211:If a loose definition of "card game" is used, then
1064:. Bielefeld: Dt. Spielkartenmuseum. pp. 4–13.
830:Lo, Andrew (2000), The Late Ming Game of Ma Diao,
780:Miscellaneous Observations from the Year of Guixin
762:while the four-suited ones are found in Malaysia.
453:Four-suited decks still exist and are used by the
434:From at least the 17th-century, games played with
349:(1436–1494) described a four-suited 38-card deck:
974:National Central University Journal of Humanities
2164:
315:. This is a fairly old game, possibly preceding
55:) were most likely invented in China during the
1113:
1101:Korea's Pastimes and Customs: A Social History
1192:
1163:category at Knowledge's Chinese language site
903:. Leinfelden: Jonas Verlag. pp. 200–208.
71:
331:Various types of Money-suited playing cards
1199:
1185:
231:. The game uses nine cards, the eponymous
1107:
778:Lu Rong attributes the characters to the
1218:Historical patterns are shown in italics
881:, London, p. 34-39. Carlo Penco (2013).
728:
326:
254:
191:
17:
1364:
1059:
1019:
958:
864:
862:
860:
607:Six Tigers deck, a game with four suits
2165:
1074:
1053:
813:
811:
809:
807:
786:(大宋宣和遺事). These are precursors to the
126:
1180:
1118:. London: Longmans. pp. 184–194.
745:, and those with four suits known as
480:in Vietnam, Pai Tai in Thailand, and
322:
1323:
1049:. London: Duckworth. pp. 34–39.
898:
857:
733:Four color cards with 5 "gold" cards
174:Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang
892:
804:
476:Direct foreign derivatives include
415:which is why they were also called
13:
1098:
1092:
998:
964:
836:International Playing-Card Society
612:
580:Madiao cards in the collection of
66:(1271-1368). Chinese use the word
14:
2194:
2122:Playing card packs by suit system
1388:
1126:
1020:Bentley, Tamara Heimarck (2012).
2111:
2110:
1347:
1236:
834:(XXIX, No. 3), pp. 115–136, The
708:
696:
680:
600:
588:
573:
553:
541:
529:
517:
505:
1068:
1038:
1013:
992:
772:
250:
241:Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup
1933:Spanish National (Old Catalan)
1161:Chinese traditional card games
933:
907:
871:
841:
824:
724:
617:Character cards, printed with
51:
42:
34:
1:
1976:Swiss (locally called German)
883:Dummett and the Game of Tarot
797:
560:Myriad Myriad card depicting
319:by decades if not a century.
187:
1139:Cards of China and Hong Kong
1044:
765:
644:On the Great Man (Confucius)
219:(618-907). They are used in
87:Many western scholars, like
7:
2149:Tarot and Tarock card games
2140:Non trick-taking card games
941:"【民俗】"即席作歌"，老成都人在饭桌上爱玩这种游戏"
889:. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
854:. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
568:, also used as a wine card.
10:
2199:
1234:
1149:Money-suited playing cards
419:. They were also known as
334:
2106:
2088:
2057:
2034:
1996:
1968:
1947:
1914:
1902:
1878:
1866:
1852:
1838:
1824:
1772:Portuguese-derived Karuta
1764:
1644:
1632:
1604:
1497:
1418:
1404:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1259:
1245:
1224:
1215:
1135:at World of Playing Cards
1062:Ostasiatische Spielkarten
1045:Dummett, Michael (1980).
374:of Strings: 1 to 9 Myriad
137:played from the reign of
72:
1081:, World of Playing Cards
1060:Prunner, Gernot (1969).
1797:Harifuda & Hikifuda
1151:at The Mahjong Tile Set
1145:at Andy's Playing Cards
1114:British Museum (1901).
852:The Chinese "Leaf Game"
366:of Cash: 1 to 9 Strings
282:respectively until the
123:by Chinese immigrants.
89:William Henry Wilkinson
1939:Modern Spanish Catalan
1075:Wintle, Simon (2017),
901:All Cards on the Table
734:
332:
260:
208:
139:Emperor Yizong of Tang
23:
2178:History of card decks
2131:Historical card games
2009:Archaeology awareness
1987:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel
1426:Standard 52-card deck
1143:Southeast Asian cards
1133:Chinese playing cards
899:Mann, Sylvia (1990).
