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704:(technique or art). Rather, he contends, it should be judged based on its embodied rhetorical performance — that is, how it is perceived by those who experience it. So, for example, one might evaluate the speech based on how persuasive it was, how emotionally moving it was, or how well it captured the audience's attention. Thus, while Gadamer judges prudence based on a set of principles, Jasinski emphasizes the artistry of communication and its reception by its audience. For Jasinski, communication should balance
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cannot be derived from a set of timeless principles. Instead, through gauging the situation and through reasoned deliberation, a speaker should determine the set of values and morals by which to base his or her actions. The capacity to take into account the particularities of the situation is vital to prudential practice. For example, as rhetorical scholar Lois Self explains, "both rhetoric and
228:
524:. To Titian, prudence was preparation, foresight and judgement from experience and human history. The three faces in the painting represent the passing of human generations, with the young facing the light while the oldest fade into shadow; the faint inscription above their heads may be translated as "From the past, the present acts prudently, lest it spoil future action".
162:. The virtue of prudence is the ability to judge between virtuous and vicious actions, not only in a general sense, but with regard to appropriate actions at a given time and place. Although prudence itself does not perform any actions, and is concerned solely with knowledge, all virtues are regulated by it. For example, distinguishing when acts are
719:, examining the relationship between prudence and moderation, rhetorician Eugene Garver holds that there is a middle ground between "an ethics of principles, in which those principles univocally dictate action" and "an ethics of consequences, in which the successful result is all". His premise stems from Aristotle's theory of virtue as
723:, in which moderation and compromise embody prudence. Yet, because elevating moderation is not an active response, prudence entails the "transformation of moderation" into a fitting response, making it a flexible situational norm. Garver also asserts that prudential reasoning differs from "algorithmic" and "
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are normative processes in that they involve rational principles of choice-making; both have general applicability but always require careful analysis of particulars in determining the best response to each specific situation; both ideally take into account the wholeness of human nature; and finally,
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In the modern era, rhetorical scholars have tried to recover a robust meaning for the term. They have maintained consistency with the ancient orators, contending that prudence is an embodied persuasive resource. Although sets of principles or rules can be constructed in a particular culture, prudence
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As another example, a patient with a terminal illness may hear of an experimental treatment with no conventional alternatives. They would have to weigh, on the one hand, the cost, time commitment, potential lack of benefit, and possible pain, disability, and hastened death, and on the other hand, the
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According to Greek and
Scholastic philosophy, 'form' is the unique characteristic of a thing that makes it what it is. In this sense, prudence gives other virtues their specific character as virtues, by providing a standard against which they can be judged. For example, not all acts of telling the
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the good that it discerns. Prudence has a directive capacity with regard to the other virtues. It lights the way and measures the arena for their exercise. Without prudence, bravery becomes foolhardiness, mercy sinks into weakness, free self-expression and kindness into censure, humility into
292:
Prudence provides a model of ethically good actions. "The work of art is true and real by its correspondence with the pattern of its prototype in the mind of the artist. In similar fashion, the free activity of man is good by its correspondence with the pattern of prudence."
660:, or those who had prudence, knew when to speak and when to stay silent. Cicero maintained that prudence was gained only through experience, and while it was applied in everyday conversation, in public discourse it was subordinated to the broader term for wisdom,
540:, the government of a nation must weigh whether the harms they suffer are more than the harms that would be produced by their going to war against another nation that is harming them; the decision whether to go to war is therefore a prudential judgment.
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Prudence is foundational to virtues, which are understood to be perfected abilities of the human spirit. This perfection is achieved when virtues are founded on prudence, or the ability to make the right decisions. For instance, a person can live
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FRS 18, prudence, along with consistency, was relegated to a "desirable" quality of financial information rather than fundamental concept. Prudence was rejected for IFRS because it was seen as compromising accounts' neutrality.
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degradation and arrogance, selflessness into corruption, and temperance into fanaticism. The purpose of prudence is to consider the circumstances of time, place, and manner that are relevant in any given situation, known as
177:
In modern
English, the word "prudence" has become closely associated with cautiousness. In this sense, prudence is a virtue that involves taking calculated risks, but excessive caution can become a vice of cowardice.
