Chinese culture - Knowledge

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framework is of central concern to Chinese participants, whether they are social scientists, humanists, or clinical psychiatrists. Chinese culture appears to affect the state of body and health, parent–child interaction, social relationships, individual and group aspirations, models of health care services, and the patterns of disorders and methods of coping under the impact of migration, industrialization, and urbanization. The chapter focuses on the importance of the impact of cultural tradition upon perception, behavioral orientation, pathology, coping, and help-seeking. The mental health concerns that are relevant to the population of mainland China are related to the recent dramatic socialist revolution and particularly to the 10-year period of the Cultural Revolution.

6088: 1154: 1032: 2884: 6112: 5875: 3475: 6003: 5902: 6052: 5970: 4247: 4164: 5012:(酒池肉林). A large pool, big enough for several small boats, was constructed on the palace grounds, with inner linings of polished oval shaped stones from the sea shores. The pool was then filled with wine. A small island was constructed in the middle of the pool, where trees were planted, which had skewers of roasted meat hanging from their branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste. During the 5988: 3624: 6169: 740: 4745: 4683: 1047: 3773: 1089: 1120: 2444:, as well as variant readings of poems that were also included in the later anthologies. There are also collections of individual poets' work, which generally can be dated earlier than the Qing anthologies, although few earlier than the eleventh century. Only about a hundred Tang poets have such collected editions extant. Another important source is anthologies of poetry compiled during the Tang dynasty, although only thirteen such anthologies survive in full or in part. Many records of poetry, as well as other writings, were lost when the Tang capital of 3970: 2163: 1980: 1822: 6021: 6064: 3009:, such as the episodic structure, interspersed songs and folk sayings, or speaking directly to the reader, but they fashioned self-consciously ironic narratives whose seeming familiarity camouflaged a Neo-Confucian moral critique of late Ming decadence. Plaks explores the textual history of the novels (all published after their author's deaths, usually anonymously) and how the ironic and satiric devices of these novels paved the way for the great novels of the 18th century. Plaks further shows these Ming novels share formal characteristics. 5947: 6183: 5860: 3592: 5845: 5814: 6100: 3615:, famous artists were often commissioned to paint fans. The Chinese dancing fan was developed in the 7th century. The Chinese form of the hand fan was a row of feathers mounted in the end of a handle. In the later centuries, Chinese poems and four-word idioms were used to decorate the fans by using Chinese calligraphy pens. In ancient China, fans came in various shapes and forms (such as in a leaf, oval or a half-moon shape), and were made in different materials such as silk, bamboo, feathers, etc. 3506:. Sometimes, other lanterns can be made out of colored silk (usually red) or vinyl. Silk lanterns are also collapsible with a metal expander and are decorated with Chinese characters and/or designs. The vinyl lanterns are more durable; they can resist rain, sunlight, and wind. Paper lanterns do not last very long, they soon break, and silk lanterns last longer. The gold paper on them will soon fade away to a pale white, and the red silk will become a mix between pink and red. Often associated with 2205: 4950:

express the harmony that should exist between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings. The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the

4348: 4635: 3285: 4671: 1103: 3750:/曲仑) from the Japanese word for the ring-pommel of a sword, where the same motifs were used in metal, and is often called the "Sword-Pommel pattern" in English. This style uses a family of repeated two-branched scrolling shapes cut with a rounded profile at the surface, but below that a "V" section through layers of lacquer in different colours (black, red and yellow, and later green), giving a "marbled" effect from the contrasted colours; this technique is called 6040: 6076: 9378: 5535: 5304: 1378: 3076:, established a strict hierarchical society that used clothing as a status meridian, and inevitably, the height of one's rank influenced the ornateness of a costume. Such markers included the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve and the degree of ornamentation. In addition to these class-oriented developments, Han Chinese clothing became looser, with the introduction of wide sleeves and jade decorations hung from the sash which served to keep the 6211: 6197: 9388: 5830: 6155: 3308: 89: 275: 48: 6136: 2966:. The novel as an extended prose narrative which realistically creates a believable world of its own evolved in China and in Europe from the 14th to 18th centuries, though a little earlier in China. Chinese audiences were more interested in history and were more historically minded. They appreciated relative optimism, moral humanism, and relative emphasis on collective behavior and the welfare of the society. 4931: 5890: 191: 1137: 4712:, which connotes a sense of grandeur as it applies to everything from palaces to farmhouses. One notable exception is in the design of gardens, which tends to be as asymmetrical as possible. Like Chinese scroll paintings, the principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow, to let the patron wander and enjoy the garden without prescription, as in nature herself. 4553: 3263:), and it is this name that survives in English as the "cheongsam". Most Han civilian men eventually voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing while Han women continued wearing Han clothing. Until 1911, the changpao was required clothing for Chinese men of a certain class, but Han Chinese women continued to wear loose jacket and trousers, with an overskirt for formal occasions. The 2407:. During the Tang dynasty, poetry continued to be an important part of social life at all levels of society. Scholars were required to master poetry for the civil service exams, but the art was theoretically available to everyone. This led to a large record of poetry and poets, a partial record of which survives today. Two of the most famous poets of the period were 4725:. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings. 2005:. It was used for thousands of years, but was mostly used by scholars and intellectuals in the upper class society called "shi da fu (士大夫)". It was difficult, but possible, for ordinary people to enter this class by passing written exams. Calligraphy later became commercialized, and works by famous artists became prized possessions. 4708:. Chinese architecture, examples for which can be found from more than 2,000 years ago, is almost as old as Chinese civilization and has long been an important hallmark of Chinese culture. There are certain features common to Chinese architecture, regardless of specific regions, different provinces or use. The most important is 988:. Throughout Chinese history, many non-Han foreigners like the Indo-Iranians became Han Chinese through assimilation, other groups retained their distinct ethnic identities, or faded away. At the same time, the Han Chinese majority has maintained distinct linguistic and regional cultural traditions throughout the ages. The term 1069:“inclusiveness to diversity,” and “realism and adaptation to changes,” created cultural traditions of abundant contents, sophisticated structures, and various forms. These traditions have since been nourishing, nurturing, and shaping the Chinese people and become internalized in the blood and soul of the Chinese nation. 3670:. While lacquer has been used in China for at least 3,000 years, the technique of carving into very thick coatings of it appears to have been developed in the 12th century CE. It is extremely time-consuming to produce, and has always been a luxury product, essentially restricted to China, though imitated in 5459:

have enjoyed tea for millennia. Scholars hailed the brew as a cure for a variety of ailments; the nobility considered the consumption of good tea as a mark of their status, and the common people simply enjoyed its flavour. In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the

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However, the order for ordinary non-Banner Han civilians to wear Manchu clothing was lifted and only Han who served as officials were required to wear Manchu clothing, with the rest of the civilian Han population dressing however they wanted. Qipao covered most of the woman's body, revealing only the

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cuisines. Color, smell and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food, as well as the meaning, appearance and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised from ingredients used, cuttings, cooking time and seasoning. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the

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and members of the imperial family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to

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Chinese art has arguably the oldest continuous tradition in the world, and is marked by an unusual degree of continuity within, and consciousness of, that tradition, lacking an equivalent to the Western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles. The media that have usually been classified in

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is considered the founder of this school. His theory attempted to explain the universe in terms of basic forces in nature: the complementary agents of yin (dark, cold, female, negative) and yang (light, hot, male, positive) and the Five Elements or Five Phases (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth).

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that has taken shape through the ages and influenced the architecture of East Asia for many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major

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etc.) in different regions prevented spoken communication with people from other areas. However, the written language made communication possible, such as passing on official orders and documents throughout the entire region of China. Reformers set out to establish a national language, settling on

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The chapter discusses the contemporary situations in Chinese culture that relate to social structure, sociocultural change, and the relationship of these factors to the current state of mental health of the Chinese people. The chapter focuses on the issues of mind, body, and behavior. The cultural

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played a role in the changes in Chinese cuisines over time. Because of imperial expansion and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures were integrated into Chinese cuisines over time. The overwhelmingly large variety of Chinese cuisine comes mainly from the practice of the

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The rise of a money economy and urbanization beginning in the Song era led to a professionalization of entertainment which was further encouraged by the spread of printing, the rise of literacy, and education. In both China and Western Europe, the novel gradually became more autobiographical and

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was damaged by war in the eighth and ninth centuries, so that while more than 50,000 Tang poems survive (more than any earlier period in Chinese history), this still likely represents only a small portion of the poetry that was actually produced during the period. Many seventh-century poets are

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With the rise of European economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, non-Chinese systems of social and political organization gained adherents in China. Some of these would-be reformers totally rejected China's cultural legacy, while others sought to combine the strengths of

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are closely related: they are accomplished using similar tools and techniques, and have a long history of shared artistry. Distinguishing features of Chinese painting and calligraphy include an emphasis on motion charged with dynamic life. According to Stanley-Baker, "Calligraphy is sheer life

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Chinese civilization is the only one that has preserved its historical continuity among the world's “cradles for four ancient civilizations.” In the long process of civilization evolution, the Chinese people, in the spirit of “continuous self-renewal,” “self-discipline and social commitment,”

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source and to keep it away from the walls. When lit, the flame heats the air inside the lantern, thus lowering its density and causing the lantern to rise into the air. The sky lantern is only airborne for as long as the flame stays alight, after which the lantern sinks back to the ground.

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made of paper, with an opening at the bottom where a small fire is suspended. In Asia and elsewhere around the world, sky lanterns have been traditionally made for centuries, to be launched for play or as part of long-established festivities. The name "sky lantern" is a translation of the

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Dance in China is a highly varied art form, consisting of many modern and traditional dance genres. The dances cover a wide range, from folk dances to performances in opera and ballet, and may be used in public celebrations, rituals and ceremonies. There are also 56 officially recognized

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Chinese philosophers, writers and poets were highly respected and played key roles in preserving and promoting the culture of the empire. Some classical scholars, however, were noted for their daring depictions of the lives of the common people, often to the displeasure of authorities.

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also had several other imperial palaces in the capital city where the empress, crown prince, or other members of the imperial family dwelled. There also existed palaces outside of the capital city called "away palaces" (離宮/离宫) where the emperors resided when traveling. Empress dowager

8838: 1303:, although success was available only to males who could afford test preparation. Imperial examinations required applicants to write essays and demonstrate mastery of the Confucian classics. Those who passed the highest level of the exam became elite scholar-officials known as 5436: 5214:. The first generation of art started more for the purpose of survival and warfare than art. Over time, some art forms have branched off, while others have retained a distinct Chinese flavor. Regardless, China has produced some of the most renowned martial artists including 2919:. They are among the world's longest and oldest novels and are considered to be the pinnacle of China's literary achievement in classic novels, influencing the creation of many stories, plays, movies, games, and other forms of entertainment across other parts of East Asia. 2978:

was varied, self-conscious, and experimental. In China, however, there was no counterpart to the 19th-century European explosion of novels. The novels of the Ming and early Qing dynasties represented a pinnacle of classic Chinese fiction. The scholar and literary critic

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poems are lyrics with lines of varying longer and shorter lengths, set according to the certain and specific, fixed patterns of rhyme and tone of conventional musical pieces upon which they are based and after which these matched variations in lyrics (or individual

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China's fashion history covers hundreds of years with some of the most colorful and diverse arrangements. Different social classes in different eras boast different fashion trends, the color yellow was usually reserved for the emperor during China's Imperial era.

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Chinese culture consists of many subcultures. In China, the cultural difference between adjacent provinces (and, in some cases, adjacent counties within the same province) can often be as big as than that between adjacent European nations. Thus, the concept of

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is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree. According to the

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when wealthy and powerful families emerged with large amounts of land and huge numbers of semi-serfs. They dominated important civilian and military positions of the government, making the positions available to members of their own families and clans. The

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Chinese and European cultures. In essence, the history of 20th-century China is one of experimentation with new systems of social, political, and economic organization that would allow for the reintegration of the nation in the wake of dynastic collapse.

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system as an attempt to eradicate this feudalism. Traditional Chinese culture covers large geographical territories, where each region is usually divided into distinct sub-cultures. Each region is often represented by three ancestral items. For example,

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has been the main ruler above all. Different periods of history have different names for the various positions within society. Conceptually each imperial or feudal period is similar, with the government and military officials ranking high in the

4958:(1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, 4115:

sewn in gold thread, on the idea that it would preserve the body and the souls attached to it. Jade was also thought to combat fatigue in the living. The Han also greatly improved prior artistic treatment of jade. These uses gave way after the

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reported by the 721 imperial library catalog as having left behind massive volumes of poetry, of which only a tiny portion survives, and there are notable gaps in the poetic œuvres of even Li Bai and Du Fu, the two most celebrated Tang poets.

