477:
repair mechanisms such as connective tissue formation lead to further, partially self-sustaining destruction of functional kidney tissue. The reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete sodium and water causes retention (medicine) of these substances and thus an increase in blood volume, which ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure. About two thirds of all cats with CNE are affected. High blood pressure in turn leads to increased connective tissue formation. A potassium deficiency or excess calcium secondary to other kidney damage also causes further damage to the kidney tissue.
1777:
964:
1618:, which also reduces appetite. Finally, affected animals often show gastrointestinal tract problems. In a clinical study by Elliott et al. 34% of cats could not be switched to the renal diet and in Plantinga et al. the figure was as high as 54%. An attempt can be made to increase the acceptability of the feed by warming it or by adding tasty additives such as tuna juice or sardines. It is therefore recommended to start the feed change only after the uraemia has been eliminated and to extend it over three weeks by gradually mixing it in to avoid feed aversion. Sorptionsuch as
984:
1075:
263:
20:
1027:
111:
1714:
737:
745:
428:
1688:
chronic kidney disease: shaggy coat, loss of appetite, weakness, exhaustion and anaemia. Calcitriol can also be used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, but only if parathyroid hormone and calcium levels are monitored. For cats in the early stages with normal blood phosphate levels, a less phosphate-reduced diet ("Senior", "Early-Renal" or a mixture of kidney and normal food) is usually sufficient.
1697:
maintenance requirement of 15 g digestible crude protein per MJ UE and should never be reduced below 11 g/MJ UE, whereby the amount of protein declared on feed must be multiplied by a factor of 0.86 to obtain the digestible crude protein. High-quality animal protein also reduces the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the large intestine and thus the amount of
51:. In current literature, the term "kidney disease" is preferred to the term "renal insufficiency" because the disease initially progresses without any measurable decline in kidney function. Due to the different type of diet and the resulting metabolic peculiarities, the clinical picture and treatment sometimes differ significantly from
1535:
SDMA values often indicate a different stage. This may be due to the biological fluctuation range, concomitant diseases, influencing factors outside the kidney and pre-analytical causes. In this case, staging should be based on the higher value and the determination should be repeated after two to four weeks.
1600:
In veterinary medicine, kidney tests are only carried out in exceptional cases due to the high equipment, logistical and financial costs involved. The aim is therefore to detect chronic kidney disease at the earliest possible stage, when the kidneys still have sufficient reserve capacity. At the same
1543:
In the sum of all examination findings, chronic kidney disease can hardly be confused with any other disease. There is only extensive agreement with acute renal insufficiency. Here, the clinical course (see symptoms) is particularly suitable as a differentiation criterion. In addition, in acute renal
1534:
In stage 1, creatinine and SDMA values are still within the normal range. However, there are other disorders of kidney function, such as an inadequate ability to concentrate, protein loss via the urine, morphological kidney changes or an increase in the values on repeated measurements. Creatinine and
354:
of parathyroid hormone secretion, so that parathyroid hormone continues to be secreted despite the increase in calcium levels. As less phosphate reaches the renal tubules due to the reduced filtration rate, the inhibitory effect of parathyroid hormone on reabsorption in the main body has only a minor
1970:
survival time in a recent study was 1151 days in stage IIb cats, 778 days in stage III and only 103 days in stage IV. The consistent use of phosphate-reduced kidney diets shows quite good results up to stage III. If the measures taken do not work, the only option for advanced kidney disease is often
408:
are independent of the general blood pressure, is also impaired. As a result, kidney performance is reduced at low blood pressure and, in the case of high blood pressure often associated with chronic kidney disease, further damage occurs due to pressure overload of the renal corpuscles. The increase
270:
Symptoms of the disease only appear at an advanced stage, when more than two-thirds of the original kidney function has already been lost. This is due to the body's own compensatory mechanisms and the kidney's reserve capacity, which can compensate for the reduced kidney function for a long time and
1333:
being used as the main criterion. In addition, sub-stages are defined on the basis of the protein-creatinine quotient in the urine and blood pressure. The plasma creatinine concentration should be ensured by at least two measurements at intervals of one to two weeks, the protein-creatinine quotient
1270:
and drop sharply for several hours after food intake. Recent studies suggest that symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a suitable marker for renal function in cats. The SDMA concentration in serum shows close correlations with the glomerular filtration rate and the creatinine concentration. It can
1042:
changes in the kidneys in more detail. In addition to changes in size and shape, renal cysts, localized (focal) organ damage, water sac kidneys and urinary retention as well as tumors can also be visualized. Hardly defined (diffuse) organ changes are accompanied by changes in echogenicity, but can
1794:
can also be used to treat high blood pressure and proteinuria. Telmisartan can significantly reduce the extent of proteinuria. However, the active ingredient can only be used as the sole antihypertensive agent if the blood pressure is below 200 mg Hg. It is important to monitor the effect of
1696:
Zn order to combat uraemia, the amount of protein in the diet and thus the amount of nitrogen supplied to the body can be reduced. However, this is only possible to a limited extent in cats, as their energy balance is dependent on protein (see above). The protein content should be adjusted to the
1687:
Several studies have shown that a reduction of phosphate in the diet is sufficient to slow down the progression of the disease. If the general condition continues to deteriorate during phosphate reduction, a phosphate deficiency should also be considered. This manifests itself in a similar way to
1752:
is administered for buffering, whereby the latter also compensates for any existing potassium deficiency. A diet rich in potassium and magnesium is recommended and is already used in most commercial kidney diets. Potassium gluconate can also be used to compensate for a potassium deficiency, but
440:
Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common causes of death in older domestic cats. In many animals, however, the disease initially remains unrecognized, as clinical symptoms are often absent in the early stages of chronic kidney disease due to the kidney's reserve capacity and sufficiently
1735:
solutions under the skin by the owner must be viewed critically. These also ultimately enter the vascular system and conventional infusion solutions inevitably lead to a permanent excess of sodium. This form of treatment should therefore only be carried out if the condition and hydration status
1663:
metabolizable energy, see also
Physiological calorific value), i.e. to two thirds of the maintenance requirement. Commercially available cat food usually contains twice the maintenance requirement and should therefore not be mixed with the diet food. If the phosphate levels in the plasma remain
975:
By palpation, the kidneys can be checked for pain, firmness (consistency), enlargement or reduction in size and changes in surface structure. A healthy kidney is about 4 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2-3.5 cm thick. In the most common form - CNE due to tubulointerstitial nephritis - the
476:
Chronic kidney disease in cats is an idiopathic tubulointerstitial nephritis, i.e. an inflammation of the renal tubules and the renal interstitial tissue without an identifiable cause. In addition to the damage that this primary disease causes directly to the kidney tissue, activated endogenous
1613:
One problem with dietary therapy with phosphate- and protein-reduced diets is that they are usually not very palatable. In addition, cats with kidney disease have little appetite and getting used to a new food is made even more difficult due to the negative imprinting (behavior) - the cat
1961:
is strongly dependent on the degree of azotemia, protein loss via the urine, hyperphosphatemia and uremia as well as the hematocrit. In stage 2, a low hematocrit and a high urine protein-creatinine ratio, and in stage 3 hyperphosphatemia are prognostic for progression of CNE. A new prognostic
1912:
Kidney transplantation is only possible in a few specialized facilities and is cost-intensive. The basic requirements are decompensated renal insufficiency at an early stage that no longer responds to conventional treatment, a previous weight loss of no more than 20%, the absence of serious
948: - occur gradually over weeks, months or even years, and the general condition is poor. In addition, acute kidney failure is initially characterized by reduced urine production. However, an existing mild or moderate chronic kidney disease is often suddenly worsened by an acute event ("
1705:. If there are severe acceptance problems or there is a loss of body mass and muscle, complicating factors (metabolic acidosis, intestinal bleeding) must be clarified. The necessary nutritional requirements must be guaranteed in any case, in problematic cases even without a kidney diet.