269:, and in his Letter to Menoeceus, where he says: "Prudence is the foundation of all these things and is the greatest good. Thus it is more valuable than philosophy and is the source of every other excellence."
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In ethics, a "prudential judgment" is one where the circumstances must be weighed to determine the correct action. This applies to situations in which two people could weigh the circumstances differently and
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implications of human actions. In this context, prudence is different from cunning in that it takes into account the supernatural good. For instance, the decision of persecuted
Christians to be
55:. On the lower left corner, Prudencia, with a book, addresses eight young women seated upon the ground. On the lower right corner, Prudencia enthroned speaks to eleven young seated women.
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understanding, the difference between prudence and cunning lies in the intent with which a decision to act is made. The
Christian understanding of the world includes the existence of
339:
The
Ancient Greek term for prudence is synonymous with "forethought". People, the Ancient Greeks believed, must have enough prudence to prepare for worshiping the Olympian gods.
1725:
727:" reasoning because it is rooted in a political community, the context in which common problems regarding stability and innovation arise and call for prudential reasoning.
685:, adds that "aesthetic sensibility, imitation of a performative ideal, and improvisation upon conventions of presentation" are also components of practical reasoning.
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336:, judgments that take a reasonable form, but are aimed at evil ends or that use evil means, are considered to be examples of "cunning" and "false prudence".
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is defined as absolute prudence, multiplied by the level of consumption. These measures are closely related to the concepts of absolute and relative
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and
Prudence window, Lindfield. Third window, south chapel, All Saints Church, Lindfield, West Sussex. Made in or after 1906 by Christopher Whall.
986:. The rule of prudence means that gains should not be anticipated unless their realisation was highly probable. However, recent developments in
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is an allegorical female personification of the virtue, whose attributes are a mirror and snake, and who is frequently depicted as a pair with
2082:
696:'s speech to the Catholic Church of Notre Dame cannot be judged solely on the basis of its consequences, since prudence is not reducible to
207:)—traditionally translated as "prudence", although this has become problematic as the modern usage of that word has changed. More recently
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362:, are the elements that must be present for any complete or perfect act of the virtue. The following are the integral parts of prudence:
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asserted that prudence materializes through the application of principles and can be evaluated accordingly. Jasinski argues that
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truth are considered virtuous, but those that are done with prudence would be considered expressions of the virtue of honesty.
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In accounting, prudence was historically regarded as a fundamental principle for determining the appropriate timing of
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in the
Scholastic tradition. So while it qualifies the intellect and not the will, it is nevertheless a moral virtue.
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an open-mindedness that recognizes variety and is able to seek and make use of the experience and authority of others
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when he has acquired the habit of deciding correctly the actions to take in response to his instinctual cravings.
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47:. Concordia puts the finishing touches on the wagon. Upon entry Prudencia rides alone, on one horse, towards the
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potential benefit and the benefits to others that could be gained from what could be learned from their case.
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Prudence is the application of universal principles to particular situations. "Integral parts" of virtues, in
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Prudence provides guidance on the appropriate course of action in specific situations. It does not
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meaning "seeing ahead, sagacity") is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of
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accurate memory; that is, memory that is true to reality; an ability to learn from experience
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both have social utility and responsibility in that both treat matter of the public good".
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1507:"Tax and accountancy: development of accountancy concepts and new objectives: FRS18"
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1152:. Translated by Lattimore, Richmond. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.
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Rhetorical scholars differ on definitions of the term and methods of analysis.
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foresight—the capacity to estimate whether particular actions can realize goals
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bemoaned the demotion of prudence as a governing principle of accounting and
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have led academic critics to accuse the
International Standard-Setting Body,
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255:, as the cause, measure, and form of all virtues. It is considered to be the
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Prudentia, detail from the 1514 monument of King Louis XII in St Denis, Paris
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shrewdness or quick-wittedness, the ability to evaluate a situation quickly
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discursive reasoning and the ability to research and compare alternatives
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The
Judgment of Sense: Renaissance Naturalism and the Rise of Aesthetics
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1224:"Just and Unjust Wars Summary | PDF | Just War Theory | Preemptive War"
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483: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The crowned
Prudencia, carrying scales, allegorically rides a wagon to
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Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)
654:, young men failing to consider the consequences before they act. The
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or the charioteer of the virtues. It is mentioned in the fifth of the
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Self, Lois (1979). "Rhetoric and Phronesis: The Aristotelian Ideal".