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also plays a role in the change of Chinese cuisines. Because of imperial expansion and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures are integrated into Chinese cuisines over time. The most praised "Four Major Cuisines" are

5032:, was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest terrace, a view extended as far as 1515:. The translation of a large body of foreign Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations, together with works composed in China, into a printed canon had far-reaching implications for the dissemination of 6123: 5916: 5562:

were involved in the food preparation process. Over time, many dishes became part of the everyday citizen's cuisine. Some of the highest quality restaurants with recipes close to the dynastic periods include Fangshan restaurant in

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experienced through energy in motion that is registered as traces on silk or paper, with time and rhythm in shifting space its main ingredients." Calligraphy has also led to the development of many forms of art in China, including

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and scholars of all classes have made significant contributions to and from documenting history to authoring saintly concepts that seem hundreds of years ahead of time. Although the oldest surviving textual examples of surviving

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wanted to resolve the disputes so he held a banquet during his 66th birthday celebrations. The banquet consisted of Manchu and Han dishes, with officials from both ethnic groups attending the banquet together. After the

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society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy. This period ended with the rise of the imperial

3740:(1127–1279), following the development of techniques for making very thick lacquer. There is some evidence from literary sources that it had existed in the late Tang. At first the style of decoration used is known as 4773:(3rd century BC). A Chinese palace is composed of many buildings. It has large areas surrounded by walls and moats. It contains large halls (殿) for ceremonies and official business, as well as smaller buildings, 9343: 5644:(漢族民系/汉族民系, literally "Han ethnic lineage") was born, used for classifying these subgroups within the greater Han ethnicity. These subgroups are, as a general rule, classified based on linguistic differences. 4769:(宮; meaning "palace") represents two connected rooms (呂) under a roof (宀). Originally the character applied to any residence or mansion, but it was used in reference to solely the imperial residence since the 3704:

and imperial dragons can be added. The objects made in the technique are a wide range of small types, but are mostly practical vessels or containers such as boxes, plates and trays. Some screens and pieces of

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powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, typhoons, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck for people who are worthy of it. During the days of Imperial China, the

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Chinese cuisine is a very important part of Chinese culture, which includes cuisine originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese people in other parts of the world. Because of the

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on. Many artists painted on paper or silk and applied it onto the folding screen. There were two distinct artistic folding screens mentioned in historical literature of the era. One of it was known as the

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Confucianism is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life. Confucianism developed from what was later called the

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Chinese pictorial art as viewed by the connoisseur: notes on the means and methods of traditional Chinese connoisseurship of pictorial art, based upon a study of the art of mounting scrolls in China and

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is the practice of spiritual, physical, and medical techniques. It is as a form of exercise and although it is commonly used among the elderly, any one of any age can practice it during their free time.

939:. Gentry and farmers constituted the two major classes, while merchant and craftsmen were collected into the two minor. Theoretically, except for the position of the Emperor, nothing was hereditary. 5508:

in preparation, taste, and the occasions when people consume tea. Even today, tea is consumed regularly, both at casual and formal occasions. In addition to being a popular beverage, tea is used in

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has played a very important part in structural development. The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the

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of ancient China. While this period was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it was an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. It came to be known as the Golden Age of

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have helped fill the gap between things that cannot be explained. There is often a blurred line between myth, religion and unexplained phenomenon. Many of the stories have since evolved into

2069:. Academies of scholars sponsored by the empire were formed to comment on the classics in both printed and handwritten form. Members of royalty frequently participated in these discussions. 4351:

Gilin with the head and scaly body of a dragon, tail of a lion and cloven hoofs like a deer. Its body enveloped in sacred flames. Detail from Entrance of General Zu Dashou Tomb (Ming Tomb).

3764:, especially on small boxes and jars with covers, though after the Song only red was often used, and the motifs were often carved with wider flat spaces at the bottom level to be exposed. 4860:) was originally a collective term for the top two levels of administrative division and subdivisions of ancient Chinese cities. The largest division within a city in ancient China was a 3578:

across, with an opening at the bottom. The opening is usually about 10 to 30 cm wide (even for the largest shells), and is surrounded by a stiff collar that serves to suspend the

2348:, the study of Chinese modern literature gradually increased. Modern-era literature has influenced modern interpretations of nationhood and the creation of a sense of national spirit. 5946: 5489:

in 2737 BCE when a leaf from a nearby shrub fell into water the emperor was boiling. Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the

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hide, but the lacquer is very thin, "less than one millimeter in thickness", and the effect very different, with simple abstract shapes on a plain field and almost no impression of

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which was characterized by an exploration of the emotions connected with romantic love together with its valorization, often in a context of a brief poetic story narrative within a

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Chinese tea culture refers to how tea is prepared as well as the occasions when people consume tea in China. Tea culture in China differs from that in European countries such as

2248:) in the countries where it is practised. Chinese calligraphy focuses not only on methods of writing but also on cultivating one's character (人品) and taught as a discipline (書法; 1651:: 慈 "compassion", 儉/俭 "frugality", and 谦 "humility". The roots of Taoism can be traced back to at least the 4th century BCE. Early Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the 5347:. Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests and deserts also have a strong effect on the local available ingredients, considering climate of China varies from 6940: 3813:

or by other means. It can be made in a variety of designs and with different kinds of materials. Folding screens have many practical and decorative uses. It originated from

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made of thin, brightly colored paper. Paper lanterns come in various shapes and sizes, as well as various methods of construction. In their simplest form, they are simply a

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for "fan" (扇) is etymologically derived from a picture of feathers under a roof. A particular status and gender would be associated with a specific type of fan. During the

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Different forms of art have swayed under the influence of great philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even political figures. Chinese art encompasses all facets of

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Rickett, Guanzi – "all early Chinese political thinkers were basically committed to a reestablishment of the golden age of the past as early Zhou propaganda described it."

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derived from a base set of certain patterns, in fixed-rhythm, fixed-tone, and variable line-length formal types, or model examples: the rhythmic and tonal pattern of the

1565:. The Zhou dynasty oriented religion to worshipping the broader concept of heaven. A large part of Chinese culture is based in the belief in a spiritual world. Countless 4765:

The Chinese palace is an imperial complex where the royal court and the civil government resided. Its structures are considerable and elaborate. The Chinese character

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collectively constituted a technical breakthrough reflecting new cultural values and intellectual concerns. Their educated editors, authors, and commentators used the

6087: 8421: 8266: 7135: 6594: 5497:, Chinese tea was used for medicinal purposes and it was the period when the Chinese people first enjoyed the juice extracted from the tea leaves that they chewed. 3219:

head, hands, and the tips of the toes. The baggy nature of the clothing also served to conceal the figure of the wearer regardless of age. With time, though, the

7158: 6724: 4506: 1768:(not to be confused with Neo-Confucianism) have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian "Asian values". 453: 6675: 3386:

are extremely important in Chinese art, and much of the finest work was produced in large workshops or factories by essentially unknown artists, especially in

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Although tea originated in China, during the Tang dynasty, Chinese tea generally represents tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from

212: 4878:. Each fang was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night. Each fang was further divided into several 8569: 7227: 3917:'calligraphed folding screen'). It was not uncommon for people to commission folding screens from artists, such as from Tang-era painter Cao Ba or 2332:

in relation to heaven and earth were theorized in the pre-imperial periods. By the end of the Qing dynasty, Chinese culture had embarked on a new era with

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lyrics of this verse form: in other words, rather than being embedded as part of an opera performance the lyrics stand separately on their own. Since the

8361: 836:. The terms 'China' and the geographical landmass of 'China' have shifted across the centuries, before the name 'China' became commonplace in modernity. 8132: 9650: 8539: 6455:

There are currently some projects in China to rebuild the Imperial Gardens, but this appears as a colossal undertaking, and no rebuilding has started.

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season. In Japan, it is one of the four guardian spirits that protect Kyoto and it is said that it protects the city on the north. Represented by the

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or Sword-Pommel pattern, figures in a landscape, and birds and plants. To these some designs with religious symbols, animals, auspicious characters

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but such a distinction of gender is often no longer made and they are blurred into a single feminine entity so that the bird can be paired with the

4043:, and beauty. In particular, its subtle, translucent colors and protective qualities caused it to become associated with Chinese conceptions of the 8671: 8337: 7023: 6985:

Alon, Ilan, ed. (2003), Chinese Culture, Organizational Behavior, and International Business Management, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.

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schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs from

4892:; 'placard'), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community. Each pai, in turn, contained an area including several 3040: 8769: 6020: 6002: 7749: 3231:

in the 1920s, partly under the influence of Beijing styles. People eagerly sought a more modernized style of dress and transformed the old

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by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order. Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasize

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were tailored to become more form fitting and revealing. The modern version, which is now recognized popularly in China as the "standard"

8628:: After leaving branch...for four and five days, the color, smell and taste (of lychee) will be gone. (《荔枝圖序》：「若離本枝......四五日外，色、香、味盡去矣」。） 4329:. In the Western world, it is commonly called the Chinese phoenix or simply Phoenix, although mythological similarities with the Western 3696:, and the development of both these and the technique of carving were essentially over by the early Ming. These types were the abstract 3271:

was wide and loose. As hosiery in turn declined in later decades, cheongsams nowadays have come to be most commonly worn with bare legs.

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commonly regarded by Chinese literary criticism to be the greatest and most influential of pre-modern Chinese fiction. Dating from the

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Mente, Boye De. (2000). The Chinese Have a Word for it: The Complete Guide to Chinese thought and Culture. McGraw-Hill Professional.

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that have developed over the centuries in China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as

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period (771–256 BCE). These were initially one-panel screens in contrast to folding screens. Folding screens were invented during the

199: 3817:, eventually spreading to the rest of East Asia, Europe, and other parts of the world. Screens date back to China during the Eastern 3117:, a length of fabric that reached the knees. Vivid primary colors and green were used, due to the degree of technology at the time. 2942: 2419:("Complete Tang Poems") anthology compiled in the early eighteenth century includes over 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 authors. 1332: 1310: 328: 8908: 8311: 6518: 7396: 4023:

were exploited since prehistoric times and have largely been exhausted; most Chinese jade today is extracted from the northwestern

1871: 6948: 6051: 2238:(서예; 書藝) literally "the skill/criterion of writing". Chinese calligraphy is normally regarded as one of the "arts" (Chinese 藝術/艺术 1272:(1046–256 BCE) onwards, traditional Chinese society was organized into a hierarchic system of socio-economic classes known as the 9292: 8795: 6355: 5874: 5529: 4529:(1122 BCE – 256 BCE). The earliest music of the Zhou dynasty recorded in ancient Chinese texts includes the ritual music called 3519: 2924: 2591:: they were lyrics which developed from anonymous popular songs into a sophisticated literary genre; although in the case of the 904: 8590: 6746: 6564: 5901: 9353: 3366:

and sculptures. After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically classified by the succession of ruling

2624: 7719: 7250: 5600:. The meal was held for three whole days, across six banquets. The culinary skills consisted of cooking methods from all over 1841:

because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and could be freely discussed. This phenomenon has been called the

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Watt and Ford, pp. 26–27, 46–61, 60 for the use of green ; Rawson, p. 178 ; Grove, "Song" ; Kuwayama, pp. 13–17 on the Song

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usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength. They are also the symbol and representative for the

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concepts are a reminder of the connection between real-life and the after-life. In Chinese business culture, the concept of

1295:(581–618 CE), educated candidates prepared for the imperial examinations and exam graduates were drafted into government as 125: 9017: 5478:

emperors as early as 2nd century BC. Tea then became a popular drink in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) Dynasties.

4945:

The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over the years. It includes both the vast gardens of the

2432:

and is another widely consulted source for Tang poetry. Despite their names, these sources are not comprehensive, and the

9267: 4497: 3478:

Red lanterns are hung from the trees during the Chinese New Year celebrations in Ditan Park (Temple of Earth) in Beijing.

3410: 3358:

can also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese heritage and Chinese culture. Early "

3206:

fitted loosely and hung straight down the body, or flared slightly in an A-line. Under the dynastic laws after 1636, all

1853:; "hundred schools contend"). The thoughts and ideas discussed and refined during this period have profoundly influenced 7162: 1829:

The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BC, during the

5202:(gong) "achievement" or "merit", and (fu) "man", thus "human achievement") or (previously and in some modern contexts) 4539:'s time. The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was exemplified through the popularization of the 3848:(618–907). During the Tang dynasty, folding screens were considered ideal ornaments for many painters to display their 2948: 1963: 1252: 978: 132: 5584:

was one of the grandest meals ever documented in Chinese cuisine. It consisted of at least 108 unique dishes from the

4089:. Although these items are so ancient that their original meaning is uncertain, by the time of the composition of the 3350:

that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists. The Chinese art in the

1279:

However, this system did not cover all social groups and the distinctions between the groups became blurred after the

9312: 8886: 8867: 7372: 7261: 6974: 6840: 6624: 1230: 237: 172: 75: 8941: 6682: 4607:, and each ethnic minority group in China also has its own folk dances. The best known Chinese dances today are the 4011:

is better known in Europe, for most of China's history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white "mutton-fat"

2615:, writing it in its distinct and mature form. One of the more notable practitioners and developers of this form was 1661:, which expounds a philosophical system of human behavior in accordance with the alternating cycles of nature. The " 1153: 6510: 1364: 340: 106: 61: 6063: 8561: 7224: 6380: 5219: 2883: 1738: 1031: 315: 139: 17: 4896:(alleyways). This system of urban administrative division and subdivision reached an elaborate level during the 9417: 7664:

Chinese authors finally produced novels during the Yuan dynasty... when two of China's 'Four Classic Novels' –

5455:

has a long history in China, having originated there. The history of tea in China is long and complex, for the

5376:, representing West, North, South and East China cuisine correspondingly. Modern "Eight Cuisines" of China are 5344: 5223: 5074: 4604: 4294: 3951:(1368–1644) and was applied to folding screens to create dark screens incised, painted, and inlaid with art of 3904: 3874: 3798: 3235:

to suit their tastes. Slender and form fitting with a high cut, it had great differences from the traditional

2683: 2551: 2045: 1880: 1003: 985: 795: 763: 110: 8358: 6786:. East-West Culture Learning Institute, John A. Burns School of Medicine. Orlando: Academic Press. p. 2. 3194:). The generic term for both the male and the female forms of Manchu dress, essentially similar garments, was 1309:, a highly esteemed socio-economic position. A major mythological structure developed around the topic of the 6768: 5055: 4286: 3896: 3866: 3790: 3777: 3092:

like many other historical cultures, considering it unnatural, barbarian, uncivilized, and unfortunate). The

1750: 1732: 1662: 1305: 1288: 995: 896: 844: 787: 4468:, which is located on top of Mt Funaoka in Kyoto. The creature's name is identical to that of the important 1237:

are grouped by its former administrative areas from 1949 to 1980, and are now known as traditional regions.