1736:
improve and there are no disturbances in blood pressure or potassium levels. Infusion solutions for cats in stage IV should contain a maximum of 40 mmol/L sodium and about 13 mmol/L (max. 30 mmol/L) potassium (half-electrolyte solution with potassium substitution).
1726:
To combat dehydration , sufficient fresh drinking water should be provided. Here, too, you can try to increase the cat's voluntary water intake by adding meat broth or tuna juice. Switching to wet food also often leads to increased fluid intake. Dehydrated cats or animals with
445:
of the disease in cats is contradictory, varying between 1.6 and 20%. Chronic kidney disease occurs more frequently in older cats: Over 50% of affected cats are seven years old or older and 30% of all cats over 9 years of age show elevated blood levels of nitrogen compounds
976:
kidneys are usually reduced in size and have an irregular surface; in the case of tumors or pyelonephritis, they may be enlarged and sensitive to pain. Since the degree of protein loss via the urine is directly related to the increase in blood pressure, regular
233:
of amino acid degradation are adapted to the high protein intake and their activity is largely independent of the protein supply in the diet, so that cats break down endogenous proteins (especially from the muscles) when there is a lack of protein intake
1547:
The main feature that determines the staging - azotemia - can have a number of other causes that can be localized "before the kidney" (prerenal) or "after the kidney" (postrenal). Prerenal causes in cats are mainly blood loss, dehydration,
1334:
in the urine by two or three measurements over a period of two to four weeks. As creatinine is also influenced by other factors, since 2019 the
Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is also used for assessment. In diabetic cats SDMA may be reduced.
952:") and thus becomes conspicuous to the cat owner. This can be the case, for example, if one kidney has already become a non-functioning shrunken kidney due to urinary retention and the second suddenly swells acutely due to urinary retention (
1819:. Of these active substances, benazepril and ramipril are currently approved for cats in Germany, all others must be reclassified. Dietetically, the tendency to high blood pressure can be reduced by reducing the sodium content of the feed.
89:. Treatment is mainly based on reducing the protein and phosphate content of the diet to the basic requirement ("renal diet"). In addition, the numerous secondary symptoms resulting from renal dysfunction, such as disorders of the water,
1023:) is injected into the bloodstream and its excretion via the kidneys is recorded radiographically. This makes it possible to detect circulatory disorders, dysfunctions of the renal corpuscles and obstructions of the outflow pathways.
349:
and calcification of the kidneys, skin, heart and blood vessels. In the kidneys, this calcification contributes to further destruction of the kidney tissue. The reduced responsiveness of the parathyroid cells to calcium disrupts the
1799:
blood pressure must not be lowered below 120 mm Hg; it should be around 140 mm Hg. Telmisartan should also be discontinued in phases of volume or fluid deficiency, during acute episodes of illness or before anesthesia.
1795:
telmisartan at the beginning and after one week if the dose is changed by determining creatitinine, blood pressure and potassium levels; after four weeks, the urine protein-creatinine quotient should be checked. The reduction in
1789:
Over 60% of cats with kidney disease develop high blood pressure. Amlodipine is the main drug used for treatment. If the antihypertensive effect is not sufficient, the AT1 antagonist, which has been approved for cats since 2014
1658:
A key goal in the management of chronic kidney disease in cats is to reduce dietary phosphate intake early in the course of the disease. As a rule of thumb, the phosphate content can be reduced to 170 mg/MJ UE
1875:
and is more potent. Darbepoetin is used when the hematocrit is permanently below 20, the target range is a Hct of 25-35. This is usually achieved after two to three weeks, then the dose can be gradually reduced.
101:
and digestive disorders are treated with medication. If detected and treated early, the progression of the disease can be slowed, the quality of life improved and the life expectancy of the animals increased.
1815:
alone do not usually lead to a sufficient reduction in blood pressure, but they can slow down the progression of the disease up to stage III. In stage IV, ACE inhibitors are considered relatively
473:
Since the kidneys have a high reserve capacity and clinical symptoms only appear when two thirds of the original kidney function has been lost, the triggering factors must damage both kidneys.
