Christianization - Knowledge

2257: 3812: 1590: 1879: 4822:–397), the Pannonian ex-soldier who is "solely credited in the historical record as the militant converter of Gaul". These texts have been criticized for lacking historical veracity, even by ancient critics, but they are still useful for illuminating views of violence held in late fourth century Gaul. The portion of the sources devoted to attacks on pagans is limited, and they all revolve around Martin using his miraculous powers to overturn pagan shrines and idols, but not to ever threaten or harm people. Salzman concludes "None of Martin's interventions led to the deaths of any Gauls, pagan or Christian. Even if one doubts the exact veracity of these incidents, the assertion that Martin preferred non-violent conversion techniques says much about the norms for conversion in Gaul" at the time Martin's biography was written. Archaeologist David Riggs writes that evidence from 4671:, a site venerated and occupied by Jews, Christians, and pagans alike, the literature says Constantine ordered the burning of the idols, the destruction of the altar, and erection of a church on the spot of the temple. The archaeology of the site shows that Constantine's church, along with its attendant buildings, only occupied a peripheral sector of the precinct, leaving the rest unhindered. In Gaul of the fourth century, 2.4% of known temples and religious sites were destroyed, some by barbarians. In Africa, the city of Cyrene has good evidence of the burning of several temples; Asia Minor has produced one weak possibility; in Greece the only strong candidate may relate to a barbarian raid instead of Christians. Egypt has produced no archaeologically confirmed temple destructions from this period except the 3308: 3056: 3635: 2111: 2490: 3392: 3188: 3694:, telling the Pope it was needed to find heretics - specifically Jews pretending to be Christian so they could spy for Moslems who wanted their territory back. In actuality, it served state interests and consolidated power in the monarchy. The Spanish inquisition was originally authorized by the Pope, yet the initial inquisitors proved so severe that the Pope almost immediately opposed it and attempted to shut it down without success. Ferdinand is said to have pressured the Pope, and in October 1483, a papal bull conceded control of the inquisition to the Spanish crown. According to Spanish historian José Casanova, the Spanish inquisition became the first truly national, unified and centralized state institution. 3144: 1635: 2706: 4059: 1785: 4333: 1537: 3481: 2998: 1314:. Christianization has, for the most part, spread through missions by individual conversions, but has also, in some instances, been the result of violence by individuals and groups such as governments and militaries. Christianization is also the term used to designate the conversion of previously non-Christian practices, spaces and places to Christian uses and names. In a third manner, the term has been used to describe the changes that naturally emerge in a nation when sufficient numbers of individuals convert, or when secular leaders require those changes. Christianization of a nation is an ongoing process. 1985: 2990: 1491: 3820: 2643: 1821: 2019: 3511: 2296:, and there were no pagan martyrs during his reign. Pagans remained in important positions at his court. Constantine ruled for 31 years and despite personal animosity toward paganism, he never outlawed paganism. Making the adoption of Christianity beneficial was Constantine's primary approach to religion, and imperial favor was important to successful Christianization over the next century. Yet, Constantine did not institute many christianizing changes, and those measures he did enact did little to Christianize civic culture. 3595: 3384: 2043: 2511: 1691: 3562: 3258: 2863: 4365:(1925–1926) and in the anti-religious Maoist Era (1949–1976), "the impact of regime change, encounters with secular state-building, the church's involvement in transforming local religious and socio-economic landscapes, and the importance of religious agency", are all key factors in Chinese Christianity. There exists a multiplicity of Chinese Christian experiences and religiosity, and they all tend to reject the view that Christianity is incompatible with modern Chinese culture. 12873: 628: 4302:

was instrumental in motivating indigenous people, such as the Algerians, to work toward and fight for independence from foreign governments. This in turn, influenced global trends. In some colonial societies, Christian missionaries played a transformative role in the development of decolonization and post-colonial Christianity, where in others, the nature of the Christian missionary presence shaped the pattern of decolonization as one of violence and opposition.

3040: 18142: 18132: 1260: 3453:, the Germanic, Danish and Polish nobles refused to go. They did not see crusading as a moral, faith based duty. They saw it as a tool for territorial expansion, alliance building, wealth, and empowerment. In fact, one result of these wars according to historian Aiden Lilienfeld was that, "The conquering forces of the Northern Crusades brought more territory under German control than nearly any other concerted expansion in the history of the 3616:

the Kievan metropolitanate. This new Christian religious structure was imposed upon the socio-political and economic fabric of the land by the authority of the state's rulers. According to Andrzej Poppe, Slavic historian, it is fully justifiable to call the Church of Rus' a state church. The Church strengthened the authority of the Prince, and helped to justifiy the expansion of Kievan empire into new territories through missionary activity.

4377: 2164:. Sørensen focuses on the changes of names, both personal and place names, showing that cultic elements were not banned and are still in evidence today. Large numbers of pre-Christian names survive into the present day, and Sørensen says this demonstrates the process of Christianization in Denmark was peaceful and gradual and did not include the complete eradication of the old cultic associations. However, there are local differences. 49: 4172: 18152: 2360:, and their understanding of the function of a king, as facilitating Christianization. Missionaries aimed at converting Germanic nobility first. Ties of fealty between German kings and their followers often produced mass conversions of entire tribes following their king. Afterwards, their societies began a gradual process of Christianization that took centuries, with some traces of earlier beliefs remaining. 2758:, Tiridat attracted the younger allies of Armenia Iberia-Kartli, Albania-Aluank' and Lazika-Egerk' (Colchis) to the process of Christianization. In the first half of 315, Gregory the Illuminator baptized the Albanian king (who had arrived in Armenia) and ordained the first bishop Tovmas (the founder of the Albanian church, with the center in the capital Kapalak) for his country: he was from the city of 2946:, voluntarily joined the Western, Latin church, sometimes pressuring their people to follow. Full Christianization of the populace often took centuries to accomplish. Conversion began with local elites who wanted to convert because they gained prestige and power through matrimonial alliances and participation in imperial rituals. Christianization then spread from the center to the edges of society. 3293:

defined state structure with province governors that answered to the King. Saint Stephen was the first Hungarian monarch elevated to sainthood for his Christian characteristics and not because he suffered a martyr's death. Hungarian Christianity and the kingdom's ecclesiastical and temporal administrations consolidated towards the end of the 11th century.

4620:, Christian Fish, also known colloquially as the Jesus Fish, was an early Christian symbol. Early Christians used the Ichthys symbol to identify themselves as followers of Jesus Christ and to proclaim their commitment to Christianity. Ichthys is the Ancient Greek word for "fish", which explains why the sign resembles a fish; the Greek word ιχθυς is an 3009:(852– 889). Boris I determined that imposing Christianity was the answer to internal peace and external security. The decision was partly military, partly domestic, and partly to diminish the power of the Proto-Bulgarian nobility. A number of nobles reacted violently; 52 were executed. After prolonged negotiations with both Rome and Constantinople, an 2138:('Great Pillar'), which was either a (wooden) pillar or an ancient tree and presumably symbolized Germanic religion's 'Universal Tree'. The Franks cut down the Irminsul, looted the accumulated sacrificial treasures (which the King distributed among his men), and torched the entire grove... Charlemagne ordered a Frankish fortress to be erected at the 4017:. He has written that "what followed was a slow but steady acceptance of the Christian faith". Both Christianization and the Cherokee people received a fatal blow after the discovery of gold in north Georgia in 1828. Cherokee land was seized by the government, and the Cherokee people were transported West in what became known as the 3924:. This common theory of the time asserts that history shows the normal progression of society is toward constant betterment; that humans could therefore eventually be perfected; that primitive nations could be forced to become modern states wherein that would happen. The French advocated multiple aspects of European culture such as " 4802:

Barnes has written that MacMullen's book treats "non-Christian evidence as better and more reliable than Christian evidence", generalizes from pagan polemics as if they were unchallenged fact, misses important facts entirely, and shows an important selectivity in his choices of what ancient and modern works he discusses.

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many institutions such as monasticism did not exist in Caucasia until the seventh century. Scholarly consensus places the Christianization of the Armenian and Georgian elites in the first half of the fourth century, although Armenian tradition says Christianization began in the first century through the Apostles

4729:, there he used immediately to build either churches or monasteries". There is agreement that Martin destroyed temples and shrines, but there is a discrepancy between the written text and archaeology: none of the churches attributed to Martin can be shown to have existed in Gaul in the fourth century. 4301:

moving former colonies toward independence. Shifting beliefs about Christianity's role in empire began in France in the 1930s and 40s. Christians were rethinking the relationship between religion and politics. From the 1960s onward, this new understanding of theology combined with Christian activism,

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says these missions were universally Protestant, were based on belief in the traditional duty to "teach all nations", the sense of "obligation to extend the benefits of Christianity to heathen lands" (just as Europe itself had been "civilized" centuries before), and a "fervent pity" for those who had

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The Rus' dukes maintained exclusive control of the church which was financially dependent upon them. The prince appointed the clergy to positions in government service; satisfied their material needs; determined who would fill the higher ecclesiastical positions; and directed the synods of bishops in

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Stephen suppressed rebellion, organized both the Hungarian State (with strong royal authority), and the church, by inviting missionaries, and suppressing paganism by making laws such as requiring people to attend church every Sunday. Soon the Hungarian Kingdom had two archbishops and 8 bishops, and a

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became the first kingdom in history to adopt Christianity as an official state religion. The transformations taking place in these centuries of the Roman Empire had been slower to catch on in Caucasia. Indigenous writing did not begin until the fifth century, there was an absence of large cities, and

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According to historian Michelle Renee Salzman, there is no evidence to indicate that conversion of pagans through force was an accepted method of Christianization at any point in Late Antiquity. Evidence indicates all uses of imperial force concerning religion were aimed at heretics (who were already

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Additional calculated acts of desecration – removing the hands and feet or mutilating heads and genitals of statues, and "purging sacred precincts with fire" – were acts committed by the common people during the early centuries. While seen as 'proving' the impotence of the gods, pagan icons were also

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In Eusebius' church history, there is a bold claim of a Constantinian campaign to destroy the temples, however, there are discrepancies in the evidence. Temple destruction is attested to in 43 cases in the written sources, but only four have been confirmed by archaeological evidence. Historians Frank

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beneath Rome rose out of a reinterpretation of Jewish and pagan symbolism. While many new subjects appear for the first time in the Christian catacombs - i.e. the Good Shepherd, Baptism, and the Eucharistic meal – the Orant figures (women praying with upraised hands) probably came directly from pagan

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While Christian theologians such as the fourth century Augustine and the ninth century Alcuin maintained that conversion must be voluntary, there are historical examples of coercion in conversion. Constantine used both law and force to eradicate the practice of sacrifice and repress heresy though not

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Jules Rosette shows how ritual symbolization is the training ground, the interface, for the translation of the African into the Christian, "how ritual vocabulary translates tradition into new practices". Christianity, she suggests, provides the grammar and syntax, as it were, and traditional customs

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In 1900 under colonial rule there were just under 9 million Christians in Africa. By 1960, and the end of colonialism there were about 60 million. By 2005, African Christians had increased to 393 million, about half of the continent's total population at that time. Population in Africa has continued

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Great Britain's colonial expansion was for the most part driven by commercial ambitions and competition with France. Investors saw converting the natives as a secondary concern. Historian of British history and culture, Laura Stevens, writes that British missions were "more talk than walk". From the

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explains that Iceland became the model for the institutional conversion of the rest of Scandinavia after AD 1000. Winroth demonstrates that Scandinavians were not passive recipients of the new religion, but converted to Christianity because it was in their political, economic, and cultural interests

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Classicist J.H.D. Scourfield writes that Christianization in Italy in Late Antiquity is "most aptly described in terms of negotiation, accommodation, adaptation, transformation". Christianization in Italy allowed for religious competition and cooperation, included syncretism both to and from pagans

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In the fourth century, there were no conversions of temples in the city of Rome itself. It is only with the formation of the Papal State in the eighth century, (when the emperor's properties in the West came into the possession of the bishop of Rome), that the conversions of temples in Rome took off

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James P. Hanigan writes that individual conversion is the foundational experience and the central message of Christianization, adding that Christian conversion begins with an experience of being "thrown off balance" through cognitive and psychological "disequilibrium", followed by an "awakening" of

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Inculturation, or acculturation, is the gradual process of adopting aspects of Christianity, but it has often mistakenly been seen as socialization to another culture. Changes of dress, customs and names have sometimes been confused with actual Christianization which involves internal and not simply

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As in all preceding cultures, Christianity in Africa has been influenced by local African culture just as local African culture has absorbed aspects of Christianity. Whether a church is 'orthodox' or 'syncretistic' is not an academic question, yet it remains a concern for anthropologists attempting

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The Teutonic Order eventually fell to Poland-Lithuania in 1525. Lilienfeld says "After this, the Order's territory was divided between Poland-Lithuania and the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg, putting an end to the monastic state and the formal Northern Crusade. All of the Order's most powerful

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Christianization was slower in Greece than in most other parts of the Roman empire. There are multiple theories of why, but there is no consensus. What is agreed upon is that, for a variety of reasons, Christianization did not take hold in Greece until the fourth and fifth centuries. Christians and

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However, Constantine must have written the laws that threatened and menaced pagans who continued to practice sacrifice. The element of pagan culture most abhorrent to Christians was sacrifice, and altars used for it were routinely smashed. Christians were deeply offended by the blood of slaughtered

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Some see baptism, confirmation, and first communion as different elements in a unified rite through which one becomes a part of the Christian church. Others consider confirmation a separate rite which may or may not be considered a condition for becoming a fully accepted member of the church in the

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for their character and conduct. Baptism created a set of responsibilities within the Christian community. Candidates for baptism were instructed in the major tenets of the faith, examined for moral living, sat separately in worship, were not yet allowed to receive the communion eucharist, but were

4100:, and the ability of local governments to accomplish policy goals. The political legacies of colonialism include political instability, violence and ethnic exclusion, which is also linked to civil strife and civil war, while contact with the colonial slave trade has had additional harmful effects. 4036:

has written that, humanitarians who saw the decline of indigenous people with regret, advocated education and assimilation as the native's only hope for survival. Over time, many missionaries came to respect the virtues of native culture. "After 1828, most missionaries found it difficult to defend

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Christian clergy translated religious texts into local vernacular language which introduced literacy to all members of the princely dynasty, including women and the general populace. Monasteries of the twelfth century became key spiritual, intellectual, art, and craft centers. Under Vladimir's son

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says the direct conversion of temples into churches began in the mid-fifth century but only in a few isolated incidents. According to modern archaeology, of the thousands of temples that existed across the empire, 120 pagan temples were converted to churches with the majority dated after the fifth

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writes "Christian fervor and the massive conversion to Christianity among the Slavs may have led to the canonic conversion of the last heathen, or ecclesiastically unorganized, Romanian islands". For Romanians, the church model was "overwhelming, omnipresent, putting pressure on the Romanians and

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In Germany an old Wodanesberg "Hill of Ódin" was renamed Godesberg (Bach 1956, 553). Ä controversial but not unreasonable suggestion is that the locality named by Ädam of Bremen as Fosetisland "land of the god Foseti" is to be identified with Helgoland "the holy land", the island off the coast of

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I think that the temples of the idols in that nation ought not to be destroyed; but let the idols that are in them be destroyed; let holy water be made and sprinkled in the said temples, and let altars be erected and relics placed. For if those temples are well built, it is requisite that they be

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hill in order to suppress veneration there. Constantine was vigorous in reclaiming such properties whenever these issues were brought to his attention, and he used reclamation to justify the destruction of Aphrodite's temple. Using the vocabulary of reclamation, Constantine acquired several more

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Christianization has at times involved appropriation, removal and/or redesignation of aspects of native religion and former sacred spaces. This was allowed, or required, or sometimes forbidden by the missionaries involved. The church adapts to its local cultural context, just as local culture and

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Hungarian historian László Veszprémy writes: "By the end of the 11th century, Hungarian expansion had secured Croatia, a country that was coveted by both the Venetian and Byzantine empires and had already adopted the Latin Christian faith. The Croatian crown was held by the Hungarian kings up to

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also gives a detailed discussion of MacMullen's "careless misuse of textual evidence". Schwarz says MacMullen is an example of a modern minimalist. Schwarz suggests that minimalism is beginning to show signs of decline because it tends to understate the significance of some human actions, and so

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argues that widespread Christian anti–pagan violence, as well as persecution from a "bloodthirsty" and violent Constantine (and his successors), caused the Christianization of the Roman Empire in the fourth century. Salzman describes MacMullen's book as "controversial". In a review of it, T. D.

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Dana L. Robert has written that one third of the world's population is now Christian in a huge variety of forms. The geographic range, cultural diversity and organizational variety of these many types of Christians includes traditional Catholics in Brazil, Apostles in Zimbabwe, Coptic Christians

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Whether Kimbanguism is a political or a religious movement is resolved by making a distinction between the genuine Kimbanguists and the pseudo-Kimbanguists, also known as the Ngunzists. Of first importance to genuine Kimbanguism is unquestioning acceptance of the intercession of Christ. Measured

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has written that, while the sixteenth century has generally been seen as the "great age of Catholic expansion", the nineteenth century was that for Protestantism. This included translating the Bible and other Christian writings into the local language (in more than half of the world's over 7000

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reading of events, this marked a colonization by Christians of pagan values and practices. For Alan Cameron, the mixed culture that included the continuation of the circuses, amphitheaters and games – sans sacrifice – on into the sixth century involved the secularization of paganism rather than

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Christianity grew as a grassroots movement in rural areas first, through self-propagation and native agency. This led to an overlap of religious, kinship and territorial identities, so that when the socio-political order shattered, the church was able to step in. Lee sees this as revealing "the

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Christianity's historical alignment with the Western project and histories of colonialism and imperialism raises questions about its capacity to serve as a progressive force in global affairs today. Placing Christianity under postcolonial scrutiny, ... Christianity offers a variety of complex,

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In Central and Eastern Europe of the 8th and 9th centuries, Christianization was an integral part of the political centralization of the new nations being formed. In Eastern Europe, the combination of Christianization and political centralization created what Peter Brown describes as, "specific

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Contextualization is a way to be faithful to the essence of the message while also being relevant to the people to whom it is being presented. In the 21st century, contextualization has led missions to build daycare centers, wells for clean water, schools, address housing and economic injustice

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speak of religious activity in relation to the "frontier" regions at the borders of civilizations. Berend sees a frontier as "a contact zone where an interchange of cultures was constantly taking place". In this way, the missionary religions of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity spread themselves

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has characterized Constantine as being "essentially unreligious" and as using the Church solely to support his power and ambition. Drake asserts, "critical reaction against Burckhardt's anachronistic reading has been decisive". According to Burckhardt, being Christian automatically meant being

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for the indigenous populations in Canada and the US is not generally good. While the majority of native children did not attend boarding school at all, of those that did, recent studies indicate a few found happiness and refuge while many others found suffering, forced assimilation, and abuse.

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indicates, the primary motivation for these wars was the noble's desire for territorial expansion and wealth, taking the time for peaceful conversion did not fit in with these plans. Conversion by these princes was almost always a result of conquest. According to Fonnesberg-Schmidt, "While the

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surrendered his Spanish holdings. Sisebut banished all Jews who would not submit to baptism. Roman historian Edmund Spenser Bouchier says 90,000 Hebrews were baptized while others fled to France or North Africa. This contradicted the traditional position of the Catholic Church on the Jews, and

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about 530, a small temple with a sacred grove and a separate altar to Apollo stood on the hill. The population was still mostly pagan. The land was most likely granted as a gift to Benedict from one of his supporters. This would explain the authoritative way he immediately cut down the groves,

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Brown calls Constantine's conversion a "very Roman conversion". "He had risen to power in a series of deathly civil wars, destroyed the system of divided empire, believed the Christian God had brought him victory, and therefore regarded that god as the proper recipient of religio". Brown says

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Historian Ivo Štefan has written, "Although Christian authors often depicted the conversion of rulers as the triumph of the new faith, the reality was much more complex. Christianization of everyday life took centuries, with many non-Christian elements surviving in rural communities until the

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Christianization took many generations and was not a uniform process. Byzantine historian Robert Thomson writes that it was not the officially established hierarchy of the church that spread Christianity in Armenia; "It was the unorganized activity of wandering holy men that brought about the

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There is no evidence that any of the horrific punishments included in the laws against sacrifice were ever enacted. There is no record of anyone being executed for violating religious laws before Tiberius II Constantine at the end of the sixth century (574–582). Still, Bradbury notes that the

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Christianization of the Irish landscape was a complex process that varied considerably depending on local conditions. Ancient sites were viewed with veneration, and were excluded or included for Christian use based largely on diverse local feeling about their nature, character, ethos and even

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says that, while it was in some ways studiously vindictive, it was not indiscriminate or extensive. Once temples, icons or statues were detached from 'the contagion' of sacrifice, they were seen as having returned to innocence. Many statues and temples were then preserved as art. Professor of

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In both Jewish and Roman tradition, genetic families were buried together, but an important cultural shift took place in the way Christians buried one another: they gathered unrelated Christians into a common burial space, as if they really were one family, "commemorated them with homogeneous

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The earliest accommodation was made by the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15:1-29 when accepting Gentiles. Pope Gregory's seventh century letter to Mellitus can be seen as another example (there are also numerous examples of those who disagreed with Gregory and followed the "eradication" approach

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In Tanzania, a child is not a full member of society until they reach adulthood. Adulthood begins at puberty, but a man fully enters adult society by marrying, a woman by giving birth, and the transition from childhood to adulthood is marked by initiation rites. For the Maasai, this includes

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began his mission there. Scholars cite many questions (and scarce sources) concerning the next two hundred years. Relying largely on recent archaeological developments, Lorcan Harney has reported to the Royal Academy that the missionaries and traders who came to Ireland in the fifth to sixth

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According to Raymond Van Dam, "an approach which emphasizes conflict flounders as a means for explaining both the initial attractions of a new cult like Christianity, as well as, more importantly, its persistence". In the twenty first century, this model of early Christianization has become

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to explore, conquer, colonize and exploit the newly discovered territories. While colonialism was primarily economic and political, it opened the door for Christian missionaries who accompanied the early explorers, or soon followed them, thereby connecting Christianization and colonialism.

3239:, the first ruler. Mieszko's baptism was followed by the building of churches and the establishment of an ecclesiastical hierarchy. Mieszko saw baptism as a way of strengthening his hold on power, with the active support he could expect from the bishops, as well as a unifying force for the 2014:

converted from the worship of devils to the service of the true God; that the people, seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and, knowing and adoring the true God, may the more familiarly resort to the places to which they have become accustomed.

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According to Dutch historian Feyo L. Schuddeboom, individual temples and temple sites in the city of Rome were converted to churches primarily to preserve their exceptional architecture. They were also used pragmatically because of the importance of their location at the center of town.

4187:, was suppressed for forty years, and is now the most studied of all the African prophet movements. It has become an establishment church in Zaire, is very much involved in modern Zairian life, and with upwards of 3 million members, is now the largest independent church in Africa. 3367:, they were able to impose the Bulgarian church model and its Slavic language without opposition. Nearly all Romanian words concerning Christian faith have Latin roots (from the early centuries of Roman occupation), while words regarding the organization of the church are Slavonic. 4158:

that translation of scripture and missionary schools created that engendered much of the transformation that followed. In Sanneh's view, this means that western missionaries pioneered the "largest, most diverse and most vigorous movement of cultural renewal in history" of Africa.

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The Roman economy of the third and fourth centuries struggled, and traditional polytheism was expensive and dependent upon donations from the state and private elites. Roger S. Bagnall reports that imperial financial support of the Temples declined markedly after Augustus. Lower

1384:. Missionaries "go out" among those who have not heard the gospel and preach. Missions, as the primary means of Christianization, are driven by a universalist logic, cannot be equated with western colonialism, but are instead a multi-cultural, often complex, historical process. 1578:(also called communion) was the common unifier for early Christian communities, and remains one of the most important of Christian rituals. Early Christians believed the Christian message, the celebration of communion (the Eucharist) and the rite of baptism came directly from 12970: 3840:

Early attempts at Christianization in India were not very successful, and those who had been converted were not well instructed. In the church's view, this led them into "errors and misunderstandings" that were often defined as heresy. In December 1560, the state controlled

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was known in the pre-Christian period as the Hill of Mercury, Mons Mercuri. Evidence of the worship of this Roman god here was removed in the early Christian period and in the ninth century a sanctuary was built here, dedicated to the 10000 martyrs. The hill was then called

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to record a history of religious changes in Africa. Isichei writes that the history of religion focuses on "what is central to religion: belief, ritual and the religious community" while still recognizing that religion is of central importance to contemporary world history.

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that under Justinian, there was considerable destruction. The decree of 528 barred pagans from state office when, decades later, Justinian ordered a "persecution of surviving Hellenes, accompanied by the burning of pagan books, pictures and statues". This took place at the

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Missionary opposition and military prosecution failed to protect the Amerindian women. On the one hand, California missionaries sought to protect the Amerindians from exploitation by the conquistadores, the ordinary soldiers and the colonists. On the other hand, Jesuits,

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sense that one is invited to take part in the celebration of the Eucharist. Among those who see confirmation as a separate rite some see it as a sacrament, while others consider it a combination of intercessory prayer and graduation ceremony after a period of instruction.

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consciousness and a new awareness of God. Hanigan compares it to "death and rebirth, a turning away..., a putting off of the old..., a change of mind and heart". The person responds by acknowledging and confessing personal lostness and sinfulness, and then accepting a

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was developed ... helped buffer select cultural practices, including Roman spectacles, from the claims of those who advocated a more thorough christianization of Roman society." This produced a vigorous public culture shared by polytheists, Jews and Christians alike.

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There is agreement among twenty-first century scholars that Christianization of the Roman Empire in its first three centuries did not happen by imposition. Christianization emerged naturally as the cumulative result of multiple individual decisions and behaviors.

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Anne Marie Stoner-Eby writes, "The Christianization of initiation rites in the Anglican Diocese of Maasai in what is now southeastern Tanzania is arguably the most famous instance of 'adaptation' in African mission Christianity." It has long been assumed that

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of Lithuania. Duke Jogaila was baptized, married, and crowned king in 1386, thus beginning the 400 year shared history of Poland and Lithuania. This would seem to obviate the need for religious crusade, yet activity against local populations, particularly the

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to write that Justinian is often seen as a tyrant and despot. Unlike Constantine, Justinian did purge the bureaucracy of those who disagreed with him. He sought to centralize imperial government, became increasingly autocratic, and according to the historian

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A number of elements coincided to end the temples, but none of them were strictly religious. Earthquakes caused much of the destruction of this era. Civil conflict and external invasions also destroyed many temples and shrines. Economics was also a factor.