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Sandmo, A. (1970). "The Effect of Uncertainty on Saving Decisions".
1014:. However, their comments were disputed by prominent practitioners.
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The strength of the precautionary saving motive can be measured by
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Ability of a person to regulate themselves with the use of reason
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951:{\displaystyle -{\frac {u'''\left(x\right)}{u''\left(x\right)}}}
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1026: – Ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence
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26:"Imprudence" redirects here. For the French short story, see
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because neither, in his estimation, could be reduced to an
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the ability to take all relevant circumstances into account
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meaning "foresight, sagacity". It is often associated with
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1465:"Tax and accountancy: concepts and pervasive principles"
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1273:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 37.
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1414:"Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large"
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
839:, then the consumer is not prudent unless the third
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rather than deny their faith is considered prudent.
579:, or practical wisdom, holds an important place in
1108:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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712:, rather than merely achieving a specific result.
1332:Gadamer, Hans-George (1982). "Truth and Method".
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747:future income. This additional saving is called
1271:Prudence: classical virtue, postmodern practice
219:", "practical judgment", or "rational choice".
1541:"Lords took a leap on international standards"
1487:"IASB has abandoned prudence, professor warns"
1085:The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
583:as a central aspect of judgment and practice.
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2461:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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1306:. Penn State University Press. p. 14.
235:The female face depicts Francis' daughter
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499:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:, which, in turn, derives from the Latin
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2508:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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1485:Christodoulou, Mario (24 August 2010).
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1352:Machiavelli and the History of Prudence
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878:{\displaystyle u'''\left(x\right)>0}
134:The word derives from the 14th-century
107:. It is classically considered to be a
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215:has been translated by such terms as "
191:gives a lengthy account of the virtue
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1178:McManaman, Douglas (February 2006).
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481:adding citations to reliable sources
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233:tomb of Francis II, Duke of Brittany
111:, and in particular one of the four
2493:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1102:Delany, Joseph (1911). "Prudence".
28:Imprudence (Maupassant short story)
13:
1724:
1184:Catholic Education Resource Center
14:
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1354:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1291:. Sage Publications. p. 463.
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994:, of abandoning prudence. In the
843:of utility is positive, that is,
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1574:"Second Part of the Second Part"
1199:"What is a Prudential Judgment?"
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754:If a risk-averse consumer has a
700:(knowledge or understanding) or
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131:, the Roman goddess of Justice.
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536:For instance, in the theory of
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468:needs additional citations for
243:Prudence was considered by the
2446:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
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1126:. Cambridge University Press.
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223:As the "mother" of all virtues
1:
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648:. He contrasts the term with
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1539:Orlik, Rose (4 April 2011).
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446:the ability to mitigate risk
231:Allegory of Prudence on the
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1004:financial crisis of 2007–08
115:(which are, with the three
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1412:Kimball, Miles S. (1990).
1378:Review of Economic Studies
1058:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
996:British reporting standard
739:as "prudent" if he or she
556:Main gate of 18th-century
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2210:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
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1997:
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1105:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1032: – female given name
174:, is an act of prudence.
71:Prudentia on the tomb of
30:. For the racehorse, see
21:Prudence (disambiguation)
1319:Theory without Modernity
1317:Hariman, Robert (1991).
1287:Jasinski, James (2001).
1269:Hariman, Robert (2003).
1180:"The Virtue of Prudence"
1148:Homer (1 January 2011).
1002:In a 2011 report on the
681:, in his examination of
624:as a rhetorical norm in
594:his treatise on rhetoric
1350:Garver, Eugene (1987).
1304:Philosophy and Rhetoric
1122:Summers, David (1987).