1630:
may be used for a short time to increase appetite; if these measures do not work, force-feeding via an esophageal or gastric tube is necessary. The administration of feed supplements based on
1929:
may be significantly prolonged (e.g. with numerous antibiotics) and the dose must be reduced accordingly. Drugs that can only be administered with caution in cats with kidney disease include
1605:
measures. Finally, metabolic imbalances and sequelae must be buffered. From a plasma creatinine level of 7 mg/dL (618.8 μmol/L), however, drug therapy is not very promising.
77:
are a reluctance to eat, increased drinking, increased urine output, fatigue, vomiting and weight loss. Chronic kidney disease in cats is divided into four main stages based on the
1925:
Since the kidney is also an important excretory organ for numerous drugs, chronic kidney disease must be taken into account in the drug therapy of other diseases. For example, the
162:. In addition, endogenous and exogenous substances are metabolized and broken down in the kidneys - the kidney is therefore a central metabolic organ alongside the
1282:, which is already reduced in chronic kidney disease before azotemia occurs. Various substances have been evaluated for cats, the most practical being creatinine and
1098:
are impractical in cats. The UPC is a good marker for the early detection of CNE, as it reveals renal dysfunction even before the creatinine in the blood rises. The
310:
secretion and thus lead to an increase in gastric acid production and thus to hyperacidity of the stomach. Finally, they cause vascular inflammation (uraemic
1904:, which have long been recommended for therapy, are no longer indicated. Mirtazapine has been shown to stimulate the appetite and reduce uraemic nausea.
1757:
is usually poorly accepted by cats and often causes gastrointestinal disorders. It must be noted that the restriction of renal excretion in stage IV,
2929:
Mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant and anti-emetic in cats with chronic kidney disease: a masked placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial.
1957:
It is not possible to restore lost nephrons, so that all therapeutic measures only result in an increase in quality of life and lifespan. The
1684:
in advanced stages. The use of phosphate binders should be monitored by blood tests and their dose adjusted on the basis of phosphate levels.
1066:
have very good detail recognition, they only play a subordinate role in veterinary medicine due to their high costs and limited availability.
2878:
Gegenüberstellung der
Wirksamkeit einer oralen Langzeitbehandlung mit Telmisartan und Benazepril bei Katzen mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung.
1731:
require fluid administration with correction of electrolytes. Renal azotemia cannot be influenced in this way. The administration of sterile
2908:
Relationship among serum creatinine, serum gastrin, calcium-phosphorus product, and uremic gastropathy in cats with chronic kidney disease.
1835:
is particularly useful. The iron content in the feed should be slightly above the maintenance requirement of 5 mg/MJ UE. However, the
1601:
time, attempts are made to reduce the amount of urinary substances - especially nitrogen compounds and phosphate - in the diet by means of
1007:, however, the kidney can only be visualized to a limited extent on the X-ray image due to the resulting reduction in contrast. Excretory
378:. The result is a loss of water via the urine and thus drying out of the body, which is exacerbated by the loss of fluid during vomiting.
1642:
had no discernible effect in clinical studies; there is only one small manufacturer's study on the activated charcoal-based absorber for
254:. This makes it difficult to achieve a similar phosphorus reduction in cat food as is aimed at in human medicine for human kidney diets.