121: 9655: 9102: 8531: 6514: 6480: 6405: 6315: 6235: 5509: 5049: 4875: 4133: 2317: 1574: 908: 5571: 4912:

referred to the gate of a fang and the marker for an entrance of a building complex or a town; but by the

1145:, a village noted for its well-preserved Ming and Qing era architecture and ancient residential buildings. 9348: 8334:"Chinese Literature – Chunqiu-Zuozhuan 春秋左傳, Gongyangzhuan 公羊傳, Guliangzhuan 穀梁傳 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 6915: 5961: 3825:(206 BCE – 220 CE). Depictions of those folding screens have been found in Han-era tombs, such as one in 3709:

were made. Carved lacquer is only rarely combined with painting in lacquer and other lacquer techniques.

3623: 2878: 2209: 2054: 1598: 1552: 300: 8333: 3925:. The landscape paintings on folding screens reached its height during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The 1462:. The relative influence of each school of practice is a subject of debate and other practices, such as 1219:. Such distinctions give rise to the old Chinese proverb: "十里不同風, 百里不同俗/十里不同風": "praxis vary within ten 9706: 9307: 9212: 7321: 6653: 6484: 6370: 6030: 5550: 5356: 5340: 5336: 4445: 2415:. Tang poetry has had an ongoing influence on world literature and modern and quasi-modern poetry. The 2333: 2145: 1804: 1773: 1585:. Along with the belief in the divine beings, there is belief in evil beings. Practices such as Taoist 8596: 5859: 5844: 5829: 3129:, China's last imperial dynasty, a dramatic shift of clothing occurred, examples of which include the 9410: 6026: 5605: 5525: 4656: 3045: 2381: 2373: 2174: 1246: 756: 505: 310: 5558:

would host banquets with over 100 dishes per meal. A countless number of imperial kitchen staff and

4676:

The Ten Thousand Copies of the Huayan Sutra Pagoda, commonly known as the White Pagoda, Liao dynasty

4525:

with documents and artifacts providing evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the

4254:

in Fuxi Temple (Tianshui). They are mythological birds of East Asia that reign over all other birds.

3474: 3441:

was based on percussion instruments, which later gave away to stringed and reed instruments. By the

2911:

dynasties, they are well known to most Chinese either directly or through their many adaptations to

1040:

is so often associated with China that it is often referred to as "china" in everyday English usage.

1014:

in general. Much of the traditional identity within the community has to do with distinguishing the

847:, Chinese culture exerts profound influence on the philosophy, virtue, etiquette, and traditions of 9701: 9645: 9317: 9034: 9010: 8376: 6350: 5889: 5494: 5348: 5013: 4974:

was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while pu was a garden for plants. During the

4225: 3267:

was a new fashion item for Han Chinese women when they started wearing it around 1925.The original

3057: 3006: 2728: 2555: 2544: 2502:

were determined by one of around 800 set patterns, each associated with a particular title, called

2471: 2185: 1830: 1825:

Birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers of the Hundred Schools of Thoughts in the Zhou dynasty.

1795:, as the official ideology, while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism. 1648: 1590: 868: 355: 3452:

would also be introduced and branched regionally in addition to other performance formats such as

9629: 9262: 9227: 9182: 8881:

Hoover, Michael. Stokes, Lisa, Odham. (1999). City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema. Verso publishing.

8773: 6340: 5430: 5234:

are also praised and talked about within the culture. Martial arts schools also teach the art of

5021: 2970:

serious in exploration of social, moral, and philosophical problems. Chinese fiction of the late

2329: 1582: 1557:

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, Chinese religion was oriented to worshipping the supreme god

1348: 704: 204: 99: 7741: 6135: 5546:) in the middle, and a spoon. Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones. 4246: 4163: 3716:(618–906), and many modern writers have pointed to some late Tang pieces of armour found on the 3107:, a narrow-cuffed, knee-length tunic tied with a sash, and a narrow, ankle-length skirt, called 29:

This article is about Chinese culture in general. For culture in mainland China after 1949, see

9152: 9147: 9042: 6365: 5820: 5647:

Using this linguistic classification, some of the well-known subcultures within China include:

5247: 5238:, which has evolved from a pugilistic display of Kung Fu to an entertaining dance performance. 5227: 4941:(1506–1521), built during the Ming dynasty, is an exemplary work of South Chinese style garden. 4437: 3326: 1340: 305: 8124: 7637: 7573: 6075: 4535:

and each piece may be associated with a dance. Some of the oldest written music dates back to

9272: 9247: 9162: 9142: 9092: 9062: 9052: 8405: 8250: 7317: 7119: 7080: 7041: 6335: 6290: 6099: 6039: 5934: 5640: 5158: 5142: 4701: 4188: 4117: 3978: 3445: 3434: 2657: 2301: 2281: 2280:

is often regarded as the touchstone of Chinese cultural development. Concepts covered in the

2189: 2016: 1854: 1834: 1816: 1652: 1566: 1548: 1524: 699: 515: 510: 146: 7627:

Cline, Eric; Takács, Sarolta Anna, eds. (2015), "Language and Writing: Chinese Literature",

7273: 6811:(1st ed. 2016 ed.). Singapore: Springer Singapore : Imprint: Springer. p. 5. 6708: 2607:(also known as Li Po, 701 – 762) are fraught with historical doubt, certainly the Tang poet 9358: 9237: 9232: 9112: 8700: 8155: 7524: 6882: 5727: 5327:

and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many other cuisines in

5155:), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called 5132: 5045: 4823: 4787: 4744: 4624: 4433: 4104: 4100: 3772: 3671: 3453: 3138: 3073: 2797: 2568: 2564: 2433: 2082: 1996: 1858: 1742: 1711:), is widely considered the keystone work of the Taoist tradition, together with the later 1180: 876: 860: 674: 649: 443: 67: 8303: 5792: 5413:

are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut and pick up food.

4682: 4398:

made appearances in a variety of subsequent Chinese works of history and fiction, such as

3133:(or qipao in Mandarin). The clothing of the era before the Qing dynasty is referred to as 1623: 8: 9682: 9542: 9332: 9302: 9252: 9207: 9187: 9177: 9077: 9003: 8898: 6506: 6395: 5953: 5835: 5678: 5601: 5501: 5493:

of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar. During the

5461: 5440: 5426: 4705: 4480: 4373: 4330: 4285:, which is traditionally deemed male. The fenghuang is also called the "August Rooster" ( 4141: 3853: 3596: 2506:詞牌/词牌. Originally they were written to be sung to a tune of that title, with set rhythm, 2213: 2166: 2157: 1296: 1011: 966: 622: 8704: 7388: 5621:, common people learned about the imperial banquet. The original meal was served in the 5206:("martial arts" or "military arts"). China also includes the home to the well-respected 3969: 2514:

was also a period of great scientific literature, and saw the creation of works such as

2162: 1760:

believed Legalism departed from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a

1597:

with peachwood swords are just some of the concepts passed down from generations. A few

1046: 9277: 9192: 9172: 9057: 9047: 8721: 8686: 8665: 7017: 6587:"Chinese Culture, Tradition, and Customs – Penn State University and Peking University" 6310: 6300: 5774: 5751: 5739: 4584: 4564: 4549:, although the instrument is known to have played a major role before the Han dynasty. 4176: 3049: 2896: 2732: 2312: 2271: 2006: 1838: 1821: 1777: 1724: 1634: 1512: 1508: 1484:, indicating the primacy of relations over rules, has been well documented. While many 1475: 888: 872: 852: 820:

in whole and is extremely diverse, with customs and traditions varying greatly between

571: 428: 393: 350: 8799: 5310:

are a large variety of filled, rolled appetizers or dim sum found in Chinese cuisine.

4376:

creature in Chinese culture, said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a

3692:

dynasties, the main types of subject matter for the carvings were all begun under the

2344:

were considered pioneers in modern literature at that time. After the founding of the

2015:

or "Book of Changes", dates to around 1000 BC. A flourishing of philosophy during the

1979: 1088: 839:

Chinese civilization is historically considered a dominant culture of East Asia. With

9387: 9322: 9257: 9222: 9157: 9137: 9127: 9087: 9072: 9067: 8982: 8882: 8863: 8828: 8749: 8726: 8687:"Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau" 8653: 8643: 8411: 8256: 8181: 8091: 8048: 8009: 7999: 7956: 7910: 7641: 7577: 7528: 7467:

Paragraph 17 in Paul W. Kroll "Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty", chapter 14 in Mair 2001.

7458:

Paragraph 16 in Paul W. Kroll "Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty", chapter 14 in Mair 2001.

7440:

Paragraph 15 in Paul W. Kroll "Poetry of the T'ang Dynasty", chapter 14 in Mair 2001.

7368: 7325: 7257: 7184: 7125: 7086: 7047: 7003: 6970: 6836: 6812: 6787: 6762: 6714: 6556: 6385: 6330: 6275: 6230: 5780: 5696: 5490: 5381: 5369: 5352: 5255: 5207: 4795: 4782: 4472: 4449: 4403: 4357: 4262:

birds found in Chinese and East Asian mythology that reign over all other birds. The

4259: 4217: 4180: 4112: 4004: 3992: 3930: 3706: 3608: 3415: 3351: 3314: 3211: 2581: 2528: 2495: 2293: 2289: 2002: 1540: 1520: 1467: 1381: 1372: 1368: 1323: 1256: 1128:, a village in Yi County in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province. 1119: 970: 947: 892: 492: 482: 464: 433: 401: 34: 7243: 3174:

women typically wore a one-piece dress that retrospectively came to be known as the

2532:. There were also enormous works of historiography and large encyclopedias, such as 9635: 9476: 9433: 9363: 9282: 9242: 9217: 9197: 9132: 9107: 9097: 9082: 8716: 8708: 8691: 8511: 7715: 6749:. Asia Times Online. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 6400: 6390: 6285: 6280: 6255: 6245: 6216: 6202: 5769: 5745: 5667: 5618: 5597: 5555: 5405: 5397: 5373: 5365: 5324: 5315: 5267: 5211: 4946: 4843: 4717: 4568: 4522: 4429: 4361: 4322: 4229: 4221: 4209: 4192: 4184: 4121: 4056: 4032: 3849: 3840:

became popular too. Even though folding screens were known to have been used since

3659: 3559: 3543: 3515: 3426: 3406: 3398: 3387: 3371: 3355: 3018: 2857:(襯字/衬字 "filler words" which are additional words to make a more complete meaning). 2742: 2297: 2141: 2137: 2092: 2036: 1892:, the "Taishigong Zixu" (太史公自序), refers to the schools of thought described below. 1765: 1757: 1746: 1684: 1570: 1516: 1463: 1451: 1441: 1419: 1344: 1273: 1261: 1108: 974: 920: 900: 856: 825: 599: 468: 448: 295: 285: 274: 265: 7417:

Shu Xincheng 舒新城, ed. Cihai (辭海 "Sea of Words"). 3 vols. Shanghai: Zhonghua. 1936.

2224:(書法/书法), literally "the way/method/law of writing". In Japan it is referred to as 1737:

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, was the official philosophy throughout most of

1111:, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles. 9607: 9202: 9167: 9122: 9117: 9026: 8600: 8365: 8171: 8084: 8042: 8003: 7950: 7904: 7771: 7628: 7567: 7514: 7254: 7231: 7178: 6260: 6250: 5786: 5763: 5721: 5690: 5401: 5393: 5361: 5298: 5115: 4517:

Music and dance were closely associated in the very early periods of China. The

4453: 4129: 4048: 3952: 3841: 3591: 3554: 3518:, where they are often hung outside of businesses to attract attention. In Japan 3402: 3383: 3210:

in the banner system were forced to adopt the Manchu male hairstyle of wearing a

3183: 3113: 3089: 2980: 2954: 2936: 2916: 2888: 2128: 1712: 1015: 919:

As early as the Zhou dynasty, the Chinese government divided Chinese people into

880: 829: 724: 627: 557: 552: 475: 438: 4204: 3429:

became a highly appreciated art in court circles encompassing a wide variety of

3199: 3179: 3160: 3145:

have been used for decorative as well as economic purposes. Among them were the

9671: 9577: 9527: 9506: 9501: 9486: 8177: 7995: 6295: 6270: 6265: 6160: 5930: 5709: 5656: 5622: 5613: 5456: 5385: 5063: 4934: 4925: 4778: 4774: 4751: 4734: 4722: 4501: 4493: 4423: 4399: 4326: 4312: 4282: 4168: 3784: 3725: 3649: 3642: 3294: 3065: 2760: 2538: 2499: 2404: 2285: 2259: 2050: 1992: 1955: 1812: 1702: 1577:. Other concepts have extended beyond mythology into spiritual symbols such as 1497: 1212: 990: 641: 617: 609: 595: 584: 423: 371: 256: 8516: 8499: 4136:

and an important artistic medium. Although its use never became widespread in

3776:

Chinese folding screen used at the Austrian imperial court, 18th century, the

3293:, 1759, by Shen Quan (1682–1760). Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The 2486:

are based upon certain, definitive musical song tunes. They are also known as

2204: 9695: 9381: 6325: 6188: 5850: 5798: 5715: 5585: 5482: 5389: 5377: 5279: 5263: 5215: 5069: 5059: 4955: 4791: 4640: 4465: 4377: 4347: 4213: 4091: 3814: 3737: 3595:

A commercially produced scented wood folding fan, featuring a drawing of the

3510:, paper lanterns are common in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and similarly in 3465: 3449: 3341: 3147: 3093: 2912: 2834: 2818: 2786: 2620: 2572: 2391:

written in or around the time of, or in the characteristic style of, China's

2120: 2116: 1655:(Naturalists), and was deeply influenced by one of China's oldest texts, the 1519:

throughout China. Chinese Buddhism is also marked by the interaction between

1471: 1280: 1142: 962: 864: 694: 500: 8657: 2148:, modeled after the vocabulary and grammar of the standard spoken language. 1488:

are part of the tradition, some of the most recognized holy figures include

9481: 9471: 8903: 8730: 8613: 7705:(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), esp. pp. 497–98. 6375: 6320: 6305: 6174: 5957: 5880: 5609: 5593: 5505: 5311: 5307: 5203: 5124: 5025: 4951: 4913: 4901: 4897: 4696: 4660: 4634: 4608: 4588: 4546: 4526: 4475: 4073: 4044: 3964: 3948: 3918: 3845: 3818: 3761: 3713: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3638: 3612: 3539: 3252: 3243:

and celebrities in the city that would make these redesigned tight fitting

3126: 3103:– 1046 BC), developed the rudiments of Chinese clothing; it consisted of a 2997: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2908: 2904: 2770: 2717: 2703:

poems) generally take their name. The fixed-tone type of verse such as the

2687: 2644: 2640: 2600: 2596: 2511: 2479: 2467: 2392: 2368: 2321: 2277: 2194: 2066: 2062: 2031: 1862: 1784: 1783:(551–479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the 1754: 1728: 1675: 1638: 1562: 1493: 1459: 1393: 1284: 1269: 1209: 1176: 950: 744: 8992:

Exploring Ancient World Cultures – Ancient China, University of Evansville

6617:"Chinese Culture: Ancient China Traditions and Customs, History, Religion" 6616: 4111:, the royal family and prominent lords were buried entirely ensheathed in 3736:. The style of carving into thick lacquer used later is first seen in the 1569:

have helped answer questions, even serving as an alternative to medicine.

