246:(ACEP) initially formed three independent task forces to evaluate whether to participate; by 2012 all three task forces recommended against participation because the recommendations do not recognize that emergency physicians need extra tests, since they do not know the patients, do not recognize that emergency physicians need to eliminate every life-threatening possibility, will lead to refusals by insurers to cover items on the lists, let other medical societies tell emergency physicians what to do, and because the campaign does not address
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395:. By 2015 and following the Choosing Wisely precedent established in the United States, doctors in Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Wales were exploring whether and how to bring ideas from Choosing Wisely to their countries. English doctors "are worried how patients will perceive the initiative." In 2018, Norway launched
2784:
136:, each society developed list of tests, treatments, or services which that specialty commonly overuses. The society shares this information with their members, as well as organizations who can publicize to local community groups, and in each community patients and doctors can consider the information as they like. The ABIM Foundation gave grants to help societies participate.
359:
decision making, and the number of tests recommended by specialists. Cedars–Sinai
Medical Center in Los Angeles put 100 of the 552 Choosing Wisely items in its electronic medical records. These give warnings to doctors, but only after they have finished talking to patients and order a procedure or drug, so too late to have the recommended discussion.
372:
Doctors analyzed many services listed as low value by
Choosing Wisely and other sources, and found that 25% or 42% of Medicare patients received at least one of these services in an average year, depending on definitions. The services represented 0.6% or 2.7% of Medicare costs and there was no significant pattern among types of physicians.
69:
65:
67:
20:
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In 2015 the campaign was criticized by Bob Lanier, executive director of a medical specialty society and past president of the Texas
Medical Association Foundation, who said that the recommendations were compiled by societies' executive committees without good evidence and without following standards
128:
was created to organise the creation of more "lists of five," later ten, and their distribution to more physicians and patients. Executive boards of societies, with or without participation by members, identify practices which their field may overuse. Each recommendation in the program must have the
2249:
Levinson, W.; Kallewaard, M.; Bhatia, R. S.; Wolfson, D.; Shortt, S.; Kerr, E. A.; Burgers, J.; Cucic, C.; Daniels, M.; Forde, I.; Geerlings, S.; Gogol, M.; Haverkamp, M.; Henderson, A.; Howson, H.; Huynh, T.; Kievit, J.; Klemperer, D.; Koizumi, S.; Lindner, R.; Maughan, D.; McDonald, K.; Peul, W.;
1344:
Emanuel, E.; Tanden, N.; Altman, S.; Armstrong, S.; Berwick, D.; De
Brantes, F. O.; Calsyn, M.; Chernew, M.; Colmers, J.; Cutler, D.; Daschle, T.; Egerman, P.; Kocher, B.; Milstein, A.; Oshima Lee, E.; Podesta, J. D.; Reinhardt, U.; Rosenthal, M.; Sharfstein, J.; Shortell, S.; Stern, A.; Orszag, P.
1015:
Emanuel, E.; Tanden, N.; Altman, S.; Armstrong, S.; Berwick, D.; De
Brantes, F. O.; Calsyn, M.; Chernew, M.; Colmers, J.; Cutler, D.; Daschle, T.; Egerman, P.; Kocher, B.; Milstein, A.; Oshima Lee, E.; Podesta, J. D.; Reinhardt, U.; Rosenthal, M.; Sharfstein, J.; Shortell, S.; Stern, A.; Orszag, P.
324:
said, "the present
Choosing Wisely campaign has fundamental flaws—not because it is medically wrong but because it attempts to replace choice and good judgment with a rigid set of rules that undoubtedly will have many exceptions. Based on what we have seen so far, we suspect that Choosing Wisely is
371:
campaign makes no provision to scientifically research its own efficacy, but academic centers are making plans to independently report on the impact of the campaign. The services targeted by the
Choosing Wisely lists have broad variance in how much impact they can have on patients' care and costs.