2654:
1250:
content. If the cause of the kidney disease lies in the renal corpuscles, albumin deficiency (hypalbuminemia) and excess cholesterol (
345:). Among other things, the parathyroid hormone causes calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones, which ultimately leads to
1305:
without a change in the blood pigment load and the cell sizes of the red blood cells and without signs of new blood cell formation (
1043:
only rarely be assigned to defined diseases. Pulsed Wave
Doppler" can also be used to detect circulatory disorders. Calcification (
2643:
2348:
725:
1614:
associates its own physical discomfort with the new food -. The loss of protein via the urine also results in a negative
238:
metabolic state). Fleisch und
Innereien enthalten darüber hinaus für die Katze lebensnotwendige Nährstoffe wie beispielsweise
837:
1286:. Although creatinine is eliminated more slowly than iohexol, it can be determined immediately in many veterinary practices
995:
examination can be used to detect changes in the size, density and position of the kidneys as well as some urinary stones (
421:
1589:
1238:
23 (FGF-23) is involved here, which is more sensitive than the phosphate level in the event of an incipient disorder. The
1626:
can be used in an attempt to reduce the formation of uraemic substances in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyproheptadine or
2768:
Retrospective study of the survival of cats with acquired chronic renal insufficiency offered different commercial diets
1091:
2522:
Risk factors and implications associated with ultrasound-diagnosed nephrocalcinosis in cats with chronic kidney disease
1565:
1234:). The increased phosphate concentration is the result of the reduced glomerular filtration rate. Among other things,
1863:
may be indicated from a hematocrit < 20%. However, the treatment is expensive and around a third of all cats form
1378:
Low azotemia, clinical symptoms are weak or not pronounced at all in this area, residual kidney function approx. 33%
2313:
In: North
American Veterinary Conference Orlando, NAVC Proceedings, Vol. 20, Small Animal Edition, 2006, p. 701–703.
1544:
failure the blood pressure and red blood cell count are unchanged and the kidneys are often enlarged and painful.
1003:
stones are "radiopaque") and soft tissue calcifications. In severely emaciated cats or fluid accumulations in the
1917:
or feline immunodeficiency syndrome. Urinary tract infections should also not have occurred in the recent past.
1058:—for example, young Abyssinian cats with symptoms of kidney disease for the detection of amyloidosis. Although
39:
in the older literature - is an incurable, progressive disease characterized by a gradual decrease in the
1102:
can also show effusions from the renal tubules (cylinder), and in chronic bacterial renal pelvic inflammation
450:). However, the disease can occur as early as 9 months of age. Disposition predisposition has been proven for
1773:, which is why potassium levels must be checked regularly and a low-potassium diet may also need to be used.
584:
2970:
2624:
Relationship between serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration and glomerular filtration rate in cats.
1392:
Moderate azotemia, clinical manifestations are pronounced at this stage, residual renal function about 25%
1271:
already detect a 40% loss of kidney function, i.e. before there is an increase in creatinine in the blood.
530:
275:- the functional structural unit of the kidney - the filtering capacity of the renal corpuscles (
2895:
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of benazepril in the treatment of chronic renal insufficiency in cats.
404:, which normally ensures that the blood flow and thus the filtering capacity up to a threshold of 60
1119:
2695:
1664:
elevated despite the renal diet, absorption in the intestine can be reduced by using calcium salts and
1564:
or severe physical exertion. Possible postrenal causes include obstruction of the urinary tract due to
1275:
1063:
977:
303:
276:
2509:
Duplex doppler estimation of intrarenal pourcelot resistive index in dogs and cats with renal disease.
2963:
Clinicopathological variables predicting progression of azotemia in cats with chronic kidney disease.
1745:
777:
287:
is preserved. However, if a section of the nephron is irreversibly damaged, the entire nephron dies.
127:
1082:
Urinalysis is essential in chronic kidney disease in cats. Damage to as little as two thirds of the
1963:
1553:
1406:
Severe azotemia, usually accompanied by severe clinical symptoms, residual renal function < 10%
1235:
2743:
Survival of cats with naturally occurring renal failure: effect of conventional dietary management
2503:
Duplex
Doppler estimation of Pourcelot resistive index in arcuate arteries of sedated normal cats.
401:
2013:
2750:
2556:
2490:
2395:
2357:
2270:
2087:
23:
Cat with chronic kidney disease and typical symptoms: fatigue, emaciation and dull, shaggy coat.
2936:
1680:. Calcium carbonate can compensate for calcium deficiency in the early stages, but can lead to
1557:
1306:
1263:
987:
Urography: Diffuse accumulation of contrast medium in the kidneys of a cat with high-grade CNE.