732:
358:or Coins: 1 to 9 Cash
335:Further information:
330:
280:Chinese and barbarian
258:
235:and one for the poet
195:
57:Southern Song dynasty
21:
1886:Polish playing cards
1845:Flemish Hunting Deck
1839:Southern Netherlands
1692:Toscane (Fiorentine)
817:Lo, Andrew. (2000).
498:Mamluk playing cards
467:French colonial rule
1894:(Prussian-Silesian)
1476:Tarot of Marseilles
1267:Industrie und Glück
965:Lo, Andrew (2007).
915:"行酒令：中国酒文化中色彩卓异的奇葩"
127:Earliest references
39:traditional Chinese
2173:Chinese card games
1732:Tarocco Piemontese
1677:Primiera Bolognese
1210:packs by geography
1099:Yi, I-Hwa (2006).
919:www.cnwinenews.com
735:
687:Number cards from
619:Chinese characters
564:as illustrated by
417:Water Margin cards
333:
323:Money-suited cards
276:civil and military
261:
239:, a member of the
209:
109:trick-taking games
31:simplified Chinese
24:
2160:
2159:
2021:Most-wanted Iraqi
1922:Castilian pattern
1744:Tarocco Siciliano
1727:Tarocco Bolognese
1638:Hamas most wanted
1510:Dondorf Rhineland
1483:Tarot de Besançon
1310:Bohemian (Prague)
1246:Austria - Germany
1047:The Game of Tarot
921:. China Wine News
879:The Game of Tarot
877:Michael Dummett,
582:Skoklosters slott
512:Song dynasty coin
337:Jiaozi (currency)
290:Domino card decks
2190:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2042:Parisian Spanish
1892:Prussian pattern
1617:Dashabatar Cards
1433:(Anglo-American)
1358:Four color cards
1240:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1002:The Playing-Card
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
971:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
911:
905:
904:
896:
890:
875:
869:
866:
855:
845:
839:
832:The Playing-Card
828:
822:
815:
791:
776:
747:four color cards
715:Doll cards from
712:
700:
684:
629:Chinese numerals
604:
592:
577:
557:
545:
536:Strings of coins
533:
521:
509:
264:Chinese dominoes
161:(1007-1072) and
107:and the idea of
97:Thomas F. Carter
80:(cards) or bone
75:
74:
53:
44:
36:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2163:
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2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2053:
2030:
2004:Four-color deck
1992:
1964:
1943:
1910:
1898:
1874:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1820:
1760:
1640:
1628:
1600:
1591:Bourgeois Tarot
1493:
1414:
1400:
1335:Great Man cards
1324:Character Cards
1312:
1300:
1298:Belgian-Genoese
1293:Belgium - Italy
1288:
1260:Austria-Hungary
1255:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1093:
1084:
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1073:
1069:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1018:
1014:
997:
993:
983:
981:
969:
963:
959:
949:
947:
945:scdfz.sc.gov.cn
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
913:
912:
908:
897:
893:
876:
872:
867:
858:
846:
842:
829:
825:
816:
805:
800:
795:
794:
777:
773:
768:
759:xiangqi mahjong
737:Cards based on
727:
720:
713:
704:
701:
692:
685:
637:are based on a
635:Great Man cards
615:
613:Character cards
608:
605:
596:
593:
584:
578:
569:
558:
549:
546:
537:
534:
525:
522:
513:
510:
343:
325:
309:Digging Flowers
253:
233:Eight Immortals
190:
129:
101:Michael Dummett
12:
11:
5:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2158:
2157:
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2154:
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2103:
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2051:
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2029:
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2023:
2018:
2015:Jerry's Nugget
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1978:
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1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:Modern Swedish
1951:
1949:
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1924:
1918:
1916:
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1911:
1906:
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1836:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1822:
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1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1804:E-awase Karuta
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
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1608:
1606:
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1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:Transformation
1578:
1575:Stuttgart pack
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1464:Madrid pattern
1460:
1457:Franco-Spanish
1453:
1450:French Catalan
1446:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1405:Denmark-Norway
1402:
1401:
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1384:
1379:
1374:
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1331:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
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1814:Iroha Karuta
1792:Unsun Karuta
1748:
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1586:Animal Tarot
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1389:Domino Cards
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1365:Money-suited
1333:
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1272:William Tell
1250:
1217:
1208:Playing card
1115:
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1078:Tô Tôm №1204
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788:Water Margin
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412:Water Margin
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284:Qing dynasty
278:(originally
262:
251:Domino cards
245:
217:Tang dynasty
210:
173:
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153:played with
147:Shengguan Tu
132:
130:
86:
81:
77:
67:
64:Yuan dynasty
50:
25:
15:
2026:Politicards
1969:Switzerland
1867:Phillipines
1787:Komatsufuda
1662:Bergamasche
1569:Württemberg
1545:Lower Saxon
1348:Chess cards
782:(癸辛雜識) and
725:Chess cards
385:games like
207:Wine Cards"
163:Li Qingzhao
2167:Categories
2093:Singapore,
2089:Indonesia,
1809:Uta-garuta
1717:Napoletane
1702:Piacentine
1687:Piemontesi
1596:Adler-Cego
1563:Ulm-Munich
1539:Franconian
1382:Six Tigers
1341:Doll cards
1252:Vogelspiel
798:References
661:Doll cards
562:Song Jiang
471:Edo period
459:Six Tigers
444:Jin Xueshi
302:wild cards
223:involving
213:wine cards
188:Wine cards
159:Ouyang Xiu
151:board game
117:card games
2091:Malaysia,
1981:Swiss 1JJ
1750:Minchiate
1712:Siciliane
1707:Romagnole
1672:Triestine
1667:Trevisane
1657:Bresciane
1505:Baronesse
984:1 October
980:: 243–288
950:1 October
925:1 October
766:Footnotes
717:Chongqing
670:Chongqing
654:Kong Yiji
651:'s novel
225:rice wine
201:Ren Xiong
134:leaf game
2116:Category
2095:Thailand
2080:Bài chòi
2048:Charruan
1782:Kabufuda
1777:Hanafuda
1738:Trappola
1682:Lombarde
1652:Trentine
1534:Bavarian
1528:Augsburg
1277:Kvitlech
641:called "
639:copybook
478:Bài chòi
457:to play
341:Jiaochao
294:Tien Gow
182:Shandong
178:大元聖政國朝典章
2070:Bài bất
2065:Tam cúc
2058:Vietnam
2035:Uruguay
1927:Mexican
1908:Russian
1622:Ganjapa
1612:Ganjifa
1521:Hamburg
1498:Germany
1489:Aluette
1431:English
1377:Khanhoo
1305:Bohemia
1225:Austria
751:tam cúc
739:xiangqi
666:Sichuan
490:Italian
448:Mahjong
440:Khanhoo
387:Ganjifa
371:Myriads
363:Strings
347:Lu Rong
317:mahjong
298:Pai Gow
229:Sichuan
205:Liexian
167:Yáng Yì
2075:Tổ tôm
1948:Sweden
1903:Russia
1879:Poland
1859:As-Nas
1853:Persia
1831:Tujeon
1633:Israel
1419:France
1371:Madiao
1329:Zi pai
1230:Vienna
1085:May 1,
1028:
649:Lu Xun
486:Tujeon
463:Tổ tôm
421:Madiao
397:, and
237:Li Bai
99:, and
61:Mongol
52:zhǐpái
49::
47:pinyin
41::
33::
1960:Kille
1915:Spain
1825:Korea
1765:Japan
1756:Cuccù
1722:Sarde
1645:Italy
1605:India
1557:Saxon
1515:Dutch
1443:Rouen
1437:Paris
1317:China
970:(PDF)
689:Hunan
455:Hakka
395:Ombre
391:Tarot
272:Anhui
199:from
113:rummy
105:suits
2100:Ceki
1411:Gnav
1141:and
1087:2024
1026:ISBN
986:2023
952:2023
927:2023
668:and
492:and
482:Ceki
425:pips
407:Qing
405:and
403:Ming
378:Tens
355:Cash
339:and
296:and
268:dice
203:'s "
155:dice
149:, a
131:The
885:at
399:Maw
82:pái
78:pái
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