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thus restoring balance. This initial internal conversion is only the beginning of Christianization; it is followed by practices that further the process of Christianizing the individual's lifestyle, which according to Hanigan, will include ethical changes.

2456:(r. 768–814) placed missionaries and courts across Saxony in hopes of pacifying the region, but Saxons rebelled again in 782 with disastrous losses for the Franks. In response, the Frankish King "enacted a variety of draconian measures" beginning with the 2623:

and continued into the 11th century, with law codes prescribing punishments such as fines, fasting and excecution. Not all Germanic cultural elements were suppressed however, with many blending with Christian ones and some continuing in folklore into the

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to one of modern entrepreneurial cosmopolitanism with the aid of Christianization. Indigenization happened quickly and Christianization has survived through family lineage networks, which function like a single corporate unit, and native congregations.

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was attended by 20 bishops. With the end of persecution in 312, churches, baptistries, hospitals and episcopal palaces were erected in most major towns, and many landed aristocracy embraced the faith and converted sections of their villas into chapels.

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theologians maintained that conversion should be voluntary, there was a widespread pragmatic acceptance of conversion obtained through political pressure or military coercion". There were often severe consequences for populations that chose to resist.

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to grow with the percentage of Christians remaining at about half in 2022. According to Isichei, "The expansion of Christianity in twentieth-century Africa has been so dramatic that it has been called 'the fourth great age of Christian expansion'."

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Different state actors created colonies that varied widely. Some colonies had institutions that allowed native populations to reap some benefits. Others became extractive colonies with predatory rule that produced an autocracy with a dismal record.

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While enduring three centuries of on-again, off-again persecution, from differing levels of government ranging from local to imperial, Christianity had remained 'self-organized' and without central authority. In this manner, it reached an important

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was added to the rites of initiation. While baptism, instruction, and Eucharist have remained the essential elements of initiation in all Christian communities, theologian Knut Alfsvåg writes on the differing status of confirmation in different

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contradictory, and competing approaches to peace building that variously defend the hegemonic ambitions of the West on the one hand, and support critical practices that usurp and decenter the sovereign supremacy assumed by the West on the other.

2666:

based on "pray and work". This "Rule" provided the foundation of the majority of the thousands of monasteries that spread across the continent of what is now modern day Europe, thereby becoming a major factor in the Christianization of Europe.

4624:

for the phrase transliterated as "Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter", that is, "Jesus Christ, God's Son, the Savior". There are several other possible connections with Christian tradition relating to this symbol: that it was a reference to the

1713:

was started to compete with rival Roman religions, or to co-opt the winter celebrations as a way to spread Christianity, or to baptize the winter festivals with Christian meaning in an effort to limit their excesses. Most likely all three".

2507:, "nothing could be done", not even in the Church, that was contrary to the emperor's will and command. In Kaldellis' estimation, "Few emperors had started so many wars or tried to enforce cultural and religious uniformity with such zeal". 4222:, Bishop of Maasai (1926–1944), initiated the Christianizing of the initiation rites in an effort to adapt, and not destroy African cultural life, publishing what became a famous essay on 'The Christian Approach to Non-Christian Customs'. 3790:, have stated that, "In most of the New World, 90 percent or more of the native population was destroyed by wave after wave of previously unknown afflictions. Explorers and colonists did not enter an empty land but rather an emptied one". 1951:) were accommodated by Roman society even while that society disagreed and debated the definition and scope of christianization. Historian of antiquity Richard Lim writes that it was within this process of debate that "the category of the 2974:

language. Old Church Slavonic became the first literary language of the Slavs and, eventually, the educational foundation for all Slavic nations. In 869 Methodius was consecrated as (arch)bishop of Pannonia and the Great Moravia regions.

2312:

victims as they were reminded of their own past sufferings associated with such altars. Richard Lim writes that "Putting an end to blood sacrifice ... thus became the singular goal of Christianization (Barnes 1984; Bradbury 1994, 1995)".

2269:

between 150 and 250, when it moved from less than 50,000 adherents to over a million, and became self-sustaining and able to generate further growth. There was a significant rise in the absolute number of Christians in the third century.

1407:

Neely provides multiple historical examples of adaptation, accommodation, indigenization, inculturation, autochthonization and contextualization as the means of successful Christianization through missions. Neely's definitions are these:

1976:. Herrin says it is difficult to assess the degree to which Christians are responsible for the losses of ancient documents in many cases, but in the mid-sixth century, active persecution in Constantinople destroyed many ancient texts. 1788:

Ancient Roman Temple, Évora. Believed to have been dedicated to the Roman goddess Diana, this 2nd or 3rd century temple survived because it was converted to a number of uses over the centuries -- such as an armory, theater and animal

1415:

Indigenization, in this application, refers to taking something that is native to one culture and making it native to another culture; that is, taking Christianity and making it more native by including aspects of native language and

3350:

Stage 2 began when a secular ruler took charge of Christianization in their territory, and ended when a defined and organized ecclesiastical network was established. By 1350, Scandinavia was an integral part of Western Christendom.

2721:

baptized the Albanian king and ordained the first bishop Tovmas, the founder of the Albanian church. It is highly probable that Christianity covered the whole of antique Caucasian Albania by the late fourth century. In his article

4076:

in 1914. It differed from earlier colonialism in many ways. For example, during this time, colonial powers gained territory at almost three times the rate of the earlier period particularly in what is sometimes referred to as the

15146:

Ziemann, Daniel (2021). "Goodness and Cruelty: The Image of the Ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in the Period of Christianisation (Ninth Century)". In Philip Michael Forness; Alexandra Hasse-Ungeheuer; Hartmut Leppin (eds.).

3857:. After 1561, the Inquisition had a practical monopoly over heresy, and its "policy of terror ... was reflected in the approximately 15,000 trials which took place between 1561 and 1812, involving more than 200 death sentences". 2201:

The practice of replacing pagan beliefs and motifs with Christian, and purposefully not recording the pagan history (such as the names of pagan gods, or details of pagan religious practices), has been compared to the practice of

1402:

Alan Neely writes that, "wherever Christianity (or any other faith) is carried from one culture to another, intentionally or not, consciously or not, it is either adapted to that culture or it becomes irrelevant." In his book

4111:. De Juan and Pierskalla add that "Sociologists have identified the key role of Christian missionaries, in particular Protestant missionaries, in generating a democratic legacy for many former colonies, through the spread of 3507:... granted the Order territory in eastern Prussia in exchange for help in subjugating pagan Baltic peoples". Over the course of the next 200 years, the Order expanded its territory to cover much of the eastern Baltic coast. 2008:

had sent Augustine and several helpers as missionaries to Kent and its powerful King Ethelbert. One of those helpers, Abbott Mellitus, received this letter from Gregory on the proper methods for converting the local people.

4225:

Initiation was one of a chief's most important and prestigious responsibilities, but long before 'adaptation' became a missionary watchword, Maasai clergy had taken advantage of a crucial increase in their numbers to place

4323:

In the early twenty-first century, Christianity has been declining in the West and growing in former colonial lands. Sanneh says Christianity has become the most diverse, pluralist, fastest growing religion in the world.

4340:

Joseph Tse-Hei Lee observes that, historically, Christianity has long had a tendency to flourish in areas where there is suffering, dislocation and warfare, and that this is evident in its modern development in China.

1431:

issues and more. It depends on the people being addressed, as well as "geography, language, ethnicity, political and economic systems, class gender and age, time frame, sense of identity, religion, values and history".

3611:

Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary had become part of western Latin Christianity, while the Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium, leading them down a different path. A specific form of Rus' Christianity formed quickly.

2466:

in 785 which prescribes death to those that are disloyal to the king, harm Christian churches or its ministers, or practice pagan burial rites. His harsh methods of Christianization raised objections from his friends

2073:, non-stop religious development meant paganism and Christianity were never completely separate. Archaeologist Lorcan Harney has reported that Anglo-Saxon churches were built by pagan barrows after the 11th century. 9023:

Cook Jr, Weston F., and Andrés Bernaldez. "The Cannon Conquest of Nasrid Spain and the End of the Reconquista'." Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean 13 (2003):

12614:

In the Americas, the Catholic priest Bartolome de las Casas avidly encouraged enquiries into the Spanish conquest's many cruelties. Las Casas chronicled Spanish brutality against the Native peoples in excruciating

3969:

of Pulau Ay in 1615, which was followed by more military action, forced relocation (and forced mobilization), slavery, the slave trade which defined people as property like crops, and other forms of coerced labor.

3964:

was a dominant force; it became a monopoly with government support as a merchant company, a military power, a government, and even an agricultural producer. Dutch imperialism began with a military takeover of the

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1918, but Croatia retained its territorial integrity throughout. It is not unrelated that the borders of Latin Christendom in the Balkans have remained coincident with the borders of Croatia into present times".

2606:

around 653. Although the traditional religion regained royal support at least once after the conversion of a king, Christianity did nonetheless become dominant in England, with the last heathen Anglo-Saxon king

2746:, also Arsacid. As M. L. Chaumont established in 1969, the latter, with the help of Gregory the Illuminator, adopted the Christian faith at the state level in June 311, two months after the publication of the 1456:

specifically to promote conversion. Theodosius also wrote laws to eliminate heresies, but made no requirement for pagans or Jews to convert to Christianity. However, the sixth century Eastern Roman emperor

2497:

The religious policy of the Eastern emperor Justinian I (527 to 565) reflected his conviction that a unified Empire presupposed unity of faith. Justinian's efforts at requiring and enforcing this have led

1412:

Accommodation is a form of adaptation that occurs when the missionary adjusts their own thinking and vocabulary to keep only what is essential and let go of what is expendable in communicating the faith.

3620:

Yaroslav I the Wise (1016–1018, 1019–1054), a building and cultural boom took place. The Church of Rus' gradually developed into an independent political force in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

1601:" when Jesus gathered his followers for their last meal together the night before he was arrested and killed. While the majority share the view of Mazza, there are others such as New Testament scholar 1544:

The normal practice in the ancient church was baptism by immersion of the whole head and body of an adult, with the exception of infants in danger of death, until the fifth or sixth century. Historian

3363:, (who were disciples of the brothers Cyril and Methodius), had arrived in the region spreading the Cyrillic alphabet. By the 10th century when the Bulgarian Tsars extended their territory to include 2615:

were introduced by Scandinavian settlers during the 9th and 10th centuries. Christianity was likely adopted within several generations, with the last potentially heathen king to rule in England being

3991:

never heard the gospel. Schacter adds that "ambivalent benevolence" was at the heart of most British and American attitudes toward Native Americans. The British did not create widespread conversion.

3758:

and thus undercut Christianity's identification with colonial rule". According to historical theologian Justo Gonzales, colonialism and missions each sometimes aided and sometimes impeded the other.

2514:

The extent of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian's uncle Justin I is shown in the darker color. The lighter color shows the conquests of his successor, Justinian I also known as Justinian the Great

2126:

who regularly specifically targeted churches and monasteries in brutal raids into Frankish territory. In January 772, Charlemagne retaliated with an attack on the Saxon's most important holy site, a

1337:

of Jesus. Christianization spread through the Roman Empire and into its surrounding nations in its first three hundred years. The process of Christianizing the Roman Empire was never completed, and

2684:

that J. M. Speiser successfully argued this was the situation throughout the country, and "rarely was there any significant contact, hostile or otherwise" between Christians and pagans in Greece.

1797:

century. It is likely this stems from the fact that these buildings remained officially in public use, ownership could only be transferred by the emperor, and temples remained protected by law.

12687:. bidrag til sesjonen om «Missions, modernization, colonization and decolonization» ved International Congress of Historical Sciences, Oslo. Oslo: International Congress of Historical Sciences. 3591:, he was baptized". After returning to Kiev, the same text describes Vladimir as unleashing "a systematic destruction of pagan idols and the construction of Christian churches in their place". 1548:

has written that sprinkling, or pouring of water on the head of a sick or dying person, where immersion was impractical, was also practiced in ancient times and up through the twelfth century.

3860:

Spanish missionaries are generally credited with championing efforts to initiate protective laws for the Indians and for working against their enslavement. This led to debate on the nature of

3155:

several times at the end of the 8th century and beginning of the ninth centuries. The first Christian church of the Western and Eastern Slavs (known to written sources) was built in 828 by

4807:

makes assumptions that are hard to support. As a result, "MacMullen's account of Christianization as basically an aggregation of accidents and contingencies" is not broadly supported. In

3438:. They survived largely by raiding – stealing crucial resources, killing, and enslaving captives – from the countries that surrounded them including Denmark, Prussia, Germany and Poland. 1146: 1867:

explain that discrepancies between literary sources and archaeological evidence exist because it is common for details in the literary sources to be ambiguous and unclear. For example,

4103:

According to political scientists Alexander de Juan and Jan Henryk Pierskalla, the legacy of Protestant Christianization is largely one of beneficial long-term effects in the areas of

2549:

centuries were not backed by any military force. Patrick and Palladius and other British and Gaulish missionaries aimed first at converting royal households. Patrick indicates in his

3547:

cities–Danzig (Gdansk), Elbing (Elblag), Marienburg (Malbork), and Braunsberg (Braniewo)–now fall within Poland in the 21st century, except for Koenigsburg (Kaliningrad) in Russia."

3464:

gave the eastern nobles full crusade indulgences to do so. The Northern, (or Baltic), Crusades followed, taking place, off and on, with and without papal support, from 1147 to 1316.

4658:

Scholarship has been divided over whether this was a general effort to demolish the pagan past, simple pragmatism, or perhaps an attempt to preserve the past's art and architecture.

2839:

in the fourth century. Fifth, 8th, and 12th century accounts of the conversion of Georgia reveal how pre-Christian practices were taken up and reinterpreted by Christian narrators.

3587:. Slavic historian Ivo Štefan writes that, Vladimir examined monotheism for himself, and "Around that same time, Vladimir conquered Cherson in the Crimea, where, according to the 2571:

Christianity likely reached Britain around 200 with archaeology indicating that it continued as a minority faith into fourth century. Thereafter, Irish missionaries led by Saint

2316:

complete disappearance of public sacrifice by the mid-fourth century "in many towns and cities must be attributed to the atmosphere created by imperial and episcopal hostility".

2230: 1912:

Byzantine history Helen Saradi-Mendelovici writes that this process implies appreciation of antique art and a conscious desire to find a way to include it in Christian culture.

1668:

places are adapted to the church, or in other words, Christianization has always worked in both directions: Christianity absorbs from native culture as it is absorbed into it.

2460:

in 782 when he ordered the decapitation of 4500 Saxon prisoners offering them baptism as an alternative to death. These events were followed by the severe legislation of the

2687:

Gregory adds his view that "it is admirably clear that organized paganism survived well into the sixth century throughout the empire and in parts of Greece (at least in the

2334:

who would form the ethnic communities that would become the future nations of Europe. The earliest references to the Christianization of these tribes are in the writings of

2150: 14704:"Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain. The Small Finds. By CF Mawer. BAR British Series 243. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford, 1995. Pp. vi+ 178, illus. ISBN 0-8605-4789-2" 10760:

Boyle, Mark (2010). "Beyond the 'Sigh of the Oppressed Creature': A Critical Geographical Enquiry into Christianity's Contributions to the Making of a Peaceable West".

2226: 4863:

Historian Ivo Štefan asserts that, in general, adoption of Christianity in Bohemia, Poland and Hungary was not forced either by pressure from outside or by violence.

4415: 16247: 16096: 15174:

Jorge Quiroga and Monica R. Lovelle, "Ciudades atlánticas en transición: La "ciudad" tardo-antigua y alto-medieval en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica (s.V-XI)"

1620:

of thanksgiving and one of petition. The prayer later developed into the modern version of a narrative, a memorial to Christ and an invocation of the Holy Spirit.

2876:

had become part of the Roman Republic in the third century BC. Christian communities can be found dating to the third century, and bishoprics had been created in

19902: 1721:

Some scholars have suggested that characteristics of some pagan gods — or at least their roles — were transferred to Christian saints after the fourth century.

17595: 2279: 1834:

In the 300 years prior to the reign of Constantine, Roman authority had confiscated various church properties. For example, Christian historians recorded that

4143:

of their spoken language, (in approximately 90% of those languages). Tracing the impact of this shows local native cultures have responded with "movements of

17961: 16520: 4830:

and a vitality of traditional paganism much more than it shows any form of religious violence or coercion: "persuasion, such as the propagation of Christian

9010:

Boyd, Carolyn P. "The Second Battle of Covadonga: The Politics of Commemoration in Modern Spain." History and Memory, vol. 14, no. 1–2, 2002, p. 37, JSTOR,

3460:

Combining their personal priorities with a need to permanently stop the raiding, they requested permission to subdue the Baltic instead. In 1147, Eugenius'

2425:

The Franks first appear in the historical record in the 3rd century as a confederation of Germanic tribes living on the east bank of the lower Rhine River.

1380:

has written that the significant role of Christianization in shaping multiple nations, cultures and societies is understandable only through the concept of

19892: 16343: 13338:

Murphy, G. Ronald (September 2014). "Book Review: The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe".

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and other American Indians. A peace treaty with the Cherokee in 1794 stimulated a cultural revival and the welcoming of white missionaries, says historian

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northern Friesland which, according to Ädam, was treated with superstitious respect by all sailors, particularly pirates (Laur 1960, 360 with references).

18097: 16358: 15183: 4269:

is recognized as more vigorously Christian than any place in the United Kingdom. There is revival in East Africa, and vigorous women's movements called

19767: 16557: 16540: 16535: 16505: 16148: 12225:

Harney, Lorcan (2017). "Christianising Pagan Worlds in Conversion-Era Ireland: Archaeological Evidence for the Origins of Irish Ecclesiastical Sites".

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Constantine was over 40, had most likely been a traditional polytheist, and was a savvy and ruthless politician when he declared himself a Christian.

4305:

In the post-colonial world, it has become necessary for Christianization to break free of its colonial moorings, says Sanneh. Mark Boyle writes that:

3944:", as well as European dress, bodily description, religion, and more, excluding and replacing local culture as the means to this end. Dutch historian 1468:, prompted by Heraclius, declared the obligatory conversion of all Jews in Spain. In the many new nation-states being formed in Eastern Europe of the 1360:, which, in an almost equal distribution, missionaries both participated in and opposed. In the post-colonial era, it has produced dramatic growth in 16515: 16071: 4084:

Some imperial practices, (combined with pre-existing conditions in the colonial states), have had negative long-term effects on the colonial states,

3982:

that replaces indigenous populations with a settler society. Settler colonial states include Canada, the United States, Australia, and South Africa.

1878: 14371: 4703:

became common in Late Antiquity. Economic struggles meant that necessity drove much of the destruction and conversion of pagan religious monuments.

3811: 3211:

never existed. Poland entered history suddenly when some western lands inhabited by the Slavs embraced Christianity". The dynastic interests of the

16545: 15363: 11199:

Castañeda, Antonia I. (1993). "Two: Sexual violence in the politics and policies of Conquest". In de la Torre, Adela; Pesquera, Beatriz M. (eds.).

3285:(Hungary). The conversion of Gyula at Constantinople and the missionary work of Bishop Hierotheus are depicted as leading directly to the court of 10920:

Bromley, Myron (1993). "Contextualization of Christianity and Christianization of Language: A Case Study from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea".

2256: 15499: 15210: 14227:

Schwartz, Seth (2005). "Chapter 8: Roman Historians and the Rise of Christianity: The School of Edward Gibbon". In Harris, William Vernon (ed.).

2962:

played the key roles beginning in 863. They spent approximately 40 months in Great Moravia continuously translating texts and teaching students.

1589: 1136: 3167:, by which he set up the independent ecclesiastical province with Archbishop Methodius as its head. Relics withstood the fall of Great Moravia. 19907: 17610: 16227: 14862: 14622:

Strauss, Barry S.; Noble, Thomas F. X.; Cohen, William B.; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen B.; Accampo, Elinore A.; Roberts, David D. (2005).

14030: 13027: 1511: 1290: 14931: 14601:

Stoner-Eby, Anne Marie (2008). "African Clergy, Bishop Lucas and the Christianizing of Local Initiation Rites: Revisiting 'The Masasi Case'".

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beginning, the British talked (and wrote) a great deal about converting native populations, but actual efforts were few and feeble. Historian

2808:

Christianization of the populace at large". The most significant stage in this process was the development of a script for the native tongue.

19932: 14719:

Thompson, Glen L. (2005). "Constantius II and the First Removal of the Altar of Victory". In Jean-Jacques Aubert; Zsuzsanna Varhelyi (eds.).

1756:

memorials and expanded the commemorative audience to the entire local community of coreligionists" thereby redefining the concept of family.

594: 15343: 10516:

Baldovin, J. F. (2000). "The Celebration of the Eucharist: the Origin of the Rite and the Development of its Interpretation (Book Review)".

19277: 17687: 16793: 15572: 13035:

Mazeika, Rasa (2017). "9, Granting Power to Enemy Gods in the Chronicles of the Baltic Crusades". In Abulafia, David; Berend, Nora (eds.).

4150:

Sanneh writes that "The translated scripture ... has become the benchmark of awakening and renewal" in Africa. According to anthropologist

3872:

opposition to the enslavement of native Amerindians inadvertently contributed to the proliferation of black African slaves in their place.

11297: 18188: 4000: 2619:, who died in 954. Suppression of paganism in England is first recorded as having taken place in the mid 7th century during the reign of 2089:, often a highly local saint, unknown elsewhere. In earlier times many of these were seen as guarded by supernatural forces such as the 12111: 11423:

de Bérier, Franciszek Longchamps; Domingo, Rafael (2022). "Introduction". In de Bérier, Franciszek Longchamps; Domingo, Rafael (eds.).

1779: 15504: 12476:

Hyatt, Irwin T. (1970). "Protestant Missions in China, 1877-1890: The Institutionalization of Good Works". In Liu, Kwang-Ching (ed.).

19847: 15250: 13927:

Runciman, W. G. (2004). "The Diffusion of Christianity in the Third Century AD as a Case-Study in the Theory of Cultural Selection".

10251:

Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, Nottingham and York, 21-30 August 1997

3850: 414: 10876:

Brita, Antonella (2020). "Genres of Ethiopian-Eritrean Christian Literature with a Focus on Hagiography". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.).

4780:

intolerant, while Drake says that assumes a uniformity of belief within Christianity that does not exist in the historical record.

3110:, Christianization of Croats began in the 7th century. The conversion of Croatia is said to have been completed by the time of Duke 19121: 4320:

still surviving in Egypt, new Pentecostals in Ghana, established Lutherans in Germany, and secret House church believers in China.

4040:

The beginning of American Protestant missions abroad followed the sailing of William Carey from England to India in 1793 after the

3750:, not its shield". He goes on to explain this is because, "Despite their role as allies of the empire, missions also developed the 2762:

in Lesser Armenia. Probably, at the same stage, Christianization covered the whole of antique Albania, i.e. territory north of the

2414: 2325: 1718:

has shown that, in the process of converting the Roman Empire's aristocracy, Christianity absorbed the values of that aristocracy.

58: 11279:

Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity

3879:

wrote of the depredations of the soldiers against Indian women in California in 1770. Following through on missionary complaints,

3837:

was the goal of missions. This included a significant role, from the beginning of colonial rule, played by Catholic missionaries.

2691:) until the ninth century or later". Pagan ideas and forms persisted most in practices related to healing, death, and the family. 18761: 15173: 13605:

Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2009). "Romania and Romanians in Europe: A Historical Perspective". In Boari, Vasile; Gherghina, Sergiu (eds.).

7793: 4465: 3048: 2587: 2562: 2149:

Christianization wrote of dramatic events associated with Christianization in the manner of political propagandists according to

4358:

importance of the church as a major building block and a viable civic institution in the midst of widespread chaos and unrest".

19209: 15730: 14884:"Hungary's Conversion to Christianity. The Establishment of Hungarian Statehood and its Consequences to the Thirteenth Century" 3192: 1895: 1733:, ended in the 4th century, and the Greek rural population gradually transferred her rites and roles onto the Christian saint. 1246: 1193: 12910:

Lim, Richard (2012). "33 Christianization, Secularization, and the Transformation of Public Life". In Rousseau, Philip (ed.).

11748:

Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2009). "Pope Honorius III and Mission and Crusades in the Baltic Region". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).

3738:

writes that there is an equal amount of evidence of both missionary support and missionary opposition to colonialism through "

1725:

became venerated as the patron of agriculture during the Middle Ages. According to historian Hans Kloft, that was because the

19787: 17565: 17512: 17269: 15156: 15103: 15084: 15065: 15046: 15027: 14950: 14913: 14793: 14774: 14738: 14692: 14671: 14652: 14631: 14591: 14547: 14526: 14507: 14488: 14442: 14423: 14404: 14361: 14290: 14236: 14181: 14151: 14132: 14088: 14066: 14047: 14014: 13987: 13917: 13842: 13814: 13795: 13740: 13721: 13702: 13635: 13614: 13576: 13557: 13495: 13457: 13438: 13395: 13376: 13328: 13271: 13236: 13217: 13196: 13177: 13155: 13136: 13115: 13044: 13011: 12959: 12938: 12919: 12862: 12826: 12807: 12788: 12767: 12748: 12727: 12668: 12649: 12607: 12586: 12521: 12485: 12466: 12395: 12357: 12338: 12311: 12282: 12263: 12157: 12018: 11933: 11912: 11893: 11872: 11853: 11797: 11778: 11759: 11738: 11719: 11644: 11604: 11585: 11524: 11505: 11484: 11432: 11363: 11344: 11325: 11286: 11246: 11227: 11208: 11189: 11170: 11146: 11043: 11024: 10968: 10887: 10866: 10750: 10731: 10712: 10693: 10669: 10636: 10615: 10555: 10506: 10487: 10468: 10424: 10366: 10347: 10327: 4440: 3319:. Stage 1 involves missionaries who arrived in pagan territory in the 800s, on their own, without secular support. Historian 3017:

to make the Bulgarian language the language of the Church. After a series of victories in wars against the Byzantines led by

1524:

rite of baptism. In Christianity's earliest communities, candidates for baptism were introduced by someone willing to stand

17131: 16843: 16143: 15316: 15094:

Wyrwińska, Karolina (2022). "3 Jadwiga of Anjou (1374–1399)". In de Bérier, Franciszek Longchamps; Domingo, Rafael (eds.).

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in the far northeastern reaches of Europe. Lithuania is sometimes described as "the last pagan nation in medieval Europe".

