44:
2238:
31:
184:
340:
wall (D). On release each autospore grows to become a new individual. The presence of sulphur in the culture medium is considered essential for cell division. It takes place even in the dark with sulphur alone as the source material but under light conditions nitrogen also required in addition. Pearsall and Loose (1937) reported the occurrence of motile cells in
339:
is asexual and azoosporic. The content of the cell divides into 2,4 (B), 8(C) sometimes daughter protoplasts. Each daughter protoplast rounds off to form a non-motile spore. These autospores (spores having the same distinctive shape as the parent cell) are liberated by the rupture of the parent cell
331:
They share many similarities with the higher plants, including the presence of asymmetrical flagellated cells, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope at mitosis, and the presence of phytochromes, flavonoids, and the chemical precursors to the cuticle.
300:. And haplospore, perennation (akinate and palmella stage). Asexual reproduction by mitospore absent in spyrogyra. Sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the type and formation of sex cells and it may be
369:
Post ripening phase - During this phase, each mature cell divides twice either in dark or in light. The cells formed in dark are known as dark to light phase, cells again grow in size.
253:
Most chlorophytes have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids (central proteinaceous body covered with a starch sheath) that are localised around the chloroplast.
1949:
443:
1937:
1943:
1753:
622:
262:
is by zoospores. They are flagellates produced from the parent cells by mitosis. Also by aplanospores, hypnospores, akinetes, Palmella stage, etc.
2388:
1955:
2085:
918:
2414:
1765:
1881:
167:
2362:
891:
2401:
569:"Molecular and morphological delimitation and generic classification of the family Oocystaceae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)"
348:
produces motile cells which might be gametes. These observations have an important bearing on the concept of the life cycle of
130:, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments
2406:
162:. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of
911:
226:
2473:
961:
2419:
956:
208:
510:
In older classifications, the term
Chlorophyceae is sometimes used to apply to all the green algae except the
1040:
1030:
1013:
904:
359:
has been studied in detail and the following four phases have been observed during the asexual reproduction.
279:. Members of the CW clade have flagella that are displaced in a "clockwise" (CW, 1–7 o'clock) direction e.g.
551:. 2nd ed. Kjøbenhavn, 434 pp. German translation (1890) of the 2nd Danish edition available at archive.org:
2511:
2506:
528:
43:
566:
2429:
637:
296:
Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by fragmentation. Asexual reproduction is by flagellated
199:
154:- or ribbon-shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called
896:
2478:
2315:
2301:
1045:
363:
Growth phase - During this phase the cells grow in size by utilizing the photosynthetic products.
689:
2501:
2455:
2263:
2450:
1008:
616:
283:. Members of the DO clade have flagella that are "directly opposed" (DO, 12–6 o'clock) e.g.
243:
They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta-carotene.
2465:
2442:
2246:
2393:
2336:
2241:
1987:
734:
580:
372:
Division phase - During this phase the parent cell wall ruptures and unicells are released.
259:
725:
Bendix S (1964-01-22). "Phenotypic
Variability in Certain Chlorella pyrenoidosa Strains".
8:
1406:
1389:
1299:
1147:
567:Ĺ tenclová, Lenka, Karolina FuÄŤĂková, Jan KaštovskĂ˝, and Marie PaĹľoutová (December 2017).
265:
738:
584:
554:. English translation (1895) of the 3rd Danish edition (1892) available at archive.org:
552:
1682:
1433:
1416:
1258:
1142:
1137:
1025:
1003:
991:
966:
604:
38:
857:
825:
793:
761:
2437:
2323:
2148:
2049:
2037:
1860:
1574:
1394:
1325:
1315:
1245:
1035:
998:
986:
976:
657:
596:
555:
407:
280:
194:
608:
366:
Ripening phase - In this phase the cells mature and prepare themselves for division.
2061:
2055:
2019:
1702:
1564:
1449:
1350:
950:
742:
701:
649:
588:
389:
97:
2153:
2136:
2043:
1569:
1552:
1335:
1294:
1162:
1152:
1132:
477:
2328:
746:
147:
2073:
2013:
1887:
1854:
1812:
1725:
1653:
1648:
1596:
1066:
981:
928:
503:
490:
464:
436:
425:
398:
284:
256:
The inner cell wall layer is made of cellulose and the outer layer of pectose.
