135:
164:
498:
25:
555:
and begins to replicate within the endosome. The reticulate bodies must use some of the host's cellular machinery to complete their replication. The reticulate bodies then convert back to elementary bodies, and are released back into the lung, often after causing the death of the host cell. The EBs
576:
was described in 1907, but was assumed to be a virus, as it could not be grown on artificial media. In the winter of 1929โ1930, a psittacosis pandemic spread across the United States and Europe. Its mortality rate was 20% and as high as 80% for pregnant women. The disease's spread was eventually
753:
can be used to treat this condition. The drugs are given intravenously or orally, depending on drug choice. Treatment should continue for 10โ14 days after the fever subsides. In children or pregnant women, though, tetracycline should not be used. Ibuprofen or acetominophen, and fluids are also
800:"Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms"
476:
workers and for people in contact with birds. Serovar E isolates (known as Cal-10, MP or MN) have been obtained from a variety of avian hosts worldwide and, although they were associated with the 1920sโ1930s outbreak in humans, a specific
601:
was originally classified from the 1960s to 1999 as a species of this sole genus. In 1999, the order
Chlamydiales was assigned two new families (Parachlamydiaceae and Simkaniaceae), and within the family Chlamydiaceae, the genus
572:, psittacosis, was first characterized in 1879 when seven individuals in Switzerland were found to experience pneumonia after exposure to tropical pet birds. The causative pathogen was not known. The related bacterial species
1297:
560:
is divided between the elementary body which is able to infect new hosts, but can not replicate, and the reticulate body, which replicates, but is not able to cause new infection.
1290:
1841:
718:. A total of 911 core genes were found to be present in all 20 strains sequenced by Read et al., corresponding to 90% of the genes present in each genome.
585:
was identified in 1930 as the agent responsible for psittacosis, it was not found to be a bacterium until examination by electron microscopy in the 1960s.
624:. However, this reclassification "was not wholly accepted or adopted" among microbiologists, which "resulted in a reversion to the single, original genus
1283:
552:
512:
1101:"Chlamydiaceae Genomics Reveals Interspecies Admixture and the Recent Evolution of Chlamydia abortus Infecting Lower Mammalian Species and Humans"
1802:
1318:
1887:
342:
is transmitted by inhalation, contact, or ingestion among birds and to mammals. Psittacosis in birds and in humans often starts with
998:"Compendium of Measures to Control Chlamydia psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017"
1789:
1040:
Vorimore F, Hsia RC, Huot-Creasy H, Bastian S, Deruyter L, Passet A, Sachse K, Bavoil P, Myers G, Laroucau K (20 September 2013).
1828:
1203:"Comparative analysis of Chlamydia psittaci genomes reveals the recent emergence of a pathogenic lineage with a broad host range"
89:
61:
1266:
1833:
68:
686:
infection is also associated with schizophrenia. Many other kinds of infections have been associated with schizophrenia.
42:
754:
administered. Cannabis or tobacco smoke should be avoided. While taking tetracycline, dairy products should be avoided.
108:
75:
1275:
481:
for serovar E has not been identified. The M56 and WC serovars were isolated during outbreaks in mammals. Many
469:
57:
46:
1042:"Isolation of a New Chlamydia species from the Feral Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus): Chlamydia ibidis"
556:
are thereafter able to infect new cells, either in the same organism or in a new host. Thus, the lifecycle of
1450:
1474:
1691:
1366:
412:
511:
is a small bacterium (0.5ฮผm) that undergoes several transformations during its lifecycle. It exists as an
1815:
142:
163:
1682:
1663:
1629:
735:
419:. Stress will commonly trigger onset of severe symptoms, resulting in rapid deterioration and death.
1636:
1585:
727:
1675:
35:
82:
1807:
1718:
1668:
1509:
1310:
703:
343:
293:
996:
Balsamo G, Maxted AM, Midla JW, Murphy JM, Wohrle R, Edling TM, et al. (September 2017).
1643:
1574:
956:"Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: A review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences"
659:
355:
248:
1859:
997:
1882:
1763:
1622:
1615:
1565:
1445:
1413:
1053:
671:
1148:
Arias I (April 2012). "Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis".
376:, and infections can be inapparent, severe, acute, or chronic with intermittent shedding.