358:
A 2017 study reported that many patients and physicians found it challenging to use
Choosing Wisely recommendations, particularly when the patient had symptoms, and the doctor recommended against a test. Barriers "included malpractice concern, patient requests for services, lack of time for shared
139:
As of April 2018, there were 552 recommendations targeting a range of procedures to either question or avoid without special consideration. They can be searched online by key words, such as "back pain" but the numerous supporting footnotes on each recommendation are only in a pdf on the clinician
68:
207:
of giving patients some basis for understanding how to make decisions about their health care. Many recommendations in the campaign require clinical education to understand fully. Also many patients tend to follow the recommendations of their physicians without question, even if they have
143:
Between 2012 and 2023, more than 80 specialty societies highlighted examples. While these examples are no longer maintained and available on the website (www.choosingwisely.org), specialty societies are encouraged to publish individual lists. Many of these lists are accessible through
217:
model, in which doctors are paid on the basis of work they do, so they are paid for procedures they do, though not tests or procedures which they refer to others. This system creates incentives for doctors to provide additional treatments, rather than exercising evidence-based
565:
ABIM Foundation. American Board of
Internal Medicine; ACP-ASIM Foundation. American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine; European Federation of Internal Medicine. (5 February 2002). "Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter".
54:
The campaign has garnered both praise and criticism, and some of its ideas have spread to other countries. It does not include evaluation of its effects on costs, on discussions or on medical outcomes. Some doctors have said they lack time for the recommended discussions.
315:
A 2013 editorial in the journal of the
Netherlands Society of Cardiology reviewed the recommendations and recommended that something similar be proposed by the society; the piece did criticize the overly didactic nature of the recommendations, comparing them to the
333:
to reduce costs so that single-payer healthcare becomes affordable, will encourage biased studies by authors funded by insurers and health delivery systems, to cut their costs, and were influenced by grants available from the ABIM Foundation.
1090:
Forman, H. P.; Larson, D. B.; Kazerooni, E. A.; Norbash, A.; Crowe, J. K.; Javitt, M. C.; Beauchamp, N. J.; Mendelson, E. B. (2012). "Masters of Radiology Panel Discussion: Hyperefficient Radiology—Can We Maintain the Pace?".
225:". Since doctors do not want to be seen as withholding care, they are hesitant to change established behavior in any way that lessens the amount of treatment they order. Doctors say that they often feel pressure to engage in
45:
The campaign identifies over 500 tests and procedures and encourages doctors and patients to discuss, research, and possibly get second opinions, before proceeding with them. To conduct the campaign, the ABIM Foundation asks
232:
The motives of professional societies with Choosing Wisely lists has been questioned, as societies avoid targeting low-value care that generates income for their members, and instead target the practice of other health
50:
societies to make five to ten recommendations for preventing overuse of a treatment in their field. The foundation then publicizes this information, and the medical specialty societies disseminate it to their members.
564:
66:
2250:
Post, H.; Rodondi, N.; Santa, J.; Schoeler, R.; Smid, H.; Stephenson, T.; Trier, H.; van Barneveld, T.; van der Kraan, J.; Vernero, S.; Wagner, C. (2014). "'Choosing Wisely': a growing international campaign".
2442:
Wolfson, D. B. (2012). "Are the Top 5 Recommendations Enough to Improve Clinical Practice? Comment on "Application of 'Less is More' to Low Back Pain" - Top 5 Recommendations to Improve Clinical Practice".
164:
Acknowledge that physicians are increasing their use of diagnostic procedures without a proportional increase in patient benefits (improved outcomes). Consider the effects of overuse of diagnostic services.
104:
recommended that medical specialty societies, being stewards of a field, ought to publish a list of five things which they would like changed in their field and publicize it to their members. In 2011, the
325:
much more about saving money than improving patient care. We also predict it will be used by the unknowing or unscrupulous to further interfere with the doctor-patient relationship."