2495:
2286:
2163:
2007:
1970:
1927:
1840:
1816:
1633:
1330:
1212:
1157:
135:
131:
78:
58:
568:
2224:
2079:
2067:
1807:
1638:
1628:
1428:
1380:
1253:
870:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway
838:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway
806:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway
774:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway
705:
661:
653:
600:
472:
416:
143:
2375:
2295:
2031:
2025:
1820:
1801:
1759:
1709:
1516:
1459:
1400:
1345:
1278:
1228:
1198:
1180:
1172:
309:
139:
68:
2231:
2158:
2126:
2112:
2095:
1643:
1320:
1109:
1100:
635:
523:
498:
485:
459:
127:
592:
275:, and chlorophycean DO clade, are defined by the arrangement of their
2380:
2349:
2310:
1896:
1792:
1658:
1542:
1340:
1120:
1089:
866:
834:
802:
770:
382:
301:
297:
163:
2257:
926:
435:
Along with these genera, AlgaeBase recognizes several taxa that are
352:
which at present is considered to be strictly asexual in character.
240:
The body may be unicellular, colonial, filamentous or multicellular.
2367:
2280:
2168:
1601:
1584:
1020:
511:
317:
276:
155:
2354:
2121:
1824:
1623:
1080:
678:
7th edition, pg. 335. W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York, 2005.
159:
151:
1515:
158:
located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides
2341:
2107:
1520:
1218:
932:
549:
Haandbog i den systematiske botanik. Anden gjennemsete udgave
272:
30:
1892:
1611:
1220:
385:
514:, and the internal division is considerably different.
268:
934:
636:
Lewis, Louise A. and
Richard M. McCourt (2004-10-01).
1742:
690:"The Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris in Pure Culture"
1691:
1415:
246:The chloroplast may be discoid, cup-shaped (e.g.
2493:
1244:
453:Other orders that have been recognized include:
1923:
1873:
1522:
1064:
912:
687:
681:
621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
506:are placed in Chlamydomonadales by AlgaeBase
480:are placed in Chlamydomonadales by AlgaeBase
467:are placed in Chlamydomonadales by AlgaeBase
328:has all three types of sexual reproduction.
638:"Green algae and the origin of land plants"
393:C.J.O'Kelly, Shin Watanabe, & G.L.Floyd
2237:
919:
905:
173:
29:
1791:
1540:
493:are placed in Sphaeropleales by AlgaeBase
413:(also known as Volvocales) – 1793 species
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
849:
817:
785:
753:
2494:
855:
823:
791:
759:
724:
2262:
2261:
1514:
900:
204:The whole section is a bulleted list.
2430:cd09ed2e-057f-4021-b709-a842b49db28a
664:– via onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
177:
344:. Bendix (1964) also observed that
335:The sole method of reproduction in
13:
14:
2523:
885:
2236:
182:
42:
291:
2247:Current definitions of Plantae
718:
668:
629:
560:
541:
1:
688:Pearsall WH, Loose L (1937).
534:
439:(i.e. unplaced to an order):
529:List of Chlorophyceae genera
7:
747:10.2216/i0031-8884-4-2-84.1
674:Raven, Evert and Eichhorn.
517:
202:. The specific problem is:
112:
10:
2528:
642:American Journal of Botany
250:), spiral or ribbon shaped
126:are one of the classes of
2270:
2219:
2135:
2094:
1983:
1968:
1919:
1910:
1869:
1849:
1838:
1787:
1778:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1679:
1675:
1610:
1583:
1551:
1536:
1532:
1510:
1458:
1442:
1424:
1378:
1374:
1308:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1240:
1211:
1189:
1171:
1119:
1099:
1079:
1075:
1060:
944:
856:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
824:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
792:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
760:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
376:
110:
105:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
355:Asexual reproduction in
314:Chlamydomonas, Eudorina
306:Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix
174:General characteristics
706:10.1098/rspb.1936.0075
654:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535
2451:Paleobiology Database
676:The Biology of Plants
381:As of May 2023,
357:Chlorella ellipsoides
322:Chlamydomonas, Volvox
271:The chlorophycean CW
2242:List of plant orders
2122:Pinopsida (conifers)
2108:Cycadopsida (cycads)
2100:(living gymnosperms)
1597:Leiosporocerotopsida
1316:Nephroselmidophyceae
573:Journal of Phycology
260:Asexual reproduction
209:improve this section
198:to meet Knowledge's
16:Class of green algae
2512:Green algae classes
2507:Chlorophyta classes
1950:Archaeopteridopsida
1683:Polysporangiophytes
1407:Klebsormidiophyceae
1390:Mesostigmatophyceae
1336:Chlorodendrophyceae
1300:Pyramimonadophyceae
1254:Prasinodermophyceae
1148:Compsopogonophyceae
739:1964Phyco...4...84B
611:– via PubMed.
585:2017JPcgy..53.1263S
547:Warming, E., 1884.