2731: 2330:

Christianization spread through the Roman Empire and neighboring empires in the next few centuries, converting most of the

1765: 1168: 10857:

Brink, Stefan (2004). "New Perspectives on the Christianization of Scandinavia and the Organization of the Early Church".

10357:

Aleksidze, Nikoloz (2018). "7: Caucasia: Albania, Armenia and Georgia". In Lössl, Josef; Baker-Brian, Nicholas J. (eds.).

4510: 18703: 18021: 17996: 17936: 15203: 13085:

Marin-Guzmán, Roberto (1992). "Crusade in Al-Andalus: the eleventh century formation of the Reconquista as an ideology".

4713:

There are only a few examples of Christian officials having any involvement in the violent destruction of pagan shrines.

4560: 3375:

often accompanied by a political element". This ecclesiastical and political tradition continued until the 19th century.

2381:. As ecclesiastical organization increased, so did the political unity of the Germanic Christians. By the year 962, when 1817:(the first Christian emperor) both destroyed and built a few temples, plundered more, and generally neglected the rest. 1131: 490: 4495: 3849:. This was largely the result of the crown's fear that converted Jews were becoming dominant in Goa and might ally with 3804:

Portugal practiced extractive colonialism, and was the first to get involved in the pre-existing slave trade. Historian

18557: 18112: 17116: 16684: 15981: 13595: 12971:"Sin, citizenship, and the salvation of souls: The impact of Christian priorities on late-Roman and post-Roman society" 12407: 9701: 4535: 3556: 1963:

in the sixth century, though most scholars agree the Empire was never fully Christianized. Archaeologist and historian

1283: 245: 7777: 4834:, appears to have played a more critical role in the eventual "triumph of Christianity" than was previously assumed". 4470: 3916:

as a means of establishing colonies controlled by the nation-state rather than private companies. Referred to as the "

19952: 18155: 18117: 17647: 17106: 14837: 13672:

Sacris Erudiri. Jaarboek voor Godsdienstgeschiedenis. A Journal on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity

13567:

Plummer, Robert L. (2005). "The Great Commission in the New Testament". In Rainer, Thom S.; Lawless, Charles (eds.).

12704: 12376: 10259: 3499:

The Teutonic Order was a mostly German crusading organization from the Christian Holy Land founded by members of the

2110: 587: 15056:

Wood, Ian N.; Armstrong, Guyda, eds. (2007). "Some historical re-identifications and the Christianization of Kent".

13824:

Riggs, David. "Christianizing the Rural Communities of Late Roman Africa: A Process of Coercion or Persuasion?". In

13586:

Pluskowski, Aleks (2011). "The Archaeology of Paganism". In Helena Hamerow; David A. Hinton; Sally Crawford (eds.).

2958:

In the Christianization process of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia territories, the two Byzantine missionary brothers

2900:

crossed into Hispania as Roman allies. They converted to Arian Christianity shortly before 429. The Visigothic King

2835:

and culminated in the evangelization of Iberia through the efforts of a captive woman known in Iberian tradition as

1903:

seen as having been "polluted" by the practice of sacrifice. They were, therefore, in need of "desacralization" or "

1310:) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to 19782: 19143: 18688: 18283: 15851: 15797: 12533:"The origins of Christianity in the territory of Czech and Slovak republics within the contexts of written sources" 11615: 9179: 4395: 4184: 4025: 2462: 1203: 210: 3920:", the goal was a political and religious community representative of an ideal society as articulated through the 3690:

married in October 1469 thereby uniting Spain with themselves as its first royalty. In 1478, they established the

2637: 2236: 1890:. The Christian cross on the chin and forehead was intended to "deconsecrate" a holy pagan artifact. Found in the 1616:(wherein God is present) that evidenced Christ's sacrifice, and the prayer given with the rite was to include two 19882: 19817: 18862: 18713: 18316: 18181: 17615: 4525: 4362: 3535: 3302: 938: 4699:

This progressive decay was accompanied by an increased trade in salvaged building materials, as the practice of

4515: 3307: 19983: 19073: 18500: 18333: 18271: 17981: 17921: 17893: 17652: 17284: 16999: 16728: 16348: 15196: 14863:"The Dutch East India Company and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Archipelago Worlds, 1602–1795" 12630: 12127:

Hanson, R. P. C. (1978). "The transformation of pagan temples into churches in the early Christian centuries".

11277:

Clark, Gillian (2011). "Augustine and the merciful Barbarians". In Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (eds.).

10289: 4775:

There have, historically, been many different scholarly views on Constantine's religious policies. For example

3140:

What was Bohemia forms much of the Czech Republic, comprising the central and western portions of the country.

3055: 2420: 2155: 1775: 1395:

geographically, through teaching and preaching, with interaction sometimes producing conflict, and other times

1141: 1086: 2193:

Monte Giove "Hill of Jupiter" came to be known as San Bernardo, in honour of St Bernhard (Pfeiffer 1980, 79).

1464:

attempted to force cultural and religious uniformity by requiring baptism of the Jews. In 612, the Visigothic

19226: 18708: 18617: 18067: 17898: 16873: 16706: 15460: 15245: 13667: 12167:

Harmer, Florence E. (1946). "The english contribution to the epistolary usages of early scandinavian kings".

12061:

Haley, Gene C. (2002). "Tamlachta: The Map of Plague Burials and Some Implications for Early Irish History".

11036:

Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550 AD

10828: 4505: 2541: 1276: 847: 801: 769: 271: 255: 11053:

Bukowska, Aneta (2012). "The Origins of Christianity in Poland. Actual Research on the Church Archaeology".

3323:

writes "Between A.D. 960 and 1008 three Scandinavian kings were converted to Christianity". The Danish King

2004:

describes as "the first truly historical work by an Englishman" describing the Christianization of Britain.

1368:. Christianization has become a diverse, pluralist, global phenomenon of the largest religion in the world. 19837: 19822: 19717: 17111: 15708: 14498:

Spliesgart, Roland (2007). Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano; Spliesgart, Roland (eds.).

11373:

Danuta, Shanzer (March 1998). "Dating the Baptism of Clovis: The bishop of Vienna vs the bishop of Tours".

4545: 3643: 2984: 2566: 580: 17: 15869: 15149:

The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium: Views from the Wider Mediterranean World in Conversation

14349: 12548:

Jensen, Robin M. (2012). "Material and Documentary Evidence for the Practice of Early Christian Baptism".

12348:

Herrin, Judith (2009). "Book Burning as purification". In Rousseau, Philip; Papoutsakis, Emmanuel (eds.).

11655: 9147: 3880: 3634: 3098:

to aid in the war against the Saracens in 869. Serbia can certainly be seen as a Christian nation by 870.

2489: 19243: 18754: 18667: 18662: 18278: 18077: 16808: 16752: 15911: 15448: 15294: 14379: 4550: 4520: 4475: 3135: 3131: 2812: 2801: 2784: 2700: 2528: 1556:, but according to Schaff, it was practiced by the ancients and is neither required nor forbidden in the 1533:'s commands, before being accepted into the community as a full member. This could take months to years. 1076: 779: 14007:

Pagans and Christians in late antique Rome: conflict, competition, and coexistence in the fourth century

9159: 3948:

describes this as "... turning the coloured peoples - by means of education - into coloured Frenchmen".

19114: 18837: 18723: 18718: 18174: 18072: 18062: 18026: 17868: 17770: 15856: 13248:"'And we forbeodað eornostlice ælcne hæðenscipe': Wulfstan and Late Anglo-Saxon and Norse 'Heathenism'" 11846:

Forced conversion in Christianity, Judaism and Islam: coercion and faith in premodern Iberia and beyond

10826:

Bradbury, Scott (1994). "Constantine and the Problem of Anti-Pagan Legislation in the Fourth Century".

4540: 4350: 4286: 3665:, took place until the Christian Kingdoms, that would later become Spain and Portugal, reconquered the 3282: 3224: 3176: 3071: 2963: 2959: 2797: 2066:) took place in and after the seventh century, after the displacements caused by the Slavic invasions. 1476:, the fighting princes obtained widespread conversion through political pressure or military coercion. 1448: 1441: 15039:

The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe

13750: 13645:

Poppe, Andrzej (1991). "Christianity and Ideological change in Kievan Rus': The First Hundred Years".

11825: 4480: 3223:

in Polish, is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief and largest city is Poznań.). The

19978: 19762: 19722: 19163: 18693: 18447: 18408: 17795: 17558: 17507: 16913: 16694: 16496: 16202: 15114: 13767: 11156: 4740: 4400: 4085: 4033: 3639: 3391: 3034: 2377:

led the effort in the mid-eighth century to organize churches in the region that would become modern

2247: 1722: 1173: 1126: 1116: 971: 811: 774: 276: 250: 14883: 14722:

A Tall Order: Writing the Social History of the Ancient World – Essays in honor of William V. Harris

13405:

Nowell, Charles E.; Magdoff, Harry; Webster, Richard A. (November 13, 2022). "Western colonialism".

4530: 3143: 2000:

The "Venerable Bede" was a Christian monk (672 - 735) who wrote what sociologist and anthropologist

19862: 19590: 19352: 19312: 19302: 19250: 18046: 16723: 16584: 16106: 15619: 15470: 15405: 15333: 4626: 3961: 3658: 3182: 2743: 2524: 2363:

In all cases, Christianization meant "the Germanic conquerors lost their native languages. ... the

2186:

in northern Italy, the shrine of Saint Marino, replaced a pre-Christian cultic name for the place:

1687:

and used the Latin names for months and weekdays that etymologically derived from Roman mythology.

1680: 1241: 1188: 285: 260: 200: 190: 15180:

vol xxvii (1999), pp 257–268 Christianizing Late Antique Roman sites from the 6th century onwards.

14350:"Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus. The Christianization of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania)" 14300:

Sedlar, Jean W. (1995). "King Saint Stephen of Hungary. By György Györffy. Trans. Peter Doherty".

12083: 4485: 4405: 3808:

writes that, "the Portuguese and the Spanish dominated the early phase of transatlantic slavery".

3770:

A catastrophe was wrought upon the Amerindians by contact with Europeans. Old World diseases like

3480: 1356:, and in the spread of literacy there. In the modern era, Christianization became associated with 627: 19640: 19548: 18847: 18842: 18698: 18356: 17750: 17720: 17196: 16180: 16138: 15601: 15552: 13514: 4555: 4410: 4242:

Eastern Maghrib was one of the first three places in the world where Christians were a majority.

3799: 3677: 3201: 2793: 2718: 2504: 2472: 2292:

in 312. Constantine did not support the suppression of paganism by force. He never engaged in a

2289: 1916: 1908: 1891: 1251: 1208: 983: 832: 480: 447: 15745: 13247: 11443: 4500: 3315:

Christianization of Scandinavia is divided into two stages by Professor of medieval archaeology

2676:

pagans maintained a self imposed segregation throughout the period. Historian and archaeologist

1919:

of the Roman Empire till its end. Public spectacles were popular and resisted Christianization:

19812: 19802: 19391: 19322: 19307: 18788: 18747: 18522: 18351: 18107: 17863: 17637: 17415: 17341: 17321: 17191: 17126: 17055: 16823: 16631: 16562: 16466: 16111: 15974: 15891: 15255: 15151:. Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies. Vol. 92. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 327–360. 12874:"From synagogue to church: The Appropriation of the Synagogue of Gerasa/Jerash under Justinian" 12738: 12496: 11056:

Christianisierung Europas: Entstehung, Entwicklung und Konsolidierung im archäologischen Befund

10566: 10435: 7803: 4743:, this violence was unofficial and without support from Christian clergy or state magistrates. 4672: 4621: 4425: 3909: 3842: 3687: 3450: 3022: 2663: 2430: 2107:

also called the 'Oak of Jupiter' and used the lumber to build a church dedicated to St. Peter.

1769: 1121: 933: 816: 422: 336: 281: 215: 14748:

Thomson, Robert W. (1988). "Mission, Conversion, and Christianization: The Armenian Example".

14574: 14558: 14171: 13971:

The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire

13692: 12148:

Hardt, Matthias (2001). "11, Hesse, Elbe, Saale and the frontiers of the Carolingian empire".

11972:

Gregory, Timothy E. (1986). "The Survival of Paganism in Christian Greece: A Critical Essay".

10300: 3864:. In 16th-century Spain, the issue resulted in a crisis of conscience and the birth of modern 3051:, from the late 9th century – one of the oldest artifacts of the Christianization of the Serbs 2705: 2093:, and many such pre-Christian holy wells appear to have survived as baptistries. According to 2077:

suggests that, within the British Isles and other areas of northern Europe that were formerly

1784: 1419:

Autochthonization means the same as indigenization, but is specific to Spanish and Portuguese.

165: 19922: 19897: 19827: 19510: 19238: 19011: 18969: 18939: 18602: 18467: 17926: 17818: 17775: 17084: 17062: 16803: 16481: 16338: 16277: 16197: 16165: 15688: 15651: 15607: 15219: 13668:"Explaining the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Older theories and recent developments" 12948:

Lund, James (2022). "Religion and Thought". In Johnson, Wendell G.; Barbe, Katharina (eds.).

11688: 4120: 3957: 3913: 3834: 3683: 3661:. The centuries long military struggle to reclaim the peninsula from Muslim rule, called the 3207:

According to historians Franciszek Longchamps de Bérier and Rafael Domingo: "A pre-Christian

3160: 2410: 2260:

Map of the Roman empire with distribution of Christian congregations in first three centuries

2180:, the name by which it is still known (Mont Martres) (Longnon 1923, 377; Vincent 1937, 307). 1814: 1071: 877: 862: 786: 675: 640: 611: 14664:

Rome is Love Spelled Backward (Roma Amor): Enjoying Art and Architecture in the Eternal City

13206:

McKinnell, John (2021). "Pre-Christian Traces in British Ballads and Other Popular Poetry".

12679: 12459:

The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity

7787: 2595: 2288:

is frequently divided by scholars into the two phases of before and after the conversion of

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Sáry, Pál (2019). "Remarks on the Edict of Thessalonica of 380". In Vojtech Vladár (ed.).

13469:"Sustainable Development Goals and the Baptist Convention in Nigeria: A Critical Overview" 13290:

Moravcsik, Gyula (December 1947). "The Role of the Byzantine Church in Medieval Hungary".

12029: 4332: 4127: 3331:

between 935 and 961, but the wide-scale conversion of this kingdom was undertaken by King

1506:

which can be dated to approximately AD 28–35 based on references by the Jewish historian

1424: 169: 8: 19942: 19807: 19677: 19467: 19396: 19153: 19126: 19109: 19097: 18919: 18875: 18622: 18552: 18495: 18412: 18238: 18031: 18011: 17991: 17956: 17888: 17800: 17667: 17517: 17244: 17239: 17186: 17156: 17151: 17035: 16711: 16636: 16599: 16400: 16297: 16081: 15933: 15906: 15311: 15304: 14125:

Perpauca Terrena Blande Honori dedicata pocta Petrovi Blahovi K Nedožitým 80. Narodeninám

13408:

Western colonialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Effects | Britannica

12331:

When the Church Was a Family: Recapturing Jesus' Vision for Authentic Christian Community

12275:

Power Over Peoples Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present

11707: 10703:

Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard John Alexander (2004).

10318:

Abulafia, David (2017) . "Introduction". In Abulafia, David; Berend, Nóra Berend (eds.).

9853: 4827: 4572: 4455: 4382: 4297:

Just as Christianization had a role in colonialism, it has also played a central role in

4078: 4072:

was a second wave of colonialism that took place primarily in the years between 1870 and

4053: 3979: 3929: 3893: 3743: 3691: 3673: 3527: 3504: 3500: 3342:

According to Peter Brown, Scandinavians adopted Christianity of their own accord c.1000.

3252: 3236: 3115: 3006: 2997: 2971: 2967: 2828: 2620: 2612: 2532: 2074: 1662: 1264: 1259: 1223: 978: 950: 892: 837: 759: 516: 511: 506: 470: 346: 40: 10282:

Cultures in contact: Scandinavian settlement in England in the ninth and tenth centuries

2058:

which was converted to a church in the sixth century, temple conversions (including the

2054:

has won consensus support of her view that, aside from a few rare instances such as the

1634: 19662: 19578: 19568: 19401: 19364: 19294: 19233: 19216: 19170: 19080: 18994: 18808: 18728: 18632: 18416: 18368: 18363: 18266: 18256: 18213: 18205: 18135: 17971: 17946: 17848: 17725: 17677: 17672: 17662: 17600: 17457: 17361: 17176: 17089: 17067: 16950: 16898: 16838: 16733: 16491: 16459: 16449: 16410: 16405: 16375: 16365: 16222: 15584: 15272: 15134: 15006: 14998: 14969: 14753: 14325: 14317: 14269: 14215: 14024: 13993: 13965: 13944: 13869: 13406: 13307: 13165: 13094: 13021: 12990: 12855:

The End of the Pagan City: Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa

12597: 12565: 12424: 12317: 12242: 12213: 12184: 12103: 12070: 12049: 11997: 11960: 11675: 11559: 11551: 11517:

The Wendish Crusade, 1147: The Development of Crusading Ideology in the Twelfth Century

11463: 11411: 11390: 11114: 11081: 11003: 10995: 10937: 10845: 10814: 10785: 10777: 10532: 10403: 10265: 4803: 4758: 4577: 4346: 4196: 4131:

languages). Missionaries of this era worked with indigenous people to create a written

3917: 3576: 3523: 3435: 3087: 2832: 2677: 2655: 2608: 2603: 2457: 2452:

Saxons went back and forth between rebellion and submission to the Franks for decades.

2390: 2222: 2027: 1715: 1326: 1003: 996: 887: 882: 867: 752: 680: 521: 95: 15115:"Funerary Monuments and Collective Identity: From Roman Family to Christian Community" 14519:

The Routledge handbook of east central and eastern europe in the middle ages, 500–1300

4850:, which of course are not a Christian practice, have been found until that time; see: 3336: 1529:

still generally expected to demonstrate commitment to the community, and obedience to

1472:, some kings and princes pressured their people to adopt the new religion. And in the 1344:

After 479, Christianization spread through missions north into western Europe. In the

19792: 19694: 19682: 19667: 19647: 19558: 19505: 19477: 19459: 19262: 19138: 19131: 18944: 18892: 18870: 18798: 18607: 18582: 18562: 18542: 18532: 18422: 18404: 18373: 18306: 18223: 18197: 18131: 17873: 17843: 17833: 17823: 17740: 17730: 17715: 17582: 17077: 16940: 16920: 16828: 16745: 16740: 16716: 16616: 16609: 16577: 16572: 16439: 16434: 16422: 16380: 16242: 16212: 15967: 15923: 15886: 15537: 15152: 15138: 15099: 15080: 15061: 15042: 15023: 15010: 14946: 14909: 14824: 14820: 14789: 14770: 14734: 14688: 14667: 14648: 14627: 14587: 14570: 14543: 14522: 14503: 14484: 14438: 14419: 14400: 14357: 14329: 14286: 14273: 14232: 14219: 14177: 14147: 14128: 14099: 14084: 14062: 14043: 14010: 13983: 13948: 13913: 13852:

Robinson, W. Stitt (May 1952). "Indian Education and Missions in Colonial Virginia".

13838: 13810: 13791: 13736: 13717: 13698: 13631: 13610: 13591: 13572: 13553: 13501: 13491: 13453: 13434: 13391: 13372: 13355: 13324: 13267: 13232: 13213: 13192: 13173: 13151: 13132: 13111: 13040: 13007: 12994: 12955: 12934: 12915: 12890: 12858: 12822: 12803: 12784: 12763: 12744: 12723: 12700: 12692: 12664: 12645: 12626: 12603: 12582: 12569: 12517: 12481: 12462: 12428: 12391: 12372: 12353: 12334: 12321: 12307: 12278: 12259: 12246: 12176: 12153: 12107: 12053: 12014: 11989: 11929: 11908: 11889: 11868: 11849: 11793: 11774: 11755: 11734: 11715: 11679: 11640: 11600: 11581: 11563: 11520: 11501: 11480: 11428: 11394: 11359: 11340: 11321: 11282: 11242: 11223: 11204: 11185: 11166: 11142: 11118: 11085: 11054: 11039: 11020: 11007: 10964: 10941: 10883: 10862: 10849: 10797:

Bradbury, Scott (1995). "Julian's Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice".

10746: 10727: 10708: 10689: 10665: 10632: 10611: 10551: 10536: 10502: 10483: 10464: 10420: 10407: 10362: 10343: 10323: 10285: 10255: 4732: 4714: 4675:. In Italy there is one; Britain has the highest percentage with 2 out of 40 temples. 4460: 4151: 3987: 3865: 3805: 3755: 3747: 3703: 3650: 3519: 3468: 3454: 3316: 3187: 3095: 2989: 2820: 2714: 2591: 2499: 2442: 2357: 2204: 1828: 1473: 1381: 1228: 1198: 1178: 1111: 1061: 989: 806: 665: 655: 537: 393: 295: 290: 183: 19937: 16833: 14338: 12931:

The Architecture and Liturgy of the Bema in Fourth- To-Sixth-Century Syrian Churches

11467: 10789: 4811:, some of the most influential textual sources on pagan-Christian violence concerns 4725:

as a dedicated destroyer of temples and sacred trees, saying "wherever he destroyed

3746:

both in the church and in politics". In Sanneh's view, missions were "colonialism's

2854:) became the second country to declare Christianity as its official state religion. 19553: 19543: 19369: 19317: 19221: 19085: 18974: 18924: 18902: 18897: 18828: 18597: 18512: 18457: 18427: 18378: 18338: 18311: 18246: 18218: 18092: 18041: 18036: 17976: 17941: 17853: 17810: 17780: 17702: 17590: 17440: 17289: 17274: 17264: 16975: 16945: 16813: 16699: 16689: 16626: 16415: 16392: 16370: 16217: 16091: 16076: 15901: 15829: 15557: 15130: 15126: 14990: 14849: 14816: 14804: 14726: 14610: 14465: 14309: 14259: 14207: 14111: 13975: 13936: 13894: 13861: 13679: 13654: 13569:

The Challenge of the Great Commission: Essays on God's Mandate for the Local Church

13534: 13526: 13347: 13299: 13259: 12982: 12557: 12445: 12416: 12299: 12234: 12205: 12136: 12095: 12041: 11981: 11952: 11667: 11543: 11455: 11382: 11265: 11127: 11106: 11073: 10987: 10929: 10837: 10806: 10769: 10685:

Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300

10524: 10447: 10436:"The Edict of Milan (313): A Defence of Its Traditional Authorship and Designation" 10393: 10385: 10306: 4798: 4776: 4058: 3827: 3783: 3605: 3399: 3360: 3324: 3067: 2843: 2789: 2747: 2599: 2537: 2331: 1864: 1839: 1503: 1469: 1349: 1345: 1330: 1213: 1106: 857: 729: 660: 563: 542: 501: 485: 10900:

British Empire | History, Countries, Map, Size, & Facts | Britannica

10898: 4731:

In the 380s, one eastern official (generally identified as the praetorian prefect

2881: 2611:

being killed in battle in 686 and his two sons forcefully baptised and excecuted.

1984: 1352:, Christianization was instrumental in the creation of new nations in what became 19927: 19867: 19752: 19600: 19595: 19573: 19493: 19447: 19204: 19158: 19056: 19033: 19016: 18989: 18774: 18637: 18612: 18400: 18383: 18228: 18102: 18016: 17986: 17710: 17627: 17445: 17393: 17313: 17146: 17017: 16955: 16893: 16848: 16621: 16567: 16552: 16476: 16454: 16427: 16353: 16192: 16185: 16175: 16033: 15994: 15959: 15948: 15863: 15841: 15824: 15631: 15596: 15437: 15427: 15383: 15378: 15277: 15240: 15022:. Translated by Robinson, Gerge W. (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. 14903: 14720: 14642: 14537: 14173:

History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590–1073

13969: 13625: 13485: 13428: 13126: 13055: 12949: 12800:

Christianizing South China: Mission, Development, and Identity in Modern Chaoshan

12778: 12293: 12227:

Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature

11923: 11883: 11808: 11749: 11575: 11571: 11495: 11269: 11160: 10877: 10683: 10650: 10605: 10545: 9972: 4812: 4722: 4630: 4445: 4108: 4089: 4068: 4041: 3973: 3734:

History also connects Christianization with opposition to colonialism. Historian

3600: 3569: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3228: 3107: 3014: 2912: 2266: 1793: 1672: 1051: 960: 558: 427: 14539:

Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204

12436:

Horn, Cornelia B. (1998). "St. Nino and the Christianization of pagan Georgia".

12045: 11863:

Ghosh, Shami (2016). "Paul the Deacon and the Ancient History of the Lombards".

10310: 3903: 1490: 1341:

became the first nation to designate Christianity as its state religion in 301.

19957: 19877: 19832: 19772: 19737: 19529: 19442: 19347: 19255: 19046: 18880: 18803: 18587: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18547: 18537: 18452: 18395: 18288: 18251: 18006: 17951: 17905: 17858: 17838: 17682: 17605: 17532: 17527: 17489: 17249: 16970: 16930: 16925: 16908: 16903: 16757: 16646: 16272: 15938: 15836: 15819: 15735: 15715: 15683: 15636: 15626: 15579: 15567: 15526: 15521: 15487: 15477: 15455: 15417: 15388: 15373: 15323: 15299: 15230: 15184:

Unilineal Descent Groups and Deep Christianization: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

14211: 13351: 12661:

Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity

12388:

The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England

12099: 11771:

Decolonizing Christianity: Religion and the End of Empire in France and Algeria

11095:"'Mission civilisatrice': French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914" 11077: 10950: 10933: 10528: 4726: 4298: 4199:

says, it is a mistake to identify Christianity only with its European version.

4144: 4018: 3945: 3941: 3876: 3723: 3489: 3446: 3371: 3343: 3278: 3216: 3151:

Significant missionary activity only took place after Charlemagne defeated the

3119: 3079: 2927: 2755: 2688: 2386: 2374: 2104: 2099: 2005: 2001: 1944: 1904: 1549: 1530: 1423:

external changes. Whenever the gospel has been linked to a particular culture,

1387: 1377: 1353: 1097: 1056: 1036: 907: 872: 724: 645: 475: 432: 129: 14994: 14853: 14340:

Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England - Christian Classics Ethereal Library

14115: 13940: 13910:

A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and the Carib to the Present

13530: 12986: 12238: 11110: 10958: 10773: 10587: 10389: 10269: 10245: 4490: 2877: 2553:

that safety depended upon it. Communities often followed their king en masse.