257:
said that the campaign was likely to "alter treatment standards in hospitals and doctors' offices nationwide" and one of their opinion writers said that many tests were unnecessary.
452:
Cassel, Christine. K. (of Choosing Wisely); Guest, James A. (of Consumer Reports) (2012). "Choosing Wisely - Helping Physicians and Patients Make Smart Decisions About Their Care".
109:
tested a project in which it organized the creation of some "top 5 lists". Analysis of the National Physician's Alliance project predicted that the health field could have saved
2531:
301:), that the lists were "redundant and highly subjective", and that participants in the effort would greedily benefit at the expense of others if the campaign succeeded.
793:
284:, Richard Robbin and Allen Thomas expressed concern that the campaign could be used by payers to limit options for doctors and patients. However, they declare the
1788:
329:
of practice or research, will lead to refusals by insurers to cover items on the lists, are biased against diagnostic testing, are an effort by supporters of
1441:"Do choosing wisely recommendations about low-value care target income-generating treatments provided by members? A content analysis of 1293 recommendations"
250:
to address defensive testing, and the campaign publicizes the items as "unnecessary tests" even though describing them as tests to discuss carefully.
2561:
1713:
1649:
1295:
1516:
1579:
320:, and expressed concern about whether they adequately addressed the difficulties of assessing risks for each patient. In 2013 critics in the
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In 2017 addiction specialists in Canada said the recommendation to wait for sobriety before treating depression was harmful and unjustified.
1680:
1543:
986:
Graber, M. L. (2012). "Bringing Diagnosis into the Quality and Safety Equations - Bringing Diagnosis into Quality and Safety Efforts".
376:
308:
provided USD $ 2.5 million in funding for the campaign, saying that the foundation wanted to "help increase the tangible impact of the
298:
113:
billion in 2009 by cutting spending on the 15 services in the lists from three societies, out of total US health spending that year of
1819:
843:
Dismuke, SE; Miller, ST (May 2013). ""Choosing wisely"--medicine's ethical responsibility for Healthcare Reform. The top five list".
222:
1491:
243:
494:"Perceived Barriers to Implementing Individual Choosing Wisely Recommendations in Two National Surveys of Primary Care Providers"
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by Kurt Eichenwald described a controversy around the ABIM Foundation's lack of transparency about its finances and functioning.
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2334:
820:
1528:
2554:
714:
Good Stewardship Working, G. (2011). "The "Top 5" Lists in Primary Care - Meeting the Responsibility of Professionalism".
35:
1129:
297:, criticized the program saying that it was "designed to sustain the rationale and ideology that shaped Obamacare" (the
1796:
2816:
2547:
2474:
2022:
McWilliams, J. Michael; Chernew, Michael E.; Elshaug, Adam G.; Landon, Bruce E.; Schwartz, Aaron L. (2014-07-01).
1872:
Tanguay, Robert L.; Lamba, Wiplove; Fraser, Ronald; Mills, Phillip; Azarbar, Ataa; el-Guebaly, Nady (2017-03-20).
2329:
2177:
1315:
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305:
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Roehr, B. (2012). "US specialties list five tests and treatments that doctors and patients can safely avoid".
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services. In many cases this fails to improve patient outcomes. This also subjects patients to unnecessary
106:
2665:
1837:
Casarett, David (31 March 2016). "The Science of Choosing Wisely — Overcoming the Therapeutic Illusion".
375:
The campaign has been cited as being part of a broader movement including many comparable campaigns. The
2774:
2717:
492:
Zikmund-Fisher, BJ; Kullgren, JT; Fagerlin, A; Klamerus, ML; Bernstein, SJ; Kerr, EA (February 2017).
2821:
609:
Brody, H. (2010). "Medicine's Ethical Responsibility for Health Care Reform — the Top Five List".
121:
billion of the savings were from one recommendation: using generic rather than brand name statin.
