966:
maintains that the absolute person is primordial and eternally fully determined. It has its sensations fully present to itself, and does not require for its perfect determination an imperfect world. There exists no exclusion or contradiction among the sensations or ideas of God, but there is complete accord among them, so that it is impossible to conceive perfectly either of God or of any of His ideas without also conceiving the others perfectly. Boström has thereby shown that absolute reality is an absolute system, a spiritual organism in the strongest sense of the term.
100:
835:
978:
each and every one of them. Conceived with respect to these beings, God is on the one hand more than all of them put together or some aspect or attribute common to all of them; he is an independent and fully concrete being. On the other hand, He is also — due to the perfect organic coherence that obtains in the absolute world — fully present in them, without in the least obstructing their independent life. Thereby, the contradiction between finite and infinite is resolved.
921:
that philosophy is the science of personal beings as such, since some such thing as pure self-consciousness only exists in the abstract, whereas everything real is individual or fully determined self-consciousness (consciousness of something), or in other words, sensational being or person. Philosophy can deal with an impressional reality only insofar as this reality is conceived as a determination (sensation) for a personal being and is explained through it.
20:
1125:
847:
962:
consciousness or self-consciousness. This is the only thing that is simple. Since the complex presupposes the simple, self-consciousness must also be the ultimate principle of all reality. This self-consciousness — which Boström identifies with life—can thus not be conceived as attached to a substrate or a substance, but is precisely what is primary and original in everything.
909:(worldview or metaphysics) according to which absolute reality is free from all the imperfections of spatiotemporal existence (finitude, divisibility, transience, change). As such, it is spiritual, eternal and, in and through its own non-sensual content, and not through shifting and imperfect determinations, completely determined or completely real.
902:
partakes of this divine omniscience: it is man's fully clear and distinct (formally perfect) awareness of true, absolute divine reality. The first task of philosophical science must be to produce the most general concepts whereby to define absolute reality. The character of Boström's philosophy depends on the manner in which he solved this task.
932:, the science of these beings conceived as determining the practical faculty, or will, of man, i.e., conceived as that which unconditionally and under all circumstances ought to be. According to the different kinds of personal beings that are known to us, theoretical philosophy is further divided into speculative theology, speculative
965:
Boström further accounts for the factors that constitute individual self-consciousness or the person. I contrast to the
Hegelian notion of an original abstract, empty self-consciousness which, through sensible reality, actualizes itself into a fully conscious and determined (concrete) spirit, Boström
893:
Reality is presented only as spiritual: God as an absolute, self-conscious unity, in which all living beings are eternally and unchangeably contained, according to degree. The highest aim of humanity should be the conduct and behavior according to reason in harmony with the Divine; that of the state,
961:
In speculative theology, the science of the absolute person, or God, Boström gives a more detailed justification of the principle of his system. There, it is first of all maintained that independent reality necessarily must be spiritual (or, as we would say today, mental), and as such an independent
977:
perceiving beings, they possess a certain imperfection, precisely since they do not have their true life and self-consciousness in themselves, but in God. Therefore, true reality, God's reality without which nothing exists, is presented to them in a lower form, as a world of phenomena specific to
920:
constitute the absolute, whereas Boström stresses the need to move beyond the ideas to that being whose sensations they are. Boström takes himself to show that all spiritual reality necessarily refers to self-consciousness as its principle, and he maintains that true reality is personal and hence
901:
According to the philosophy of Boström, true philosophy is such knowledge or awareness that is complete with respect to form, content and extent, and thus identical to God's own omniscience. Philosophy insofar as human beings can attain it, however, is identical to human awareness, insofar as it
981:
The infinite is present in the finite, while fully preserving its infinitude (and thus not through any "anderssein" or similar). God is simultaneously transcendent and an immanent ground for the finite world, and in so far as this world,
986:
finite, is undergoing a developmental process, he is the foundation, law and endpoint of this development, the creator and maintainer of the finite world, its providence and salvation. In relation to this, Boström develops a
991:
where he teaches that all imperfection and all evil depends entirely on finite beings, whereas God, as a perfect being, cannot be the ground of anything but the eternal life and salvation of these lesser beings.
890:
According to
Richard Falckenberg, he was "the most important systematic thinker of his country." His philosophy, that of "rational idealism" as he termed it, exercised great influence in Sweden.
46:
As a student he briefly studied theology, and religion remained his primary interest throughout his life. During his theological studies, he was a classmate of
Lutheran revivalist preacher
916:
as the source of these metaphysical presuppositions. Boström interprets Plato as having conceived a limited precursor of his own philosophy, constricted by his
Paganism. In Plato, the
969:
Since in every organism, the organs must possess the character of the whole, it follows that Gods ideas are also personal or perceiving beings. Although these beings in and for God,
1140:
38:) was a Swedish philosopher. His ideas dominated Swedish philosophy until the beginning of the twentieth century. He also had a great influence on Swedish cultural life.