8:
1391:
1306:
955:
763:
665:
520:
359:
1057:
1379:
1356:
1227:
1202:
1183:
1125:
1100:
1076:
1041:
936:
731:
270:
158:
1846:
1854:
1750:
1543:
1262:
1255:
1232:
1175:
1130:
1081:
1022:
975:
928:
924:
889:
862:
817:
428:
392:
225:
1305:
1755:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1435:
1430:
1419:
1222:
1214:
1187:
1165:
1157:
1120:
1112:
1099:
Joseph SJ, Marti H, Didelot X, Castillo-Ramirez S, Read TD, Dean D (October 2015).
1071:
1061:
1012:
967:
940:
920:
852:
807:
373:
134:
1700:
1384:
1336:
1161:
1066:
971:
404:
381:
1696:
1654:
1489:
1314:
857:
836:
536:
516:
473:
812:
799:
1876:
1741:
1514:
1327:
612:
578:
535:, and is responsible for infection. Once in the lungs, the EB is taken up by
532:
486:
461:
351:
215:
1820:
1606:
1425:
1236:
1179:
1134:
1085:
1026:
979:
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866:
821:
746:
544:
497:
465:
424:
322:. Potential hosts include feral birds and domesticated poultry, as well as
205:
1218:
893:
1558:
1533:
1116:
551:, as is typical for phagocytosed material. Instead, it transforms into a
408:
315:
195:
185:
146:
1794:
1499:
1170:
654:
457:
400:
388:
384:
354:
in birds until activated by stress. Birds are excellent, highly mobile
1201:
Read TD, Joseph SJ, Didelot X, Liang B, Patel L, Dean D (March 2013).
593:
For several decades, the family
Chlamydiaceae contained a sole genus,
1776:
1580:
1346:
953:
750:
524:
478:
347:
304:
1712:
1017:
464:, and has also been identified as the cause of abortion in herds of
24:
1781:
1735:
1590:
1403:
1362:
548:
540:
453:
449:
435:
363:
307:
297:
175:
1098:
438:. All should be considered to be readily transmissible to humans.
954:
Harkinezhad, Taher; Geens, Tom; Vanrompay, Daisy (1 March 2009).
715:
647:
523:
stresses and can survive outside a host. The EB travels from an
1768:
707:
445:
396:
323:
311:
1261:(10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2003.
1039:
771:
335:
331:
319:
1371:
528:
431:
300:
519:. The EB is not biologically active, but is resistant to
416:
399:
eventually develops and the bacteria become localized in
327:
995:
906:
1200:
492:
797:
434:that differ by <0.8%, and belong to eight known
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1254:
547:. However, the EB is not destroyed by fusion with
423:strains are similar in virulence, grow readily in
879:
793:
791:
632:." A new species was added to the reunited genus
1874:
804:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
639:What were once classified as the mammal-endemic
628:, which now encompasses all 9 species including
362:, because they feed on, and have access to, the
880:Dorrestein GM, Wiegman LJ (December 1989). "".
798:Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA (April 1999).
788:
1291:
991:
989:
911:DNA detection in the faeces of cage birds".
738:tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis.
721:
1141:
907:Sareyyupoglu B, Cantekin Z, Bas B (2007). "
900:
834:
1298:
1284:
986:
133:
1497:
1226:
1169:
1124:
1092:
1075:
1065:
1016:
873:
856:
811:
531:of an uninfected bird or person in small
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1541:
496:
828:
714:genomes encode between 1,000 and 1,400
1875:
636:in 2013, two more were added in 2014.
452:disease in humans, other mammals, and
1717:
1716:
1279:
1147:
1005:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1888:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
706:and has thus undergone significant
13:
1247:
726:In addition to symptoms and CHX,
657:are today three separate species,
493:Life cycle and method of infection
366:of infected animals of all sorts.
14:
1899:
264:(Lillie 1930) Everett et al. 1999
925:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01060.x
581:imported from Argentina. Though
162:
23:
1257:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
1194:
610:and the newly designated genus
415:. It can also be passed in the
346:and becomes a life-threatening
34:needs additional citations for
1033:
947:
837:"Serotyping of US isolates of
835:Andersen AA (September 2005).