1391: 321: 19972: 19912: 19797: 19712: 19657: 19517: 19437: 19332: 19182: 19175: 19068: 19021: 18914: 18770: 18683: 18482: 17765: 17410: 17169: 16935: 16888: 16292: 16237: 16232: 16160: 16066: 15918: 15846: 15787: 15720: 15703: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15641: 15614: 15547: 15531: 15516: 15511: 15465: 15443: 15432: 15422: 15412: 15395: 15338: 15328: 15262: 14828: 14614: 14229:

The Spread of Christianity in the First Four Centuries: Essays in Explanation

13505: 13359: 13066: 12209: 12180: 11993: 11459: 10954: 10662:

Assimilation and Empire: Uniformity in French and British Colonies, 1541–1954

10277: 10241: 9011: 8094: 4450: 4219: 4204:

the lexicon that is formulated by Christianity into a new religious argument.

4104: 4006: 3966: 3921: 3240: 3212: 3091: 2659: 2642: 2625: 2616: 2382: 2161: 2127: 2051: 2031: 1964: 1875:

destroyed them all, then he said Constantine converted them all to churches.

1820: 1737: 1602: 1557: 1545: 1010: 917: 714: 709: 372: 135: 18739: 17072: 14040:

Power and Conversion. A Comparative Study of Christianization in Scandinavia

13658: 13263: 12642:

The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey

12449: 11386: 10451: 10249: 9198: 2018: 19947: 19747: 19652: 19498: 19472: 19381: 19063: 19051: 18999: 18959: 18954: 18818: 18813: 18642: 18472: 18343: 18261: 17931: 17828: 17632: 17522: 17462: 17425: 17326: 17279: 17141: 17094: 16965: 15792: 15771: 15740: 15725: 15698: 15693: 15646: 15591: 15542: 15494: 15482: 15400: 15368: 15358: 15353: 15235: 14470: 14453: 14142:

Schacter, Jacob J. (2011). Carlebach, Elisheva; Schacter, Jacob J. (eds.).

14076: 13997: 13473:

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)

12819:

Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom

12561: 12497:"Non-christians and sectarians under Justinian: the fate of the inculpated" 12420: 12140: 11792:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 11444:"The Comparative Politics of Colonialism and Its Legacies: An Introduction" 4823: 4582: 4430: 4282: 4014: 3978:

Colonies in the Americas experienced a distinct type of colonialism called

3861: 3819: 3735: 3580: 3488:

The last of the Baltic crusades was the conflict between the mostly German

3364: 3274: 3152: 2763: 2285: 2187: 2070: 1872: 1868: 1706: 1643: 1629: 1329:

in response to the command recorded in Matthew 28:19 (sometimes called the

1318: 1311: 966: 739: 619: 377: 159: 69: 14730: 14264: 14247: 13683: 13172:(3rd ed.). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 12303: 11905:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876

11865:

Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative

11402:

Dean, Sidney E. (2015). "Felling the Irminsul: Charlemagne's Saxon Wars".

2437:

under one ruler. The most likely date of his conversion to Catholicism is

2042: 2035:

removed the altar, and built an oratory before the locals were converted.

19887: 19635: 19630: 19622: 19607: 19432: 19337: 19148: 18984: 18949: 18929: 18909: 18887: 18852: 18627: 18505: 18490: 18462: 18298: 18082: 17785: 17692: 17574: 16126: 16011: 15943: 15766: 15562: 15267: 14005:

Salzman, Michele Renee; Sághy, Marianne; Testa, Rita Lizzi, eds. (2016).

10679: 10398: 4847: 4831: 4180: 4073: 3889: 3854: 3662: 3629: 3510: 3415: 3407: 3289:, the first Hungarian king, a Christian in a still mostly pagan country. 3197: 3082:, is mentioned in the ninth century. Serbs were baptized sometime before 3010: 2767: 2484: 2453: 2394: 2305: 2160:

who references the 1987 survey by the historian of medieval Scandinavia,

2146: 2119: 2059: 1960: 1609: 1598: 1457: 1357: 1081: 1041: 1026: 912: 852: 796: 398: 15188: 14973: 14905:

The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval

14757: 14144:

New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations: In Honor of David Berger

13979: 13712:

Radić, Radmilla (2010). "11:Serbian Christianity". In Parry, Ken (ed.).

13098: 12217: 12188: 12074: 11415: 10781: 10588:"Review of Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 by R. Macmullen" 10376:

Alfsvåg, K. (2022). "The Role of Confirmation in Christian Initiation".

8763: 8751: 8691: 8371: 6907: 5301: 3793: 3543:

peoples of the eastern Baltic, continued in a frequently brutal manner.

3422:

lived on the physical frontiers of Christendom in what has today become

2909:

scholars refer to this shift as a "seismic moment" in Christianization.

1694:

early depiction of Eucharist celebration found in catacombs beneath Rome

19418: 19406: 19376: 19342: 19282: 18964: 18390: 17657: 17543: 17484: 17467: 17405: 17254: 17201: 17164: 17050: 16302: 16282: 16121: 16021: 14500:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990

14321: 14283:

Texts and Culture in Late Antiquity: Inheritance, Authority, and Change

13899: 13882: 13873: 13539: 13311: 12681:

Decolonization and African Churches: The Nigerian Experience, 1955–1975

12256:

Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies

12150:

The Transformation of Frontiers From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians

11964: 11555: 10818: 5578: 4754: 4693: 4140: 3751: 3669: 3534:

of Poland. One year later, a marriage was arranged between her and the

3419: 3383: 3281:

and was baptized, bringing home with him Hierotheus who was designated

2836: 2816: 2735: 2545: 2343: 2183: 2177: 1887: 1741: 1521: 1334: 1021: 547: 351: 105: 16133: 15002: 14682: 13607:

Weighting Differences: Romanian Identity in the Wider European Context

12001: 10999: 2449:. The Frankish Kingdom became Christian over the next two centuries. 1597:

Father Enrico Mazza writes that the "Eucharist is an imitation of the

19852: 19689: 19424: 19386: 18979: 18793: 18437: 17966: 17735: 17435: 17430: 17398: 17381: 17040: 16604: 16257: 16252: 16016: 15287: 15282: 14805:"Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-Century England" 12737:

Koenig, Harold G.; King, Dana E.; Carson, Verna Benner, eds. (2012).

11017:

The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000

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produced the establishment of both church and state in Great Poland (

3044: 2905: 2897: 2438: 2094: 2055: 1920: 1883: 1847: 1843: 1749: 1710: 1699: 1684: 1676: 1613: 1575: 1569: 1461: 1183: 1046: 1016: 307: 155: 125: 18166: 14313: 13865: 13468: 13303: 13207: 12532: 11956: 11547: 11141:(illustrated, revised, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. 10978:

Brown, P. (1963). "St. Augustine's Attitude to Religious Coercion".

10810: 9742: 9740: 9710:, p. introduction/Conditions at Times of Colonial Intervention. 8648: 8646: 6332: 5232: 3039: 2510: 1690: 1679:, and Christian philosophers synthesized their Christian views with 1333:) to go to all the nations of the world and preach the good news of 19842: 19538: 19359: 19187: 19102: 19041: 19004: 18647: 18442: 18001: 17878: 17755: 17366: 17356: 17351: 17136: 16170: 16116: 16101: 16086: 15990: 14584:

Bishops, councils, and consensus in the Visigothic Kingdom, 589-633

13450:

Dutch Colonialism, Migration and Cultural Heritage Past and Present

12837: 12350:

Transformations of Late Antiquity: Essays for Peter Brown, Volume 2

11985: 11671: 10991: 10949:

Brown, Peter (1998). "Christianization and religious conflict". In

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Scandinavia and Europe 800-1350: Contact, Conflict, and Coexistence

10841: 10655:. Vol. 3. Translated by Giles, John Allen. Harvard University. 10626: 10254:(reprint ed.). Havertown Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 31–44. 8246: 5914: 5764: 5343: 5341: 4435: 4342: 4274: 4155: 4116: 4112: 4010: 3925: 3771: 3711: 3270: 2919: 2885: 2873: 2847: 2751: 2726:

historian of the Christian East, Aleksan H. Hakobyan, has written:

2478: 2426: 2398: 2335: 2301: 2139: 2135: 2090: 2063: 1583: 1507: 1031: 902: 205: 115: 99: 75: 14435:

The spirit of Hungary: a panorama of Hungarian history and culture

13956:

Salzman, Michele Renee. "Rethinking Pagan-Christian Violence". In

12579:

Wayward Monks and the Religious Revolution of the Eleventh Century

12514:

A history of Christianity in Africa: From antiquity to the present

12501:

Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité

11928:. Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day. HarperCollins. 9643: 9641: 8739: 8715: 5286: 5136: 4361:

Lee writes that hostility toward Christianity as expressed in the

4193:

Church of Jesus Christ of this Earth by the Prophet Simon Kimbangu

3561: 3503:. Medieval historian Aiden Lilienfeld says "In 1226, however, the 1427:

forcefully insists the result has been subjugation not conversion.

19757: 19612: 19524: 18517: 18328: 17642: 17336: 17099: 16960: 16262: 16006: 13731:

Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). "Chapter 7 – Georgian Christianity".

10960:

The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425

9892: 9890: 9737: 9075: 8643: 8619: 5781: 5779: 4646: 4617: 4587: 4376: 4289:, which began in Rhodesia, now have branches in seven countries. 4262: 4250: 4136: 4132: 3960:

was not a dominant influence in the Dutch colonies. However, the

3869: 3779: 3775: 3739: 3727: 3654: 3594: 3423: 3395: 3156: 3083: 3075: 3059: 3013:

Bulgarian Orthodox Church was formed that used the newly created

2939: 2935: 2923: 2901: 2888:

by that same period. In AD 300 an ecclesiastical council held in

2851: 2771: 2572: 2378: 2368: 2353: 2114:

The Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne and his descendants to 900

1989: 1952: 1928: 1855: 1835: 1730: 1617: 1499: 1485: 1465: 1338: 1066: 791: 764: 437: 316: 119: 109: 89: 85: 17331: 12405:

Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications".

7537: 5338: 3265:, from the medieval codex Chronicon Pictum from the 14th century 2862: 2713:

Most scholars agree that Christianity was officially adopted in

2682:"The Survival of Paganism in Christian Greece: A Critical Essay" 48: 19777: 17479: 17420: 17376: 17371: 16589: 16287: 16207: 16155: 13883:"Rome and the Early Germans: Some Sociolinguistic Observations" 12030:"About the Dating of the Christianization of Caucasian Albania" 11281:(illustrated ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 1–4. 11256:

Clark, Elizabeth A. (1992). "The End of Ancient Christianity".

9795: 9783: 9638: 9498: 8424: 8422: 7090: 5602: 5088: 4689: 4637:

was pronounced by Jews in a similar way to the Hebrew word for

4254: 3719: 3427: 3208: 2943: 2931: 2889: 2824: 2796:. This is said to have eventually led to the conversion of the 2759: 2739: 2724:"About the Dating of the Christianization of Caucasian Albania" 2475:. Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797. 2468: 2446: 2434: 2364: 2339: 2273: 2231:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

2216: 2131: 2123: 1745: 1525: 1365: 1218: 719: 341: 326: 149: 14960:

Weston, Arthur Harold (1942). "December 25th, Christmas Day".

10002: 9887: 9510: 8835: 8775: 8342: 8306: 7693: 7633: 7585: 6895: 6081: 5776: 4171: 3974:

British North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa

3257: 2913:

Europe and Asia of the High and Late Middle Ages (800 to 1500)

2371:, and most of the literary forms, were thoroughly latinized". 19742: 19732: 19727: 19199: 19194: 17474: 17346: 17259: 14559:"Justinian: Lieutenant of Christ, Legislator for Christendom" 13110:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 12623:

Popular religion in late Saxon England: elf charms in context

11320:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10501:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. 9902: 9063: 8159: 7971: 7327: 7126: 6565: 5803: 4668: 4266: 4246: 4245:

In the early twenty-first century outside the United States,

3904:

French Canada, North America, west Africa and the West Indies

3782:

and many others spread through Indian populations. Historian

3715: 3702:

Following the geographic discoveries of the 1400s and 1500s,

3666: 2580: 2293: 2172: 2086: 2078: 1993: 1752:

copying Christian beliefs and practices yet remaining pagan.

1605:

who argue that there were multiple origins of the Eucharist.

1579: 1361: 1322: 734: 696: 145: 139: 79: 65: 27:

Process by which Christianity spreads in a society or culture

14198:

Sharf, A. (1955). "Byzantine Jewry in the seventh century".

13515:"The Inquisition Tribunal in Goa: Why and for What Purpose?" 12838:"The Gothic Civil War and the Date of the Gothic Conversion" 10652:

The Complete Works of Venerable Bede: Ecclesiastical history

9919: 9917: 9546: 9450: 9342: 8992: 8727: 8631: 8530: 8419: 7922: 7920: 7234: 7162: 7018: 6994: 6871: 6796: 6661: 6637: 6577: 6541: 6409: 6245: 6243: 6216: 6129: 6039: 5124: 2857: 2190:, where the Titans had been worshipped (Pfeiffer 1980, 79). 1871:

claimed Constantine destroyed all the temples, then he said

1671:

When Christianity spread beyond Judaea, it first arrived in

19872: 17388: 13835:

Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion

13189:

Life and Practice in the Early Church: A Documentary Reader

12034:

Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie Obshchestva: Istoriia I Sovremennost

12011:

Alexandria in Late Antiquity Topography and Social Conflict

11139:

Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People

11129:

Benedictine Monachism: Studies in Benedictine Life and Rule

10646: 10628:

Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion

10116: 9402: 9390: 8902: 8847: 8703: 8446: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8147: 8106: 7821: 7717: 7186: 7138: 7030: 6943: 6919: 6835: 6469: 6380: 6165: 5986: 5051: 5049: 5010: 4808: 4753:

By the time a fifth-century pope attempted to denounce the

4736: 3584: 3327:

was baptized c. 960. The conversion of Norway was begun by

3296: 2576: 2493:

Mosaic of Justinian I in the Basilica San Vitale in Ravenna

2082: 1959:

The Roman Empire cannot be considered Christianized before

1936: 14662:

Testa, Judith Anne (1998). "10, The Christian Catacombs".

13067:"The Debate on Religious Coercion in Ancient Christianity" 12758:

Lavan, Luke (2011). Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

12352:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 11201:

Building with Our Hands: New Directions in Chicana Studies

10140: 10014: 9990: 9834: 9462: 9426: 9318: 9294: 9258: 9099: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8470: 8458: 8294: 8183: 8171: 8135: 8082: 7869: 7857: 7833: 7729: 7705: 7573: 7549: 7525: 7351: 7222: 7114: 7078: 6960: 6958: 6457: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6267: 6204: 6093: 6056: 6054: 5839: 5827: 5689: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5353: 5264: 5262: 5179: 5177: 5175: 4739:

to destroy temples in the eastern provinces. According to

2227:

Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire

16267: 14624:

Western Civilization The Continuing Experiment · Volume 1

13388:

A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada

11843: 11064:

Bürki, Bruno (1977). "Traditional Initiation in Africa".

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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

3933: 3846: 3359:

In the last two decades of the 9th century, missionaries

3311:

34 of 'The History of Norway. (With maps.)' (11184806384)

2778: 331: 14687:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. 12599:

The Native Peoples of North America A History · Volume 1

12196:

Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".

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around 600. After this, further kings converted such as

2544:

to be the first bishop to the Irish in 431, and in 432,

2167:

Outside of Scandinavia, old names did not fare as well.

2103:, about 723, the missioner Boniface cut down the sacred 1759: 19857: 14981:

Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (1994). "Libanius on Constantine".

14621: 14059:

Disciples of all nations: Pillars of world Christianity

13128:

The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia, Pope Alexander VI

12798:

Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei (2018). Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei (ed.).

12743:(second ed.). New Yorkc: Oxford University Press. 11844:

García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (2019).

11712:

The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity

11689:"Why did Polish Kings not go on Crusade in the Levant?" 11477:

The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius & Rome

10682:; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). 10191: 10167: 10026: 9689: 9604: 9602: 9486: 9204: 9156:, p. Conditions at Times of Colonial Intervention. 9051: 8980: 8919: 8917: 8787: 8658: 8258: 8195: 8070: 8007: 7881: 7845: 7561: 7435: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7150: 7066: 7054: 7042: 6955: 6931: 6883: 6859: 6825: 6823: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6721: 6673: 6392: 6228: 6153: 6117: 6051: 5926: 5902: 5890: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5461: 5401: 5259: 5172: 4349:

has transitioned from a state of disintegration in the

3676:

in 722 is seen as the beginning of Reconquista and the

1988:

Physical Christianization: the choir of San Salvatore,

1683:

and Greek thought. The Latin church adopted aspects of

13321:

Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America

10745:(Revised ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. 10128: 10080: 9807: 9677: 9587: 9575: 9558: 9354: 9246: 9123: 9111: 8953: 8941: 8883: 8871: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8542: 8518: 8494: 8482: 8407: 8330: 8318: 8234: 8118: 7944: 7932: 7809: 7753: 7741: 7669: 7609: 7498: 7471: 7459: 7363: 7315: 6970: 6847: 6733: 6697: 6685: 6649: 6613: 6517: 6493: 6421: 6368: 6344: 6308: 6291: 6071: 6069: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5998: 5740: 5706: 5704: 5590: 5515: 5244: 5100: 3066:

The full conversion of the Slavs dates to the time of

2397:

had become one". This union lasted until dissolved by

2280:

Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire

13590:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 764–778. 13550:

The Evil That Men Do: Faith, Injustice and the Church

11751:

The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier

11577:

Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices

11019:(2nd ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers. 10417:

Alcuin of York, c.732 to 804 CE: his life and letters

10053: 10038: 9953: 9872: 9822: 9764: 9330: 9306: 9270: 9210: 9168:, p. Colonial Legacies and Economic Development. 8554: 8506: 8207: 8058: 8031: 8019: 7995: 7893: 7513: 7447: 7375: 7291: 7246: 7210: 7198: 7174: 7102: 6784: 6445: 6356: 6189: 5938: 5878: 5851: 5815: 5752: 5716: 5662: 5542: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5377: 5313: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5066: 5064: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4037:

the policies of their government" writes McLoughlin.

3883:

drew up the first regulatory code of California, the

3794:

Spanish and Portuguese India, Mexico and the Americas

3147:

Czech Republic – Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia IV (en)

3118:, Croatia received papal recognition as a state from 2122:

had inherited the long established conflict with the

1675:

communities. The Christian church was modeled on the

17007: 16670: 16043: 14838:"From Paganism to Christianity at Late Antique Gaza" 13404: 12716:

Mysterienkulte der Antike. Götter, Menschen, Rituale

10208: 10206: 10157: 10155: 9665: 9599: 9234: 9222: 9081: 8968: 8929: 8914: 7983: 7959: 7486: 7339: 7270: 6820: 6757: 6625: 5962: 5866: 5728: 5677: 5500: 5208: 5148: 5112: 5022: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4923: 4901: 4899: 4391:

Anti-paganism policies of the early Byzantine Empire

4372: 4183:, had a radical reputation in its early days in the 2730:

The king of the country then was the founder of the

2241: 2085:

wells and holy springs that are now attributed to a

1364:

as well as in many former colonial lands in much of

14081:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity

13624:Popovski, Ivan (2017). "Medieval Croatian states". 13430:

Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts

12625:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 12480:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 93–126. 11656:"Africanization, Europeanization, Christianization" 11442:de Juan, Alexander; Pierskalla, Jan Henryk (2017). 8607: 8595: 8583: 8566: 8282: 8222: 7387: 7258: 6745: 6505: 6066: 6027: 6010: 5701: 5638: 5626: 4911: 4633:having previously been fishermen; or that the word 15989: 15077:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 14786:Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529 14767:Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529 13467:Ojewunmi, Emmanuel Adelekan; Amodu, Akeem (2021). 12456: 11747: 11728: 11534:Drake, H. A. (1995). "Constantine and Consensus". 10586: 10218: 8805: 8769: 8757: 8745: 8721: 8697: 8652: 8625: 6105: 5347: 5189: 5076: 5061: 5034: 4935: 4234:(Lupanda initiation in ancestor worship) by 1913. 4047: 3952:Dutch Indonesia, South Africa, Curaçao, New Guinea 3697: 1859:sites of Christian significance in the Holy Land. 16779: 15058:Christianizing Peoples and Converting Individuals 14517:Štefan, Ivo (2022). "6". In Curta, Florin (ed.). 14004: 13170:The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England 12871: 12720:Mystery Cults of Antiquity. Gods, Humans, Rituals 11441: 10762:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 10203: 10179: 10152: 9746: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9180:"How Europeans brought sickness to the New World" 9165: 9153: 7096: 5295: 4993: 4981: 4964: 4896: 2904:came to the throne in 612 when the Roman emperor 2308:and not at non-believers such as Jews or pagans. 19970: 14416:Constantine: Religious Faith and Imperial Policy 12736: 11422: 10963:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 632–664. 10610:(2nd, revised ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 8348: 7799: 4735:), used the army under his control and bands of 3788:"Western Civilization The Continuing Experiment" 2479:Christianization with coercion under Justinian I 14869:. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 14437:(3rd ed.). Morristown, N.J.: Vista Books. 14372:"Sulpitius Severus on the life of St. Martin – 14127:. Trnava: Trnavská Univerzity. pp. 67–80. 14075: 13837:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 13733:The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity 13714:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 13004:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400) 12461:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 12390:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 12367:Higham, Nicholas John; Ryan, Martin J. (2013). 11622:. Interdenominational Christian Training Center 11616:"Take an Illustrated Tour of Christian Symbols" 11339:(second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9801: 9789: 4795:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400) 3484:Grand Duchy of Lithuania Rus and Samogitia 1434 3418:(747–814), the fierce pagan tribes east of the 3078:(r. 867–886). The first diocese of Serbia, the 3005:Official Christianization began in 864/5 under 2754:(293–311). In 313, after the appearance of the 2022:Monte Cassino Abbey now sits on top of the hill 1137:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 14258:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 166–186. 14100:"Late Paganism and Christianisation in Greece" 13694:France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism 13588:The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology 12699:(Rev. ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 12258:(unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. 12204:(2). University of California Press: 183–235. 11599:(2nd ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. 10338:Adomen of Iona (1995). Sharpe, Richard (ed.). 10337: 7543: 3833:Under Spanish and Portuguese rule, creating a 2827:) adopted Christianity. According to medieval 1838:(2nd century), when in the military colony of 1808: 18769: 18755: 18182: 17559: 15975: 15204: 15055: 13466: 13145: 12644:. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). JHU Press. 11943:Goodenough, Erwin R. (1962). "Catacomb Art". 11754:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 103–122. 10922:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 10480:Understanding Four Views on the Lord's Supper 9069: 6415: 5094: 4195:(EJCSK) is a Christian religion. However, as 2815:, but most assert the early 4th century when 1593:The Communion of the Apostles by James Tissot 1284: 588: 14481:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 13807:The Carolingians: a family who forged Europe 13768:"The days of the week and Dark Age politics" 13487:Die Christianisierung Europas im Mittelalter 13164: 13084: 12777:Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael, eds. (2011). 12776: 12457:Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József (2001). 12063:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 11731:The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147–1254 11714:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11236: 11184:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 10879:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea 10564: 9528: 8998: 8841: 8781: 8733: 8709: 7591: 6222: 6135: 6045: 5920: 5809: 3021:(893 to 927), the Byzantines recognized the 2274:Constantine and the goal of Christianization 2217:Roman Empire to Early Middle Ages (1 to 800) 373:Dharmaization (Hindu-Buddhist Indianization) 14245: 13974:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13751:"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda" 13146:Matthews, Roy T.; Platt, F. DeWitt (1992). 12872:Lichtenberger, Achim; Raja, Rubina (2018). 12291: 11806: 11686: 11594: 10740: 10565:Barker, Adam; Lowman, Emma Battell (n.d.). 9659: 9632: 8829: 8685: 5845: 5833: 5785: 5770: 5560: 5238: 4486:Christianization of Roman (Southern) France 4001:History of immigration to the United States 3524:Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland 2811:Scholars do not agree on the exact date of 2709:Caucasian Albania in 5th and 6th centurires 2594:was launched, leading to the conversion of 1736:Several early Christian writers, including 1612:, the Eucharist came to be understood as a 1540:modern baptism at Eastside Christian church 18762: 18748: 18189: 18175: 17566: 17552: 15982: 15968: 15211: 15197: 14860: 14788:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. 14640: 14600: 14535: 14497: 14413: 14370: 14280: 14029:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13907: 13665: 13585: 13226: 13037:Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices 13026:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12975:Comparative Studies in Society and History 12968: 12888: 12780:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 12760:The Archaeology of Late Antique "paganism" 12366: 11942: 11298:"A brief history of the Armenian Genocide" 11059:. Schnell & Steiner. pp. 449–468. 10659: 10320:Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices 10020: 10008: 9996: 9647: 9516: 9504: 9468: 9432: 9420: 9324: 9012:https://doi.org/10.2979/his.2002.14.1-2.37 8673: 8389: 7771: 7711: 7699: 7639: 7555: 7120: 6715: 6607: 6123: 5656: 5620: 5608: 5572: 5395: 4761:says "it fell on deaf ears". In Historian 4757:as 'pagan superstition', religion scholar 4649:word for fish, making this seem unlikely). 4314: 4005:Missionaries played a crucial role in the 3074:during the reign of the Byzantine emperor 2953: 2367:, the conceptual framework underlying the 1780:Persecution of paganism under Theodosius I 1291: 1277: 626: 595: 581: 15218: 15093: 15017: 14940: 14881: 14764: 14647:(in Polish). Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. 14469: 14263: 14163:History of the Christian Church, Volume 3 13898: 13690: 13538: 13447: 13433:. 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Brepols. pp. 27–35. 14943:The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919 14783: 14718: 14581: 14478: 14451: 14226: 14141: 13926: 13851: 13785: 13623: 13292:American Slavic and East European Review 13186: 12816: 12595: 12537:European Journal of Science and Theology 12494: 12272: 12027: 11921: 11902: 11809:"Deutschland und Litauen im Mittelalter" 11768: 11706: 11334: 11179: 11132:. New York: Longmans, Green and Company. 11052: 10825: 10796: 10743:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 10721: 10688:. 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Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. 10276: 10240: 9840: 9816: 9777: 9360: 9252: 9240: 9228: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9045: 8986: 8962: 8947: 8908: 8896: 8877: 8524: 8488: 8428: 8378:Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013 8336: 8324: 8300: 8288: 8240: 8228: 8141: 8129: 8112: 8052: 8040: 8025: 8013: 7839: 7815: 7783: 7735: 7687: 7675: 7663: 7615: 7603: 7579: 7531: 7519: 7507: 7480: 7309: 7252: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7192: 6976: 6937: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6463: 6451: 6427: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6302: 6273: 5860: 5821: 5758: 5683: 5585:Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004 5548: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5332: 5154: 4946: 4917: 4481:Christianization of the Celtic peoples 3853:to threaten Portuguese control of the 3623: 3193:Introduction of Christianity in Poland 3125: 3001:Southeastern Europe Late Ninth Century 2960:Saints Constantine-Cyril and Methodius 2779:Armenia, Georgia, Ethiopia and Eritrea 18743: 18196: 18170: 17547: 17513:Christianization of saints and feasts 17270:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 17224: 17015: 16871: 16778: 16669: 16323: 16051: 15963: 15192: 15112: 15074: 14802: 14661: 14556: 14458:Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 14347: 14197: 13957: 13825: 13823: 13804: 13711: 13644: 13512: 13426: 13366: 13229:Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789–1839 13053: 12852: 12757: 12713: 12691: 12639: 12620: 12475: 12147: 12060: 11862: 11826:"In Deep: A Brief History of Bohemia" 11570: 11533: 11356:Conversion Among the Germanic Peoples 11295: 11276: 11255: 11217: 11063: 11033: 11014: 10977: 10948: 10875: 10856: 10759: 10146: 9959: 9336: 9312: 9300: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9216: 8974: 8935: 8923: 8560: 8512: 8216: 8101:García-Arenal & Glazer-Eytan 2019 8064: 8001: 7899: 7875: 7747: 7651: 7627: 7567: 7492: 7465: 7453: 7381: 7357: 7345: 7297: 7180: 7084: 6914:García-Arenal & Glazer-Eytan 2019 6853: 6829: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6487: 6261: 6249: 6198: 6183: 6111: 6087: 6075: 6033: 6021: 5968: 5956: 5797: 5734: 5710: 5644: 5632: 5371: 5308:García-Arenal & Glazer-Eytan 2019 5280: 5214: 5166: 5118: 5106: 5082: 5070: 5040: 5028: 5004: 4987: 4975: 4516:Christianization of the Basque people 4511:Christianization of the Faroe Islands 4441:European colonization of the Americas 4214:circumcision of both boys and girls. 4137:listed inventory of native traditions 3159:(c. 800–861) ruler and Prince of the 2869:, one of the oldest churches in Spain 1979: 1760:Temple conversion within Roman Empire 14432: 14122: 13809:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 13730: 13627:A Short History of South East Europe 13547: 13385: 13254:. Studies in the Early Middle Ages. 12947: 12677: 12663:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12435: 12371:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 12253: 12008: 11888:. Liturgical Press. pp. 25–30. 11597:American Indian Education: A History 11401: 11182:Public Religions in the Modern World 10645: 10122: 9671: 9620: 9608: 9541:Britannica & British Empire 2023 8440: 7989: 7965: 7393: 7285: 6988: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6338: 6147: 5226: 4421:Role of Christianity in civilization 3900:for training the "untamed savages". 3378: 3114:'s death in 864. In 879, under duke 1766:Christianization of the Roman Empire 18704:History of the Mediterranean region 18151: 17596:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 14418:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. 14248:"The Conversion of Temples in Rome" 14079:; McClymond, Michael, eds. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10224: 10212: 10197: 10185: 10173: 10161: 9177: 8613: 8601: 8589: 8577: 7264: 6889: 6234: 5202: 4905: 4496:Christianization of the Netherlands 4406:Forcible conversion to Christianity 4230:(Christian initiation) in place of 3339:accepted Christianity around 1000. 3235:) in 966, refers to the baptism of 2970:and translated the gospel into the 2658:established his first monastery at 1813:During his long reign (307 - 337), 1498:Jesus began his ministry after his 1132:Members Church of God International 24: 17688:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 14397:Toward a Theology of Inculturation 13691:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (2018). 13246:Meaney, Audrey L. (January 2004). 13212:. Helsinki: The Kalevala Society. 12842:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 12640:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin (1986). 12550:Journal of Early Christian Studies 12408:Journal of Early Christian Studies 12013:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 11218:Cheng, Christina Miu Bing (1999). 11203:. University of California Press. 10705:The Romans: From Village to Empire 10550:. University of California Press. 10547:Charlemagne: Father of a Continent 9082:Nowell, Magdoff & Webster 2022 4249:has the largest yearly meeting of 4237: 3710:led the emerging nation-states of 2993:Geographic map of Balkan Peninsula 2404: 25: 19995: 19953:Western European and Others Group 18118:Historiography in the Middle Ages 15167: 13609:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 13054:Mansi, Giovanni Domenico (1762). 12084:"Conversion and Christian Ethics" 11974:The American Journal of Philology 11882:Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). 11824:Friese, Thomas (March 22, 2017). 11729:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007). 10722:Bouchier, Edmund Spenser (1914). 4292: 3962:Dutch East Indies Trading Company 2242:Christianization without coercion 18689:Bibliography of European history 18284:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 18150: 18141: 18140: 18130: 16671:Middle-Eastern and North African 14821:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.00389.x 14769:. Vol. I. New York: Brill. 14586:. University of Michigan Press. 14452:Sørensen, John Kousgård (1990). 14165:. Pennsylvania State University. 14038:Sanmark, Alexandra (2004). "1". 13647:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 13490:(in German). Stuttgart: Reclam. 13285:. London: The Macmillan Company. 13209:Folklore and Old Norse mythology 13131:. 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Cambridge University Press. 14414:Siecienski, A. Edward (2017). 13448:Oostindie, Geert, ed. (2008). 13125:Mathew, Arnold Harris (2018). 13106:Markus, Robert Austin (1990). 12516:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 12478:American Missionaries in China 12386:Higham, Nicholas John (1997). 12277:. Princeton University Press. 11945:Journal of Biblical Literature 11773:. Cambridge University Press. 11425:Law and Christianity in Poland 11222:. Hong Kong University Press. 11038:. Princeton University Press. 10284:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. 8746:Hunyadi & Laszlovszky 2001 7800:Koenig, King & Carson 2012 4766:appropriation by Christianity. 4692:meant the physical decline of 4629:; that it referred to some of 4600: 3550: 3410:in a painting by Laurits Tuxen 2950:beginning of the modern era". 2831:, Christianization began with 2421:Christianization of the Franks 2081:, there are a dense number of 1969:"Book Burning as Purification" 1967:has written in her article on 1776:Constantine I and Christianity 1142:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 1087:Nondenominational Christianity 13: 1: 18709:History of the European Union 18068:Disability in the Middle Ages 17741:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 17673:Rise of the Venetian Republic 16780:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 15098:. Routledge. pp. 48–63. 14603:Journal of Religion in Africa 14281:Scourfield, J. H. D. (2007). 14246:Schuddeboom, Feyo L. (2017). 14042:. The University of Uppsala. 13929:European Journal of Sociology 13371:. 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"It was dominated by the 1809:Temple and icon destruction 1709:says "Some way or another, 1371: 10: 20000: 18724:Military history of Europe 18719:Maritime history of Europe 17869:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 17016: 15075:Woods, Thomas Jr. (2012). 14882:Veszprémy, László (2001). 14641:Strzelczyk, Jerzy (1987). 14212:10.1515/byzs.1955.48.1.103 14176:. CCEL. pp. 161–162. 13697:. Routledge. p. 192. 13666:Praet, Danny (1992–1993). 13513:Paiva, José Pedro (2017). 13484:Padberg, Lutz von (1998). 13352:10.1177/014833311406300419 13002:MacMullen, Ramsay (1984). 12889:Lilienfeld, Aidan (2022). 12697:The earliest English kings 12292:Hebblewhite, Mark (2020). 12129:Journal of Semitic Studies 12100:10.1177/004057368304000104 12009:Haas, Christopher (2002). 11903:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). 11830:Butterfield & Robinson 11807:Forstreuter, Kurt (1938). 11354:Cusack, Carole M. (1998). 11078:10.1177/003932077701200404 10934:10.1177/239693939301700219 10529:10.1177/004056390006100330 10497:Bagnall, Roger S. 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He wrote the 2647: 2515: 2494: 2261: 2199: 2151:John Kousgärd Sørensen 2115: 2100:Life of Saint Boniface 2047: 2023: 2016: 1997: 1899: 1831: 1790: 1770:Spread of Christianity 1695: 1654: 1639: 1594: 1541: 1495: 19984:Christian terminology 19923:Three Seas Initiative 19898:Pacific Islands Forum 19763:British–Irish Council 19511:Greek Orthodox Church 18970:Industrial Revolution 18940:Scientific Revolution 18603:Industrial Revolution 15220:Cultural assimilation 15178:Archeologia Medievale 14962:The Classical Outlook 14731:10.1515/9783110931419 14265:10.1353/jla.2017.0005 13766:Rausing, Gad (1995). 13684:10.1484/J.SE.2.303776 13548:Paul, Marcus (2016). 13281:Monroe, Paul (1909). 12897:. Columbia University 12836:Lenski, Noel (1995). 12369:The Anglo-Saxon world 12304:10.4324/9781315103334 12298:. London: Routledge. 11375:Early Medieval Europe 11316:Collar, Anna (2013). 11239:The Northern Crusades 11034:Brown, Peter (2012). 11015:Brown, Peter (2003). 10585:Barnes, T.D. 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He was baptized in 2441:, 508, following the 2411:Germanic Christianity 2324:Further information: 2259: 2171:The highest point in 2169: 2113: 2045: 2021: 2011: 1987: 1907:". Antique historian 1881: 1823: 1787: 1774:Further information: 1698:Christian art in the 1693: 1649: 1637: 1592: 1539: 1493: 1436:Individual conversion 19918:Special Relationship 19328:Christian philosophy 19273:Western Christianity 18935:Age of Enlightenment 18809:Hellenistic Kingdoms 18658:European debt crisis 18653:European integration 18593:Age of Enlightenment 18433:Republic of Florence 18088:Medieval reenactment 17884:Renaissance Humanism 17791:Medieval Warm Period 17761:Republic of Florence 17575:European Middle Ages 16685:Ancient Near Eastern 16472:Hellenistic religion 15929:Internal colonialism 15897:Cultural imperialism 15573:Northern Afghanistan 14399:. Wipf & Stock. 14382:on September 9, 2006 13367:Neely, Alan (2020). 13150:. Mayfield Pub. Co. 12853:Leone, Anna (2013). 12714:Kloft, Hans (2010). 12141:10.1093/jss/23.2.257 11660:History of Religions 11637:Benedict's Disciples 11296:Cohan, Sara (2005). 11137:Butler, Jon (1990). 10571:Global Social Theory 10518:Theological Studies 9899:, pp. 284, 285. 9303:, pp. 588, 591. 9267:, pp. 568, 585. 9207:, pp. 230, 454. 8700:, p. 23, 64-65. 8168:, pp. 9–10, 11. 8115:, pp. 126, 129. 7360:, pp. 105, 161. 7135:, pp. 331, 346. 7087:, pp. 297, 308. 6904:, p. 135 fn.68. 6670:, pp. 200, 217. 6574:, pp. 400, 402. 6389:, pp. 120, 121. 4094:economic development 3995:In the United States 3938:economic development 3589:Tale of Bygone Years 3387:Baltic Tribes c 1200 3263:Stephen I of Hungary 2867:San Pedro de la Nave 2736:Vachagan I the Brave 2473:Paulinus of Aquileia 2433:to unite all of the 2320:Germanic conversions 2267:threshold of success 2145:Early historians of 1921:gladiatorial combats 1852:crucifixion of Jesus 1727:Eleusinian Mysteries 1657:Places and practices 1642:In the early 1500s, 1554:Protestant Reformers 984:Independent Catholic 196:Comparative religion 41:History of religions 19943:West Nordic Council 19808:Eastern Partnership 19397:Analytic philosophy 19098:Classical tradition 18920:Early modern period 18876:Classical antiquity 18871:European Bronze Age 18623:Revolutions of 1848 18553:Early modern France 18334:Anglo-Saxon England 18239:Classical antiquity 17801:Kingdom of Portugal 17668:Old Church Slavonic 17653:Anglo-Saxon England 17518:Constantinian shift 17240:Neopagan witchcraft 16874:Sub-Saharan African 15934:Jewish assimilation 15907:Forced assimilation 15440:or Castilianization 13980:10.2307/j.ctvk12r62 13960:, pp. 265–286. 13828:, pp. 297–308. 13630:. 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Fletcher 2071:Anglo-Saxon England 1850:on the site of the 1663:Christianized sites 1399:and accommodation. 1327:itinerant preachers 1265:Christianity portal 1122:Jehovah's Witnesses 802:History of theology 35:Part of a series on 19402:Post-structuralism 19365:Christian humanism 18995:Universal suffrage 18729:Crusading movement 18633:Russian Revolution 18468:Hundred Years' War 18364:Maritime republics 18267:Early Christianity 18257:Hellenistic period 18214:Paleolithic Europe 17982:In popular culture 17947:Crusading movement 17819:Hundred Years' War 17678:Civitas Schinesghe 17663:Carolingian Empire 17648:Kingdom of Croatia 17601:Barbarian kingdoms 17458:Trees in mythology 17453:Supernatural magic 17362:Magic and religion 15553:Montenegrinization 15018:Willibald (1916). 13900:10.3138/flor.2.006 13552:. Sacristy Press. 12891:"Baltic Frontiers" 12693:Kirby, David Peter 11258:Ancient Philosophy 10897:"British Empire". 10607:A History of Spain 10340:Life of St Columba 9977:Maasai Association 9178:Pringle, Heather. 8808:, pp. 23, 24. 8479:, pp. 15, 21. 8467:, pp. 14, 15. 7830:, p. 235–236. 7534:, p. 506–507. 6844:, pp. 87, 93. 6213:, pp. 39, 40. 4804:David Bentley Hart 4793:In his 1984 book, 4578:Religious violence 4567:In other religions 4347:Guangdong Province 4338: 4197:James W. Fernandez 4181:Kimbanguist church 4177: 4064: 3918:Civilizing Mission 3831: 3817: 3647: 3609: 3601:Baptism of Kievans 3583:, seized power in 3573: 3536:Grand Duke Jogaila 3516: 3486: 3412: 3389: 3313: 3267: 3205: 3149: 3064: 3053: 3003: 2995: 2871: 2833:Andrew the Apostle 2823:(known locally as 2750:"On Tolerance" by 2711: 2678:Timothy E. Gregory 2656:Benedict of Nursia 2648: 2609:Arwald of Wihtwara 2604:Sigeberht of Essex 2596:Æthelberht of Kent 2516: 2495: 2458:massacre at Verden 2431:king of the Franks 2391:Holy Roman Emperor 2262: 2223:Early Christianity 2116: 2048: 2024: 1998: 1980:Other sacred sites 1900: 1832: 1791: 1707:Bruce David Forbes 1696: 1681:Semitic monotheism 1640: 1595: 1542: 1496: 1405:Christian Mission, 1004:Church of the East 868:Early Christianity 96:Siddhartha Gautama 19966: 19965: 19793:Council of Europe 19695:International law 19648:Constitutionalism 19506:Eastern Orthodoxy 19012:Post–Cold War era 18945:Age of Revolution 18799:Greco-Roman world 18737: 18736: 18663:COVID-19 pandemic 18608:French Revolution 18583:Habsburg monarchy 18563:Cossack Hetmanate 18543:Portuguese Empire 18533:Absolute monarchy 18528:Thirty Years' War 18423:Holy Roman Empire 18348:Bulgarian Empire 18307:Early Middle Ages 18224:Bronze Age Europe 18198:History of Europe 18164: 18163: 18073:Basic topics list 17874:Swiss mercenaries 17824:Wars of the Roses 17731:Kingdom of Poland 17716:Holy Roman Empire 17583:Early Middle Ages 17541: 17540: 17306: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17298: 17297: 17216: 17215: 17212: 17211: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16984: 16983: 16863: 16862: 16859: 16858: 16770: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16661: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16610:Mysteries of Isis 16315: 16314: 16311: 16310: 15957: 15956: 15924:Identity politics 15887:Cultural genocide 15808: 15807: 15538:Macedonianization 15158:978-3-11-072561-2 15105:978-1-032-01972-7 15086:978-1-59698-328-1 15067:978-2-503-51087-3 15048:978-0-300-20553-4 15029:978-0-67428-826-3 14952:978-1-317-89507-7 14915:978-0-521-07459-9 14795:978-9-00427-678-9 14776:978-9-00409-624-0 14740:978-3-598-77828-5 14694:978-0-520-04392-3 14673:978-0-87580-576-4 14654:978-83-03-02015-4 14633:978-0-618-56190-2 14593:978-0-47211-133-6 14549:978-0-521-77017-0 14528:978-0-367-22655-8 14509:978-0-8028-2889-7 14490:978-1-317-49694-6 14444:978-0-9628422-2-1 14425:978-1-351-97611-4 14406:978-1-59752-547-3 14363:978-3-7001-3016-1 14292:978-1-910589-45-8 14238:978-90-04-14717-1 14183:978-1-61025-043-6 14153:978-9-00422-118-5 14134:978-80-568-0313-4 14090:978-1-118-55604-7 14068:978-0-1980-4084-2 14049:978-91-506-1739-9 14016:978-1-107-11030-4 13989:978-0-674-00641-6 13919:978-0-8160-3811-4 13844:978-0-631-23619-1 13816:978-0-8122-3062-8 13797:978-0-631-20599-9 13742:978-1-4443-3361-9 13723:978-1-4443-3361-9 13704:978-1-351-00241-7 13637:978-1-365-95394-1 13616:978-1-4438-1215-3 13578:978-0-97423-061-0 13559:978-1-908381-97-2 13497:978-3-15-017015-1 13459:978-90-04-25388-9 13440:978-1-56338-347-2 13397:978-0-8028-0651-2 13378:978-1-7252-8819-5 13369:Christian Mission 13330:978-0-19-923899-6 13273:978-2-503-52224-1 13238:978-0-300-03075-4 13219:978-952-9534-02-9 13198:978-0-8147-6126-7 13179:978-0-271-00769-4 13157:978-0-87484-785-7 13138:978-0-342-68601-8 13117:978-0-521-33949-0 13060:. Vol. VIII. 13046:978-1-31524-928-5 13013:978-0-300-03216-1 12961:978-1-4408-6454-4 12940:978-90-04-23182-5 12921:978-1-118-29347-8 12864:978-0-19-957092-8 12828:978-0-8308-2722-0 12809:978-3-319-72266-5 12790:978-90-04-19237-9 12783:. Leiden: Brill. 12769:978-90-04-19237-9 12750:978-0-19-533595-8 12729:978-3-406-44606-1 12670:978-0-8122-0241-0 12651:978-0-8018-3353-3 12609:978-0-275-98720-6 12588:978-90-04-10722-9 12523:978-0-8028-0843-1 12487:978-1-68417-152-1 12468:978-963-9241-42-8 12397:978-0-7190-4827-2 12359:978-0-7546-6553-3 12340:978-1-4336-6843-2 12313:978-1-138-10298-9 12284:978-1-4008-3359-7 12265:978-0-300-15564-8 12159:978-90-04-11115-8 12020:978-0-8018-7033-0 11935:978-0-06-185589-4 11914:978-0-8014-7529-0 11895:978-0-8146-5108-7 11874:978-90-04-30522-9 11855:978-90-04-41682-6 11799:978-0-520-25802-0 11780:978-1-107-11817-1 11761:978-0-7546-6483-3 11740:978-90-04-15502-2 11721:978-0-520-21859-8 11708:Fletcher, Richard 11646:978-0-85244-274-6 11606:978-0-8061-5991-1 11587:978-0-7546-5498-8 11526:978-0-367-36696-4 11519:. NY: Routledge. 11507:978-0-415-19073-2 11486:978-0-8014-3594-2 11434:978-1-032-01972-7 11365:978-0-304-70155-1 11346:978-0-521-85085-8 11327:978-1-107-04344-2 11288:978-0-7546-6814-5 11248:978-0-14-026653-5 11229:978-962-209-486-4 11210:978-0-520-07090-5 11191:978-0-226-09535-6 11172:978-0-19-974727-6 11148:978-0-674-05601-5 11045:978-0-691-15290-5 11026:978-0-631-22137-1 10970:978-0-521-30200-5 10907:. January 5, 2023 10889:978-90-04-41943-8 10868:978-2-503-51085-9 10752:978-0-307-42348-1 10733:978-1-54849-828-3 10714:978-0-19-511875-9 10695:978-0-521-78156-5 10671:978-0-19-957916-7 10638:978-1-84171-634-3 10617:978-1-137-01347-7 10557:978-0-520-23943-2 10508:978-1-4008-2116-7 10489:978-0-310-26268-8 10470:978-953-6044-01-6 10426:978-0-900-65721-4 10368:978-1-118-96810-9 10349:978-0-14190-741-3 10329:978-1-351-91858-9 9411:, pp. 28–29. 9399:, pp. 23–26. 9048:, pp. 52–53. 8999:Marin-Guzmán 1992 8856:, pp. 48–63. 8844:, pp. 14–15. 8842:Christiansen 1997 8784:, pp. 10–15. 8782:Christiansen 1997 8734:Christiansen 1997 8710:Christiansen 1997 8455:, pp. 86–87. 8192:, pp. 14–16. 8180:, pp. 13–14. 8091:, pp. 58–59. 8055:, pp. 13–14. 7866:, pp. 71–81. 7690:, pp. 32–41. 7594:, pp. 66–67. 7592:Mayr-Harting 1991 7570:, pp. 35–37. 7546:, pp. 30–33. 7420:, pp. 13–41. 7312:, pp. 29–57. 6952:, pp. 46–50. 6781:, pp. 60–61. 6730:, pp. 2, 15. 6526:, pp. 16–17. 6502:, pp. 15–16. 6478:, pp. 63–64. 6329:, pp. 33–34. 5539:, pp. 11–12. 5485:, pp. 13–15. 5298:, pp. 85–98. 5109:, pp. 94–96. 5097:, p. Intro.. 5058:, pp. 25–26. 