57:, where he received the appointment in 1838 of adjunct professor of philosophy and from 1840–63 was professor of practical philosophy. He was the teacher and mentor of
924:
With respect to the various ways in which these beings are conceived as existing for men and determining their activities, Boström divides philosophy into
928:, the science of these beings conceived as determining man's theoretical faculty, i.e., conceived as in every respect true and original being; and
877:
894:
like the individual should exist solely in God, and in its most perfect form should consist in the harmonious obedience of all its members to a
905:
Personally, Boström characterizes his philosophy as the consistent execution of the principle of rational idealism—i.e., the principle of that
1191:
1145:
1196:
870:
898:; while ultimate perfection should be an all-embracing system of such states governed in obedience to Universal Reason.
1181:
656:
863:
81:
1102:
291:
1186:
486:
388:
1176:
617:
575:
1066:
697:
308:
651:
646:
398:
169:
1004:. His writings, comparatively few in number, edited by Edfelt, were published at Upsala in 1883.
793:
725:
602:
207:
1108:
941:
925:
895:
607:
580:
562:
89:
1013:
779:
567:
378:
129:
124:
1130:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1061:
1171:
1166:
929:
195:
119:
58:
8:
839:
819:
516:
491:
476:
343:
279:
114:
800:
718:
443:
358:
190:
147:
66:
54:
1101:
945:
758:
353:
251:
751:
541:
496:
393:
284:
661:
590:
438:
368:
296:
246:
506:
433:
383:
948:
and ethics, corresponding to the terms of the division of theoretical philosophy
917:
786:
772:
612:
536:
501:
423:
226:
216:
744:
466:
585:
303:
99:
1160:
1136:
1131:
1095:
851:
683:
531:
526:
511:
403:
373:
363:
338:
47:
481:
937:
732:
521:
418:
413:
408:
274:
241:
704:
428:
333:
236:
200:
162:
1046:
by
Christopher Jacob Bostrom, trans. Victor E. Beck and Robert N. Beck.
1149:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
1039:
711:
690:
622:
471:
461:
221:
174:
19:
988:
65:. There he was charged with the education of the crown prince, later
933:
313:
256:
62:
231:
31:
157:
35:
640:
1094:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
913:
181:
973:
his organs, are absolutely perfect, in and for themselves,
738:
152:
61:. For four years, he tutored the royal family in
1158:
871:
205:
179:
23:Boström: oil painting by C.J. Hällström, 1892
878:
864:
951:
1135:
18:
1050:, Vol. 14, No. 57. (Oct., 1964) p. 381.
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
956:
53:Most of his life was spent teaching at
1159:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1099:
1192:Academic staff of Uppsala University
1026:
1081:
1059:
13:
1103:"Boström, Christoffer Jacob"
14:
1208:
1116:
1100:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1053:
1123:
845:
833:
98:
34:, Norrbotten – 22 March 1866 in
1197:Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
16:Swedish philosopher (1797–1866)
292:Peasant armament support march
1:
1019:
1012:He was the paternal uncle of
72:
940:; practical philosophy into
41:
7:
1067:Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon
1048:The Philosophical Quarterly
10:
1213:
1141:Boström, Christoffer Jacob
647:Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation
1182:19th-century philosophers
1007:
657:Young Christian Democrats
613:Party of the Rural People
28:Christopher Jacob Boström
995:
80:This article is part of
1146:Encyclopædia Britannica
840:Conservatism portal
726:Nya Wermlands-Tidningen
1109:Encyclopedia Americana
1044:Philosophy of Religion
1002:Philosophy of Religion
952:Theoretical philosophy
942:philosophy of religion
926:theoretical philosophy
896:constitutional monarch
563:Alternative for Sweden
206:
180:
91:Conservatism in Sweden
24:
780:Nya Dagligt Allehanda
623:The Royal Court Party
22:
1187:Swedish philosophers
957:Speculative theology
930:practical philosophy
196:National romanticism
59:Johan Jakob Borelius
1014:Erik Gustaf Boström
1000:His major work was
618:Protectionist Party
581:Citizens' Coalition
576:Christian Democrats
309:Swedish Romanticism
280:Kristersson cabinet
115:Christian democracy
30:(1 January 1797 in
820:Swedish Bible Belt
801:Stockholms Dagblad
719:Gotlands Allehanda
369:Heckscher (Gunnar)
67:Oscar II of Sweden
55:Uppsala University
25:
1177:People from Piteå
946:philosophy of law
888:
887:
852:Sweden portal
759:Svenska Dagbladet
1204:
1151:
1150:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1057:
1051:
1037:
936:and speculative
880:
873:
866:
850:
849:
848:
838:
837:
836:
662:Young Swedes SDU
591:Sweden Democrats
572:
297:Courtyard Speech
211:
185:
102:
92:
77:
76:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1139:, ed. (1911). "
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1093:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1062:"Pehr Brandell"
1060:Edquist, Carl.