2570:
1935:
1492:"Pro/Con: Why ACEP Should Not Join the 'Choosing Wisely' Campaign - Emergency Physicians Monthly"
679:
Kuehn, B. M. (2012). "Movement to Promote Good Stewardship of Medical Resources Gains Momentum".
349:
330:
145:
39:
344:
In 2016 campaign was described as an attempt to encourage doctors and patients to recognize the
1944:
1685:
384:
293:
2079:
McWilliams, J. Michael; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Jena, Anupam B.; Schwartz, Aaron L. (2018-12-03).
1690:
280:
recommendations to be weak because they are not enforceable. In an editorial published in the
2680:
2629:
2609:
1061:
Quinn, K. (2012). "Reducing Radiology Use on an Inpatient Medical Service: Choosing Wisely".
380:
204:
2128:
Tiefer, L.; Witczak, K.; Heath, I. (2013). "A call to challenge the "Selling of Sickness"".
579:
203:
In communicating with patients a major challenge in the campaign is the problem inherent in
2800:
2624:
1874:"Alcohol use disorder and depression: proposed rewording of Choosing Wisely recommendation"
1276:"'Choosing Wisely' list is about good judgment, not curtailing care, medical societies say"
1275:
97:
47:
267:
noted that the campaign was "a rare coordinated effort among multiple medical societies".
8:
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73:
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or "therapeutic illusion" in choices to use treatments which have a basis outside of
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317:
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Living well with breast cancer by choosing wisely: A conversation with Amy Berman
2484:
1593:
1415:
1143:
960:
644:
Brody, H. (2012). "From an Ethics of Rationing to an Ethics of Waste Avoidance".
270:
While expressing the need for evidence-based healthcare recommendations, in 2012
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183:
873:
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1457:
509:
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2492:
2353:
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2047:
1975:"Choosing Wisely — the Politics and Economics of Labeling Low-Value Services"
1952:
1897:
1601:
1439:
Zadro, Joshua R.; Farey, John; Harris, Ian A.; Maher, Christopher G. (2019).
1151:
928:
272:
89:
2344:
1544:"Doctors unveil 'Choosing Wisely' campaign to cut unnecessary medical tests"
1205:
1190:"Choosing Wisely: Low-Value Services, Utilization, and Patient Cost Sharing"
999:
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101:
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1363:
1346:
1034:
1017:
920:
692:
465:
2739:
2409:"Materials Educate Patients to Make Wise Choices on Tests and Procedures"
1990:
1850:
1714:"Doctors Call Out 90 More Unnecessary Medical Tests, Procedures - Forbes"
1622:
1250:
1185:
657:
622:
247:
168:
1889:
1104:
1589:
1237:
Bloche, M. G. (2012). "Beyond the "R Word"? Medicine's New Frugality".
1139:
199:
campaign identifies the following difficulties in achieving its goals:
19:
2383:
2141:
1973:
Morden, N. E.; Colla, C. H.; Sequist, T. D.; Rosenthal, M. B. (2014).
491:
88:. The charter states that physicians have a responsibility to promote
1584:
1134:
263:
2471:
for an example of local public journalism of the campaign, consider
2081:"Analysis of Physician Variation in Provision of Low-Value Services"
1548:
752:
Kale, MS; Bishop, TF; Federman, AD; Keyhani, S (14 November 2011).
258:
93:
86:
Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a Physician Charter
2515:
178:
Before the 39th week of pregnancy, doctors should not perform a
2248:
2078:
31:
2021:
146:
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/collections/choosing-wisely.html
1580:"Coalition of medical societies urges questioning treatments"
1382:"Choosing (Medicine) Wisely: Good Answers for Good Questions"
1296:"Doctors Urge Their Colleagues To Quit Doing Worthless Tests"
129:
support of clinical guidelines, evidence, or expert opinion.