4715:Sulpicius Severus 4461:Taiping Rebellion 4232:unyago wa lupanda 4228:jando la kikristo 4152:Elizabeth Isichei 3866:international law 3756:national identity 3651:Iberian Peninsula 3638:Depiction of the 3469:Eric Christiansen 3455:Holy Roman Empire 3379:Northern crusades 3317:Alexandra Sanmark 3219:, also known as 2821:Kingdom of Iberia 2715:Caucasian Albania 2592:Gregorian mission 2500:Anthony Kaldellis 2443:Battle of Tolbiac 2205:damnatio memoriae 1996:of a Roman temple 1474:Northern crusades 1425:Gustavo Gutiérrez 1382:Christian mission 1301: 1300: 1154: 1153: 1127:Latter Day Saints 1112:Iglesia ni Cristo 1077:United Protestant 1062:Plymouth Brethren 997:Oriental Orthodox 605: 604: 455: 454: 246:Ancient Near East 184:Study of religion 16:(Redirected from 19991: 19979:Christianization 19838:EU Customs Union 19370:Secular humanism 19318:Christian ethics 19268:East–West Schism 19251:Physical culture 18975:Great Divergence 18925:Age of Discovery 18764: 18757: 18750: 18741: 18740: 18598:Great Divergence 18513:Age of Discovery 18458:Late Middle Ages 18428:High Middle Ages 18339:Byzantine Empire 18322:Christianization 18312:Migration Period 18247:Classical Greece 18219:Neolithic Europe 18191: 18184: 18177: 18168: 18167: 18154: 18153: 18144: 18143: 18134: 18093:Medieval studies 17937:Church and State 17811:Late Middle Ages 17703:High Middle Ages 17621:Christianization 17591:Migration Period 17568: 17561: 17554: 17545: 17544: 17500:Christianization 17290:Secular paganism 17275:Goddess movement 17245:Cochrane's Craft 17233: 17232: 17222: 17221: 17026: 17025: 17013: 17012: 17009: 17008: 16882: 16881: 16869: 16868: 16787: 16786: 16776: 16775: 16678: 16677: 16667: 16666: 16482:Sacred mysteries 16332: 16331: 16321: 16320: 16060: 16059: 16049: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16034:ethnic religions 15984: 15977: 15970: 15961: 15960: 15902:Dominant culture 15880:Related concepts 15842:De-russification 15830:De-stalinization 15825:De-communization 15762:Christianization 15752: 15751: 15604:or Latinization 15558:Norwegianization 15534:or Hungarization 15508: 15349:Colombianization 15251:Native Americans 15213: 15206: 15199: 15190: 15189: 15162: 15142: 15119:The Art Bulletin 15109: 15090: 15071: 15052: 15033: 15014: 14977: 14956: 14937: 14926: 14924: 14922: 14898: 14888: 14878: 14876: 14874: 14857: 14832: 14815:(306): 144–161. 14799: 14780: 14761: 14752:. 12/13: 28–45. 14744: 14715: 14698: 14677: 14658: 14637: 14618: 14597: 14578: 14553: 14532: 14513: 14494: 14475: 14473: 14448: 14429: 14410: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14378:. 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8695: 8689: 8686:Firlej 2021–2022 8683: 8677: 8671: 8656: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7797: 7791: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7750:, pp. 7–11. 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 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4777:Jacob Burckhardt 4773: 4767: 4751: 4745: 4711: 4705: 4682: 4676: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4345:in northeastern 4092:, as well as on 4026:boarding schools 3967:Bandanese island 3881:Viceroy Bucareli 3828:Victor Meirelles 3659:Umayyad conquest 3606:Viktor Vasnetsov 3568:, a painting by 3361:Clement and Naum 3283:bishop of Turkia 3068:Eastern Orthodox 2844:Kingdom of Aksum 2752:Emperor Galerius 2748:Edict of Sardica 2600:Eadwine of Deira 2538:Pope Celestine I 2159: 1865:Ramsay MacMullen 1863:R. Trombley and 1840:Aelia Capitolina 1716:Michelle Salzman 1685:Platonic thought 1504:John the Baptist 1470:Late Middle Ages 1449:call to holiness 1350:Late Middle Ages 1331:Great Commission 1317:It began in the 1308:Christianisation 1304:Christianization 1293: 1286: 1279: 1262: 1107:Christadelphians 1037:Free Evangelical 990:Eastern Orthodox 947: 946: 898:East–West Schism 630: 607: 606: 597: 590: 583: 386:Age of Discovery 368:Christianization 232: 231: 59:Founding figures 51: 32: 31: 21: 19999: 19998: 19994: 19993: 19992: 19990: 19989: 19988: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19962: 19928:UKUSA Agreement 19868:Lublin Triangle 19753:Baltic Assembly 19705: 19699: 19617: 19454: 19289: 19159:Eurolinguistics 19028: 19017:Information age 18990:Interwar period 18857: 18777: 18768: 18738: 18733: 18672: 18638:Interwar period 18613:Napoleonic Wars 18477: 18448:Mongol invasion 18401:Crown of Aragon 18293: 18233: 18229:Iron Age Europe 18200: 18195: 18165: 18160: 18122: 18103:Neo-medievalism 18051: 17987:Itinerant court 17910: 17805: 17726:Georgian Empire 17711:Norman Conquest 17697: 17643:Frankish Empire 17577: 17572: 17542: 17537: 17494: 17394:Myth and ritual 17314:Myth and ritual 17308: 17307: 17294: 17227: 17208: 17161:Turko-Mongolic 17020: 17001: 16994: 16993: 16980: 16876: 16855: 16781: 16762: 16672: 16653: 16326: 16307: 16176:Hindu mythology 16054: 16038: 16036: 16032: 16026: 15998: 15995:modern paganism 15988: 15958: 15953: 15949:Monoculturalism 15875: 15864:De-sinicization 15837:De-nazification 15813:Opposite trends 15804: 15776: 15750: 15632:Sanskritization 15597:Romanianization 15563:Pakistanization 15502: 15438:Hispanicization 15428:Hawaiianization 15384:Europeanization 15379:Estonianization 15334:Canadianization 15241:Americanization 15222: 15217: 15170: 15165: 15159: 15106: 15087: 15068: 15049: 15030: 14953: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14908:. CUP Archive. 14886: 14872: 14870: 14796: 14777: 14741: 14695: 14674: 14655: 14634: 14594: 14550: 14529: 14510: 14491: 14445: 14426: 14407: 14385: 14383: 14364: 14337:Sellar (1907). 14314:10.2307/2501480 14293: 14239: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14154: 14135: 14091: 14069: 14050: 14022: 14021: 14017: 13990: 13920: 13866:10.2307/2954270 13845: 13817: 13798: 13770: 13756: 13754: 13743: 13724: 13705: 13638: 13617: 13598: 13579: 13560: 13498: 13460: 13441: 13417: 13415: 13398: 13379: 13331: 13304:10.2307/2491705 13274: 13239: 13220: 13199: 13180: 13158: 13139: 13118: 13087:Islamic Studies 13069: 13047: 13019: 13018: 13014: 12962: 12941: 12922: 12900: 12898: 12865: 12829: 12810: 12791: 12770: 12751: 12730: 12707: 12684: 12671: 12652: 12633: 12610: 12589: 12524: 12488: 12469: 12398: 12379: 12360: 12341: 12314: 12285: 12266: 12160: 12117: 12115: 12021: 11957:10.2307/3264749 11936: 11915: 11896: 11875: 11856: 11834: 11832: 11800: 11781: 11762: 11741: 11722: 11691: 11647: 11625: 11623: 11620:Learn Religions 11607: 11588: 11548:10.2307/3168653 11527: 11508: 11487: 11435: 11366: 11347: 11328: 11300: 11289: 11249: 11230: 11211: 11192: 11173: 11149: 11046: 11027: 10971: 10910: 10908: 10890: 10869: 10811:10.2307/1088885 10753: 10734: 10715: 10696: 10672: 10639: 10618: 10575: 10573: 10558: 10509: 10490: 10471: 10427: 10369: 10350: 10330: 10292: 10262: 10236: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10211: 10204: 10196: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10113:, pp. 7–8. 10109: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10085: 10081: 10073: 10069: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10039: 10035:, pp. 1–2. 10031: 10027: 10021:Stoner-Eby 2008 10019: 10015: 10009:Stoner-Eby 2008 10007: 10003: 9997:Stoner-Eby 2008 9995: 9991: 9981: 9979: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9903: 9895: 9888: 9880: 9873: 9863: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9839: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9776: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9745: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9706: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9648:McLoughlin 1984 9646: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9607: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9568: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9527: 9523: 9517:Rogozinski 2000 9515: 9511: 9505:van Rossum 2020 9503: 9499: 9491: 9487: 9479: 9475: 9471:, pp. 1–2. 9469:Belmessous 2013 9467: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9435:, pp. 2–5. 9433:Belmessous 2013 9431: 9427: 9421:Belmessous 2013 9419: 9415: 9407: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9383: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9363:, pp. 3–4. 9359: 9355: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9325:Spliesgart 2007 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9176: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9116: 9112: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9036:, pp. 1–2. 9032: 9028: 9022: 9018: 9009: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8989:, p. xvii. 8985: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8895: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8868:, pp. 3–4. 8864: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8796:, pp. 5–6. 8792: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8674:Lilienfeld 2022 8672: 8659: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8396: 8390:Stephenson 2000 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8016:, p. 6, 7. 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7798: 7794: 7782: 7778: 7772:Scourfield 2007 7770: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7700:Pluskowski 2011 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7472: 7468:, p. 970B. 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432:, pp. 1–3. 7428: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7183:, pp. 1–4. 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7123:, pp. 2–4. 7121:Scourfield 2007 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6793:, pp. 7–9. 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6716:Siecienski 2017 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6608:Strzelczyk 1987 6606: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6052: 6048:, p. xxvi. 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836:, pp. 169. 5832: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5663: 5657:Goodenough 1962 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5621:Goodenough 1962 5619: 5615: 5609:Scourfield 2007 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5573:Praet 1992–1993 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410:, pp. 5–6. 5406: 5402: 5396:MacCormack 1997 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5314: 5310:, pp. 5–6. 5306: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5190: 5182: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5121:, pp. 8–9. 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5031:, pp. 6–7. 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4846: 4842: 4819: 4792: 4788: 4774: 4770: 4759:Elizabeth Clark 4752: 4748: 4727:heathen temples 4723:Martin of Tours 4712: 4708: 4683: 4679: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4446:Goa Inquisition 4381: 4374: 4371: 4330: 4317: 4295: 4240: 4238:Other countries 4211: 4169: 4109:democratization 4069:New Imperialism 4056: 4050: 4042:Great awakening 4024:The history of 4003: 3997: 3976: 3954: 3906: 3802: 3796: 3768: 3700: 3632: 3626: 3570:Klavdiy Lebedev 3559: 3553: 3505:Duke of Mazovia 3478: 3443:Pope Eugene III 3381: 3357: 3333:Olaf Tryggvason 3321:Florence Harmer 3305: 3299: 3255: 3249: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3165:Industriae Tuae 3138: 3130:Main articles: 3128: 3108:Constantine VII 3104: 3043:Seal of prince 3037: 3031: 3015:Cyrillic script 2987: 2981: 2956: 2915: 2860: 2781: 2732:Arsacid dynasty 2703: 2697: 2680:has written in 2673: 2640: 2634: 2602:around 628 and 2569: 2561:Main articles: 2559: 2540:(422–430) sent 2535: 2521: 2487: 2481: 2435:Frankish tribes 2423: 2417: 2409:Main articles: 2407: 2405:Frankish Empire 2393:, "Germany and 2358:German religion 2342:(185–253), and 2328: 2322: 2282: 2276: 2250: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2221:Main articles: 2219: 2214: 2153: 1992:, occupies the 1982: 1892:Agora of Athens 1811: 1794:R. P. C. Hanson 1782: 1772: 1764:Main articles: 1762: 1740:(2nd century), 1673:Jewish diaspora 1665: 1659: 1632: 1626: 1572: 1566: 1488: 1482: 1444: 1438: 1374: 1297: 1234: 1233: 1204:Other religions 1164: 1156: 1155: 944: 943: 923: 922: 843: 842: 822: 821: 755: 745: 744: 705: 704: 686: 685: 651: 650: 601: 572: 571: 570: 554: 528: 497: 465: 457: 456: 444: 428:Great Awakening 302: 267: 229: 221: 220: 186: 176: 175: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19997: 19987: 19986: 19981: 19964: 19963: 19961: 19960: 19958:Westernization 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19938:Visegrád Group 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19878:Nordic Council 19875: 19870: 19865: 19860: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19810: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19773:Bucharest Nine 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19738:Arctic Council 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19709: 19707: 19701: 19700: 19698: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19686: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19650: 19645: 19644: 19643: 19633: 19627: 19625: 19619: 19618: 19616: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19604: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19582: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19536: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19532: 19522: 19521: 19520: 19515: 19514: 19513: 19503: 19502: 19501: 19491: 19490: 19489: 19464: 19462: 19456: 19455: 19453: 19452: 19451: 19450: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19429: 19428: 19416: 19415: 19414: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19373: 19372: 19367: 19357: 19356: 19355: 19348:Existentialism 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19299: 19297: 19291: 19290: 19288: 19287: 19286: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19260: 19259: 19258: 19248: 19247: 19246: 19241: 19231: 19230: 19229: 19219: 19214: 19213: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19192: 19191: 19190: 19180: 19179: 19178: 19168: 19167: 19166: 19161: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19135: 19134: 19124: 19119: 19118: 19117: 19107: 19106: 19105: 19095: 19094: 19093: 19083: 19078: 19077: 19076: 19066: 19061: 19060: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19038: 19036: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19026: 19025: 19024: 19019: 19009: 19008: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18912: 18907: 18906: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18885: 18884: 18883: 18881:Late antiquity 18873: 18867: 18865: 18859: 18858: 18856: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18834: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18826: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18796: 18791: 18785: 18783: 18779: 18778: 18767: 18766: 18759: 18752: 18744: 18735: 18734: 18732: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18680: 18678: 18674: 18673: 18671: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18588:Russian Empire 18585: 18580: 18578:British Empire 18575: 18573:Dutch Republic 18570: 18568:Swedish Empire 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18548:Spanish Empire 18545: 18540: 18538:Ottoman Empire 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18509: 18508: 18498: 18493: 18487: 18485: 18479: 18478: 18476: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18453:Serbian Empire 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18361: 18360: 18359: 18354: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18314: 18309: 18303: 18301: 18295: 18294: 18292: 18291: 18289:Late antiquity 18286: 18281: 18276: 18275: 18274: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18252:Roman Republic 18249: 18243: 18241: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18210: 18208: 18202: 18201: 18194: 18193: 18186: 18179: 18171: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18158: 18148: 18138: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18098:Misconceptions 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18059: 18057: 18053: 18052: 18050: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17918: 17916: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17908: 17906:Little Ice Age 17903: 17902: 17901: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17859:Western Schism 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17815: 17813: 17807: 17806: 17804: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17707: 17705: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17624: 17623: 17613: 17608: 17606:Late antiquity 17603: 17598: 17593: 17587: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17571: 17570: 17563: 17556: 17548: 17539: 17538: 17536: 17535: 17533:Virtuous pagan 17530: 17528:Religio licita 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17504: 17502: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17492: 17490:Animal worship 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17471: 17470: 17465: 17455: 17450: 17449: 17448: 17443: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17396: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17318: 17316: 17310: 17309: 17304: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17296: 17295: 17293: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17250:Feri Tradition 17247: 17242: 17236: 17229: 17228: 17218: 17217: 17214: 17213: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17184: 17174: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17103: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17082: 17081: 17080: 17075: 17065: 17060: 17059: 17058: 17053: 17045: 17044: 17043: 17038: 17029: 17022: 17021: 17006: 17004: 16996: 16995: 16990: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16891: 16885: 16878: 16877: 16865: 16864: 16861: 16860: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16790: 16783: 16782: 16772: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16749: 16748: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16731: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16704: 16703: 16702: 16692: 16687: 16681: 16674: 16673: 16663: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16479: 16474: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16437: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16420: 16419: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16395: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16368: 16363: 16362: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16341: 16335: 16328: 16327: 16317: 16316: 16313: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16248:Tibeto-Burmese 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16152: 16151: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16130: 16129: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16063: 16056: 16055: 16042: 16040: 16037:(existing and 16028: 16027: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15987: 15986: 15979: 15972: 15964: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15939:Language shift 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15915: 15914: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15866: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15839: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15822: 15820:De-arabization 15816: 15814: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15801: 15800: 15790: 15784: 15782: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15758: 15756: 15749: 15748: 15746:Zairianization 15743: 15738: 15736:Westernization 15733: 15731:Vietnamization 15728: 15723: 15718: 15716:Turkmenization 15713: 15712: 15711: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15684:Talibanization 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15644: 15639: 15637:Serbianization 15634: 15629: 15627:Saffronization 15624: 15623: 15622: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15588: 15587: 15580:Persianization 15577: 15576: 15575: 15568:Pashtunization 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15529: 15527:Lithuanization 15524: 15522:Latvianization 15519: 15514: 15509: 15497: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15488:Japanification 15480: 15478:Italianization 15475: 15474: 15473: 15463: 15458: 15456:Indigenization 15453: 15452: 15451: 15441: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15418:Georgification 15415: 15410: 15409: 15408: 15398: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15389:Westernization 15381: 15376: 15374:Dutchification 15371: 15366: 15364:Cypriotization 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15324:Bosniakization 15321: 15320: 15319: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15300:Belarusization 15297: 15295:Araucanization 15292: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15265: 15260: 15259: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15238: 15233: 15231:Africanization 15227: 15224: 15223: 15216: 15215: 15208: 15201: 15193: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15169: 15168:External links 15166: 15164: 15163: 15157: 15143: 15125:(3): 433–457. 15110: 15104: 15091: 15085: 15072: 15066: 15053: 15047: 15034: 15028: 15015: 14989:(2): 511–524. 14978: 14957: 14951: 14938: 14927: 14914: 14899: 14879: 14858: 14833: 14800: 14794: 14781: 14775: 14762: 14745: 14739: 14716: 14699: 14693: 14678: 14672: 14659: 14653: 14638: 14632: 14619: 14609:(2): 171–208. 14598: 14592: 14579: 14554: 14548: 14533: 14527: 14514: 14508: 14495: 14489: 14476: 14449: 14443: 14430: 14424: 14411: 14405: 14392: 14368: 14362: 14345: 14334: 14297: 14291: 14278: 14243: 14237: 14224: 14206:(1): 103–115. 14195: 14182: 14167: 14158: 14152: 14139: 14133: 14120: 14110:(1): 261–309. 14095: 14089: 14073: 14067: 14054: 14048: 14035: 14015: 14002: 13988: 13962: 13953: 13924: 13918: 13905: 13893:(1): 101–120. 13878: 13860:(2): 152–168. 13849: 13843: 13830: 13821: 13815: 13802: 13796: 13783: 13763: 13747: 13741: 13728: 13722: 13709: 13703: 13688: 13663: 13642: 13636: 13621: 13615: 13602: 13597:978-0199212149 13596: 13583: 13577: 13564: 13558: 13545: 13525:(6): 565–593. 13510: 13496: 13481: 13464: 13458: 13445: 13439: 13424: 13402: 13396: 13383: 13377: 13364: 13346:(4): 542–545. 13335: 13329: 13316: 13287: 13278: 13272: 13243: 13237: 13224: 13218: 13203: 13197: 13184: 13178: 13162: 13156: 13143: 13137: 13122: 13116: 13103: 13093:(3): 287–318. 13082: 13074:Chaos e Kosmos 13062: 13051: 13045: 13032: 13012: 12999: 12981:(4): 644–673. 12966: 12960: 12951:Modern Germany 12945: 12939: 12926: 12920: 12907: 12886: 12869: 12863: 12850: 12833: 12827: 12814: 12808: 12795: 12789: 12774: 12768: 12755: 12749: 12734: 12728: 12711: 12705: 12689: 12675: 12669: 12656: 12650: 12637: 12631: 12618: 12608: 12593: 12587: 12574: 12556:(3): 371–405. 12545: 12528: 12522: 12509: 12492: 12486: 12473: 12467: 12454: 12444:(3): 242–264. 12433: 12415:(2): 185–226. 12402: 12396: 12383: 12377: 12364: 12358: 12345: 12339: 12326: 12312: 12289: 12283: 12270: 12264: 12251: 12222: 12193: 12164: 12158: 12145: 12135:(2): 257–267. 12124: 12088:Theology Today 12079: 12058: 12025: 12019: 12006: 11986:10.2307/294605 11980:(2): 229–242. 11969: 11951:(2): 113–142. 11940: 11934: 11919: 11913: 11900: 11894: 11879: 11873: 11860: 11854: 11841: 11821: 11804: 11798: 11785: 11779: 11766: 11760: 11745: 11739: 11726: 11720: 11704: 11684: 11672:10.1086/462823 11666:(3): 284–292. 11651: 11645: 11632: 11611: 11605: 11592: 11586: 11574:, ed. (2006). 11568: 11536:Church History 11531: 11525: 11512: 11506: 11491: 11485: 11472: 11439: 11433: 11420: 11399: 11370: 11364: 11351: 11345: 11332: 11326: 11313: 11293: 11287: 11274: 11264:(2): 543–546. 11253: 11247: 11234: 11228: 11215: 11209: 11196: 11190: 11177: 11171: 11153: 11147: 11134: 11123: 11105:(1): 109–135. 11090: 11072:(4): 201–206. 11061: 11050: 11044: 11031: 11025: 11012: 10992:10.2307/298656 10975: 10969: 10951:Averil Cameron 10946: 10917: 10894: 10888: 10873: 10867: 10854: 10842:10.1086/367402 10836:(2): 120–139. 10823: 10794: 10757: 10751: 10738: 10732: 10719: 10713: 10700: 10694: 10676: 10670: 10657: 10643: 10637: 10622: 10616: 10601: 10582: 10562: 10556: 10541: 10513: 10507: 10494: 10488: 10475: 10469: 10456: 10431: 10425: 10412: 10384:(2): 251–270. 10373: 10367: 10354: 10348: 10342:. Penguin UK. 10335: 10328: 10315: 10296: 10290: 10278:Abrams, Lesley 10274: 10270:j.ctt1kw29nj.7 10260: 10242:Abrams, Lesley 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10217: 10202: 10190: 10178: 10166: 10151: 10139: 10127: 10115: 10103: 10101:, p. 6–7. 10091: 10079: 10067: 10052: 10037: 10025: 10023:, p. 174. 10013: 10001: 9999:, p. 171. 9989: 9964: 9962:, p. 201. 9952: 9950:, p. 291. 9948:Fernandez 1979 9940: 9938:, p. 287. 9936:Fernandez 1979 9928: 9926:, p. 286. 9924:Fernandez 1979 9913: 9909:Fernandez 1979 9901: 9897:Fernandez 1979 9886: 9871: 9845: 9833: 9821: 9819:, p. 285. 9806: 9804:, p. 279. 9794: 9792:, p. 265. 9782: 9763: 9761:, p. 302. 9751: 9749:, p. 161. 9736: 9724: 9712: 9700: 9696:Wesseling 2015 9688: 9676: 9674:, p. 185. 9664: 9652: 9637: 9625: 9613: 9611:, p. 188. 9598: 9586: 9574: 9557: 9545: 9533: 9521: 9509: 9497: 9493:Oostindie 2008 9485: 9483:, p. 201. 9481:Wesseling 2015 9473: 9461: 9449: 9447:, p. 192. 9445:Priestley 2018 9437: 9425: 9413: 9409:Castañeda 1993 9401: 9397:Castañeda 1993 9389: 9385:Castañeda 1993 9377: 9373:Castañeda 1993 9365: 9353: 9341: 9339:, p. 137. 9329: 9327:, p. 287. 9317: 9315:, p. 135. 9305: 9293: 9281: 9279:, p. 566. 9269: 9257: 9255:, p. 218. 9245: 9233: 9221: 9219:, p. 205. 9209: 9197: 9170: 9158: 9146: 9144:, p. 418. 9134: 9132:, p. 271. 9122: 9120:, p. 135. 9110: 9098: 9096:, p. 152. 9086: 9074: 9072:, p. 304. 9062: 9050: 9038: 9026: 9016: 9003: 9001:, p. 287. 8991: 8979: 8967: 8965:, p. 112. 8952: 8950:, p. 113. 8940: 8928: 8913: 8901: 8899:, p. 111. 8882: 8880:, p. 103. 8870: 8866:Wyrwińska 2022 8858: 8854:Wyrwińska 2022 8846: 8834: 8822: 8818:Dollinger 1999 8810: 8798: 8786: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8748:, p. 606. 8738: 8736:, p. 287. 8726: 8724:, p. 119. 8714: 8702: 8690: 8678: 8657: 8642: 8630: 8618: 8616:, p. 253. 8606: 8604:, p. 249. 8594: 8592:, p. 251. 8582: 8580:, p. 252. 8565: 8563:, p. xvi. 8553: 8541: 8529: 8527:, p. 542. 8517: 8515:, p. 473. 8505: 8493: 8491:, p. 122. 8481: 8469: 8457: 8453:Veszprémy 2001 8445: 8433: 8418: 8406: 8404:, p. 141. 8402:Moravcsik 1947 8394: 8382: 8380:, p. 130. 8370: 8368:, p. 467. 8353: 8341: 8339:, p. 129. 8329: 8327:, p. 128. 8317: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8277:Veszprémy 2001 8269: 8257: 8245: 8243:, p. 208. 8233: 8221: 8219:, p. 232. 8206: 8204:, p. 332. 8194: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8132:, p. 127. 8117: 8105: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8067:, p. 116. 8057: 8045: 8030: 8018: 8006: 8004:, p. 252. 7994: 7992:, p. 262. 7982: 7978:Aleksidze 2018 7970: 7968:, p. 138. 7958: 7943: 7931: 7929:, p. 135. 7927:Aleksidze 2018 7916: 7914:, p. 138. 7912:Aleksidze 2018 7904: 7902:, p. 333. 7892: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7854:, p. 241. 7844: 7832: 7820: 7818:, p. 253. 7808: 7792: 7776: 7764: 7760:McKinnell 2021 7752: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7714:, p. 159. 7704: 7692: 7680: 7678:, p. 139. 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7618:, p. 238. 7608: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7558:, p. 124. 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7510:, p. 117. 7497: 7485: 7483:, p. 103. 7470: 7458: 7456:, p. 151. 7446: 7442:Kaldellis 2012 7434: 7430:Kaldellis 2012 7422: 7410: 7408:, p. 165. 7398: 7386: 7384:, p. 299. 7374: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7300:, p. 137. 7290: 7288:, p. 113. 7269: 7267:, p. 101. 7257: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 7075:, p. 282. 7065: 7063:, p. 280. 7053: 7051:, p. 279. 7041: 7029: 7017: 7015:, p. 152. 7005: 6993: 6981: 6979:, p. 496. 6969: 6967:, p. 265. 6954: 6950:MacMullen 1984 6942: 6930: 6918: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6870: 6868:, p. 243. 6858: 6846: 6834: 6819: 6817:, p. 304. 6807: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6682:, p. 193. 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 325. 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6598:, p. 401. 6588: 6576: 6564: 6562:, p. 400. 6552: 6540: 6538:, p. 394. 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6476:Willibald 1916 6468: 6456: 6444: 6442:, p. 254. 6432: 6430:, p. 107. 6420: 6408: 6406:, p. 233. 6391: 6379: 6377:, p. 104. 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6305:, p. 213. 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6239: 6227: 6225:, p. 303. 6215: 6203: 6201:, p. 650. 6188: 6176: 6164: 6162:, p. 799. 6152: 6140: 6138:, p. 178. 6128: 6124:Severus – Vita 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6065: 6063:, p. 353. 6050: 6038: 6026: 6009: 6007:, p. 110. 5997: 5985: 5981:Trombley 1995a 5973: 5971:, p. xxv. 5961: 5949: 5937: 5935:, p. 131. 5925: 5913: 5911:, p. 123. 5901: 5899:, p. 132. 5889: 5877: 5865: 5863:, p. 523. 5850: 5848:, p. 179. 5838: 5826: 5824:, p. 142. 5814: 5802: 5790: 5775: 5763: 5761:, p. 257. 5751: 5747:Hellerman 2009 5739: 5737:, p. 433. 5727: 5715: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5672:Fairchild 2021 5661: 5659:, p. 125. 