448:birds and has caused sporadic
1:
841:from domestic and wild birds"
781:
606:was divided into two genera,
456:. Serovar B is endemic among
1692:Streptobacillus moniliformis
1162:10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.026
1105:Genome Biology and Evolution
1067:10.1371/journal.pone.0074823
972:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.046
741:
7:
1451:Louse borne relapsing fever
757:
689:
678:
588:
485:strains are susceptible to
444:serovar A is endemic among
143:Direct fluorescent antibody
10:
1904:
1475:Tick borne relapsing fever
858:10.1177/104063870501700514
577:attributed to exposure to
563:
1725:
1683:Fusobacterium polymorphum
1664:Fusobacterium necrophorum
1653:
1630:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
1605:
1532:
1488:
1401:
1344:
1335:
1326:
813:10.1099/00207713-49-2-415
736:polymerase chain reaction
722:Confirmation of diagnosis
460:, has been isolated from
276:
269:
254:
247:
159:Scientific classification
157:
149:impression smear showing
141:
132:
125:
1637:Porphyromonas gingivalis
1586:Lymphogranuloma venereum
468:. Serovars C and D are
403:and macrophages of most
380:strains in birds infect
358:for the distribution of
1676:Fusobacterium nucleatum
960:Veterinary Microbiology
806:. 49 Pt 2 (2): 415โ40.
732:microimmunofluorescence
413:gastrointestinal tracts
296:species that may cause
294:intracellular bacterial
1847:chlamydophila-psittaci
1727:Chlamydophila psittaci
1510:Leptospira interrogans
913:Zoonoses Public Health
909:Chlamydophila psittaci
839:Chlamydophila psittaci
774:Phascolarctos cinereus
704:intracellular pathogen
622:Chlamydophila psittaci
568:The disease caused by
505:
350:. Many strains remain
279:Chlamydophila psittaci
1644:Prevotella intermedia
1575:Chlamydia trachomatis
1219:10.1128/mBio.00604-12
882:Tijdschr Diergeneeskd
845:J. Vet. Diagn. Invest
574:Chlamydia trachomatis
539:in a pouch called an
500:
1623:Tannerella forsythia
1616:Bacteroides fragilis
1566:Chlamydia pneumoniae
1446:Borrelia recurrentis
1414:Borrelia burgdorferi
470:occupational hazards
58:"Chlamydia psittaci"
43:improve this article
16:Species of bacterium
1669:Lemierre's syndrome
1392:Treponema denticola
1058:2013PLoSO...874823V
728:complement fixation
360:chlamydia infection
1554:Chlamydia psittaci
1380:Treponema carateum
1357:Treponema pallidum
1307:Bacterial diseases
1117:10.1093/gbe/evv201
684:Chlamydia psittaci
509:Chlamydia psittaci
506:
442:Chlamydia psittaci
372:in birds is often
370:Chlamydia psittaci
314:, and respiratory
289:Chlamydia psittaci
258:Chlamydia psittaci
127:Chlamydia psittaci
1870:
1869:
1855:Open Tree of Life
1719:Taxon identifiers
1710:
1709:
1601:
1600:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1484:
1483:
1268:978-0-13-049147-3
393:respiratory tract
344:flu-like symptoms
285:
284:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1895:
1863:
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1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1824:
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1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1714:
1713:
1539:
1538:
1495:
1494:
1470:Borrelia parkeri
1464:Borrelia duttoni
1458:Borrelia hermsii
1436:Neuroborreliosis
1431:Erythema migrans
1420:Borrelia afzelii
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1213:(2): e00604โ12.
1198:
1192:
1191:
1173:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1037:
1031:
1030:
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1002:
993:
984:
983:
951:
945:
944:
904:
898:
897:
877:
871:
870:
860:
832:
826:
825:
815:
795:
710:reduction. Most
401:epithelial cells
385:epithelial cells
260:
240:C. psittaci
167:
166:
137:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1903:
1902:
1898:
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1873:
1872:
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1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
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1780:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:Haverhill fever
1649:
1597:
1520:
1480:
1397:
1337:Spirochaetaceae
1322:
1304:
1269:
1253:
1250:
1248:Further reading
1245:
1244:
1199:
1195:
1156:(1โ3): 128โ36.
1146:
1142:
1111:(11): 3070โ84.
1097:
1093:
1038:
1034:
1018:10.1647/217-265
1000:
994:
987:
952:
948:
919:(6โ7): 237โ42.
905:
901:
888:(24): 1227โ36.