1343:
1089:
1014:
221:
Critics tend to view efforts to reduce medical services as "
1972:
2525:
Since March 2012, This person has posted commentary about
1820:"Medical mystery: making sense of ABIM's financial report"
751:
1347:"A Systemic Approach to Containing Health Care Spending"
1130:"Doctors group says some tests should be used sparingly"
1018:"A Systemic Approach to Containing Health Care Spending"
713:
383:
system. In April 2014, Choosing Wisely Canada launched.
1871:
379:
considered adapting concepts from the program into the
2242:
1647:
1623:"Evaluating medical treatments: Evidence, shmevidence"
1517:"Doctor Panels Urge Fewer Routine Tests - NYTimes.com"
261:
said that "the evidence is on the initiative's side."
2772:
1787:
Robbins, Richard A.; Thomas, Allen R. (4 June 2013).
1438:
391:
and the University of Toronto, and is chaired by Dr.
2523:
Dr. Daniel Wolfson's posts on ABIM Foundation's blog
1184:
2328:Størdal, Ketil; Hjörleifsson, Stefán (2023-10-24).
2327:
1615:
175:
and the possibility of further unnecessary testing.
2173:"Eine Choosing Wisely Initiative für Deutschland?"
2127:
1793:Southwest Journal of Pulmonary & Critical Care
322:Southwest Journal of Pulmonary & Critical Care
34:educational campaign, led by the ABIM Foundation (
2536:, personal testimony from a geriatric care expert
1650:"Will Fewer Tests Improve Healthcare or Profits?"
2808:
1654:Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care
1402:Badri, M. (2012). "Wise but Difficult Choices".
282:Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care
2413:The Journal of the American Medical Association
1780:
1194:The Journal of the American Medical Association
988:The Journal of the American Medical Association
681:The Journal of the American Medical Association
454:The Journal of the American Medical Association
396:
213:The United States medical system is based on a
2072:
1672:
1188:; Loewenstein, George; Asch, David A. (2012).
229:by conducting extra testing to avoid lawsuits.
2555:
1786:
1648:Robbins, Richard A.; Allen R. Thomas (2012).
1641:
1571:
842:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
2569:
2330:"Fem år med Gjør kloke valg – hjelper det?"
451:
402:
291:Also in 2012, Robert Goldberg, writing for
156:Some examples of the information shared in
2562:
2548:
2015:
1817:
1740:"Choosing wisely or beyond the guidelines"
1535:
747:
745:
672:
426:
417:) modeled on the Choosing Wisely program.
377:German Network for Evidence Based Medicine
299:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
2424:
2343:
2225:
2104:
2055:
1998:
1905:
1763:
1526:
1508:
1466:
1456:
1362:
1213:
1033:
936:
769:
517:
223:healthcare rationing in the United States
2202:"Choosing Wisely campaign well received"
1836:
1737:
1678:
1577:
1313:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
898:
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894:
868:
866:
815:
813:
707:
244:American College of Emergency Physicians
62:
18:
2472:
2441:
2199:
1489:
1483:
742:
580:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012
558:
2809:
2656:Caesarean delivery on maternal request
2335:Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
2170:
2024:"Measuring Low-Value Care in Medicare"
1865:
1789:"Choosing Wisely-Where Is the Choice?"
1711:
1541:
1236:
985:
953:
794:"Table 1 National Health Expenditures"
84:In 2002 the ABIM Foundation published
2543:
2406:
2369:
1929:Wang, Shirley S. (20 February 2013).
1679:Goldberg, Robert M. (13 April 2012).
1514:
1401:
1273:
1165:
1127:
1060:
902:
891:
863:
821:"All Choosing Wisely Recommendations"
810:
678:
643:
608:
487:
485:
483:
2475:"Saying no to surgery - latimes.com"
2206:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1928:
1878:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1527:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (2 June 2012).