5649: 5637: 5625: 5623:, p. 138. 5613: 5601: 5599:, p. 229. 5589: 5587:, p. 426. 5577: 5575:, p. 108. 5565: 5553: 5551:, p. 177. 5541: 5529: 5527:, p. 234. 5514: 5499: 5497:, p. 584. 5487: 5483:Armstrong 2007 5475: 5473:, p. 583. 5460: 5448: 5446:, p. 470. 5436: 5434:, p. 469. 5424: 5422:, p. 371. 5412: 5400: 5398:, p. 655. 5388: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5337: 5335:, p. 101. 5312: 5300: 5285: 5273: 5271:, p. 166. 5258: 5254:Kaldellis 2012 5243: 5231: 5219: 5217:, p. 286. 5207: 5205:, p. 498. 5188: 5186:, p. 302. 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5060: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4992: 4980: 4963: 4951: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4908:, p. 497. 4894: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4856: 4852:Padberg (1998) 4840: 4837:marginalized. 4786: 4768: 4763:R. A. Markus's 4746: 4706: 4677: 4660: 4651: 4645:is the normal 4609: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4370: 4367: 4329: 4326: 4316: 4313: 4299:decolonization 4294: 4293:Decolonization 4291: 4239: 4236: 4210: 4207: 4168: 4165: 4145:indigenization 4128:Justo Gonzales 4049: 4046: 4019:Trail of tears 3999:Main article: 3996: 3993: 3988:Jacob Schacter 3975: 3972: 3953: 3950: 3946:Henk Wesseling 3905: 3902: 3877:Junipero Serra 3826:. painting by 3806:Kenneth Morgan 3795: 3792: 3767: 3764: 3748:Achilles' heel 3724:Dutch Republic 3699: 3696: 3672:in 1492. (The 3628:Main article: 3625: 3622: 3604:, a fresco by 3555:Main article: 3552: 3549: 3530:, was crowned 3490:Teutonic Order 3477: 3474: 3447:Second Crusade 3380: 3377: 3372:Ioan-Aurel Pop 3356: 3353: 3344:Anders Winroth 3301:Main article: 3298: 3295: 3279:Constantinople 3248: 3245: 3233:Chrzest Polski 3221:"Wielkopolska" 3217:Greater Poland 3175:Main article: 3172: 3169: 3153:Avar Khaganate 3127: 3124: 3120:Pope John VIII 3103: 3100: 3080:Diocese of Ras 3033:Main article: 3030: 3027: 2983:Main article: 2980: 2977: 2966:developed the 2955: 2952: 2928:Czechoslovakia 2926:(which became 2914: 2911: 2859: 2856: 2798:Arsacid family 2780: 2777: 2756:Edict of Milan 2699:Main article: 2696: 2693: 2672: 2669: 2633: 2630: 2558: 2555: 2520: 2517: 2505:Giovanni Mansi 2483:Main article: 2480: 2477: 2429:was the first 2406: 2403: 2375:Saint Boniface 2321: 2318: 2278:Main article: 2275: 2272: 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2006:Pope Gregory I 2002:Hutton Webster 1981: 1978: 1949:ludi circenses 1905:deconsecration 1810: 1807: 1789:slaughterhouse 1761: 1758: 1731:Demeter's cult 1661:Main article: 1658: 1655: 1647:denominations: 1628:Main article: 1625: 1622: 1568:Main article: 1565: 1562: 1550:Infant baptism 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1388:David Abulafia 1378:Dana L. Robert 1373: 1370: 1354:Eastern Europe 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1163:Related topics 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1098:Restorationist 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 981: 976: 975: 974: 969: 954: 953: 945: 942: 941: 936: 930: 929: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 873:Church Fathers 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 844: 841: 840: 835: 829: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 783: 782: 777: 772: 762: 756: 751: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 691: 688: 687: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 652: 649: 648: 643: 637: 636: 635: 632: 631: 623: 622: 616: 615: 603: 602: 600: 599: 592: 585: 577: 574: 573: 569: 568: 567: 566: 555: 553: 552: 551: 550: 545: 540: 529: 527: 526: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 498: 496: 495: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 467: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 452: 451: 450: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 433:Fundamentalism 430: 419: 418: 417: 409: 408: 404: 403: 402: 401: 396: 388: 387: 383: 382: 381: 380: 375: 370: 362: 361: 357: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 311: 310: 304: 303: 301: 300: 299: 298: 293: 288: 279: 277:Vedic Hinduism 268: 266: 265: 264: 263: 258: 253: 242: 239: 238: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 163: 153: 143: 133: 130:Zoroastrianism 123: 113: 103: 93: 83: 73: 62: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19996: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19976: 19974: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19903:PROSUR/PROSUL 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19798:Craiova Group 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19713:ABCANZ Armies 19711: 19710: 19708: 19702: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19655: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19642: 19639: 19638: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19628: 19626: 19624: 19620: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19537: 19531: 19528: 19527: 19526: 19523: 19519: 19518:Protestantism 19516: 19512: 19509: 19508: 19507: 19504: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19492: 19488: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19479: 19476: 19475: 19474: 19471: 19470: 19469: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19461: 19457: 19449: 19446: 19445: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19438:Sovereigntism 19436: 19434: 19431: 19427: 19426: 19422: 19421: 19420: 19417: 19413: 19410: 19409: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19362: 19361: 19358: 19354: 19351: 19350: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19333:Scholasticism 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19298: 19296: 19292: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19253: 19252: 19249: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19236: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19225: 19224: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19197: 19196: 19193: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19184: 19181: 19177: 19174: 19173: 19172: 19169: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19156: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19133: 19130: 19129: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19116: 19113: 19112: 19111: 19108: 19104: 19101: 19100: 19099: 19096: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19075: 19072: 19071: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19040: 19039: 19037: 19035: 19031: 19023: 19022:War on terror 19020: 19018: 19015: 19014: 19013: 19010: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18915:Modern period 18913: 18911: 18908: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18890: 18889: 18886: 18882: 18879: 18878: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18868: 18866: 18864: 18860: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18801: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18786: 18784: 18780: 18776: 18772: 18771:Western world 18765: 18760: 18758: 18753: 18751: 18746: 18745: 18742: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18684:Art of Europe 18682: 18681: 18679: 18675: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18507: 18504: 18503: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18488: 18486: 18484: 18483:Modern period 18480: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18418: 18414: 18410: 18406: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18365: 18362: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18349: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18302: 18300: 18296: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18273: 18270: 18269: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18240: 18236: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18207: 18203: 18199: 18192: 18187: 18185: 18180: 18178: 18173: 18172: 18169: 18157: 18149: 18147: 18139: 18137: 18133: 18129: 18128: 18125: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18060: 18058: 18054: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17913: 17907: 17904: 17900: 17897: 17896: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17814: 17812: 17808: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17766:Scholasticism 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17704: 17700: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17628:Rise of Islam 17626: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17576: 17569: 17564: 17562: 17557: 17555: 17550: 17549: 17546: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17505: 17503: 17501: 17497: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17438: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17411:Reincarnation 17409: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17391: 17390: 17387: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17315: 17311: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17234: 17230: 17223: 17219: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17179: 17178: 17175: 17171: 17170:Vattisen Yaly 17168: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17086: 17083: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17048: 17046: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17033: 17031: 17030: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17014: 17010: 17005: 17003: 16997: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16870: 16866: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16824:Cook Islander 16822: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16784: 16777: 16773: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16697: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16682: 16679: 16675: 16668: 16664: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16632:Baltic Finnic 16630: 16629: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16600:Imperial cult 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16583: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16465: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16425: 16424: 16421: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16333: 16329: 16322: 16318: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16183: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16161:Sunda Wiwitan 16159: 16157: 16154: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16128: 16125: 16124: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16097:Austroasiatic 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16064: 16061: 16057: 16050: 16046: 16041: 16035: 16029: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16001: 15996: 15992: 15985: 15980: 15978: 15973: 15971: 15966: 15965: 15962: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15919:Globalization 15917: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15878: 15872: 15871: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15847:Korenizatsiia 15845: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15799: 15796: 15795: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15788:Cyrillization 15786: 15785: 15783: 15779: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15721:Ukrainization 15719: 15717: 15714: 15710: 15707: 15706: 15705: 15704:Turkification 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15689:Taiwanization 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15679:Swedification 15677: 15675: 15674:Swahilization 15672: 15670: 15669:Sovietization 15667: 15665: 15664:Slovakization 15662: 15660: 15659:Slavicization 15657: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15642:Sinhalization 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15616: 15615:Russification 15613: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15548:Mongolization 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15533: 15532:Magyarization 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15517:Kurdification 15515: 15513: 15512:Koreanization 15510: 15506: 15501: 15500:Kazakhization 15498: 15496: 15493: 15489: 15486: 15485: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15467: 15466:Israelization 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15444:Indianization 15442: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15433:Hellenization 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15423:Germanization 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15413:Gaelicization 15411: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15396:Finnicization 15394: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15344:Chilenization 15342: 15340: 15339:Celticization 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15329:Bulgarization 15327: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15312:Bengalization 15310: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15263:Anglicization 15261: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15225: 15221: 15214: 15209: 15207: 15202: 15200: 15195: 15194: 15191: 15185: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15160: 15154: 15150: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15116: 15111: 15107: 15101: 15097: 15092: 15088: 15082: 15078: 15073: 15069: 15063: 15059: 15054: 15050: 15044: 15040: 15035: 15031: 15025: 15021: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14958: 14954: 14948: 14944: 14939: 14935: 14934: 14928: 14917: 14911: 14907: 14906: 14900: 14897:(1–2): 73–92. 14896: 14892: 14885: 14880: 14868: 14867:Asian History 14864: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14801: 14797: 14791: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14772: 14768: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14746: 14742: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14723: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14686: 14685: 14679: 14675: 14669: 14665: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14646: 14645: 14639: 14635: 14629: 14625: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14599: 14595: 14589: 14585: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14555: 14551: 14545: 14541: 14540: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14520: 14515: 14511: 14505: 14501: 14496: 14492: 14486: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14421: 14417: 14412: 14408: 14402: 14398: 14393: 14381: 14377: 14375: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14302:Slavic Review 14298: 14294: 14288: 14284: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14244: 14240: 14234: 14230: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14196: 14185: 14179: 14175: 14174: 14168: 14164: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14145: 14140: 14136: 14130: 14126: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14077:Sanneh, Lamin 14074: 14070: 14064: 14060: 14055: 14051: 14045: 14041: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14018: 14012: 14008: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13985: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13972: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13925: 13921: 13915: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13831: 13827: 13822: 13818: 13812: 13808: 13803: 13799: 13793: 13789: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13769: 13764: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13738: 13734: 13729: 13725: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13653:(1–4): 3–26. 13652: 13648: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13629: 13628: 13622: 13618: 13612: 13608: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13565: 13561: 13555: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13482: 13479:(8): 118–123. 13478: 13474: 13470: 13465: 13461: 13455: 13451: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13432: 13431: 13425: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13403: 13399: 13393: 13389: 13384: 13380: 13374: 13370: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13336: 13332: 13326: 13322: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13288: 13284: 13279: 13275: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13244: 13240: 13234: 13230: 13225: 13221: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13194: 13191:. NYU Press. 13190: 13185: 13181: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13149: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13123: 13119: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13068: 13063: 13059: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13042: 13038: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13015: 13009: 13006:. New Haven. 13005: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12932: 12927: 12923: 12917: 12913: 12908: 12896: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12820: 12815: 12811: 12805: 12801: 12796: 12792: 12786: 12782: 12781: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12761: 12756: 12752: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12735: 12731: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12712: 12708: 12706:9780415242110 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12683: 12682: 12676: 12672: 12666: 12662: 12657: 12653: 12647: 12643: 12638: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12619: 12616: 12611: 12605: 12601: 12600: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12580: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12546: 12543:(6): 123–130. 12542: 12538: 12534: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12515: 12510: 12507:(1): 165–167. 12506: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12479: 12474: 12470: 12464: 12460: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12403: 12399: 12393: 12389: 12384: 12380: 12378:9780300125344 12374: 12370: 12365: 12361: 12355: 12351: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12332: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12296: 12290: 12286: 12280: 12276: 12271: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12151: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12125: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12012: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11941: 11937: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11920: 11916: 11910: 11906: 11901: 11897: 11891: 11887: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11866: 11861: 11857: 11851: 11847: 11842: 11831: 11827: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11791: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11772: 11767: 11763: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11736: 11732: 11727: 11723: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11690: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11639:. Gracewing. 11638: 11633: 11621: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11518: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11500:. Routledge. 11499: 11498: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11311:(6): 333–337. 11310: 11306: 11299: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11280: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11240: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11157:Cameron, Alan 11154: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11018: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10955:Peter Garnsey 10952: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10805:(4): 331–56. 10804: 10800: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10768:(3): 678–94. 10767: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10720: 10716: 10710: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10609: 10608: 10602: 10599:(3): 495–496. 10598: 10594: 10589: 10583: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10466: 10462: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10400: 10399:11250/3051856 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10261:9781785704536 10257: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10227:, p. 12. 10226: 10221: 10214: 10209: 10207: 10199: 10194: 10187: 10182: 10175: 10170: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10148: 10143: 10136: 10135:Fontaine 2016 10131: 10124: 10119: 10112: 10111:Fontaine 2016 10107: 10100: 10099:Fontaine 2016 10095: 10088: 10087:Fontaine 2016 10083: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10057: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10034: 10029: 10022: 10017: 10010: 10005: 9998: 9993: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9961: 9956: 9949: 9944: 9937: 9932: 9925: 9920: 9918: 9910: 9905: 9898: 9893: 9891: 9883: 9878: 9876: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9842: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9811: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9780:, p. xx. 9779: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9760: 9759:Gonzalez 2010 9755: 9748: 9743: 9741: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9716: 9709: 9704: 9697: 9692: 9685: 9684:Headrick 2012 9680: 9673: 9668: 9661: 9656: 9649: 9644: 9642: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9610: 9605: 9603: 9595: 9594:Schacter 2011 9590: 9583: 9582:Schacter 2011 9578: 9571: 9570:Schacter 2011 9566: 9564: 9562: 9554: 9553:Robinson 1952 9549: 9542: 9537: 9530: 9525: 9518: 9513: 9506: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9482: 9477: 9470: 9465: 9458: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9434: 9429: 9422: 9417: 9410: 9405: 9398: 9393: 9387:, p. 19. 9386: 9381: 9375:, p. 15. 9374: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9350: 9349:Johansen 2005 9345: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9290: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9254: 9249: 9242: 9237: 9230: 9225: 9218: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9142:Gonzalez 2010 9138: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9114: 9107: 9102: 9095: 9094:Robinson 1952 9090: 9083: 9078: 9071: 9066: 9060:, p. 75. 9059: 9058:Casanova 1994 9054: 9047: 9042: 9035: 9034:Rawlings 2006 9030: 9020: 9013: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8977:, p. 14. 8976: 8971: 8964: 8959: 8957: 8949: 8944: 8938:, p. 12. 8937: 8932: 8926:, p. 15. 8925: 8920: 8918: 8910: 8905: 8898: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8855: 8850: 8843: 8838: 8831: 8826: 8820:, p. 34. 8819: 8814: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8759: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8712:, p. 71. 8711: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8655:, p. 65. 8654: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8634: 8628:, p. 23. 8627: 8622: 8615: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8579: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8562: 8557: 8551:, p. 14. 8550: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8503:, p. 22. 8502: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8416:, p. 57. 8415: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8392:, p. 40. 8391: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8366:Bukowska 2012 8362: 8360: 8358: 8350: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8326: 8321: 8314: 8313:Goldberg 2006 8309: 8302: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8279:, p. 83. 8278: 8273: 8267:, p. 43. 8266: 8265:Antoljak 1994 8261: 8254: 8253:Popovski 2017 8249: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8211: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8190:Crampton 2005 8186: 8179: 8178:Crampton 2005 8174: 8167: 8166:Crampton 2005 8162: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8114: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8090: 8089:Bouchier 1914 8085: 8079:, p. 58. 8078: 8077:Bouchier 1914 8073: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8043:, p. 12. 8042: 8037: 8035: 8028:, p. 11. 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7956:, p. 45. 7955: 7950: 7948: 7941:, p. 35. 7940: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7890:, p. 71. 7889: 7888:Hakobyan 2021 7884: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7864:Hakobyan 2021 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7756: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7522:, p. 34. 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7495:, p. 96. 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7475: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7406:Irmscher 1988 7402: 7396:, p. 60. 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7372:, p. 46. 7371: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7348:, p. 87. 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7324:, p. 48. 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7266: 7261: 7255:, p. 55. 7254: 7249: 7242: 7241:Fletcher 1999 7237: 7230: 7225: 7219:, p. 37. 7218: 7213: 7207:, p. 35. 7206: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7169:Bradbury 1995 7165: 7159:, p. 93. 7158: 7157:Thompson 2005 7153: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7133:Bradbury 1995 7129: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7025:Schwartz 2005 7021: 7014: 7013:Schwartz 2005 7009: 7002: 7001:Schwartz 2005 6997: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6951: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6916:, p. 19. 6915: 6910: 6903: 6902:Stocking 2000 6898: 6891: 6886: 6879: 6878:Southern 2015 6874: 6867: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6842:Thompson 2005 6838: 6832:, p. 74. 6831: 6826: 6824: 6816: 6815:Leithart 2010 6811: 6804: 6803:Bradbury 1994 6799: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6769:, p. 61. 6768: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6704:Runciman 2004 6700: 6693: 6692:Runciman 2004 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6620:Runciman 2004 6616: 6610:, p. 60. 6609: 6604: 6597: 6596:Sørensen 1990 6592: 6585: 6584:Sørensen 1990 6580: 6573: 6572:Sørensen 1990 6568: 6561: 6560:Sørensen 1990 6556: 6549: 6548:Sørensen 1990 6544: 6537: 6536:Sørensen 1990 6532: 6525: 6520: 6514:, p. 16. 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6454:, p. 26. 6453: 6448: 6441: 6440:Fletcher 1999 6436: 6429: 6424: 6418:, p. 34. 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6365:, p. 26. 6364: 6359: 6353:, p. 36. 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6317:, p. 32. 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6078:, p. 60. 6077: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6061:Bradbury 1995 6057: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6036:, p. 28. 6035: 6030: 6024:, p. 82. 6023: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5993:Trombley 2001 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5947:, p. 31. 5946: 5941: 5934: 5933:Bradbury 1994 5929: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5909:Bradbury 1994 5905: 5898: 5897:Bradbury 1994 5893: 5887:, p. 30. 5886: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5725:, p. 24. 5724: 5719: 5713:, p. 25. 5712: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5692: 5686:, p. 30. 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5647:, p. 82. 5646: 5641: 5635:, p. 80. 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5563:, p. 18. 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5495:Baldovin 2000 5491: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5471:Baldovin 2000 5467: 5465: 5457: 5456:McKinion 2001 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5408:McKinion 2001 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5384:McKinion 2001 5380: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5350:, p. 24. 5349: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5269:Irmscher 1988 5265: 5263: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5185: 5184:Leithart 2010 5180: 5178: 5176: 5168: 5163: 5157:, p. 72. 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4961:, p. xi. 4960: 4959:Abulafia 2017 4955: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4932:, p. 33. 4931: 4926: 4920:, p. 18. 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4879: 4869: 4860: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4451:Inculturation 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4220:Vincent Lucas 4215: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4117:mass printing 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105:human capital 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007:acculturation 4002: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784:Barry Strauss 3781: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526:and his wife 3525: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3241:Polish people 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106:According to 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092:Nikita Orifas 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070:missionaries 3069: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011:autocephalous 3008: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2938:, along with 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660:Monte Cassino 2657: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2626:modern period 2622: 2618: 2617:Erik Bloodaxe 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2557:Great Britain 2554: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2491: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Christmas Day 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:Pope John XII 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:) (155–220). 