1058:
1054:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1010:
998:
959:
954:
912:Boström claims
884:
846:
844:
834:
832:
825:
824:
815:
807:
806:
773:Det Nya Sverige
675:
667:
666:
636:
628:
627:
570:
555:
547:
546:
457:
449:
448:
364:Heckscher (Eli)
329:
321:
320:
270:
262:
261:
252:Swedish culture
227:Property rights
217:Ordered liberty
143:
135:
134:
110:
90:
75:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1153:
1152:
1137:Chisholm, Hugh
1115:
1080:
1052:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
997:
994:
958:
955:
953:
950:
886:
885:
883:
882:
875:
868:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
842:
827:
826:
823:
822:
816:
814:Related topics
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
763:
762:
755:
752:Smålandsposten
748:
741:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
603:National Party
594:
593:
588:
586:Moderate Party
583:
578:
573:
565:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
306:
304:Swedish Empire
301:
300:
299:
289:
288:
287:
285:Tidö Agreement
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
213:
212:
198:
193:
188:
187:
186:
172:
167:
166:
165:
155:
150:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
95:
94:
86:
85:
74:
71:
43:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:public domain
1119:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1096:public domain
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1005:
1003:
993:
990:
985:
979:
976:
972:
967:
963:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
915:
910:
908:
903:
899:
897:
891:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
843:
841:
831:
830:
829:
828:
821:
818:
817:
811:
810:
803:
802:
798:
796:
795:
791:
789:
788:
784:
782:
781:
777:
775:
774:
770:
769:
768:
767:
761:
760:
756:
754:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:
730:
728:
727:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
707:
706:
702:
700:
699:
695:
693:
692:
688:
686:
685:
684:Axess magasin
681:
680:
679:
671:
670:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:Organisations
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:New Democracy
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
551:
550:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:Intellectuals
325:
324:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
210:
209:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
184:
183:
178:
177:
176:
173:
171:
170:Law and order
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
106:
105:
101:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
83:
79:
78:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
48:Pehr Brandell
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1144:
1118:
1107:
1072:. Retrieved
1070:(in Swedish)
1065:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1011:
1001:
999:
983:
980:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
938:anthropology
923:
911:
906:
904:
900:
892:
889:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
765:
764:
757:
750:
745:Samhällsnytt
743:
733:Nyheter Idag
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
677:
596:
595:
568:Centre Party
557:
492:Kasselstrand
348:
247:State church
242:Social order
52:
45:
27:
26:
1172:1866 deaths
1167:1797 births
1040:Book review
907:världsåsikt
502:Kristersson
456:Politicians
237:Rule of law
201:Nationalism
163:Meritocracy
130:Nationalist
1161:Categories
1074:2022-04-08
1020:References
712:Fria Tider
691:Barometern
571:(formerly)
444:Zetterberg
439:Teodorescu
399:Martinsson
379:Heidenstam
222:Patriotism
208:Folkhemmet
191:Monarchism
175:Moderation
148:Cameralism
142:Principles
109:Ideologies
73:Philosophy
934:ethnology
705:Det Bästa
517:Lundeberg
374:Heberlein
344:Arnstberg
314:Gothicism
257:Tradition
63:Stockholm
42:Biography
698:Bulletin
532:Wallmark
507:Krönmark
487:Karlsson
477:Hägglund
424:Sandelin
389:Karlsson
339:Almqvist
232:Prudence
125:Moderate
82:a series
1134::
1098::
989:teodicé
597:Defunct
554:Parties
542:Åkesson
537:Weimers
527:Trygger
522:Pethrus
512:Lindman
497:Kjellén
414:Pethrus
409:Lindbom
394:Kjellén
349:Boström
334:Ahlberg
269:History
158:Elitism
120:Liberal
36:Uppsala
1128:
1008:Family
766:Former
678:Active
645:
641:Captus
558:Active
467:Bohman
434:Tegnér
429:Stolpe
404:Nordin
384:Hjärne
359:Geijer
996:Works
918:ideas
914:Plato
674:Media
652:Oikos
482:Järta
472:Busch
462:Bildt
182:Lagom
32:Piteå
794:Salt
787:OBS!
739:Riks
354:Böök
275:Hats
153:Duty
1143:".
1042:of
984:qua
975:qua
971:qua
419:Ryn
1163::
1106:.
1083:^
1064:.
1028:^
1016:.
944:,
84:on
69:.
50:.
1112:.
1077:.
879:e
872:t
865:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