1076:"Epicurus to Menoeceus"
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1472:Business Income Manual
1289:Sourcebook on Rhetoric
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892:, which is defined as
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735:Economists describe a
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2910:Righteous indignation
2265:Theories of deduction
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1584:Catholic Encyclopedia
1030:Prudence (given name)
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743:more when faced with
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395:the understanding of
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2428:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
2050:Christian philosophy
1797:Seven lively virtues
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847:
828:{\displaystyle u(x)}
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790:
779:{\displaystyle u(x)}
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749:precautionary saving
517:Allegory of Prudence
477:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2498:Theological virtues
2401:Positive psychology
2092:Philosophical logic
1740:theological virtues
984:revenue recognition
451:Prudential judgment
263:Principal Doctrines
117:theological virtues
2930:Self-transcendence
2522:Individual virtues
2466:Nine Noble Virtues
2395:Nicomachean Ethics
2156:Unity of opposites
1731:
1711:Augustine of Hippo
1576:(Questions 47–56).
1517:on 22 October 2010
1251:Nicomachean Ethics
1150:The Iliad of Homer
1080:Laërtius, Diogenes
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690:Hans-Georg Gadamer
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32:Imprudence (horse)
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2451:Epistemic virtues
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2188:List of fallacies
2173:Explanatory power
2100:Critical thinking
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2010:Great Commandment
1969:Evagrius Ponticus
1802:Seven deadly sins
1159:978-0-226-47049-8
1133:978-0-521-32675-9
960:relative prudence
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890:absolute prudence
799:{\displaystyle x}
786:over consumption
721:an "intermediate"
581:rhetorical theory
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2005:Ten Commandments
1998:Related concepts
1786:1 Corinthians 13
1781:Paul the Apostle
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1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1203:Catholic Answers
1194:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1035:
957:
955:
954:
949:
947:
945:
944:
933:
924:
923:
912:
903:
884:
882:
881:
876:
868:
857:
834:
832:
831:
826:
805:
803:
802:
797:
785:
783:
782:
777:
756:utility function
715:In his study of
675:
665:
659:
653:
623:
611:
603:
590:
578:
504:
497:
493:
490:
484:
462:
455:
429:
417:
405:
397:first principles
392:
382:
372:
260:
237:Anne of Brittany
217:practical wisdom
214:
206:
198:
166:, as opposed to
149:
143:
113:cardinal virtues
102:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3372:
3290:
3117:
3044:
2994:
2517:
2503:Three Treasures
2420:Virtue families
2415:
2389:Moral character
2372:
2367:
2337:
2332:
2303:Logical atomism
2259:
2152:Socratic method
2103:
2094:
2089:
2059:
2054:
2041:
1993:
1984:Dante Alighieri
1800:
1798:
1792:
1738:
1732:
1720:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1546:Accountancy Age
1537:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1492:Accountancy Age
1483:
1479:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1435:10.2307/2938334
1416:
1410:
1406:
1391:10.2307/2296725
1373:
1369:
1362:
1348:
1341:
1330:
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1315:
1311:
1300:
1296:
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1222:
1221:
1217:
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1195:
1191:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1093:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1020:
980:
934:
926:
925:
913:
905:
904:
902:
897:
894:
893:
858:
850:
848:
845:
844:
811:
808:
807:
791:
788:
787:
762:
759:
758:
733:
550:
505:
494:
488:
485:
474:
453:
345:
307:
287:medium rationis
258:auriga virtutum
251:, most notably
225:
73:Pope Clement II
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Accountability
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Constructivism
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:informal logic
2096:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1989:Peter Binsfeld
1986:
1981:
1979:Pope Gregory I
1976:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1716:Thomas Aquinas
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1566:
1565:External links
1563:
1560:
1559:
1528:
1498:
1477:
1456:
1404:
1385:(3): 353–360.
1367:
1360:
1339:
1324:
1309:
1294:
1276:
1261:
1240:
1215:
1189:
1165:
1158:
1140:
1132:
1111:
1091:
1063:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1008:House of Lords
1006:, the British
979:
976:
943:
940:
937:
932:
929:
922:
919:
916:
911:
908:
901:
874:
871:
867:
864:
861:
856:
853:
837:differentiable
824:
821:
818:
815:
795:
775:
772:
769:
766:
732:
729:
679:Robert Hariman
566:Lady Prudentia
549:
546:
507:
506:
465:
463:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
439:
436:
435:circumspection
433:
430:
421:
418:
409:
406:
399:
393:
386:
383:
376:
373:
344:
343:Integral parts
341:
334:Thomas Aquinas
306:
303:
253:Thomas Aquinas
245:ancient Greeks
224:
221:
119:, part of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Sportsmanship
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Righteousness
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Nonattachment
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Seven virtues
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:Brahmavihārās
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2411:Virtue ethics
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:About virtues
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Seven virtues
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1361:0-299-11080-X
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1321:. p. 28.