1379:
1293:
909:Canadian Medical Association Journal
874:"Think Twice Before Choosing Wisely"
602:
498:Journal of General Internal Medicine
80:explains the campaign, 2 August 2012
2732:Works about unnecessary health care
1515:Rabin, Roni Caryn (April 4, 2012).
786:
288:recommendations a "welcome start."
140:page, without links to the papers.
36:American Board of Internal Medicine
13:
2363:
1738:Boer, M. -J.; Wall, E. E. (2012).
1712:Japsen, Bruce (21 February 2013).
905:"Choosing Wisely around the world"
480:
96:. As a practical way of achieving
14:
2838:
2507:
1681:"Obamacare's Medical Mercenaries"
1316:"Please, Don't Call It Rationing"
1093:American Journal of Roentgenology
2794:
2782:
1818:Eichenwald, Kurt (21 May 2015).
1578:Hellmich, Nanci (4 April 2012).
1314:Aliferis, Lisa (April 5, 2012).
2457:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1943
2321:
2294:
2193:
2178:Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
2164:
2121:
2097:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5086
2040:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1541
1979:New England Journal of Medicine
1966:
1931:"Group Urges Health-Test Curbs"
1922:
1839:New England Journal of Medicine
1830:
1811:
1731:
1705:
1432:
1351:New England Journal of Medicine
1335:
1265:
1239:New England Journal of Medicine
1230:
1128:Szabo, Liz (22 February 2013).
1121:
1075:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.4293
1052:
1022:New England Journal of Medicine
977:
836:
754:""Top 5" lists top $ 5 billion"
646:New England Journal of Medicine
611:New England Journal of Medicine
92:when some health resources are
16:U.S.-based educational campaign
2585:Direct-to-consumer advertising
2171:Strech, Daniel (30 May 2013).
1542:Jaslow, Ryan (April 4, 2012).
1294:Knox, Richard (4 April 2012).
1274:Berry, Emily (16 April 2012).
771:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.501
728:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.231
637:
534:
306:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
1:
2640:Political abuse of psychiatry
2445:Archives of Internal Medicine
2307:Norwegian Medical Association
1531:. The New York Times Company.
1490:Seaberg, David (2012-05-08).
1063:Archives of Internal Medicine
758:Archives of Internal Medicine
716:Archives of Internal Medicine
420:
190:
1496:Emergency Physicians Monthly
1445:BMC Health Services Research
1416:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31826418a5
1380:Katz, David (9 April 2012).
903:Vogel, Lauren (2015-08-11).
389:Canadian Medical Association
237:
107:National Physicians Alliance
7:
2666:Benzodiazepine use disorder
1529:"Let's (Not) Get Physicals"
568:Annals of Internal Medicine
186:unless medically necessary.
151:
10:
2843:
2718:Medication discontinuation
542:"Who We Are & History"
58:
2731:
2700:
2648:
2577:
2264:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003821
1756:10.1007/s12471-012-0352-0
1744:Netherlands Heart Journal
1458:10.1186/s12913-019-4576-1
510:10.1007/s11606-016-3853-5
362:
124:Continuing this project,
30:is a United States–based
2252:BMJ Quality & Safety
1404:Southern Medical Journal
961:"Search Recommendations"
2817:Evidence-based medicine
2571:Unnecessary health care
2473:Zamosky (10 May 2013).
2345:10.4045/tidsskr.23.0627
1936:The Wall Street Journal
1206:10.1001/jama.2012.13616
1000:10.1001/2012.jama.11913
350:evidence-based medicine
331:single-payer healthcare
160:include the following:
40:unnecessary health care
2426:10.1001/jama.2012.5341
2085:JAMA Internal Medicine
2028:JAMA Internal Medicine
1686:The American Spectator
1345:R.; Spiro, T. (2012).
1016:R.; Spiro, T. (2012).