9592: 9496: 9391: 8945: 6240: 5922: 5661: 5589: 5564: 5475: 5422: 5282:

are also part of the culture where it is performed during social events.

5250:

and pastimes are popular within Chinese culture. The most common game is

4975: 4770: 4384:

mythological family of one-horned beasts. The earliest references to the

4108: 3926: 3833: 3822: 3721: 3667: 3469: 3442: 3379: 3207: 2822: 2723: 2711: 2673: 2632: 2608: 2461: 2428: 2426:(全唐文, "Complete Tang Prose"), despite its name, contains more than 1,500 2357: 2181: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2058: 1938: 1867: 1788: 1761: 1741:'s history, and mastery of Confucian texts was the primary criterion for 1670: 1328: 1300: 1292: 1265: 1221: 1216: 1167: 943: 884: 534: 8966: 8929: 4670: 3809:. It consists of several frames or panels, which are often connected by 3284: 9572: 9466: 8748:. The United States of America: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 6008: 5865: 5559: 5534: 5410: 5303: 5235: 4612: 3832:

Folding screens were originally made from wooden panels and painted on

3571: 3570:. The general design is a thin paper shell, which may be from about 30 3347: 3240: 2930: 2533: 2400: 2377: 2170: 2096: 2088: 2057:

of Chinese literature were written during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

1666: 1601:

rituals are still in use today after thousands of years of refinement.

1377: 957:. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of China, 95% of 817: 415: 379: 8712: 6993: 6991: 4980: 3712:

Later Chinese writers dated the introduction of carved lacquer to the

1791:(206 BCE – 220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" 1617: 9587: 9491: 6417: 6360: 6225: 5926: 5733: 5673: 5513: 5486: 5485:. According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor 5332: 5058:

of Eastern martial arts. Chinese martial arts, often named under the

4992: 4713: 4575:-type instrument that is also integral in Native American cultures), 4556: 4536: 4411: 4390: 4251: 4241: 4067: 4036: 4000: 3996: 3974: 3806: 3717: 3511: 3487: 3430: 3359: 3322: 3142: 3130: 3002: 2635:, during which it was indeed a popular poetic form. A revival of the 2616: 2396: 2104: 2040: 1885: 1792: 1780: 1647:(effortless action), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity, and the 1423: 1185: 1171: 1102: 1037: 911:

are celebrated, instilled, and practiced by people around the world.

813: 4900:, and continued in the following dynasties. For example, during the 3542:, and are often released into the night sky for aesthetic effect at 2087:

At the start of the 20th century, most of the population were still

88: 9552: 9522: 9456: 9402: 8617: 6988: 6345: 5993: 5938: 5757: 5470: 5465: 5033: 4709: 4369: 4028: 4012: 3826: 3634: 3507: 3394: 3307: 3228: 2631:

form of Classical Chinese poetry is especially associated with the

2523: 2198: 2021: 1959: 1915: 1912: 1904: 1764:

remain greatly valued in China today. In recent years, a number of

1594: 1586: 1578: 1558: 1489: 1389: 1318: 1205: 1201: 936: 821: 8995: 6154: 4794:

or Yiheyuan (頤和園/颐和园 – "The Garden of Nurtured Harmony") near the

3684:/彫漆, carving lacquer).Though most surviving examples are from the 9640: 9597: 9557: 7121:

Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China

6681:(Report). National Population and Talent Division. Archived from 6422: 5908: 5684: 5626: 5567: 5275: 5259: 5251: 5231: 5199: 4905: 4807: 4755: 4576: 4572: 4510: 4061: 4020: 4008: 3887:'painted folding screen') and the other was known as the 3534: 3524: 3495: 3483: 3420: 3367: 3363: 3298: 2686:, consisting of words written in one of a number of certain, set 2515: 2445: 2337: 2306: 2132: 2108: 2011: 1967: 1951: 1908: 1657: 1125: 1094:

Residence of the Lu Family in Dongyang, built in the Ming period.

932: 542: 7615:

have become the Four Great Classic Novels of Chinese literature.

7353:書 being here used as in 楷书/楷書, etc, and meaning "writing style". 6998:

Pollard, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert; Rosenberg; Tignor (2011).

3607:, wood or paper side-mounted fans from the 2nd century BCE. The 190: 9562: 9547: 9537: 9532: 8796:"Notes on Chinese Culture – Food and Drinks (08) – Chinese Tea" 8623: 7572:, Understanding Modern Nations, Sta Barbara: ABC-CLIO, p. 7554:... is considered one of China's four great classical novels... 6710:

China's Multicultural Economies: Social and Economic Indicators

6412: 6012: 5444: 5285: 4930: 4893: 4851: 4834: 4469: 4461: 4441: 4302: 4273: 4196: 4125: 3988: 3922: 3733: 3674:

in somewhat different styles. The producing process is called

3604: 3499: 3491: 3330: 3171: 3163: 2900: 2750: 2604: 2494:(詩餘/诗馀, "that which is beside poetry").Typically the number of 2408: 2388: 2341: 2249: 2239: 1808: 1692: 1643: 1544: 1528: 1480: 1455: 1385: 1336: 1193: 1189: 958: 954: 928: 924: 803: 579: 547: 520: 8640:

Inscribed landscapes : travel writing from imperial China

8472:

Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong,

7909:. University of California Press. pp. 268–271, 275, 277. 7847:. The British Museum. See "Curator's comments". Archived from 6477:"Chinese Dynasty Guide – The Art of Asia – History & Maps" 6129:

Chinese Export—European Market, 18th century - Tea Caddy (lid)

5612:, the Manchu and Han Chinese peoples struggled for power. The 4203:-like with four legs. They traditionally symbolize potent and 2872: 9602: 9582: 7246:

Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China

5574:

are in some ways rooted from the original dynastic cuisines.

5271: 4830: 4820: 4580: 4540: 4531: 4518: 4457: 4342: 4200: 4158: 4137: 4040: 4016: 3810: 3729: 3579: 3575: 3503: 3413:

period. Early Chinese music and poetry was influenced by the

3134: 3069: 3026: 3022: 2959: 2587: 2507: 2412: 2345: 2234:), literally "the way/principle of writing"; and in Korea as 2049:, written from 109 BC to 91 BC. The Tang dynasty witnessed a 2026: 1947: 1900: 1753:.There was often conflict between the philosophies, e.g. the 1680: 1605: 1234: 840: 833: 8040: 5435: 3760:/剃犀) in Chinese. This style continued to be used up to the 9612: 9567: 9461: 8593: 5328: 4938: 4916:, a paifang had evolved into a purely decorative monument. 4908:

was divided into a total of 36 fangs. Originally, the word

4826: 4700:

influence on the architectural styles of East Asia such as

4596: 4592: 4552: 4263: 4096: 3985: 3837: 3061: 2821:

dynasty, and reached a special height of popularity in the

2791: 2009:

has a long past; the earliest classic work in Chinese, the

1919: 1314: 848: 8862:

Kong, Foong, Ling. . The Food of Asia. Tuttle Publishing.

7082:

Chinnamastā, the Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess

5254:. The same pieces are used for other styled games such as 4798:, but on a much smaller scale than the Old Summer Palace. 4015:

was the most highly praised and prized. Native sources in

3538:

used to write on them. Airborne paper lanterns are called

3362:

art" dates back to 10,000 BC, mostly consisting of simple

2395:(18 June 618 – 4 June 907, including the 690–705 reign of 2188:

of calligraphy in this tradition. Chinese calligraphy and

2076: 1954:

were influential leaders. The School of Naturalists was a

1136: 8488:

Che Bing Chiu, "Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis"

6877:[One of the Three Treasures of Guangdong Grass]. 5452: 5008:, one of the most famous features of this garden was the 4781:, and outbuildings. Apart from the main imperial palace, 2853:

in that it is more colloquial, and is allowed to contain

2595:

form some of its fixed-rhythm patterns have an origin in

1861:

up to the present day in China and across East Asia. The

1610: 1561:, with the king and diviners acting as priests and using 1504: 1197: 1021: 8386: 8384: 8248: 8122: 6833:

Mandarins: The Circulation of Elites in China, 1600–1900

4440:. Despite its English name, it is usually depicted as a 3836:

surfaces, eventually folding screens made from paper or

3247:

popular at that time. In Shanghai it was first known as

2399:) or that follows a certain style, often considered the 2039:) Dynastic histories were often written, beginning with 1936:). The philosophy is embodied in an eponymous book: the 8500:"Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society" 5136: 4051:. The most prominent early use was the crafting of the 2869:(散套), with the latter containing more than one melody. 2325: 1749:

strains of thought have also been influential, such as

7708: 7513:

Shep, Sydney J. (2011), "Paper and Print Technology",

6997: 6645: 4380:

or illustrious ruler. Qilin is a specific type of the

2922:

Chinese fiction, rooted in narrative classics such as

2795:(雜劇/杂剧), in which case these Qu may be referred to as 1351:

are some of the rituals and customs found in society.

1170:(202 BC – 220 AD), there was a partial restoration of 8381: 7861:

Kuwayama, pp. 13–14 ; Rawson, p. 175 ; Grove, "Tang"

5331:, with modifications made to cater to local palates. 5198:

Chinese martial arts are collectively given the name

5188: 5176: 5164: 5148: 5106: 5094: 5082: 3603:

The oldest existing Chinese fans are a pair of woven

2304:. Some of the most important early texts include the 8981:

Aspect of Chinese culture, Chang Zonglin. Li Xukui,

8899:"Chinese Culture: Customs & Traditions of China" 8562:"Eight Cuisines of China – Shandong & Guangdong" 7338: 6150: 4187:, and East Asian culture. Chinese dragons have many 3448:

became a new art form after the invention of paper.

2845:

are lyrics written to fit a different melodies, but

1679:, a compact book containing teachings attributed to 7046:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48, 62–63. 5113:) of martial arts. Examples of such traits include 4545:(plucked instrument with seven strings) during the 3060:(especially in elite circles) was inseparable from 1942:. Another group is the School of the Military (兵家; 1669:may also have been a major influence, expounding a 113:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9651:San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade 8463:, Editions de La Martiniere, Paris 2010, p. 10–11. 8041:Lee, O-Young; Yi, Ŏ-ryŏng; Holstein, John (1999). 5996:is a signature scenery depicted in Chinese gardens 5570:and the Oriole Pavilion. Arguably all branches of 5468:was announced, indicating that tea from the genus 5222:. The arts have also co-existed with a variety of 4567:that are integral to Chinese culture, such as the 4484:) portrayed in the company of a turtle and snake. 3084:was essentially wrapped over, in a style known as 2825:of the Yuan dynasty, therefore it is often called 1918:who studied under the ancient Chinese philosopher 1604:Taoism, a religious or philosophical tradition of 984:In modern China, there are 56 officially labelled 7952:Chinese Furniture: A Guide to Collecting Antiques 7906:Austere luminosity of Chinese classical furniture 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7432: 6563:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 6117:Main hall and tea house in Dunedin Chinese Garden 4487: 3532:and there is a special style of lettering called 3251:or "long dress" (長衫—Mandarin Chinese: chángshān; 2727:forms of poetry comprise the three main forms of 1983:Range of Chinese dialect groups according to the 1079:List of regions of the People's Republic of China 9693: 7234:, Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 4 June 2014 6093:Tea caddy, Chinese - Indianapolis Museum of Art 5314:are the main dishes in Chinese Spring Festival ( 5028:. In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the 5020:, with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by 3549:The Chinese sky lantern (天燈, 天灯), also known as 1958:era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of 8290:The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore 7209: 6851:The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13, p. 30. 5596:, and it is only reserved and intended for the 2548:fully compiled and edited by the 11th century. 1787:golden age of several centuries before. In the 1264:, and the rest of the population under regular 8403: 7948: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7461: 7443: 7429: 7183:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–47. 5516:is one of the main teas originating in China. 5339:of Chinese provinces depend on differences in 5135:, religions and legends. Styles that focus on 4721:express the harmony that should exist between 3374:, most of which lasted several hundred years. 2895:The Four Great Classical or Classic Novels of 2690:, based upon the tunes of various songs. Thus 2366:A Tang dynasty era copy of the preface to the 2229: 2019:produced such noteworthy works as Confucius's 1874:. A traditional source for this period is the 1608:origin, emphasizes living in harmony with the 1553:Fortune-telling § Eastern fortune telling 9418: 9011: 8145: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7898: 7896: 7894: 6943:[Say "Three" and "Three Treasures"]. 5195:), is another popular classification method. 4777:, towers, residences, galleries, courtyards, 4758:. It symbols imperial class in ancient China. 4599:(pear-shaped plucked lute), and many others. 3942: 3935: 3889: 3859: 3755: 3745: 3679: 3666:) is a distinctive Chinese form of decorated 3628: 3155:), mostly Manchu, who as a group were called 2958:, and official histories, developed into the 2351: 1798: 1615: 1313:. Trades and crafts were usually taught by a 764: 8670:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8642:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 8584: 8410:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–. 8173:Pictures and visuality in early modern China 7994: 7949:Mazurkewich, Karen; Ong, A. Chester (2006). 7566:Li Xiaobing (2016), "Literature and Drama", 7022:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6706: 4829:or gateway structure that is related to the 4321:) since it sometimes takes the place of the 3562:name but they have also been referred to as 2490:(長短句/长短句, "lines of irregular lengths") and 2144:, Classical Chinese was quickly replaced by 1166:During the 361 years of civil war after the 8444:Les Jardins - paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 8392:Les Jardins – paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 8296: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8008:. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. 7935: 7626: 7159:"Constructive Engagement with Asian Values" 7117: 7002:. New York, New York: Norton. p. 164. 6639: 5131:) mimicry, or training methods inspired by 3947:"incised colors"), emerged during the late 3912: 3882: 3502:or metal frame of hoops covered with tough 2873:The novels in Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty 2639:poetry form occurred during the end of the 76:Learn how and when to remove these messages 9425: 9411: 9018: 9004: 8877: 8875: 8685:Houyuan Lu; et al. (7 January 2016). 8684: 7981: 7891: 4175:Loongs, also known as Chinese Dragon, are 3482:The Chinese paper lantern (紙燈籠, 纸灯笼) is a 3214:as did all Manchu men and dress in Manchu 2180:Chinese calligraphy is a form of writing ( 1843:Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought 1718: 1450:Most spiritual practices are derived from 1010:) has been used to describe the notion of 771: 757: 8720: 8515: 8287: 8082: 8078: 8076: 5542:) on the far right, personal chopsticks ( 5230:. Legendary and controversial moves like 4688:Poyang Yongfu Temple Pagoda, Song dynasty 3494:placed inside, although more complicated 3409:was one of the first forms of art in the 3052:showing Han nobility clothing of the era. 1503:Chinese Buddhism has shaped some Chinese 238:Learn how and when to remove this message 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 31:Culture of the People's Republic of China 8461:Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis 8206: 7799: 7797: 7035: 7033: 6507:"Guggenheim Museum – China: 5,000 years" 5533: 5434: 5302: 4986: 4929: 4551: 4505: 4346: 4245: 4162: 3968: 3771: 3622: 3590: 3473: 3039: 2882: 2599:. The form was further developed in the 2361: 2220:In China, calligraphy is referred to as 2203: 2161: 1978: 1820: 1376: 1291:also has a long history; ever since the 1159:Flower Theatre, a Qing period guildhall. 215:of all important aspects of the article. 33:. For culture in Taiwan after 1949, see 8872: 8858: 8856: 8288:Ingersoll, Ernest; et al. (2013). 7955:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 144–146. 7902: 7362: 7118:Ching, Julia; Guisso, R. W. L. (1991). 6862:The Chinese Imperial Examination System 6781: 6561:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6356:Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining 5530:Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining 4317: 3844:, it became rapidly popular during the 3072:. The dynasty to follow the Shang, the 3012: 2887:Ming dynasty wood carving books in the 2765: 2436:in the twentieth century included many 2077:Varieties of dialect and writing system 1707: 14: 9694: 8484: 8482: 8169: 8073: 7311: 7078: 6539: 5952:"Nine Dragons" handscroll section, by 4984:became the character for all gardens. 4356: 4147: 4140:, jade became important to the art of 3728:. These are red and black lacquer on 2837:typical of the Yuan dynasty era. Both 2625:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2466:Ci (辭/辞) are a poetic form, a type of 1888:. The autobiographical section of the 1022:The characteristics of Chinese culture 211:Please consider expanding the lead to 9406: 8999: 8911:from the original on 9 September 2017 8255:. Yale University Press. p. 77. 7870:Watt and Ford, p. 7 ; Rawson, p. 175 7830:Watt and Ford, pp. 6–7 (p. 7 quoted) 7794: 7060:from the original on 1 September 2023 7039: 7030: 6963: 6747:"Common traits bind Jews and Chinese" 4132:. Nonetheless, jade remained part of 4095:, they were thought to represent the 3627:Box with the character for "Spring" ( 3419:, and the Chinese poet and statesman 2809:refers to the detached status of the 2664: 2661:form of short story tales to poetry. 2452: 2212:– brush, ink, paper and ink stone in 1946:) that studied warfare and strategy; 981:, numbering over 1.3 billion people. 903:have had global influence, while its 9432: 8853: 8841:from the original on 22 October 2023 8542:from the original on 11 January 2017 8424:from the original on 22 October 2023 8340:from the original on 6 February 2007 8314:from the original on 19 October 2011 8269:from the original on 22 October 2023 8194:from the original on 22 October 2023 8135:from the original on 6 February 2017 8104:from the original on 22 October 2023 8061:from the original on 22 October 2023 8022:from the original on 22 October 2023 7969:from the original on 22 October 2023 7923:from the original on 22 October 2023 7782:from the original on 2 February 2019 7654:from the original on 22 October 2023 7590:from the original on 22 October 2023 7541:from the original on 22 October 2023 7512: 7138:from the original on 22 October 2023 7099:from the original on 22 October 2023 6933: 6782:Tseng, Wen-Shing; Wu, David (1985). 6727:from the original on 22 October 2023 6554: 6533: 5819:A traditional red Chinese door with 5632: 5551:Imperial, royal and noble preference 5357:Imperial, royal and noble preference 5278:are also popular. Ethnic games like 5171:). Geographical association, as in " 4199:, but are most commonly depicted as 4055:, found since the 3rd-millennium BC 2611:(812–870) was a great master of the 2498:in each line and the arrangement of 184: 111:adding citations to reliable sources 82: 41: 9025: 8820: 8743: 8572:from the original on 28 August 2011 8479: 8249:William Watson; Chuimei Ho (2007). 8034: 7176: 6649:The Republic of China Yearbook 2016 6521:from the original on 9 October 2009 4838:from which it is derived. The word 4695:Chinese architecture is a style of 4498:List of Chinese musical instruments 3586: 3056:From the beginning of its history, 1743:entry into the imperial bureaucracy 1384:, a temple with the combination of 1358: 1240: 942:China's majority ethnic group, the 24: 8814: 8637: 8497: 8221:6th Ed, Vol. I. McGraw-Hill, 2010. 8047:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 135. 7742:"articles – brief history of fans" 7703:Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel 7565: 7284:from the original on 26 April 2015 7197:from the original on 26 April 2023 7085:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 6806: 6567:from the original on 11 March 2017 6057:Dragon Tea Pot, Republic of China 5538:Photo showing serving chopsticks ( 4124:practices and new developments in 3936: 3890: 3860: 3459: 2434:manuscripts discovered at Dunhuang 2197:carving, ornate paperweights, and 1470:and others, have been introduced. 1253:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 25: 9718: 8975: 8770:"Tea and the Chinese way of life" 8090:. Hacker Art Books. p. 159. 7752:from the original on 22 June 2017 6784:Chinese culture and mental health 6627:from the original on 29 June 2017 5512:, as well as in Chinese cuisine. 4919: 4728: 4007:. Although deep and bright green 3767: 3618: 2091:, and the many languages spoken ( 2001:The ancient written standard was 57:This article has multiple issues. 9386: 9377: 9376: 8960: 8934: 8923: 8891: 8638:E., Strassberg, Richard (1994). 8292:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 7722:from the original on 18 May 2014 6511:Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 6209: 6195: 6181: 6167: 6153: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6019: 6001: 5986: 5968: 5945: 5915: 5900: 5888: 5873: 5858: 5843: 5828: 5812: 4743: 4681: 4669: 4648: 4633: 3433:with specialized styles such as 3306: 3283: 2603:. Although the contributions of 2320:. Many Chinese concepts such as 1433: 1404: 1365:Chinese spiritual world concepts 1333:four virtues women must abide by 1299:. This led to the creation of a 1225:, customs vary within a hundred 1152: 1135: 1118: 1101: 1087: 1045: 1030: 738: 273: 189: 87: 46: 8788: 8762: 8737: 8678: 8631: 8606: 8554: 8524: 8498:Ma, Guansheng (December 2015). 8491: 8474:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 8466: 8457:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 8449: 8436: 8397: 8370: 8352: 8326: 8281: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8163: 8116: 8083:van Gulik, Robert Hans (1981). 7882: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7833: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7764: 7734: 7695: 7686: 7677: 7620: 7559: 7506: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7470: 7420: 7411: 7399:from the original on 6 May 2020 7381: 7367:. Beijing: 中華書局. p. 1118. 7356: 7347: 7305: 7296: 7266: 7237: 7218: 7180:An Introduction to Confucianism 7170: 7150: 7111: 7079:Benard, Elisabeth Anne (2010). 7072: 6979: 6947:. 19 March 2009. Archived from 6897: 6881:. 26 March 2009. Archived from 6867: 6854: 6845: 6835:, Ayer (June 1980), hardcover, 6825: 6800: 6775: 6739: 6646:Executive Yuan, Taiwan (2016). 6449: 6436: 6381:Science and technology in China 5519: 5504:and other Asian countries like 5123:) physical exercises involving 5075:several hundred fighting styles 5039: 4874:), equivalent to a current day 4618: 4579:(zither with movable bridges), 4513:, a type of Chinese instrument. 3984:Chinese jade (玉) refers to the 3958: 3064:, supposedly discovered by the 2817:became popular during the late 2655:poems in an application of the 1311:mythology of the imperial exams 203:may be too short to adequately 98:needs additional citations for 65:or discuss these issues on the 9344:British Indian Ocean Territory 8532:"Four Major Cuisines in China" 8146: 7302:Wurm, Li, Baumann, Lee (1987) 6700: 6668: 6609: 6579: 6548: 6499: 6469: 6442:Also known more simply as the 5416: 4888: 4870: 4856: 4488:Music, instruments and dancing 4368:), or Kirin in Japanese, is a 4307: 4298: 4290: 3977:(璧) with a dual dragon motif, 3943: 3908: 3900: 3878: 3870: 3802: 3794: 2755: 2579:followed the tradition of the 2254: 2244: 2151: 2140:as the spoken form. After the 2046:Records of the Grand Historian 1881:Records of the Grand Historian 1697: 1633:is a fundamental idea in most 1200:. The ancient city of Lin'an ( 1007: 999: 845:earliest ancient civilizations 808: 799: 791: 213:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 8772:. radio86.com. Archived from 8123:張世南 (Zhang Shi'nan) (1200s). 7670:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 7601:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 7516:The Encyclopedia of the Novel 7363:Wang Li; et al. (2000). 6462: 5976: 5016:(722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the 4595:(alto fiddle or bowed lute), 3955:, ivory, or other materials. 