878:
874:
833:
829:
796:
789:
784:
760:
744:
724:
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681:
591:
566:
553:reticulate body
513:elementary body
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1773:
1760:
1747:
1731:
1729:
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1722:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:Rat-bite fever
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1659:
1657:
1655:Fusobacteriota
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
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1530:
1529:
1526:
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1522:
1521:
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1505:
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1492:
1490:Leptospiraceae
1486:
1485:
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1478:
1454:
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1440:
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1433:
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1409:
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1399:
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1375:
1374:
1369:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1315:proteobacteria
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1193:
1150:Schizophr. Res
1140:
1091:
1032:
1011:(3): 262โ282.
985:
966:(1โ2): 68โ77.
946:
899:
872:
827:
786:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
769:
759:
756:
743:
740:
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691:
688:
680:
677:
590:
587:
579:Amazon parrots
565:
562:
515:(EB) between
494:
491:
487:bacteriophages
474:slaughterhouse
303:chlamydiosis,
283:
282:
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155:
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139:
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117:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1900:
1889:
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1881:
1880:
1878:
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1856:
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1848:
1843:
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1817:
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1809:
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1774:
1770:
1765:
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1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:
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1537:
1535:
1531:
1516:
1515:Leptospirosis
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
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1487:
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1472:
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1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Spirochaetota
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:gram negative
1308:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
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1281:
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1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
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1059:
1055:
1052:(9): e74823.
1051:
1047:
1043:
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1024:
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981:
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918:
914:
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903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
868:
864:
859:
854:
851:(5): 479โ82.
850:
846:
842:
840:
831:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
787:
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32:This article
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527:bird to the
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206:Chlamydiales
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99:October 2023
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1883:Chlamydiota
1559:Psittacosis
1534:Chlamydiota
1171:10481/90076
712:C. psittaci
700:C. psittaci
694:Like other
643:abortion, '
641:C. psittaci
630:C. psittaci
618:C. psittaci
599:C. psittaci
583:C. psittaci
570:C. psittaci
558:C. psittaci
503:C. psittaci
483:C. psittaci
421:C. psittaci
409:conjunctiva
397:Septicaemia
389:macrophages
378:C. psittaci
340:C. psittaci
316:psittacosis
186:Chlamydiota
151:C. psittaci
147:mouse brain
145:stain of a
1877:Categories
1500:Leptospira
782:References
751:macrolides
660:C. abortus
655:guinea pig
446:psittacine
196:Chlamydiia
69:newspapers
1581:Chlamydia
1544:Chlamydia
1347:Treponema
767:infection
765:Chlamydia
742:Treatment
696:Chlamydia
672:C. caviae
634:Chlamydia
626:Chlamydia
620:becoming
608:Chlamydia
604:Chlamydia
595:Chlamydia
549:lysosomes
479:reservoir
454:tortoises
436:serotypes
352:quiescent
348:pneumonia
310:in other
308:outbreaks
305:epizootic
234:Species:
227:Chlamydia
1808:10032145
1736:Wikidata
1591:Trachoma
1404:Borrelia
1363:Syphilis
1237:23532978
1180:22104141
1135:26507799
1086:24073223
1046:PLOS ONE
1027:28891690
980:19054633
933:17803512
867:16312243
822:10319462
758:See also
716:proteins
690:Genomics
679:Diseases
666:C. felis
589:Taxonomy
541:endosome
533:droplets
525:infected
450:zoonotic
429:16S rRNA
374:systemic
364:detritus
271:Synonyms
212:Family:
182:Phylum:
176:Bacteria
172:Domain:
1795:3228247
1742:Q134275
1309:due to
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1188:2687441
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1077:3779242
1054:Bibcode
941:9087999
894:2617495
772:Koala (
616:, with
564:History
462:turkeys
458:pigeons
427:, have
391:of the
382:mucosal
356:vectors
312:mammals
298:endemic
222:Genus:
202:Order:
192:Class:
83:scholar
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1834:960467
1782:CHLMPS
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334:, and
324:cattle
320:humans
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1821:89286
1803:IRMNG
1756:5XWRX
1385:Pinta
1367:bejel
1184:S2CID
1001:(PDF)
937:S2CID
537:cells
529:lungs
517:hosts
432:genes
332:sheep
301:avian
90:JSTOR
76:books
1842:LPSN
1829:ITIS
1790:GBIF
1777:EPPO
1372:Yaws
1313:non-
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543:by
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328:pigs
62:news
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