965:www.choosingwisely.org
397:
385:Choosing Wisely Canada
294:The American Spectator
81:
24:
2681:Proton-pump inhibitor
2630:Quaternary prevention
2610:Unwarranted variation
2407:Kuehn, B. M. (2012).
2218:10.1503/cmaj.109-4779
1364:10.1056/NEJMsb1205901
1035:10.1056/NEJMsb1205901
921:10.1503/cmaj.109-5111
693:10.1001/jama.2012.218
466:10.1001/jama.2012.476
304:In February 2013 the
205:patient-centered care
72:
23:Logo for the campaign
22:
2827:Alternative medicine
2701:Tools and situations
2649:Overused health care
2625:Prescription cascade
2302:"Om Gjør kloke valg"
2200:Glauser, W. (2014).
1991:10.1056/NEJMp1314965
1851:10.1056/NEJMp1516803
1251:10.1056/NEJMp1203521
658:10.1056/NEJMp1203365
623:10.1056/NEJMp0911423
387:is organized by the
100:, in 2010 physician
98:distributive justice
2723:Withdrawal syndrome
2671:Opioid use disorder
1890:10.1503/cmaj.732873
1387:The Huffington Post
1105:10.2214/AJR.12.9648
346:illusion of control
337:In 2015 a piece in
167:Physicians overuse
74:Christine K. Cassel
2747:The Treatment Trap
2620:Overmedicalization
2605:Defensive medicine
1521:The New York Times
845:Tennessee Medicine
412:Make smart choices
255:The New York Times
227:defensive medicine
173:ionizing radiation
132:To participate in
82:
25:
2770:
2769:
2761:Overdosed America
2676:Psychoactive drug
2661:Antibiotic misuse
2635:Disease mongering
2480:Los Angeles Times
2451:(13): 1020–1022.
2419:(21): 2245–2246.
2384:10.1136/bmj.e2601
2142:10.1136/bmj.f2809
1884:(11): E442–E443.
1845:(13): 1203–1205.
1245:(21): 1951–1953.
1200:(16): 1635–1636.
994:(12): 1211–1212.
915:(11): E341–E342.
722:(15): 1385–1390.
652:(21): 1949–1951.
460:(17): 1801–1802.
381:German healthcare
180:Caesarean section
70:
48:medical specialty
2834:
2822:Health campaigns
2799:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2754:Selling Sickness
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2519:
2518:
2516:Official website
2503:
2501:
2499:
2468:
2438:
2428:
2403:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2338:(in Norwegian).
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2212:(8): E239–E240.
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2034:(7): 1067–1076.
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:on 20 April 2014
1795:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1460:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1376:
1366:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1182:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1086:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1037:
1011:
981:
975:
974:
972:
971:
957:
951:
950:
940:
900:
889:
888:
886:
885:
870:
861:
860:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
817:
808:
807:
805:
804:
790:
784:
783:
773:
749:
740:
739:
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
669:
641:
635:
634:
606:
600:
599:
562:
556:
555:
553:
552:
538:
532:
531:
521:
489:
478:
477:
449:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
400:
318:Ten Commandments
120:
116:
112:
71:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2727:
2713:Choosing Wisely
2696:
2644:
2600:Fee-for-service
2573:
2568:
2527:Choosing Wisely
2514:
2513:
2510:
2497:
2495:
2366:
2364:Further reading
2361:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2247:
2243:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2126:
2122:
2077:
2073:
2020:
2016:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1927:
1923:
1870:
1866:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1540:
1536:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1488:
1484:
1437:
1433:
1392:
1390:
1357:(10): 949–954.
1340:
1336:
1324:
1322:
1304:
1302:
1284:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1235:
1231:
1183:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1126:
1122:
1057:
1053:
1028:(10): 949–954.