3805:) is a type of free-standing 3778:Imperial Furniture Collection 3097: 2985:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2829:(元曲), specifying the type of 2684:Classical Chinese poetry form 2265: 1930: 1923: 1733:Legalism (Chinese philosophy) 1412: 1052:Chinese shrine in Ningbo city 9656:Christmas and holiday season 8359:古建上的主要装饰纹样——麒麟古建园林技术－作者:徐华铛 8005:Paper and printing, Volume 5 7124:. Chinese University Press. 7000:Worlds Together Worlds Apart 6515:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum 6481:Minneapolis Institute of Art 6406:Chinese units of measurement 6236:Chinese ancestral veneration 5895:Taoist architecture in China 5510:traditional Chinese medicine 5226:including the more standard 5050:List of Chinese martial arts 4819:, is a traditional style of 4523:dawn of Chinese civilization 4235: 4134:traditional Chinese medicine 3325:(1416–1480). Located at the 2861:can be further divided into 2682:form of poetry is a type of 2318:Four Books and Five Classics 1575:traditional Chinese holidays 979:world's largest ethnic group 7: 8989:, Tsinghua University Press 8942:"晉語是中國北方的唯一一個非官話方言，但是否歸屬官話" 8824:Origin of Confucian cuisine 8304:"qilin (Chinese mythology)" 8239:Pope-Henessey, Chapter IV. 8230:Pope-Henessey, Chapter II. 6540:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). 6341:Chinese sphere of influence 6146: 6069:Tea Pots, Republic of China 5962:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 5189: 5177: 5165: 5149: 5107: 5095: 5083: 4559:("Face-Changing") Performer 4521:of China dates back to the 4406:apparently captured a live 3035: 2879:Four Great Classical Novels 2470:, done in the tradition of 2376:, originally attributed to 2210:Four Treasures of the Study 2055:Four Great Classical Novels 1974: 1534: 1072: 1063: 914: 10: 9723: 8612:This standard starts from 8459:, preface, and Bing Chiu, 8154:are inscriptions that are 7521:Encyclopedia of Literature 7322:Princeton University Press 7312:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 6905:"1/4/2008 three treasures" 6371:Numbers in Chinese culture 6031:Victoria and Albert Museum 5805: 5523: 5420: 5296: 5292: 5241: 5043: 4923: 4805: 4801: 4732: 4622: 4491: 4478:, who is sometimes (as in 4448:. It is known as Genbu in 4421: 4388:are in the 5th century BC 4340: 4239: 4171:in Fuxi Temple (Tianshui). 4156: 4031:. Jade was prized for its 3999:onward. It is the primary 3962: 3782: 3647: 3514:with large communities of 3463: 3339: 3016: 2876: 2785:). Qu may be derived from 2769:) form of poetry from the 2671: 2651:poem or a linked group of 2633:poetry of the Song dynasty 2459: 2355: 2352:Poetry in the Tang dynasty 2346:People's Republic of China 2334:written vernacular Chinese 2269: 2155: 2146:written vernacular Chinese 2080: 1990: 1897:ancient Chinese philosophy 1805:Hundred Schools of Thought 1802: 1799:Hundred Schools of Thought 1776:from the teachings of the 1774:Hundred Schools of Thought 1722: 1538: 1362: 1283:of Chinese culture in the 1244: 1235:People's Republic of China 1231:provincial-level divisions 1076: 28: 9680: 9664: 9621: 9515: 9449: 9440: 9372: 9331: 9291: 9033: 8798:. dict.cn. Archived from 8517:10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004 8364:30 September 2007 at the 6767:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6713:. Springer. p. vii. 6544:. AuthorHouse. p. 2. 5582:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 5526:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 5451:The practice of drinking 5128: 5120: 5010:Wine Pool and Meat Forest 4883: 4865: 4847: 4444:entwined together with a 4417: 4365: 3756: 3746: 3680: 3663: 3629: 3498:consist of a collapsible 3227:, was first developed in 2746: 2643:and the beginning of the 2374:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 2336:for the common citizens. 2230: 2065:was developed during the 1688: 1616: 1335:, while scholars such as 1289:Ancient Chinese education 1247:Social structure of China 9646:Color in Chinese culture 9093:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8252:Arts of China, 1600–1900 8219:The Humanistic Tradition 7746:aboutdecorativestyle.com 7552:Dream of the Red Chamber 6676:Population in brief 2015 6621:www.travelchinaguide.com 6591:elements.science.psu.edu 6542:East Asia: A New History 6429: 6351:Color in Chinese culture 6141:Ancient China's Tea Pots 5929:that once belonged to a 5703: 5650: 5495:Spring and Autumn period 5139:manipulation are called 5133:Old Chinese philosophies 5014:Spring and Autumn period 4336: 4226:Chinese Tributary System 4152: 3120: 3044:Tang dynasty mural from 2729:Classical Chinese poetry 2563:are from 8th century CE 2545:Four Great Books of Song 2472:Classical Chinese poetry 2258:, "the rules of writing 1831:Spring and Autumn period 9354:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8504:Journal of Ethnic Foods 8404:A.H. Longhurst (1995). 8308:Encyclopædia Britannica 7903:Handler, Sarah (2007). 7841:"armour / 盔甲 (MAS 621)" 7718:. The Free Dictionary. 7683:Ropp, 1990, p. 310-311 7609:A Dream of Red Mansions 7389:"Shodo and Calligraphy" 7278:Encyclopædia Britannica 7253:20 January 2012 at the 6831:Robert Mortimer Marsh, 5606:Manchus conquered China 5572:Hong Kong eastern style 5554:dynastic periods, when 5431:History of tea in China 4999:The old character for 4414:was skeptical of this. 4266:were originally called 3274: 3141:. Many symbols such as 2330:Four Pillars of Destiny 1985:Language Atlas of China 1719:Philosophy and legalism 1599:Chinese fortune telling 1583:Imperial guardian lions 1349:Taoist sexual practices 1317:. The female historian 973:, and about 17% of the 8616:in the 6th century by 8560: 8170:Clunas, Craig (1997). 8158:, achieved by carving) 7314:The Languages of China 7167:. Columbia University. 5975:Hair Ornament, China, 5821:Imperial guardian lion 5547: 5448: 5443:(茶艺，茶藝) set and three 5319: 4996: 4942: 4605:ethnic groups in China 4591:(vertical flute), the 4560: 4514: 4438:Chinese constellations 4352: 4255: 4172: 3981: 3780: 3645: 3600: 3520:the traditional styles 3479: 3327:National Palace Museum 3053: 2892: 2387:Tang poetry refers to 2384: 2372:poems composed at the 2217: 2177: 1988: 1826: 1397: 1343:would expand on this. 8603:. Accessed June 2011. 7636:, Routledge, p. 7525:John Wiley & Sons 7426:Jing-Schmidt, p. 256 7393:Vincent's Calligraphy 7344:Stanley-Baker (2010) 7318:Princeton, New Jersey 6707:Guo Rongxing (2011). 6336:Chinese paper cutting 6291:Chinese folk religion 6011:leaves steeping in a 5935:Warring States period 5641:Han Chinese subgroups 5537: 5524:Further information: 5438: 5341:historical background 5306: 4990: 4933: 4583:(bridgeless zither), 4555: 4509: 4350: 4249: 4166: 4118:Three Kingdoms period 3979:Warring States period 3973:A Chinese jade named 3972: 3829:, Shandong Province. 3775: 3626: 3594: 3477: 3435:Ming dynasty painting 3354:(Taiwan) and that of 3340:Further information: 3291:Pine, Plum and Cranes 3043: 3007:earlier story-tellers 3003:narrative conventions 2886: 2552:Notable Confucianists 2365: 2282:Chinese classic texts 2207: 2190:ink and wash painting 2165: 2053:flowering, while the 2017:Warring States period 1982: 1835:Warring States period 1824: 1817:School of Naturalists 1635:Chinese philosophical 1567:methods of divination 1549:Chinese folk religion 1525:Chinese folk religion 1380: 1255:period, some form of 1204:), is represented by 9630:CCTV New Year's Gala 9268:United Arab Emirates 8599:10 July 2011 at the 8566:TravelChinaGuide.com 8129:遊宦紀聞 (yóuhuàn jìwén) 7879:Kuwayama, pp. 13–14 7821:Watt and Ford, p. 3 7605:Outlaws of the Marsh 7225:"Chinese philosophy" 6656:on 18 September 2017 6555:Wong, David (2017). 5907:Wooden sculpture of 5054:China is one of the 5046:Chinese martial arts 4750:Corner tower of the 4625:Chinese architecture 4456:. It represents the 4410:in 122 BC, although 4144:and Southeast Asia. 3933:, which is known as 3239:. It was high-class 3139:Han Chinese clothing 3074:Western Zhou dynasty 3013:Fashion and clothing 2565:Dunhuang manuscripts 2380:(303–361 AD) of the 2169:written by the poet 2083:Varieties of Chinese 1997:Varieties of Chinese 1859:social consciousness 1713:writings of Zhuangzi 1181:imperial examination 670:World Heritage Sites 107:improve this article 9295:limited recognition 8705:2016NatSR...618955L 7851:on 7 November 2017. 7772:"Chinese Hand Fans" 7692:Ropp, 1990, p. 311 7630:The Ancient World, 7613:Journey to the West 7156:Bary, Theodore de. 6807:Li, Deshun (2016). 6688:on 16 February 2016 6444:Four Classic Novels 6396:Chinese mathematics 6366:I Ching's influence 5980: 19th century 5836:Journey to the West 5668:Culture of Shandong 5592:culture during the 5462:Emperor Jing of Han 5441:Chinese tea culture 5427:Chinese tea culture 5018:Terrace of Shanghua 4995:in a Chinese garden 4565:musical instruments 4481:Journey to the West 4432::玄武) is one of the 4318:yün-chi or k'un-chi 4295:traditional Chinese 4258:Fenghuang (鳳凰) are 4177:legendary creatures 4148:Mythological beings 3905:traditional Chinese 3875:traditional Chinese 3799:traditional Chinese 3654:Carved lacquer or 3597:Great Wall of China 3378:the West since the 2993:Journey to the West 2915:and other forms of 2623:dynasty during the 2567:, beginning in the 2214:Chinese calligraphy 2167:Chinese calligraphy 2158:Chinese calligraphy 1870:and the subsequent 1851:pai-chia cheng-ming 1778:Chinese philosopher 1745:. A number of more 1622:, literally "Way", 1411:The Fengxian cave ( 1297:scholar-bureaucrats 1012:Chinese nationalism 1004:traditional Chinese 796:traditional Chinese 8744:Liu, Tong (2012). 8407:Story of the Stupa 8000:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin 7248:(Open Court 1993). 7230:2 May 2015 at the 6809:On Chinese Culture 6311:Chinese literature 6301:Chinese instrument 5775:Sichuanese culture 5662:Culture of Beijing 5548: 5449: 5355:in the northeast. 5337:cooking techniques 5320: 5256:Shanghai Solitaire 5036:, the Great Lake. 4997: 4943: 4815:, also known as a 4561: 4515: 4353: 4287:simplified Chinese 4256: 4173: 3995:in China from the 3982: 3931:Coromandel screens 3927:lacquer techniques 3897:simplified Chinese 3867:simplified Chinese 3791:simplified Chinese 3789:A folding screen ( 3781: 3646: 3601: 3480: 3054: 2897:Chinese literature 2893: 2733:Chinese literature 2715:together with the 2385: 2272:Chinese literature 2218: 2178: 2136:the Beijing-based 2007:Chinese literature 1989: 1839:Chinese philosophy 1827: 1725:Chinese philosophy 1624:also romanized as 1422:, commissioned by 1398: 1188:is represented by 996:simplified Chinese 977:, making them the 853:Chinese characters 788:simplified Chinese 506:Confucian religion 9707:Politics of China 9689: 9688: 9400: 9399: 9337:other territories 8987:978-7-302-12632-4 8834:978-7-81082-370-8 8776:on 16 August 2011 8755:978-0-521-18680-3 8713:10.1038/srep18955 8649:978-0-520-91486-5 8417:978-81-206-0160-4 8262:978-0-300-10735-7 8217:Fiero, Gloria K. 8187:978-1-86189-008-5 8097:978-0-87817-264-1 8054:978-0-8048-2129-2 8015:978-0-521-08690-5 7962:978-0-8048-3573-2 7916:978-0-520-21484-2 7845:Collection online 7716:"Chinese lantern" 7701:Andrew H. Plaks, 7672:– were published. 7647:978-1-317-45839-5 7583:978-1-61069-626-5 7534:978-1-4051-6184-8 7503:Yip, pp. 306–308 7494:Zhang, pp. 76–80 7331:978-0-691-01468-5 7324:. pp. 3–16. 7190:978-0-521-64430-3 7165:on 11 March 2005. 7131:978-962-201-469-5 7092:978-81-208-1748-7 7053:978-0-226-12047-8 7009:978-0-393-91847-2 6818:978-981-10-0279-3 6793:978-0-12-701630-6 6720:978-1-4614-5860-9 6487:on 6 October 2008 6386:Chinese astronomy 6331:Chinese orchestra 6231:Chinese animation 6081:Laoshan green tea 5933:dedicated to the 5781:Taiwanese culture 5728:Hong Kong culture 5697:Zhongyuan culture 5633:Major subcultures 5491:seven necessities 5258:. Others include 5208:Shaolin Monastery 4796:Old Summer Palace 4790:(慈禧太后) built the 4783:Chinese dynasties 4404:Emperor Wu of Han 4333:are superficial. 4218:Mandate of Heaven 4189:animal-like forms 4181:Chinese mythology 4113:jade burial suits 4041:musical qualities 4005:Chinese sculpture 3915: 3885: 3707:Chinese furniture 3609:Chinese character 3544:lantern festivals 3407:Porcelain pottery 3352:Republic of China 3315:ink wash painting 2529:Dream Pool Essays 2520:Xin Yixiang Fayao 2510:, and tempo. The 2003:Classical Chinese 1911:developed by the 1653:School of Yinyang 1541:Religion in China 1440:Inside a cave of 1382:Hanging Monastery 1373:Buddhism in China 1369:Chinese mythology 1331:and outlined the 1324:Lessons for Women 1281:commercialization 975:global population 843:being one of the 781: 780: 402:Sinitic languages 346:Foreign relations 248: 247: 240: 230: 229: 183: 182: 175: 157: 122:"Chinese culture" 80: 35:Culture of Taiwan 16:(Redirected from 9714: 9636:Chinese calendar 9543:Buddha's delight 9477:New Year picture 9443:Culture of China 9434:Chinese New Year 9427: 9420: 9413: 9404: 9403: 9390: 9380: 9379: 9349:Christmas Island 9035:Sovereign states 9027:Culture of Asia 9020: 9013: 9006: 8997: 8996: 8969: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8948:on 22 March 2021 8944:. Archived from 8938: 8932: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8895: 8889: 8879: 8870: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8802:on 4 August 2012 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8724: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8669: 8661: 8635: 8629: 8610: 8604: 8594:Beautyfujian.com 8591:"Fujian Cuisine. 