957:
363:
52:
2259:
Blood pressure in small animals – Part 2: Hypertension – Target organ damage, heart and kidney
1095:
3001:
1004:
893:
841:
707:
85:, which are further subdivided according to the protein-creatinine quotient in the urine and
1274:
The most sensitive method of kidney function diagnostics is the direct determination of the
246:
or arachidonic acid. Compared to a normal human diet, cats consume around six times as much
2967:
Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American
College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
2912:
Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American
College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
2848:
Effect of dietary phosphate restriction on secondary renal hyperparathyreoidism in the cat.
2628:
Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American
College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
1251:
1110:
can also be detected. The detection of small amounts of albumin (< 300 mg/l, "
1039:
945:
603:
371:
346:
279:) decreases and with it the excretory capacity for urinary substances. Acute damage to the
8:
1871:, the risk of antibody formation is apparently significantly lower, it also has a longer
1856:
1677:
1549:
1090:
falls below 1030 N-m. Protein loss via the kidney is detected by an increase in the
1059:
897:
773:
753:
342:
334:
198:
1074:
1776:
1754:
1673:
1669:
1619:
1115:
963:
761:
691:
512:
502:
394:
390:
341:. Chronic kidney disease leads to hyperparathyroidism in 84% of cases (secondary renal
2771:
2746:
2552:
2486:
2391:
2353:
2266:
2083:
2051:: In ICU: Parts I and II, Proceedings 29th World Congress oft the WSAVA, Rhodes 2004.
1844:
1832:
1749:
1665:
1593:
1231:
1047:) is also common in chronic kidney disease and can also be detected sonographically.
983:
809:
740:
The yellow-red daylily - a popular ornamental plant with high kidney toxicity in cats
351:
338:
318:
284:
226:
131:
94:
1867:
against this substance, which results in anemia that can no longer be treated. With
2811:
2594:
2112:
1926:
1872:
1816:
1702:
1615:
1111:
1044:
627:
552:
410:
298:) lead to nausea and vomiting for various reasons. Firstly, they directly irritate
271:
maintain the excretion of urine-requiring substances. With the loss of functioning
159:
2035:. In: Proceedings of the 33rd WSAVA/FECAVA Congress, Dublin 2008, p. 281–284.
1884:
Secondary consequences of uremia on the gastrointestinal tract in cats are mainly
3006:
2228:
Saunders, 5. Edition, Philadelphia 2000, Band 2, p. 1634–1662. ISBN 0-7216-7256-6
1914:
1569:
1443:
Protein loss via urine questionable, should be confirmed by renewed measurements
1317:
Chronic kidney disease in cats is currently divided into four main stages by the
1279:
1267:
1055:
1012:
1000:
885:
833:
821:
789:
611:
375:
218:
183:
155:
123:
748:
Unresponsive cat with poor general condition - typical of chronic kidney disease
681:, pseudocysts and other space-occupying processes in the vicinity of the kidney
366:
in the kidney. However, this is the driving force for water reabsorption in the
2915:
2631:
2529:
1938:
1893:
1889:
1860:
1852:
1758:
1631:
1099:
968:
960:
is treated and the glomerular filtration rate is suddenly reduced as a result.
953:
817:
623:
607:
542:
455:
451:
417:
359:
194:
190:
175:
86:
2804:
Chronische Nierenerkrankung der Katze – eine tägliche Herausforderung (Teil 2)
2105:
Chronische Nierenerkrankung der Katze – eine tägliche Herausforderung (Teil 1)
920:) are also more frequent accompanying symptoms. In the case of severe uremia,
441:
sensitive diagnostic tests are not available for routine use. The data on the
2995:
2984:
Survival in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (2000–2002).
2815:
1913:
concomitant diseases and negative tests for chronic viral infections such as
1897:
1681:
797:
599:
558:
299:
2684:
Fortschritte in der Behandlung chronischer Nierenerkrankungen bei der Katze.
2324:
Die chronische Niereninsuffizienz – Wie sieht ein effektives Management aus?