2349: 2348:Adv. Jud. VII 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2271: 2268: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2178:Mons Martyrum 2174: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2162:Birgit Sawyer 2157: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052:Alison Frantz 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2032:Monte Cassino 2029: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965:Judith Herrin 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:chariot races 1942: 1941:ludi scaenici 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:civic culture 1913: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1603:Bruce Chilton 1600: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1558:New Testament 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:Philip Schaff 1538: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1443: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 992: 991: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 963: 962: 958: 957: 956: 955: 952: 949: 948: 940: 937: 935: 934:Denominations 932: 931: 927: 926: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 754: 749: 748: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 715:New Testament 713: 711: 710:Old Testament 708: 707: 700: 698: 695: 694: 690: 689: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 634: 633: 629: 625: 624: 621: 618: 617: 613: 609: 608: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 578: 576: 575: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 556: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 499: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 468: 461: 460: 449: 448:Postmodernism 446: 445: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 420: 416: 415:Age of Reason 413: 412: 411: 410: 406: 405: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 390: 389: 385: 384: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 309: 306: 305: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272:Indo-European 270: 269: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Ancient Egypt 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 234: 233: 225: 224: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 201:Neurotheology 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 185: 180: 179: 171: 167: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 136:Hamza ibn Ali 134: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 63: 60: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 19948:Western Bloc 19748:AUSCANNZUKUS 19704:Contemporary 19653:Human rights 19499:Latin Church 19473:Christianity 19423: 19382:Conservatism 19227:contemporary 19064:Architecture 19000:World War II 18960:Emancipation 18955:Abolitionism 18843:Romanization 18838:Roman legacy 18819:Roman Empire 18643:World War II 18496:Early modern 18473:Kalmar Union 18344:Papal States 18321: 18262:Roman Empire 17927:Architecture 17899:Great Famine 17889:Universities 17829:Hussite Wars 17746:Great Schism 17633:Papal States 17620: 17523:Neoplatonism 17499: 17463:Tree of life 17426:Sacred grove 17327:Bear worship 17280:Neoshamanism 17142:Zalmoxianism 17095:Adyghe Habze 17000:Modern pagan 16707:Mesopotamian 16563:Paleo-Balkan 16497:Samothracian 16376:Old Prussian 16273:Bongthingism 15868: 15852:Latinization 15798:Soviet Union 15772:Islamization 15761: 15741:Wolofization 15726:Uzbekization 15699:Thaification 15694:Tamilization 15647:Sinicization 15602:Romanization 15592:Polonization 15543:Malayization 15495:Javanization 15483:Japanization 15461:Indonezation 15401:Francization 15369:Czechization 15359:Croatization 15354:Creolization 15236:Albanization 15177: 15148: 15122: 15118: 15095: 15076: 15057: 15038: 15019: 14986: 14982: 14965: 14961: 14942: 14932: 14919:. Retrieved 14904: 14894: 14890: 14871:. Retrieved 14866: 14845: 14841: 14812: 14808: 14785: 14766: 14749: 14721: 14711: 14707: 14683: 14663: 14643: 14623: 14606: 14602: 14583: 14566: 14562: 14538: 14518: 14499: 14480: 14461: 14457: 14434: 14415: 14396: 14384:. Retrieved 14380:the original 14373: 14353: 14339: 14305: 14301: 14282: 14255: 14251: 14228: 14203: 14199: 14187:. Retrieved 14172: 14162: 14143: 14124: 14107: 14103: 14080: 14058: 14039: 14006: 13970: 13958:Drake (2006) 13932: 13928: 13909: 13890: 13886: 13857: 13853: 13834: 13826:Drake (2006) 13806: 13787: 13778: 13774: 13755:. Retrieved 13732: 13713: 13693: 13675: 13671: 13650: 13646: 13626: 13606: 13587: 13568: 13549: 13522: 13518: 13486: 13476: 13472: 13449: 13429: 13416:. Retrieved 13412: 13407: 13390:. Eerdmans. 13387: 13368: 13343: 13339: 13320: 13295: 13291: 13282: 13255: 13251: 13228: 13208: 13188: 13169: 13147: 13127: 13107: 13090: 13086: 13077: 13073: 13056: 13036: 13003: 12978: 12974: 12954:. ABC-CLIO. 12950: 12930: 12911: 12901:December 20, 12899:. Retrieved 12894: 12881: 12877: 12854: 12845: 12841: 12818: 12802:. Springer. 12799: 12779: 12759: 12739: 12719: 12715: 12696: 12680: 12660: 12641: 12622: 12613: 12598: 12578: 12553: 12549: 12540: 12536: 12513: 12504: 12500: 12477: 12458: 12441: 12437: 12412: 12406: 12387: 12368: 12349: 12330: 12294: 12274: 12255: 12230: 12226: 12201: 12197: 12172: 12168: 12149: 12132: 12128: 12116:. Retrieved 12094:(1): 25–35. 12091: 12087: 12066: 12062: 12040:(5): 71–81. 12037: 12033: 12010: 11977: 11973: 11948: 11944: 11924: 11904: 11884: 11864: 11845: 11833:. Retrieved 11829: 11816: 11812: 11789: 11770: 11750: 11730: 11711: 11699: 11695: 11663: 11659: 11636: 11624:. Retrieved 11619: 11596: 11576: 11539: 11535: 11516: 11496: 11476: 11451: 11447: 11424: 11410:(2): 15–20. 11407: 11403: 11381:(1): 29–57. 11378: 11374: 11355: 11336: 11317: 11308: 11304: 11278: 11261: 11257: 11238: 11219: 11200: 11181: 11161: 11138: 11128: 11102: 11098: 11069: 11065: 11055: 11035: 11016: 10983: 10979: 10959: 10925: 10921: 10909:. Retrieved 10904: 10899: 10878: 10858: 10833: 10827: 10802: 10798: 10765: 10761: 10742: 10723: 10704: 10684: 10680:Berend, Nora 10661: 10651: 10627: 10606: 10596: 10592: 10574:. Retrieved 10570: 10546: 10520: 10517: 10498: 10479: 10460: 10446:(1): 13–41. 10443: 10439: 10416: 10381: 10377: 10358: 10339: 10319: 10301: 10281: 10250: 10234:Bibliography 10220: 10215:, p. 8. 10193: 10188:, p. 6. 10181: 10169: 10164:, p. 1. 10142: 10137:, p. 8. 10130: 10118: 10106: 10094: 10089:, p. 6. 10082: 10075:Isichei 1995 10070: 10065:, p. 7. 10063:Isichei 1995 10050:, p. 2. 10048:Isichei 1995 10033:Isichei 1995 10028: 10016: 10004: 9992: 9980:. Retrieved 9976: 9967: 9955: 9943: 9931: 9904: 9884:, p. 1. 9882:Isichei 1995 9862:. Retrieved 9857: 9848: 9836: 9831:, p. 9. 9829:Isichei 1995 9824: 9797: 9785: 9754: 9727: 9715: 9703: 9698:, p. x. 9691: 9686:, p. 2. 9679: 9667: 9662:, p. 3. 9655: 9635:, p. 6. 9628: 9616: 9596:, p. 3. 9589: 9584:, p. 5. 9577: 9572:, p. 2. 9548: 9536: 9524: 9512: 9500: 9495:, p. 8. 9488: 9476: 9464: 9457:Burrows 1986 9452: 9440: 9428: 9423:, p. 6. 9416: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9368: 9356: 9344: 9332: 9320: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9248: 9243:, p. 2. 9236: 9231:, p. 3. 9224: 9212: 9200: 9188:. Retrieved 9184:Science News 9183: 9173: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9041: 9029: 9019: 9006: 8994: 8982: 8970: 8943: 8931: 8904: 8873: 8861: 8849: 8837: 8832:, p. 9. 8825: 8813: 8801: 8794:Dragnea 2020 8789: 8777: 8765: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8638:Mazeika 2017 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8585: 8556: 8549:Sanmark 2004 8544: 8537:Winroth 2012 8532: 8520: 8508: 8501:Sanmark 2004 8496: 8484: 8477:Sanmark 2004 8472: 8465:Sanmark 2004 8460: 8448: 8436: 8414:Jestice 1997 8409: 8397: 8385: 8373: 8351:, p. 3. 8344: 8332: 8320: 8308: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8260: 8248: 8236: 8224: 8202:Ziemann 2021 8197: 8185: 8173: 8161: 8154:Ziemann 2021 8149: 8137: 8108: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8021: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7954:Thomson 1988 7939:Thomson 1988 7934: 7907: 7895: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7852:Gregory 1986 7847: 7835: 7828:Gregory 1986 7823: 7811: 7795: 7779: 7774:, p. 4. 7767: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7724:Sanmark 2004 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7488: 7461: 7449: 7444:, p. 2. 7437: 7425: 7418:Anastos 1967 7413: 7401: 7389: 7377: 7370:Barbero 2004 7365: 7353: 7341: 7334:Padberg 1998 7329: 7322:Padberg 1998 7317: 7305: 7293: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7145:Digeser 2000 7140: 7128: 7116: 7111:, p. 2. 7109:Van Dam 1985 7104: 7099:, p. 2. 7092: 7080: 7073:Salzman 2006 7068: 7061:Salzman 2006 7056: 7049:Salzman 2006 7044: 7037:Salzman 2006 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6965:Salzman 2006 6945: 6933: 6926:Salzman 2006 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6866:Bayliss 2004 6861: 6849: 6837: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6754:, p. 3. 6747: 6735: 6723: 6718:, p. 3. 6711: 6706:, p. 4. 6699: 6694:, p. 3. 6687: 6680:Hopkins 1998 6675: 6668:Harnett 2017 6663: 6651: 6639: 6634:, p. 6. 6627: 6622:, p. 6. 6615: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6404:Gregory 1986 6382: 6370: 6358: 6351:Webster 1917 6346: 6334: 6327:Webster 1917 6322: 6315:Webster 1917 6310: 6286:Cameron 2011 6281: 6269: 6257: 6230: 6218: 6211:Bayliss 2004 6206: 6179: 6172:Salzman 2006 6167: 6160:Cameron 2011 6155: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6114:, p. 2. 6107: 6100:Bagnall 2021 6095: 6083: 6041: 6029: 6005:Bayliss 2004 6000: 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5945:Bayliss 2004 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5885:Bayliss 2004 5880: 5875:, p. 3. 5873:Loosley 2012 5868: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5766: 5754: 5749:, p. 6. 5742: 5730: 5723:Abruzzi 2018 5718: 5696:Salzman 2002 5691: 5679: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5597:Rausing 1995 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5537:Shorter 2006 5532: 5525:Gregory 1986 5512:, p. 1. 5510:Alfsvåg 2022 5490: 5478: 5458:, p. 5. 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5386:, p. 2. 5379: 5367: 5360:Gillman 2003 5355: 5303: 5276: 5256:, p. 3. 5234: 5222: 5210: 5162: 5150: 5143:Hanigan 1983 5138: 5131:Hanigan 1983 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5085:, p. 9. 5078: 5073:, p. 8. 5056:Hanigan 1983 5043:, p. 7. 5036: 5024: 5017:Bromley 1993 5012: 5007:, p. 6. 4990:, p. 5. 4983: 4978:, p. 4. 4954: 4949:, p. 1. 4930:Plummer 2005 4925: 4913: 4878: 4868: 4859: 4854:, p. 59 4843: 4835: 4824:North Africa 4794: 4789: 4781: 4771: 4749: 4741:Alan Cameron 4730: 4718: 4709: 4698: 4686: 4680: 4663: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4631:the apostles 4612: 4602: 4583:Islamization 4431:Conquistador 4360: 4356: 4339: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4283:South Africa 4278: 4270: 4244: 4241: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4192: 4189: 4178: 4161: 4149: 4125: 4102: 4083: 4067: 4065: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4004: 3984: 3977: 3955: 3942:civil status 3914:assimilation 3907: 3884: 3874: 3862:human rights 3859: 3851:Ottoman Jews 3839: 3832: 3823: 3803: 3787: 3769: 3760: 3736:Lamin Sanneh 3733: 3701: 3682: 3648: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3598: 3575:Around 978, 3574: 3565: 3545: 3531: 3517: 3498: 3487: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3440: 3413: 3369: 3365:Transylvania 3358: 3349: 3341: 3314: 3291: 3275:Transylvania 3268: 3220: 3206: 3191: 3164: 3150: 3139: 3105: 3096:Knez Mutimir 3065: 3007:Khan Boris I 3004: 2957: 2948: 2916: 2895: 2872: 2842:In 325, the 2841: 2810: 2806: 2782: 2772:Derbend Pass 2729: 2723: 2712: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2653: 2649: 2585: 2570: 2550: 2536: 2496: 2461: 2451: 2424: 2373: 2362: 2352: 2347: 2338:(130–202 ), 2329: 2314: 2310: 2298: 2286:Roman Empire 2283: 2263: 2251: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2188:Monte Titano 2182: 2170: 2166: 2147:Scandinavian 2144: 2130:in southern 2128:sacred grove 2117: 2098: 2068: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2012: 1999: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1948: 1940: 1932: 1929:animal hunts 1924: 1914: 1901: 1861: 1833: 1824: 1812: 1803: 1801:in earnest. 1799: 1792: 1754: 1735: 1720: 1705: 1697: 1670: 1666: 1650: 1644:confirmation 1641: 1630:Confirmation 1624:Confirmation 1607: 1596: 1573: 1543: 1519: 1512: 1497: 1466:King Sisebut 1454: 1445: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1386: 1375: 1343: 1319:Roman Empire 1316: 1312:Christianity 1307: 1303: 1302: 1169:Civilization 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 979:Old Catholic 959: 817:Universalism 740:New Covenant 676:Resurrection 620:Christianity 543:Confucianism 491:Bahá'í Faith 481:Christianity 378:Islamization 367: 191:Anthropology 170:Baháʼí Faith 160:Confucianism 70:Christianity 29: 18:Christianise 19888:Open Balkan 19706:integration 19636:Rule of law 19631:Natural law 19608:Agnosticism 19586:Hellenistic 19564:Anglo-Saxon 19494:Catholicism 19433:Atlanticism 19338:Rationalism 19144:Immigration 19127:Esotericism 18985:World War I 18950:Romanticism 18930:Reformation 18910:Renaissance 18888:Middle Ages 18853:Christendom 18782:Foundations 18628:World War I 18618:Nationalism 18506:Reformation 18491:Renaissance 18463:Black Death 18396:Kievan Rus' 18299:Middle Ages 18156:WikiProject 18083:Medievalism 17922:Agriculture 17786:Manorialism 17781:Communalism 17776:Monasticism 17693:Reconquista 17683:Kievan Rus' 17132:Italo-Roman 17036:Ausar Auset 16804:Micronesian 16595:Gallo-Roman 16445:Anglo-Saxon 16243:Satsana Phi 16127:Momolianism 16031:Historical 16012:Panentheism 15944:Melting pot 15767:Judaization 15503: [ 15268:Arabization 14921:January 12, 14464:: 394–403. 14285:. ISD LLC. 13998:j.ctvk12r62 13935:(1): 3–21. 13887:Florilegium 13757:January 12, 13540:10316/45000 13418:January 15, 12175:: 115–155. 11835:October 17, 11626:October 27, 11572:Drake, H.A. 11542:(1): 1–15. 10911:January 23, 10576:January 22, 9864:February 4, 9841:Sanneh 2007 9817:Sanneh 2007 9778:Sanneh 2007 9361:Morgan 2007 9253:Sanneh 2007 9241:Morgan 2007 9229:Morgan 2007 9130:Sanneh 2007 9118:Sanneh 2007 9106:Sanneh 2007 9046:Mathew 2018 8987:Barton 2009 8963:Štefan 2022 8948:Štefan 2022 8909:Štefan 2022 8897:Štefan 2022 8878:Štefan 2022 8525:Murphy 2014 8489:Harmer 1946 8429:Sedlar 1995 8337:Ivanič 2016 8325:Ivanič 2016 8301:Ivanič 2016 8289:Friese 2017 8241:Vlasto 1970 8142:Schaff n.d. 8130:Ivanič 2016 8113:Ivanič 2016 8053:Barton 2009 8041:Barton 2009 8026:Barton 2009 8014:Barton 2009 7840:Saradi 2011 7816:Monroe 1909 7802:, pp. 7786:, pp. 7784:Butler 1919 7736:Meaney 2004 7688:Abrams 2016 7676:Abrams 2000 7664:Sellar 1907 7616:Higham 1997 7604:Sellar 1907 7580:Higham 1997 7532:Thomas 1997 7520:Thomas 1981 7508:Harney 2017 7481:Harney 2017 7310:Danuta 1998 7253:Lenski 1995 7229:Cusack 1998 7217:Cusack 1998 7205:Cusack 1998 7193:Cusack 1998 6977:Barnes 1985 6938:Marcos 2013 6656:Collar 2013 6644:Collar 2013 6632:Collar 2013 6464:Harney 2017 6452:Weston 1942 6428:Harney 2017 6387:Harney 2017 6375:Harney 2017 6363:Farmer 1995 6303:Herrin 2009 6274:Markus 1990 5861:Wiemer 1994 5822:Markus 1990 5759:Hanson 1978 5684:Forbes 2008 5549:Robert 2009 5444:Schaff 1882 5432:Schaff 1882 5420:Jensen 2012 5333:Štefan 2022 5155:Allott 1974 4947:Robert 2009 4918:Butler 1990 4848:Grave goods 4832:apologetics 4175:Zaire 96map 4126:Theologian 4090:politically 4074:World War I 3890:Franciscans 3855:spice trade 3845:arrived in 3663:Reconquista 3630:Reconquista 3551:Kievan Rus' 3416:Charlemagne 3287:St. Stephen 3200:, 1888–89, 3198:Jan Matejko 2794:Bartholomew 2768:Caspian Sea 2734:of Albania 2575:, based in 2485:Justinian I 2454:Charlemagne 2395:Christendom 2387:King Otto I 2306:Manichaeans 2290:Constantine 2154: [ 2120:Charlemagne 2105:Donar's Oak 2060:Erechtheion 1961:Justinian I 1909:Peter Brown 1815:Constantine 1610:Middle Ages 1599:Last Supper 1513:Antiquities 1458:Justinian I 1392:Nóra Berend 1358:colonialism 1057:Pentecostal 939:(full list) 913:Reformation 878:Constantine 797:Christology 787:Apologetics 780:Holy Spirit 701:Foundations 671:Crucifixion 533:Far Eastern 399:Reformation 394:Renaissance 360:Middle Ages 256:Mesopotamia 236:Prehistoric 166:Baháʼu'lláh 19973:Categories 19908:Rio Treaty 19419:Relativism 19377:Liberalism 19343:Empiricism 19295:Philosophy 19283:Secularism 19234:Philosophy 19171:Literature 18965:Capitalism 18391:Viking Age 18206:Prehistory 18078:Land terms 18032:Technology 18012:Philosophy 17992:Literature 17957:Demography 17658:Viking Age 17485:Witchcraft 17468:World tree 17406:Orthopraxy 17255:Stregheria 17202:Udmurt Vos 17165:Burkhanism 17073:Dievturība 17051:Mexicayotl 16819:Polynesian 16799:Melanesian 16794:Australian 16712:Babylonian 16526:Lusitanian 16521:Gallaecian 16511:Cantabrian 16487:Eleusinian 16401:Circassian 16397:Caucasian 16386:Lithuanian 16303:Sanamahism 16283:Donyi-Polo 16144:Philippine 16122:Kaharingan 16107:Vietnamese 16022:Polytheism 15709:placenames 15449:placenames 15317:placenames 15246:immigrants 14873:August 23, 14376:, ch xiii" 13775:Fornvännen 12632:0807822620 12233:: 103–30. 12069:: 96–140. 11813:(No Title) 11702:: 120–135. 11696:The Cupola 10523:(3): 583. 10291:2503509789 10147:Boyle 2010 9982:August 15, 9960:Bürki 1977 9337:Woods 2012 9313:Woods 2012 9301:Paiva 2017 9289:Paiva 2017 9277:Paiva 2017 9265:Paiva 2017 9217:Cheng 1999 8975:Poppe 1991 8936:Poppe 1991 8924:Poppe 1991 8561:Brink 2004 8513:Brown 2012 8229:Rastko n.d 8217:Radić 2010 8065:Ghosh 2016 8002:Brita 2020 7900:Cohan 2005 7876:Seibt 2002 7748:Jolly 1996 7652:Kirby 2000 7628:Tyler 2007 7568:Kirby 2000 7493:Haley 2002 7466:Mansi 1762 7454:Stern 1998 7382:Riché 1993 7358:Riché 1993 7346:Riché 1993 7298:Brown 2003 7181:Clark 2011 7085:Riggs 2006 6854:Drake 1995 6830:Brown 2003 6791:Drake 1995 6779:Brown 2012 6767:Brown 2012 6752:Drake 1995 6740:Drake 1995 6728:Drake 1995 6488:Hardt 2001 6262:Clark 1992 6250:Brown 1998 6199:Brown 1998 6184:Brown 1998 6112:Leone 2013 6088:Jones 1986 6076:Brown 2003 6034:Leone 2013 6022:Leone 2013 5969:Lavan 2011 5957:Lavan 2011 5798:Lavan 2011 5735:Yasin 2005 5711:Kloft 2010 5645:Testa 1998 5633:Testa 1998 5372:Novak 2001 5281:Sharf 1955 5215:Brown 1963 5167:Brown 1963 5119:Neely 2020 5107:Hyatt 1970 5083:Neely 2020 5071:Neely 2020 5041:Neely 2020 5029:Neely 2020 5005:Neely 2020 4988:Neely 2020 4976:Neely 2020 4891:References 4820: 371 4755:Lupercalia 4721:describes 4271:Rukwadzano 4141:dictionary 4032:Historian 3847:Goa, India 3798:See also: 3752:vernacular 3744:resistance 3670:Al-Ándalus 3581:Sviatoslav 3541:Samogitian 3420:Baltic Sea 3347:to do so. 3277:, visited 3251:See also: 3181:See also: 2837:Saint Nino 2817:Mirian III 2764:Kura River 2636:See also: 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BRILL. 14220:192161413 14025:cite book 13949:146353096 13716:. Wiley. 13678:: 5–119. 13506:493859593 13452:. Brill. 13360:0148-3331 13022:cite book 12995:144021596 12581:. BRILL. 12570:170787102 12429:170769034 12322:213344890 12247:165970409 12181:0305-9219 12169:Saga-Book 12108:147202154 12054:240239868 11994:0002-9475 11848:. Brill. 11733:. Brill. 11680:162935593 11564:163129848 11395:161819012 11119:154801621 11086:188624108 11008:162757247 10942:220489324 10850:159997492 10649:(2008) . 10537:220492390 10408:252339347 10123:Kalu 2000 9672:Noll 1992 9621:Noll 1992 9609:Noll 1992 9190:August 7, 9186:. Science 8441:Sisa 1995 7990:Horn 1998 7966:Rapp 2007 7394:Paul 2016 7286:Lund 2022 6989:Hart 2009 6524:Dean 2015 6512:Dean 2015 6500:Dean 2015 6339:Bede 2008 6148:Haas 2002 5227:Sáry 2019 4717:, in his 4701:recycling 4607:instead.) 4265:. Ahafo, 4259:Anglicans 4098:democracy 4015:Mark Noll 3898:racialism 3708:inflation 3688:Ferdinand 3518:In 1384, 3494:Lithuania 3476:Lithuania 3441:When the 3432:Lithuania 3404:Svantevit 3237:Mieszko I 3088:Ragusians 3045:Strojimir 2906:Heraclius 2898:Visigoths 2766:, to the 2551:Confessio 2542:Palladius 2401:in 1806. 2302:Donatists 2095:Willibald 2069:In early 2056:Parthenon 2030:moved to 1884:Aphrodite 1848:Aphrodite 1844:Jerusalem 1711:Christmas 1700:catacombs 1677:synagogue 1614:sacrament 1576:eucharist 1570:Eucharist 1564:Eucharist 1462:Heraclius 1224:Symbolism 1184:Ecumenism 1174:Criticism 1052:Moravian 1047:Methodist 1017:Adventist 888:Augustine 838:Tradition 812:Salvation 681:Ascension 471:Abrahamic 464:Religions 337:Hellenism 308:Axial Age 156:Confucius 126:Zoroaster 19913:Schengen 19843:Eurozone 19683:Property 19678:Religion 19569:Frankish 19559:Germanic 19539:Paganism 19460:Religion 19448:European 19360:Humanism 19263:Religion 19222:Painting 19188:Internet 19139:Folklore 19110:Clothing 19081:Calendar 19057:Cyrillic 19042:Alphabet 19005:Cold War 18677:See also 18648:Cold War 18443:Crusades 18413:Valencia 18146:Category 18113:Timeline 18002:Minstrel 17997:Medicine 17879:Chivalry 17834:Burgundy 17756:Crusades 17367:Megalith 17357:Idolatry 17352:Folklore 17182:Estonian 17137:Kemetism 17112:Canarian 17063:Armenian 17032:African 16951:Malagasy 16921:Dahomean 16899:Bushongo 16844:Tahitian 16839:Rapa Nui 16829:Hawaiian 16717:Sumerian 16695:Egyptian 16617:Scythian 16578:Thracian 16573:Illyrian 16541:Ligurian 16450:Frankish 16440:Germanic 16435:Etruscan 16411:Ossetian 16406:Georgian 16366:Armenian 16359:Phrygian 16339:Albanian 16325:European 16293:Kiratism 16213:Ryukyuan 16171:Hinduism 16117:Parmalim 16102:Sarnaism 16087:Tengrism 16039:extinct) 15991:Paganism 15406:Brussels 14974:44006370 14848:: 1–20. 14758:41036303 14189:June 15, 13968:(2002). 13168:(1991). 13099:20840082 13057:Concilia 12695:(2000). 12218:26362608 12189:48611990 12118:June 17, 12112:Archived 12075:40285165 11710:(1999). 11468:54971921 11416:48578430 11159:(2011). 10957:(eds.). 10790:55367128 10782:40863555 10244:(2016). 10225:Lee 2018 10213:Lee 2018 10198:Lee 2018 10186:Lee 2018 10174:Lee 2018 10162:Lee 2018 8614:Pop 2009 8602:Pop 2009 8590:Pop 2009 8578:Pop 2009 7265:Roe 1980 6890:Lim 2012 6235:Lim 2012 5203:Lim 2012 4906:Lim 2012 4733:Cynegius 4673:Serapeum 4641:(though 4456:Missions 4436:Crusades 4369:See also 4343:Chaoshan 4275:Zimbabwe 4209:Tanzania 4156:literacy 4139:, and a 4113:literacy 4086:socially 4011:Cherokee 3926:civility 3772:smallpox 3712:Portugal 3577:Vladimir 3434:and the 3271:Gyula II 3116:Branimir 2979:Bulgaria 2934:and the 2920:Bulgaria 2886:Zaragoza 2874:Hispania 2848:Ethiopia 2846:(Modern 2790:Thaddeus 2783:In 301, 2770:and the 2654:In 529, 2427:Clovis I 2399:Napoleon 2385:anoints 2336:Irenaeus 2304:and the 2140:Eresburg 2136:Irminsul 2118:By 771, 2091:melusina 2064:Theseion 2062:and the 2028:Benedict 1974:Kynêgion 1882:Head of 1856:Golgotha 1618:strophes 1584:Nazareth 1510:in his ( 1508:Josephus 1397:mingling 1372:Missions 1242:Glossary 1189:Glossary 1072:Reformed 1042:Lutheran 1027:Anglican 961:Catholic 903:Crusades 893:Ignatius 883:Councils 848:Apostles 753:Theology 666:Ministry 656:Nativity 612:a series 610:Part of 559:Neopagan 512:Buddhism 507:Hinduism 296:Germanic 228:Timeline 206:God gene 116:Mahavira 100:Buddhism 76:Muhammad 19758:Benelux 19663:Thought 19613:Atheism 19554:Finnish 19530:Culture 19525:Judaism 19487:Eastern 19483:Western 19478:Culture 19412:Paradox 19278:Decline 19239:Science 19115:History 19103:Studies 19086:Cuisine 19074:Periods 19034:Culture 18863:History 18829:Eastern 18824:Western 18775:culture 18518:Baroque 18417:Majorca 18329:Francia 18056:Related 18042:Warfare 18037:Theatre 18027:Slavery 18022:Science 17977:Hunting 17942:Cuisine 17915:Culture 17854:Castile 17849:England 17337:Tumulus 17265:Druidry 17197:Mordvin 17187:Finnish 17152:Semitic 17100:Uatsdin 16961:Odinani 16941:Lugbara 16809:Nauruan 16746:Persian 16741:Iranian 16729:Arabian 16724:Semitic 16690:Hurrian 16558:Nuragic 16546:Umbrian 16532:Italic 16506:Iberian 16416:Vainakh 16381:Latvian 16349:Hittite 16278:Burmese 16263:Bimoism 16198:Punjabi 16166:Chinese 16149:Tagalog 16134:Kejawèn 16007:Animism 15857:Ukraine 15620:Finland 15278:Berbers 14809:History 14575:2642313 14386:July 4, 14322:2501480 13874:2954270 13312:2491705 13080:: 1–16. 12615:detail. 11965:3264749 11556:3168653 10819:1088885 10799:Phoenix 10664:. OUP. 7790:, 8–10. 4690:budgets 4647:Aramaic 4622:acronym 4618:Ichthys 4588:Judaism 4279:Manyano 4263:England 4257:, more 4251:Quakers 4133:grammar 4009:of the 3780:malaria 3776:measles 3766:Disease 3740:protest 3728:England 3667:Moorish 3657:in the 3655:Muslims 3520:Jadwiga 3424:Estonia 3355:Romania 3247:Hungary 3157:Pribina 3112:Trpimir 3102:Croatia 3084:Basil I 3076:Basil I 3060:Basil I 2940:Hungary 2930:), the 2924:Bohemia 2902:Sisebut 2852:Eritrea 2819:of the 2785:Armenia 2695:Albania 2573:Columba 2519:Ireland 2379:Germany 2369:lexicon 2354:Tacitus 2212:Nations 2079:druidic 1990:Spoleto 1953:secular 1943:), and 1869:Malalas 1836:Hadrian 1608:In the 1500:baptism 1486:Baptism 1480:Baptism 1339:Armenia 1325:became 1252:Outline 1229:Worship 1209:Outline 1199:Liturgy 1179:Culture 1032:Baptist 972:Eastern 908:Aquinas 833:History 807:Mission 792:Baptism 765:Trinity 661:Baptism 522:Sikhism 517:Jainism 476:Judaism 438:New Age 347:Dualism 322:Śramaṇa 317:Vedanta 261:Semitic 211:Origins 140:Druzism 120:Jainism 110:Sikhism 90:Judaism 86:Abraham 19778:CANZUK 19668:Speech 19596:Slavic 19574:Gothic 19549:Celtic 19544:Baltic 19443:Values 19244:Values 18804:Greece 18405:Aragon 18384:Amalfi 18369:Venice 18357:Second 18136:Portal 18017:Poetry 17844:France 17480:Virtue 17441:animal 17421:Ritual 17377:Menhir 17372:Dolmen 17177:Uralic 17157:Slavic 17147:Romani 17107:Celtic 17090:Abkhaz 17078:Romuva 17068:Baltic 17018:Ethnic 16976:Somali 16946:Maasai 16849:Tongan 16814:Papuan 16753:Berber 16700:Nubian 16627:Uralic 16622:Slavic 16590:Cybele 16568:Dacian 16553:Minoan 16516:Castro 16492:Orphic 16455:Gothic 16423:Celtic 16393:Basque 16371:Baltic 16354:Lydian 16288:Heraka 16218:Korean 16208:Shinto 16193:Kalash 16156:Marapu 16092:Turkic 16077:Manchu 16072:Altaic 15283:Blacks 15155: 15137: 15102: 15083: 15064: 15045: 15026: 15009: 15003:639654 15001: 14972: 14949: 14912: 14842:Viator 14827: 14792: 14773: 14756: 14737: 14691: 14670: 14651: 14630: 14590: 14573: 14546: 14525: 14506: 14487: 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19183:Media 19176:Canon 19122:Dance 19052:Latin 19047:Greek 18893:early 18374:Genoa 18352:First 18047:Women 18007:Music 17962:Domes 17952:Dance 17839:Milan 17475:Totem 17446:human 17347:Ethos 17260:Wicca 17226:Other 17127:Hindu 16971:Serer 16956:Mbuti 16936:Hausa 16926:Dinka 16904:Kongo 16894:Bantu 16834:Māori 16758:Punic 16585:Roman 16467:Greek 16460:Norse 16428:Irish 16298:Qiang 16203:Vedic 16186:Tamil 16139:Malay 16053:Asian 15993:(and 15652:Tibet 15608:names 15507:] 15471:names 15256:names 15176:from 15135:S2CID 15007:S2CID 14999:JSTOR 14970:JSTOR 14887:(PDF) 14754:JSTOR 14569:(1). 14326:S2CID 14318:JSTOR 14270:S2CID 14216:S2CID 13994:JSTOR 13945:S2CID 13870:JSTOR 13771:(PDF) 13308:JSTOR 13095:JSTOR 13070:(PDF) 12991:S2CID 12718:[ 12685:(PDF) 12566:S2CID 12425:S2CID 12318:S2CID 12243:S2CID 12214:JSTOR 12185:JSTOR 12104:S2CID 12071:JSTOR 12050:S2CID 11998:JSTOR 11961:JSTOR 11692:(PDF) 11676:S2CID 11560:S2CID 11552:JSTOR 11464:S2CID 11412:JSTOR 11391:S2CID 11301:(PDF) 11115:S2CID 11082:S2CID 11004:S2CID 10996:JSTOR 10938:S2CID 10928:(2). 10846:S2CID 10815:JSTOR 10786:S2CID 10778:JSTOR 10533:S2CID 10404:S2CID 10266:JSTOR 7804:22–24 4737:monks 4719:Vita, 4694:urban 4669:Mamre 4594:Notes 4328:China 4267:Ghana 4253:. In 4247:Kenya 4185:Congo 4167:Zaire 4135:, a 4123:..." 3912:used 3716:Spain 3196:, by 2964:Cyril 2932:Serbs 2632:Italy 2581:Picts 2294:purge 2173:Paris 2158:] 2087:saint 2026:When 1994:cella 1827:, by 1703:art. 1580:Jesus 1362:China 1323:Jesus 1247:Index 1194:Index 967:Latin 853:Peter 735:Creed 725:Canon 697:Bible 641:Jesus 564:Wicca 502:Indic 486:Islam 286:Roman 282:Greco 146:Laozi 80:Islam 66:Jesus 19893:OSCE 19873:NATO 19818:EFTA 19783:CBSS 19768:BSEC 19658:Life 19210:Folk 19091:Diet 18903:late 18898:high 18814:Rome 18773:and 18379:Pisa 17389:Myth 17332:Blót 16931:Efik 16914:Zulu 16909:Lozi 16889:Akan 16647:Sami 16642:Mari 16233:Ahom 16223:Miao 16067:Ainu 15305:soft 15288:Jews 15153:ISBN 15100:ISBN 15081:ISBN 15062:ISBN 15043:ISBN 15024:ISBN 14947:ISBN 14923:2012 14910:ISBN 14875:2023 14825:ISSN 14790:ISBN 14771:ISBN 14735:ISBN 14689:ISBN 14668:ISBN 14649:ISBN 14628:ISBN 14588:ISBN 14571:SSRN 14544:ISBN 14523:ISBN 14504:ISBN 14485:ISBN 14439:ISBN 14420:ISBN 14401:ISBN 14388:2005 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