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8495: 8489: 8486: 8477: 8470: 8464: 8455:Feng Chaoxiong, 8453: 8447: 8442:Michel Baridon, 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8401: 8395: 8390:Michel Baridon, 8388: 8379: 8374: 8368: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8246: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8222: 8215: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8149: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8080: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 7992: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7946: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7900: 7889: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7871: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7813: 7812:Grove; Cinnabar 7810: 7804: 7801: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7712: 7706: 7699: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7661: 7659: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7597: 7595: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7548: 7546: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7486: 7485:Davis, p. lxvii 7483: 7477: 7476:Frankel, p. 216 7474: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7441: 7438: 7427: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7270: 7264: 7241: 7235: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7161:. Archived from 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7037: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7013: 6995: 6986: 6983: 6977: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6920: 6914:. Archived from 6909: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6652:. Archived from 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6597:on 18 March 2019 6593:. Archived from 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6557:"Chinese Ethics" 6552: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483:. Archived from 6473: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6401:Chinese medicine 6391:Chinese calendar 6316:Chinese marriage 6286:Chinese folklore 6281:Chinese festival 6246:Chinese Buddhism 6219: 6217:Singapore portal 6214: 6213: 6212: 6205: 6203:Hong Kong portal 6200: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6023: 6005: 5990: 5981: 5978: 5972: 5949: 5923:Que pillar gates 5919: 5904: 5892: 5877: 5862: 5847: 5832: 5816: 5770:Macanese culture 5746:Hunanese culture 5674:Culture of Gansu 5619:Wuchang Uprising 5608:and founded the 5351:in the south to 5325:Chinese diaspora 5316:Chinese New Year 5212:Wudang Mountains 5194: 5182: 5170: 5154: 5130: 5122: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5056:main birthplaces 4947:Chinese emperors 4890: 4885: 4872: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4747: 4718:Chinese emperors 4685: 4673: 4652: 4637: 4367: 4359: 4319: 4309: 4300: 4292: 4230:history of China 4222:Celestial Empire 4210:Emperor of China 4185:Chinese folklore 4057:Liangzhu culture 4053:Six Ritual Jades 3946: 3945: 3939: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3902: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3872: 3863: 3804: 3796: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3683: 3682: 3672:Japanese lacquer 3665: 3632: 3631: 3587:Chinese hand fan 3551:Kongming lantern 3516:Overseas Chinese 3427:Chinese painting 3388:Chinese ceramics 3372:Chinese emperors 3356:overseas Chinese 3310: 3287: 3102: 3099: 3066:Yellow Emperor's 3019:Chinese clothing 2998:The Golden Lotus 2962:as early as the 2767: 2757: 2748: 2256: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2142:May 4th Movement 2037:Chinese classics 1935: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1872:purge of dissent 1847:bǎijiā zhēngmíng 1762:culture of merit 1709: 1699: 1690: 1621: 1620: 1521:Indian religions 1464:Neo-Confucianism 1452:Chinese Buddhism 1442:Longmen Grottoes 1437: 1420:Longmen Grottoes 1417: 1414: 1408: 1359:Spiritual values 1345:Chinese marriage 1274:four occupations 1268:. From the late 1241:Social structure 1156: 1139: 1122: 1109:Fenghuang County 1105: 1091: 1049: 1034: 1009: 1001: 810: 801: 793: 773: 766: 759: 745:China portal 743: 742: 741: 311:Military history 277: 268: 266:Culture of China 252: 251: 243: 236: 225: 222: 216: 193: 185: 178: 171: 167: 164: 158: 156: 115: 91: 83: 72: 50: 49: 42: 21: 9722: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9702:Chinese culture 9692: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9676: 9660: 9617: 9608:Mandarin orange 9511: 9445: 9436: 9431: 9401: 9396: 9368: 9336: 9327: 9308:Northern Cyprus 9294: 9287: 9029: 9024: 8978: 8973: 8972: 8965: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8935: 8928: 8924: 8914: 8912: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8880: 8873: 8861: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8835: 8827:. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 8819: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8779: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8742: 8738: 8683: 8679: 8663: 8662: 8650: 8636: 8632: 8611: 8607: 8601:Wayback Machine 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8480: 8471: 8467: 8454: 8450: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8366:Wayback Machine 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8188: 8168: 8164: 8138: 8136: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8098: 8081: 8074: 8064: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8016: 7996:Needham, Joseph 7993: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7963: 7947: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7917: 7901: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7657: 7655: 7648: 7625: 7621: 7593: 7591: 7584: 7564: 7560: 7544: 7542: 7535: 7527:, p. 596, 7511: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7444: 7439: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7255:Wayback Machine 7242: 7238: 7232:Wayback Machine 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7043:What Is Taoism? 7038: 7031: 7015: 7014: 7010: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6951:on 18 July 2011 6939: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6885:on 26 June 2009 6873: 6872: 6868: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6780: 6776: 6760: 6759: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6721: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6644: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6553: 6549: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6346:Chinese studies 6256:Chinese clothes 6215: 6210: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6142: 6139: 6130: 6127: 6118: 6115: 6106: 6103: 6094: 6091: 6082: 6079: 6070: 6067: 6058: 6055: 6046: 6045:Zhu-Ye-Qing-Tea 6043: 6034: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5991: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5964: 5950: 5941: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5896: 5893: 5884: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5854: 5848: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5793:Wenzhou culture 5787:Teochew culture 5764:Lingnan culture 5752:Jiangxi culture 5740:Huizhou culture 5722:Hokkien culture 5706: 5679:Dongbei culture 5653: 5635: 5532: 5522: 5433: 5421:Main articles: 5419: 5301: 5299:Chinese cuisine 5295: 5244: 5052: 5044:Main articles: 5042: 5030:Terrace of Gusu 4928: 4922: 4810: 4804: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4563:There are many 4504: 4492:Main articles: 4490: 4452:and Hyeonmu in 4426: 4420: 4345: 4339: 4244: 4238: 4161: 4155: 4150: 4105:four directions 3967: 3961: 3953:mother-of-pearl 3787: 3770: 3724:and now in the 3652: 3621: 3589: 3574:to a couple of 3555:hot air balloon 3472: 3464:Main articles: 3462: 3460:Chinese lantern 3403:performance art 3384:decorative arts 3346:Chinese art is 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3288: 3277: 3137:or traditional 3123: 3100: 3090:left-handedness 3086:jiaoling youren 3038: 3029: 3017:Main articles: 3015: 3005:developed from 2981:Andrew H. Plaks 2955:Taiping Guangji 2943:Da Tang Xiyu Ji 2937:Wenyuan Yinghua 2917:popular culture 2889:Tian Yi Chamber 2881: 2875: 2676: 2670: 2668:in Yuan dynasty 2627:. However, the 2542:of 1084 or the 2464: 2458: 2456:in Song dynasty 2360: 2354: 2274: 2268: 2160: 2154: 2085: 2079: 2061:in the form of 1999: 1991:Main articles: 1977: 1933: 1926: 1819: 1803:Main articles: 1801: 1735: 1723:Main articles: 1721: 1673:of wu wei. The 1649:Three Treasures 1555: 1539:Main articles: 1537: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1415: 1409: 1375: 1363:Main articles: 1361: 1287:(960–1279 CE). 1257:Chinese monarch 1249: 1243: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1024: 917: 809:Zhōnghuá wénhuà 784:Chinese culture 777: 739: 737: 730: 729: 720: 719: 710: 709: 705:National anthem 690: 689: 680: 679: 665: 664: 655: 654: 645: 644: 633: 632: 613: 612: 600:performing arts 590: 589: 575: 574: 563: 562: 538: 537: 526: 525: 496: 495: 459: 458: 419: 418: 407: 406: 397: 396: 385: 384: 375: 374: 363: 362: 361: 360: 289: 288: 264: 244: 233: 232: 231: 226: 220: 217: 210: 198:This article's 194: 179: 168: 162: 159: 116: 114: 104: 92: 51: 47: 38: 23: 22: 18:Chinese society 15: 12: 11: 5: 9720: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9672:Lunar New Year 9668: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9578:Pineapple tart 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9528:Spring pancake 9525: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9502:Chinese dragon 9499: 9494: 9489: 9487:Reunion dinner 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9430: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9384: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9340: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9023: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8977: 8976:External links 8974: 8971: 8970: 8959: 8933: 8922: 8890: 8871: 8852: 8833: 8813: 8787: 8761: 8754: 8736: 8677: 8648: 8630: 8605: 8583: 8553: 8523: 8510:(4): 195–199. 8490: 8478: 8465: 8448: 8435: 8416: 8396: 8380: 8369: 8351: 8325: 8295: 8280: 8261: 8241: 8232: 8223: 8205: 8186: 8180:. p. 61. 8178:Reaktion Books 8162: 8156:counter-relief 8147:款謂陰字，是凹入者，刻畫成之 8131:(in Chinese). 8115: 8096: 8072: 8053: 8033: 8014: 7980: 7961: 7934: 7915: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7805: 7793: 7763: 7733: 7707: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7646: 7619: 7582: 7558: 7533: 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7442: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7380: 7373: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7330: 7304: 7295: 7265: 7244:Graham, A.C., 7236: 7217: 7208: 7189: 7169: 7149: 7130: 7110: 7091: 7071: 7052: 7040:Creel (1970). 7029: 7008: 6987: 6978: 6962: 6932: 6921:on 5 June 2011 6896: 6866: 6853: 6844: 6824: 6817: 6799: 6792: 6774: 6738: 6719: 6699: 6667: 6638: 6608: 6578: 6547: 6532: 6498: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6448: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6296:Chinese garden 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6271:Chinese dragon 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Chinese cinema 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6206: 6192: 6178: 6164: 6161:Society portal 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5967: 5965: 5951: 5944: 5942: 5921: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5710:Haipai culture 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5649: 5634: 5631: 5623:Forbidden City 5614:Kangxi Emperor 5602:Imperial China 5521: 5518: 5439:A traditional 5418: 5415: 5409:dining table. 5297:Main article: 5294: 5291: 5243: 5240: 5060:umbrella terms 5041: 5038: 4978:(221–206 BC), 4935:Jichang Garden 4926:Chinese garden 4924:Main article: 4921: 4920:Chinese garden 4918: 4806:Main article: 4803: 4800: 4752:Forbidden City 4749: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735:Chinese palace 4733:Main article: 4730: 4729:Chinese palace 4727: 4723:man and nature 4687: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4657:Tianing Temple 4655:The Pagoda of 4654: 4647: 4646: 4643:, Song dynasty 4639: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4623:Main article: 4620: 4617: 4502:Dance of China 4494:Music of China 4489: 4486: 4422:Main article: 4419: 4416: 4400:Feng Shen Bang 4341:Main article: 4338: 4335: 4327:Chinese zodiac 4308:yùnjī or kūnjī 4283:Chinese dragon 4240:Main article: 4237: 4234: 4157:Main article: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4019:and along the 3963:Main article: 3960: 3957: 3785:Folding screen 3783:Main article: 3769: 3768:Folding screen 3766: 3726:British Museum 3650:Carved lacquer 3648:Main article: 3643:Nanjing Museum 3620: 3619:Carved lacquer 3617: 3588: 3585: 3461: 3458: 3312: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3122: 3119: 3111:, worn with a 3101: 1600 BC 3037: 3034: 3014: 3011: 2877:Main article: 2874: 2871: 2789:, such as the 2773:may be called 2672:Main article: 2669: 2663: 2539:Zizhi Tongjian 2460:Main article: 2457: 2451: 2405:Chinese poetry 2356:Main article: 2353: 2350: 2302:constellations 2270:Main article: 2267: 2264: 2260:Han characters 2156:Main article: 2153: 2150: 2111:(Ban-lam-gu), 2081:Main article: 2078: 2075: 1993:Spoken Chinese 1976: 1973: 1956:Warring States 1895:Mohism was an 1813:The Art of War 1800: 1797: 1766:New Confucians 1758:Neo-Confucians 1739:Imperial China 1720: 1717: 1536: 1533: 1439: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1410: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1360: 1357: 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1077:Main article: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1020: 991:Zhonghua minzu 916: 913: 779: 778: 776: 775: 768: 761: 753: 750: 749: 748: 747: 732: 731: 728: 727: 721: 717: 716: 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 702: 697: 691: 687: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 666: 662: 661: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 646: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 614: 608: 607: 606: 603: 602: 592: 591: 588: 587: 582: 576: 570: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 533: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 497: 491: 490: 489: 486: 485: 479: 478: 472: 471: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 414: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 398: 392: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 376: 370: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 337: 336: 331: 326: 318: 313: 308: 306:Historiography 303: 298: 292: 291: 290: 284: 283: 282: 279: 278: 270: 269: 261: 260: 246: 245: 228: 227: 207:the key points 197: 195: 188: 181: 180: 95: 93: 86: 81: 55: 54: 52: 45: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9719: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9684: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9421: 9416: 9414: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9383: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318:South Ossetia 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9016: 9014: 9009: 9007: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8968: 8963: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8926: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8887:1-85984-203-8 8884: 8878: 8876: 8869: 8868:0-7946-0146-4 8865: 8859: 8857: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8757: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8673: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8518: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8485: 8483: 8475: 8469: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8400: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8355: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8291: 8284: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8245: 8236: 8227: 8220: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8079: 8077: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8044:Things Korean 8037: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7827: 7818: 7809: 7800: 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6841:0-405-12981-5 6838: 6834: 6828: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6764: 6748: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6703: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6536: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6452: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Chinese opera 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Chinese drama 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Chinese dance 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6207: 6204: 6193: 6190: 6189:Taiwan portal 6179: 6176: 6165: 6162: 6156: 6151: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5984: 5971: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5913: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5799:Wuyue