1320:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1197:Horn, Trent.
1193:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:In accounting
975:
973:
972:John W. Pratt
969:
968:Kenneth Arrow
966:developed by
965:
964:risk aversion
961:
958:. Similarly,
941:
938:
935:
930:
927:
920:
917:
914:
909:
906:
899:
891:
886:
872:
869:
865:
862:
859:
854:
851:
842:
838:
819:
813:
793:
770:
764:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
674:
667:
664:
658:
652:
647:
646:
645:De re publica
641:
640:
639:De Inventione
635:
634:
629:
628:
622:
617:
613:
610:
609:
602:
601:
595:
591:
589:
582:
577:
576:
567:
563:
559:
554:
545:
541:
539:
534:
532:
523:
519:
518:
513:
503:
500:
492:
482:
478:
472:
471:
466:This section
464:
461:
457:
456:
445:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
422:
419:
416:
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2920:Self-control
2890:Renunciation
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2843:Perspicacity
2803:Magnificence
2756:Intelligence
2736:Impartiality
2656:Faithfulness
2544:Authenticity
2470:
2456:Five virtues
2433:
2426:
2406:Trait theory
2393:
2298:Intuitionism
2283:Fictionalism
2224:
2037:Hamartiology
2032:Old Covenant
2025:Original sin
1974:John Cassian
1960:Psychomachia
1958:
1945:
1935:
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1915:
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1544:
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1515:the original
1510:
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1422:Econometrica
1420:
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687:
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562:Lady Justice
542:
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475:Please help
470:verification
467:
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295:Josef Pieper
291:
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133:
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2990:Workmanship
2880:Punctuality
2798:Magnanimity
2721:Hospitality
2671:Forgiveness
2616:Discernment
2574:Cleanliness
2278:Dialetheism
2168:Explanation
2138:Credibility
2015:Eschatology
1824:Temperantia
1677:Temperantia
1248:Aristotle.
717:Machiavelli
633:De officiis
560:portraying
558:Castellania
548:In rhetoric
426:providentia
319:natural law
275:temperately
100:providentia
3444:Categories
3303:Auctoritas
3151:Aparigraha
3130:Adhiṭṭhāna
3112:Sophrosyne
3080:Eutrapelia
2965:Temperance
2945:Solidarity
2935:Simplicity
2895:Resilience
2870:Politeness
2838:Patriotism
2818:Moderation
2691:Good faith
2681:Generosity
2641:Equanimity
2621:Discipline
2579:Compassion
2323:Pragmatism
2313:Nominalism
2220:Propaganda
2195:Hypothesis
2148:Antithesis
1955:Prudentius
1844:Diligentia
1820:Temperance
1673:Temperance
1580:"Prudence"
1233:19 October
1208:12 October
1054:"prudence"
1040:References
841:derivative
706:compromise
627:De Oratore
592:fits with
489:March 2016
164:courageous
136:Old French
95:contracted
3351:Humanitas
3097:Phronesis
3088:Philotimo
2940:Sincerity
2905:Reverence
2773:Judgement
2761:Emotional
2751:Integrity
2741:Innocence
2696:Gratitude
2676:Frugality
2666:Foresight
2646:Etiquette
2636:Endurance
2611:Diligence
2534:Alertness
2483:Scout Law
2384:Endowment
2293:Formalism