266:Sexual reproduction
166:and outer layer of
2141:(flowering plants)
2062:Lyginopteridopsida
1855:Eophyllophytopsida
1808:Zosterophyllopsida
1746:Paratracheophytes*
1524:sensu strictissimo
1434:Coleochaetophyceae
1417:Phragmoplastophyta
1259:Palmophyllophyceae
1181:Glaucocystophyceae
1143:Stylonematophyceae
1138:Porphyridiophyceae
927:Classification of
444:Dangeardinellaceae
2489:
2488:
2438:Open Tree of Life
2264:Taxon identifiers
2255:
2254:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2149:Basal angiosperms
2050:Gigantopteridales
1999:seed plant groups
1997:and other extinct
1964:
1963:
1938:Noeggerathiopsida
1906:
1905:
1861:Trimerophytopsida
1834:
1833:
1774:
1773:
1730:(vascular plants)
1695:Protracheophytes*
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1634:Andreaeobryopsida
1575:Jungermanniopsida
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1395:Chlorokybophyceae
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1326:Chloropicophyceae
1267:
1266:
1246:Prasinodermophyta
1207:
1206:
648:(10): 1535–1556.
593:10.1111/jpy.12581
470:Chlorococcales –
448:
430:
421:
412:
408:Chlamydomonadales
403:
394:
281:Chlamydomonadales
237:
236:
229:
200:quality standards
191:This section may
120:
119:
101:
2519:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2259:
2258:
2240:
2239:
2154:Core angiosperms
2142:
2101:
2096:Acrogymnospermae
2074:Peltaspermopsida
2056:Glossopteridales
2038:Corystospermales
2020:Callistophytales
2000:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1944:Aneurophytopsida
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1871:
1870:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1802:Barinophytopsida
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1703:Horneophytopsida
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1617:
1602:Anthocerotopsida
1590:
1585:Anthocerotophyta
1565:Haplomitriopsida
1558:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1512:
1511:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1450:Zygnematophyceae
1440:
1439:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1351:Trebouxiophyceae
1321:Picocystophyceae
1285:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1126:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1061:
973:
953:
938:
921:
914:
907:
898:
897:
879:
878:
876:
875:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
789:
783:
782:
780:
779:
757:
751:
750:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
700:(824): 451–501.
685:
679:
672:
666:
665:
633:
627:
626:
620:
612:
579:(6): 1263–1282.
564:
558:
545:
496:Tetrasporales –
483:Microsporales –
457:Dunaliellales –
446:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
390:Chaetopeltidales
232:
225:
221:
218:
212:
186:
185:
178:
92:
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2175:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2044:Czekanowskiales
1998:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1924:
1911:
1902:
1874:Moniliformopses
1865:
1839:
1830:
1780:Eutracheophytes
1779:
1770:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1692:
1680:
1663:
1654:Polytrichopsida
1649:Tetraphidopsida
1615:
1614:
1606:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1570:Marchantiopsida
1556:
1555:
1553:Marchantiophyta
1541:
1528:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1438:
1411:
1379:
1362:
1304:
1295:Mamiellophyceae
1276:
1263:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1185:
1167:
1163:Florideophyceae
1153:Rhodellophyceae
1133:Cyanidiophyceae
1124:
1123:
1115:
1095:
1065:
1056:
1055:
971:
949:
940:
925:
888:
883:
882:
873:
871:
854:
850:
841:
839:
822:
818:
809:
807:
790:
786:
777:
775:
758:
754:
723:
719:
710:
708:
686:
682:
673:
669:
634:
630:
614:
613:
565:
561:
546:
542:
537:
520:
478:Chlorococcaceae
379:
294:
233:
222:
216:
213:
206:
187:
183:
176:
91:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2470:
2460:
2447:
2434:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2346:
2333:
2320:
2307:
2292:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2080:Pentoxylopsida
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2014:Calamopityales
2010:
2003:
2001:
1978:
1971:Spermatophytes
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1928:Progymnosperms
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:Polypodiopsida
1890:
1888:Cladoxylopsida
1884:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1841:Euphyllophytes
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1813:Lycopodiopsida
1810:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1754:Cooksoniopsida
1749:
1747:
1733:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Oedipodiopsida
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1546:
1530:
1529:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1288:Prasinophytina
1282:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1235:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:incertae sedis
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
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1989:
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475:
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455:
454:
445:
442:
441:
440:
438:
431:– 941 species
427:
424:
422:– 792 species
418:
415:
409:
406:
404:– 225 species
400:
397:
391:
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371:
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360:
358:
353:
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248:Chlamydomonas
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137:
136:chlorophyll b
133:
132:chlorophyll a
129:
125:
124:Chlorophyceae
116:
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109:
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96:
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89:Chlorophyceae
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79:Chlorophytina
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64:
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59:Viridiplantae
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2271:
2225:paraphyletic
2137:Angiospermae
2114:
2113:Ginkgoales (
2086:Petriellales
2068:Medullosales
1995:(seed ferns)
1708:
1629:Sphagnopsida
1624:Takakiopsida
1557:(liverworts)
1523:
1517:Embryophytes
1471:(see below↓)
1429:Charophyceae
1399:
1381:Streptophyta
1355:
1233:land plants)
1221:
1190:
1108:
1101:Rhodelphidia
1088:
1031:Opisthokonta
935:
872:. Retrieved
865:
859:
851:
840:. Retrieved
833:
827:
819:
808:. Retrieved
801:
796:Chlorococcum
795:
787:
776:. Retrieved
769:
763:
755:
733:(2): 84–92.