culture 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5734:Hubei culture 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5716:Hakka culture 5714: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578:Manhan Quanxi 5575: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5483:ancient China 5479: 5477: 5474:was drunk by 5473: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5460:mausoleum of 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345:ethnic groups 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5280:Chinese yo-yo 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264:pai gow poker 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216:Wong Fei Hung 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956:Shang dynasty 4954:, during the 4953: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4824:architectural 4822: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792:Summer Palace 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4684: 4672: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4642: 4641:Liaodi Pagoda 4636: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466:Kenkun Shrine 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4358: 4349: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214:Son of Heaven 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4092:Rites of Zhou 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815:ancient China 3812: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3743: 3739: 3738:Southern Song 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3593: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568:fire balloons 3565: 3561: 3556: 3553:, is a small 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3466:Paper lantern 3457: 3455: 3451: 3450:Chinese opera 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439:Chinese music 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3416:Book of Songs 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3342:Arts of China 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3295:Palace Museum 3292: 3286: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3259:; Cantonese: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3157:Banner People 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3095: 3094:Shang dynasty 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2925:Shishuo Xinyu 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913:Chinese opera 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899:are the four 2898: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849:differs from 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Chinese opera 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:Southern Song 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2787:Chinese opera 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2688:tone patterns 2685: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621:Southern Tang 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2573:Liang dynasty 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:poetic meters 2478:use a set of 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2173:(王羲之) of the 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2035:. (See also: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1981: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1964:Five Elements 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1934: 391 BC 1927: 470 BC 1921: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747:authoritarian 1744: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1472:Reincarnation 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1436: 1425: 1421: 1416: 675 AD 1407: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1179:extended the 1178: 1173: 1169: 1155: 1144: 1138: 1127: 1121: 1110: 1104: 1090: 1080: 1070: 1061: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1005: 997: 993: 992: 987: 986:ethnic groups 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:Han Taiwanese 960: 956: 952: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 891:, etiquette, 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 805: 797: 789: 785: 774: 769: 767: 762: 760: 755: 754: 752: 751: 746: 736: 735: 734: 733: 726: 723: 722: 718:Organisations 714: 713: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 659: 658: 651: 648: 647: 643: 637: 636: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 611: 605: 604: 601: 597: 594: 593: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 573: 567: 566: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 536: 530: 529: 522: 519: 517: 516:New religions 514: 512: 511:Folk religion 509: 507: 504: 502: 501:Chan Buddhism 499: 498: 494: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 473: 470: 466: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 417: 411: 410: 403: 400: 399: 395: 389: 388: 381: 378: 377: 373: 367: 366: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341:Ethnic groups 339: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 287: 281: 280: 276: 272: 271: 267: 263: 262: 258: 254: 253: 250: 242: 239: 224: 214: 208: 206: 201: 196: 192: 187: 186: 177: 174: 166: 155: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 131: 127: 124: – 123: 119: 118:Find sources: 112: 108: 102: 101: 96:This article 94: 90: 85: 84: 79: 77: 70: 69: 64: 63: 58: 53: 44: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 9628: 9482:Red envelope 9472:Dragon dance 9442: 9333:Dependencies 9263:Turkmenistan 9228:Saudi Arabia 8962: 8950:. Retrieved 8946:the original 8936: 8930:晉語的使用範圍與歷史起源 8925: 8913:. Retrieved 8904:Live Science 8902: 8893: 8843:. Retrieved 8823: 8821:徐文苑 (2005). 8816: 8804:. Retrieved 8800:the original 8790: 8778:. Retrieved 8774:the original 8764: 8745: 8739: 8696: 8690: 8680: 8639: 8633: 8621: 8614:Tang dynasty 8608: 8586: 8574:. Retrieved 8565: 8556: 8544:. Retrieved 8535: 8526: 8507: 8503: 8493: 8473: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8443: 8438: 8426:. Retrieved 8406: 8399: 8391: 8377:zh:s:史記/卷028 8372: 8354: 8342:. Retrieved 8328: 8316:. Retrieved 8307: 8298: 8289: 8283: 8271:. Retrieved 8251: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8218: 8196:. Retrieved 8172: 8165: 8151: 8144: 8137:. Retrieved 8128: 8118: 8106:. Retrieved 8085: 8063:. Retrieved 8043: 8036: 8024:. Retrieved 8004: 7971:. Retrieved 7951: 7925:. Retrieved 7905: 7884: 7875: 7866: 7857: 7849:the original 7844: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7808: 7784:. Retrieved 7776:hand-fan.org 7775: 7766: 7754:. Retrieved 7745: 7736: 7724:. Retrieved 7710: 7702: 7697: 7688: 7679: 7669: 7666:Water Margin 7665: 7663: 7656:, retrieved 7633: 7629: 7622: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7592:, retrieved 7569:Modern China 7568: 7561: 7551: 7550: 7543:, retrieved 7520: 7515: 7508: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7422: 7413: 7401:. Retrieved 7392: 7383: 7364: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7313: 7307: 7298: 7286:. Retrieved 7277: 7268: 7245: 7239: 7220: 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7179: 7177:Yao (2000). 7172: 7163:the original 7152: 7140:. Retrieved 7120: 7113: 7101:. Retrieved 7081: 7074: 7062:. Retrieved 7042: 6999: 6981: 6965: 6953:. Retrieved 6949:the original 6944: 6935: 6923:. Retrieved 6916:the original 6911: 6899: 6887:. Retrieved 6883:the original 6878: 6875:"廣東三寶之一禾稈草" 6869: 6864:(2013) p. 3. 6861: 6856: 6847: 6832: 6827: 6808: 6802: 6783: 6777: 6753:23 September 6751:. Retrieved 6741: 6729:. Retrieved 6709: 6702: 6690:. Retrieved 6683:the original 6670: 6658:. Retrieved 6654:the original 6648: 6641: 6631:10 September 6629:. 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Retrieved 6485:the original 6471: 6451: 6443: 6438: 6376:Peking opera 6321:Chinese name 6306:Chinese jade 6261:Chinese food 6175:China portal 5958:Song dynasty 5881:Dragon dance 5646: 5639: 5636: 5610:Qing dynasty 5594:Qing dynasty 5581: 5580:, literally 5577: 5576: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5520:Food culture 5499: 5480: 5469: 5450: 5321: 5312:Spring rolls 5308:Spring rolls 5284: 5246:A number of 5245: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5156: 5150: 5140: 5125:Five Animals 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5040:Martial arts 5029: 5026:Zhou dynasty 5017: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952:Yellow River 4944: 4914:Song dynasty 4909: 4902:Ming dynasty 4898:Tang dynasty 4887: 4879: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4839: 4833: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4766: 4764: 4697:architecture 4694: 4661:Liao dynasty 4619:Architecture 4609:Dragon dance 4601: 4562: 4547:Tang dynasty 4541: 4530: 4527:Zhou dynasty 4516: 4479: 4434:Four Symbols 4427: 4407: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4354: 4316: 4306: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4267: 4260:mythological 4257: 4250:Relief of a 4174: 4167:Relief of a 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4052: 3983: 3965:Chinese jade 3959:Chinese jade 3949:Ming dynasty 3934: 3888: 3858: 3846:Tang dynasty 3831: 3788: 3762:Ming dynasty 3751: 3741: 3714:Tang dynasty 3711: 3701: 3697: 3694:Song dynasty 3675: 3655: 3653: 3639:Qing dynasty 3613:Song dynasty 3602: 3567: 3563: 3550: 3548: 3540:sky lanterns 3535:chōchin moji 3533: 3529: 3523: 3481: 3454:variety arts 3446:papercutting 3425: 3414: 3411:Palaeolithic 3392: 3376: 3345: 3318: 3290: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3253:Shanghainese 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3175: 3167: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3127:Qing dynasty 3124: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3085: 3081: 3080:closed. The 3077: 3058:Han clothing 3055: 3030: 2996: 2992: 2989:Water Margin 2988: 2984: 2983:argues that 2976:Qing dynasty 2972:Ming dynasty 2968: 2964:Song dynasty 2953: 2949:Youyang Zazu 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2894: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2771:Yuan dynasty 2764: 2754: 2737: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2679: 2677: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645:Qing dynasty 2641:Ming dynasty 2636: 2628: 2612: 2601:Tang dynasty 2597:Central Asia 2592: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2560: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2527: 2519: 2512:Song dynasty 2503: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2468:lyric poetry 2465: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2393:Tang dynasty 2386: 2369:Lantingji Xu 2367: 2322:Yin and Yang 2311: 2305: 2278:Zhou dynasty 2275: 2253: 2243: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2179: 2086: 2071: 2067:Song dynasty 2063:movable type 2044: 2032:Tao Te Ching 2030: 2020: 2010: 2000: 1984: 1943: 1937: 1907:thought and 1894: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1863:intellectual 1850: 1846: 1845:(百家爭鳴/百家争鸣; 1842: 1828: 1785:Zhou dynasty 1770: 1755:Song dynasty 1736: 1729:Confucianism 1706: 1696: 1676:Tao Te Ching 1674: 1656: 1642: 1639:Confucianism 1630: 1625: 1609: 1603: 1563:oracle bones 1556: 1502: 1494:Jade Emperor 1479: 1460:Confucianism 1449: 1394:Confucianism 1353: 1322: 1304: 1285:Song dynasty 1278: 1270:Zhou dynasty 1250: 1226: 1220: 1210:bamboo shoot 1177:Tang dynasty 1165: 1067: 1058: 989: 983: 951:ethnic group 941: 921:four classes 918: 877:martial arts 861:architecture 838: 807: 783: 782: 700:Coat of arms 675:Architecture 650:Martial arts 444:Tea ceremony 334:1949–present 249: 234: 218: 202: 200:lead section 169: 160: 150: 143: 136: 129: 117: 105:Please help 100:verification 97: 73: 66: 60: 59:Please help 56: 39: 26: 9683:Golden Week 9593:Turnip cake 9497:Firecracker 9392:Asia portal 9293:States with 9213:Philippines 9153:South Korea 9148:North Korea 9043:Afghanistan 8952:7 September 8915:9 September 8746:Chinese Tea 8622:Preface of 6731:26 November 6692:14 February 6660:8 September 6241:Chinese art 6105:Chinese tea 6033:, 1425–1436 5956:(1244 CE), 5853:performance 5691:Jin culture 5657:Hui culture 5604:. When the 5590:Han Chinese 5565:Beihai Park 5476:Han dynasty 5423:Chinese tea 5417:Tea culture 5268:bone domino 5220:many others 5116:Shaolinquan 4976:Qin dynasty 4771:Qin dynasty 4355:The Qilin ( 4228:during the 4109:Han dynasty 4049:immortality 3854:calligraphy 3823:Han dynasty 3722:Aurel Stein 3668:lacquerware 3564:sky candles 3470:Sky lantern 3443:Han dynasty 3380:Renaissance 3261:chèuhngsāam 3208:Han Chinese 3192:banner gown 3125:During the 3048:'s tomb in 2931:Sou Shen Ji 2674:Qu (poetry) 2609:Wen Tingyun 2488:Changduanju 2462:Ci (poetry) 2424:Quantangwen 2417:Quantangshi 2382:Jin dynasty 2358:Tang poetry 2316:within the 2216:traditions. 2182:calligraphy 2175:Jin dynasty 2152:Calligraphy 2059:Printmaking 2043:'s seminal 1868:Qin dynasty 1789:Han dynasty 1671:realpolitik 1329:Han dynasty 1301:meritocracy 1293:Sui dynasty 1266:Chinese law 1217:hickory nut 1194:aged ginger 1168:Han dynasty 1016:family name 944:Han Chinese 324:before 1912 9696:Categories 9603:Melon seed 9573:Lotus seed 9467:Lion dance 9273:Uzbekistan 9248:Tajikistan 9163:Kyrgyzstan 9143:Kazakhstan 9063:Bangladesh 9053:Azerbaijan 8576:1 November 8546:10 January 8428:1 November 8273:30 October 8198:30 October 8176:. London: 8139:30 October 8108:30 October 8065:30 October 8026:30 October 7973:30 October 7927:30 October 7545:30 October 7523:, Vol. 2, 7201:29 October 7142:29 October 7103:29 October 7064:29 October 6879:Huaxia.com 6860:Rui Wang, 6525:10 October 6491:10 October 6463:References 6027:Ming table 6009:Oolong tea 5866:Lion dance 5560:concubines 5544:putongkuai 5411:Chopsticks 5266:and other 5236:lion dance 5185:"southern" 5173:northern"( 5167:wàijiāquán 5151:nèijiāquán 5147:(內家拳/内家拳; 5079:"families" 5073:, are the 4613:Lion Dance 4374:chimerical 4313:Wade–Giles 4205:auspicious 4103:, and the 4085:, and the 4037:durability 3512:Chinatowns 3348:visual art 3241:courtesans 3202:/长袍). The 2974:and early 2891:collection 2801:(散曲). The 2761:Wade–Giles 2534:Sima Guang 2496:characters 2401:Golden Age 2378:Wang Xizhi 2266:Literature 2171:Wang Xizhi 2089:illiterate 1855:lifestyles 1703:Wade–Giles 1667:Shen Buhai 1513:philosophy 1509:literature 1474:and other 1321:wrote the 1251:Since the 1229:". The 31 965:), 76% of 948:East Asian 905:traditions 889:philosophy 873:literature 818:Sinosphere 623:Television 572:Literature 416:Traditions 380:Sinosphere 221:March 2024 163:March 2019 133:newspapers 62:improve it 9588:Taro cake 9492:Fireworks 9359:Hong Kong 9313:Palestine 9238:Sri Lanka 9233:Singapore 9113:Indonesia 8967:山西方言與山西文化 8845:1 January 8806:9 January 8780:9 January 8699:: 18955. 8666:cite book 8620:from the 8446:. p. 348 8394:. p. 348 8344:8 January 7786:8 January 7756:8 January 7274:"Zou Yan" 7018:cite book 6418:Tian-tsui 6226:Bian Lian 5954:Chen Rong 5927:Chongqing 5838:(西遊記/西游记) 5514:Green tea 5487:Shen Nong 5382:Cantonese 5353:subarctic 5333:Seasoning 5103:"schools" 5022:King Jing 4993:Moon gate 4714:Feng shui 4557:Bian Lian 4537:Confucius 4412:Sima Qian 4391:Zuo Zhuan 4252:fenghuang 4242:Fenghuang 4236:Fenghuang 4107:. 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