2255:Vagueness
2235:Relevance
2230:Reasoning
2143:Dialectic
2118:Ambiguity
1874:Humilitas
1864:Patientia
1854:Humanitas
1840:Diligence
1779:Sources:
1695:, Book IV
1684:Sources:
1667:Fortitudo
1663:Fortitude
1647:Prudentia
1451:153558057
1334:Crossroad
1024:Phronesis
900:−
806:, and if
725:heuristic
683:Malcolm X
673:phronesis
663:sapientia
651:imprudens
621:prudentia
588:phronesis
575:Phronesis
531:ethically
403:sollertia
380:docilitas
311:Christian
195:phronesis
189:Aristotle
160:knowledge
147:prudentia
125:Prudentia
91:prudentia
3344:Gravitas
3327:Dignitas
3073:Ataraxia
2955:Sympathy
2885:Religion
2875:Prudence
2833:Patience
2808:Meekness
2783:Kindness
2731:Humility
2726:Humanity
2661:Fidelity
2606:Courtesy
2569:Chivalry
2564:Chastity
2554:Charisma
2549:Calmness
2539:Altruism
2308:Logicism
2288:Finitism
2240:Rhetoric
2225:Prudence
2163:Evidence
2123:Argument
2113:Analysis
1967:People:
1953:Source:
1946:Superbia
1906:Avaritia
1892:Gluttony
1870:Humility
1860:Patience
1850:Kindness
1814:Castitas
1810:Chastity
1692:Republic
1657:Iustitia
1643:Prudence
1552:12 April
1521:12 April
1072:Epicurus
1018:See also
931:″
910:‴
855:‴
737:consumer
698:episteme
618:defined
600:episteme
538:just war
327:martyred
267:Epicurus
213:ϕρόνησις
205:ϕρόνησις
172:cowardly
168:reckless
141:prudence
129:Justitia
83:Prudence
49:Empyrean
3399:Sadaqah
3385:Ganbaru
3318:Decorum
3310:Caritas
3265:Śraddhā
3251:Shaucha
3216:Kshanti
3144:Akrodha
2999:Chinese
2900:Respect
2823:Modesty
2793:Loyalty
2778:Justice
2746:Insight
2706:Honesty
2701:Heroism
2631:Empathy
2589:Courage
2559:Charity
2472:Pāramīs
2370:Virtues
2328:Realism
2215:Premise
2205:Opinion
2200:Inquiry
2183:Fallacy
1936:Invidia
1886:Luxuria
1834:Caritas
1830:Charity
1772:Caritas
1706:Ambrose
1653:Justice
1582:at the
1443:2938334
1399:2296725
1082:(ed.).
745:riskier
710:courage
657:prudens
442:caution
369:memoria
352:Justice
181:In the
156:insight
75:in the
51:of the
3450:Virtue
3367:Virtus
3359:Pietas
3278:Upekṣā
3271:Saddhā
3237:Prajñā
3230:Muditā
3209:Kshama
3202:Karuṇā
3165:Asteya
3158:Ārjava
3137:Ahimsa
3122:Indian
3105:Sophia
2980:Wisdom
2858:Filial
2766:Social
2711:Honour
2250:Theory
2128:Belief
1916:Acedia
1799:versus
1701:Cicero
1449:
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1228:Scribd
1156:
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702:techne
642:, and
616:Cicero
608:techne
522:Titian
321:, and
317:, the
158:, and
152:wisdom
109:virtue
105:reason
45:Heaven
3423:Virtù
3377:Other
3336:Fides
3295:Latin
3285:Vīrya
3244:Satya
3223:Mettā
3186:Dhṛti
3065:Arete
3057:Agape
3049:Greek
2975:Trust
2960:Taste
2853:Piety
2813:Mercy
2686:Glory
2651:Faith
2599:Moral
2594:Civil
2513:Yamas
2245:Rigor
1942:Pride
1922:Wrath
1912:Sloth
1902:Greed
1752:Fides
1748:Faith
1737:Three
1686:Plato
1447:S2CID
1439:JSTOR
1417:(PDF)
1395:JSTOR
1078:. In
1012:audit
741:saves
604:or a
568:above
414:ratio
323:moral
138:word
97:from
87:Latin
3415:Sisu
3407:Seny
3392:Giri
3258:Sevā
3179:Dāna
3016:Jing
2865:Pity
2788:Love
2716:Hope
2626:Duty
2178:Fact
2133:Bias
1932:Envy
1896:Gula
1882:Lust
1768:Love
1762:Spes
1758:Hope
1632:Four
1554:2011
1523:2011
1511:HMRC
1470:HMRC
1356:ISBN
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1256:VI.7
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