730:
726:
720:
709:. Retrieved
697:
693:
683:
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645:
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631:
617:cite journal
576:
572:
562:
548:
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509:
497:
484:
473:Chlorococcum
471:
458:
452:
434:
417:Oedogoniales
395:– 16 species
380:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
325:
321:
313:
305:
295:
292:Reproduction
247:
223:
217:October 2013
214:
207:Please help
203:
192:
123:
121:
111:
94:
88:
52:
18:
2376:iNaturalist
2296:Wikispecies
2032:Cordaitales
2026:Caytoniales
1912:Lignophytes
1895:(ferns and
1821:spikemosses
1760:Rhyniopsida
1710:Aglaophyton
1589:(hornworts)
1460:Embryophyta
1443:Anydrophyta
1401:Spirotaenia
1346:Ulvophyceae
1279:Chlorophyta
1229:green algae
1199:Algospongia
1173:Glaucophyta
1125:(red algae)
449:- 1 species
411:F.E.Fritsch
310:anisogamous
211:if you can.
140:chloroplast
128:green algae
75:Subphylum:
69:Chlorophyta
2496:Categories
2159:Magnoliids
2127:Gnetopsida
1897:horsetails
1825:quillworts
1817:clubmosses
1793:Lycophytes
1766:Renaliales
1543:Bryophytes
1121:Rhodophyta
1110:Rhodelphis
874:2022-02-25
860:Tetraspora
842:2022-02-25
828:Microspora
810:2022-02-25
778:2022-02-25
764:Dunaliella
727:Phycologia
711:2024-08-13
535:References
524:Cladistics
499:Tetraspora
486:Microspora
460:Dunaliella
350:Chlorella,
148:reticulate
65:Division:
2311:AlgaeBase
1659:Bryopsida
1612:Bryophyta
1341:UTC clade
1090:Picomonas
1026:Amoebozoa
1004:Alveolata
992:Cryptista
967:Eukaryota
892:AlgaeBase
867:AlgaeBase
835:AlgaeBase
803:AlgaeBase
771:AlgaeBase
383:AlgaeBase
346:Chlorella
342:Chlorella
337:Chlorella
302:isogamous
298:zoospores
164:cellulose
156:pyrenoids
2281:Wikidata
2169:Eudicots
2164:Monocots
1882:Ibykales
1616:(mosses)
1521:Plantae
1219:Plantae
1021:Amorphea
999:Rhizaria
987:Hacrobia
977:Excavata
962:Bacteria
933:Plantae
662:21652308
609:21278460
601:28833138
518:See also
512:Charales
429:Luerssen
318:Oogamous
277:flagella
193:require
113:See text
2287:Q132609
2232:extinct
1081:Picozoa
1036:Animals
957:Archaea
735:Bibcode
581:Bibcode
420:Heering
195:cleanup
168:pectose
144:discoid
142:may be
106:Orders
98:Warming
85:Class:
2466:432418
2463:uBio:
2443:275989
2427:NZOR:
2227:groups
2115:Ginkgo
1823:&
1681:
1277:
1014:Plants
951:Domain
660:
607:
599:
377:Orders
160:starch
152:spiral
138:. The
100:, 1884
93:Wille
2474:WoRMS
2456:54452
2389:IRMNG
2381:59713
2355:1CHLC
1231:&
1041:Fungi
605:S2CID
402:Wille
320:e.g.
312:e.g.
304:e.g.
273:clade
53:Clade
2420:3166
2415:NCBI
2407:5415
2402:ITIS
2394:1275
2363:GBIF
2350:EPPO
2342:3923
2316:4355
2230:†=
1222:s.s.
936:s.l.
658:PMID
623:link
597:PMID
502:and
489:and
476:and
463:and
447:Ettl
134:and
122:The
2479:802
2368:329
2337:EoL
2324:CoL
1519:or
1217:or
931:or
743:doi
702:doi
698:121
650:doi
589:doi
316:or
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615:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