982:
978:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
901:
892:
883:
881:
872:
871:
864:
841:
837:
828:
826:
823:
819:
818:
811:
802:
800:
792:
791:
787:
750:
743:
712:
708:
677:
673:
642:
638:
607:
603:
563:
559:
550:
548:
546:ABIM Foundation
540:
539:
535:
490:
481:
450:
427:
423:
414:
411:
408:
405:
398:Gjør kloke valg
369:Choosing Wisely
365:
310:Choosing Wisely
286:Choosing Wisely
278:Choosing Wisely
240:
215:fee-for-service
197:Choosing Wisely
193:
158:Choosing Wisely
154:
134:Choosing Wisely
126:Choosing Wisely
118:
114:
110:
78:Choosing Wisely
63:
61:
28:Choosing Wisely
17:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Overmedication
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2509:
2508:External links
2506:
2505:
2504:
2469:
2439:
2404:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2320:
2310:(in Norwegian)
2293:
2258:(2): 167–174.
2241:
2192:
2163:
2120:
2071:
2014:
1965:
1921:
1864:
1829:
1810:
1779:
1730:
1704:
1693:on 9 July 2017
1671:
1640:
1629:. 16 June 2012
1614:
1570:
1534:
1507:
1482:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1410:(9): 491–492.
1399:
1377:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1320:blogs.kqed.org
1311:
1291:
1264:
1229:
1164:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1099:(4): 838–843.
1087:
1069:(20): 1606–8.
1051:
1049:
1048:
1012:
976:
952:
890:
878:www.texmed.org
862:
835:
809:
785:
764:(20): 1856–8.
741:
706:
687:(9): 895–903.
671:
636:
617:(4): 283–285.
601:
557:
533:
504:(2): 210–217.
479:
424:
422:
419:
393:Wendy Levinson
364:
361:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:professionals.
230:
219:
211:
192:
189:
188:
187:
176:
165:
153:
150:
60:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2839:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2802:
2801:United States
2792:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Deprescribing
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2692:incidentaloma
2690:treatment of
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Overdiagnosis
2593:
2591:
2590:Overscreening
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
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2542:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
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2490:
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2482:
2481:
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2470:
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2265:
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2257:
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2245:
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2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(7): 589–92.
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1628:
1627:economist.com
1624:
1618:
1603:
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1587:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1559:
1555:
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1550:
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1478:
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1425:
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323:
319:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
273:The Economist
268:
266:
265:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
231:
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161:
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90:health equity
87:
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2686:Polypharmacy
2532:
2526:
2496:. Retrieved
2478:
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2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2305:
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2183:. Retrieved
2176:
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2123:
2091:(1): 16–25.
2088:
2084:
2074:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1934:
1924:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1782:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1684:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1657:
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1520:
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1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1485:
1448:
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1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1385:
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1337:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1283:. Retrieved
1280:ama-assn.org
1279:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1197:
1193:
1186:Volpp, K. G.
1155:. Retrieved
1133:
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1066:
1062:
1054:
1025:
1021:
991:
987:
979:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
912:
908:
882:. Retrieved
880:. March 2015
877:
848:
844:
838:
827:. Retrieved
801:. Retrieved
797:
788:
761:
757:
719:
715:
709:
684:
680:
674:
649:
645:
639:
614:
610:
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574:(3): 243–6.
571:
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549:. Retrieved
545:
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501:
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453:
374:
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196:
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184:induce labor
157:
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133:
131:
125:
123:
102:Howard Brody
85:
83:
77:
53:
44:
27:
26:
2740:Overtreated
2485:Los Angeles
2181:(in German)
1958:22 February
1803:19 November
1723:22 February
1157:22 February
851:(5): 23–6.
798:www.cms.gov
312:campaign".
248:tort reform
169:radiography
2811:Categories
2314:2024-07-24
1750:(1): 1–2.
1718:forbes.com
1697:16 October
1664:10 October
1633:16 October
1607:15 October
1590:McLean, VA
1563:10 October
1501:2018-11-23
1451:(1): 707.
1393:24 October
1325:18 January
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1285:18 January
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