2069:. In: ESFM Feline Congress 2008 Edinburgh, Scientific Proceedings, p. 59–65.
536:
Inflammation of the renal tubules and the interstitial tissue of the kidney
2116:
1770:
1597:
1330:
949:
781:
652:
463:
414:
330:
82:
59:
48:
2850:
In: Journal of Small Animal Practice, 40 (1999), p. 62–70, PMID 10088085.
1934:
1868:
1791:
1762:
1728:
1627:
1455:
1298:
1294:
1243:
1211:
1026:
876:
and weight loss. In addition, diarrhea, inflammation of the oral mucosa (
825:
638:
566:
467:
459:
397:). Metabolic acidosis occurs in 80% of cats with chronic kidney disease.
262:
222:
143:
90:
19:
2311:
Chronic Progressive Renal Disease in the Cat: Recognition and Management
2180:
Chronische Nierenerkrankung – Früherkennung und Bedeutung der Phosphate.
2598:
1972:
1946:
1901:
1864:
1840:
1836:
1804:
1639:
1635:
1623:
1326:
1302:
1287:
1259:
1255:
1219:
1035:
929:
909:
889:
877:
861:
829:
658:
517:"Hardening" of the renal corpuscles due to connective tissue formation
442:
322:
311:
235:
210:
202:
189:). As a result, the organ plays an important role in the regulation of
179:
126:
with a variety of tasks. It plays an important role in maintaining the
110:
78:
2906:
S. M. McLeland, K. F. Lunn, C. G. Duncan, K. R. Refsal, J. M. Quimby:
2710:
In: Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 15 (2000), p. 40–45, PMID 10911684.
1958:
1808:
1239:
1169:
1016:
1008:
921:
765:
757:
577:
247:
68:
1966:
23, as it indicates an early derailment of mineral metabolism. The
1930:
1885:
1848:
1812:
1732:
1713:
1477:
1227:
1141:
1103:
996:
941:
933:
925:
913:
873:
865:
857:
813:
793:
736:
678:
583:
Nodular inflammation of the kidneys, in cats mainly as a result of
447:
386:
382:
251:
151:
134:, in the excretion of toxic metabolic degradation products such as
358:
The loss of nephrons and the associated decrease in the number of
2828:
The role of phosphate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression
1942:
1796:
1748:
should ideally be between 17 and 22 mEq/L. Sodium bicarbonate or
1698:
1602:
1577:
1473:
1283:
1199:
1179:
1083:
1020:
905:
853:
801:
307:
272:
239:
214:
167:
147:
139:
74:
66:
and the renal interstitial tissue without an identifiable cause (
40:
2344:
Evaluation of predictors of the development of azotemia in cats.
744:
547:
Renal pelvic inflammation with involvement of the kidney tissue
2986:
In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 22 (2008), p. 1111–1117, PMID 18691369
2897:
In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 20 (2006), p. 1074–1079, PMID 17063698
2721:
Veterinary hemodialysis: advances in management and technology.
1967:
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1223:
1189:
1087:
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917:
901:
869:
367:
326:
295:
280:
243:
230:
119:
98:
63:
44:
2745:. In: Journal of Small Animal Practice 41 (2000), p. 235–242.
2622:
J. Braff, E. Obare, M. Yerramilli, J. Elliott, M. Yerramilli:
1831:
addition to the feed in the form of organic iron compounds or
956:) and is damaged ("large kidney-small kidney syndrome") or if
427:
413:
in the area of the renal corpuscles, the reduced formation of
2952:
In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 21 (2007), p. 906–916, PMID 17939542
2587:
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Feline Chronic Kidney Disease.
2384:
Klinische Epidemiologie von Nierenerkrankungen bei der Katze.
2305:
Early detection of renal damage and disease in dogs and cats.
1766:
1660:
1561:
992:
881:
769:
593:
171:
163:
2585:
R.F. Geddes, N.C. Finch, Jonathan Elliott, Harriet M. Syme:
2511:
In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11 (1997), p. 250–260. PMID 9298481
1855:
are slow-acting in cats and their benefit is questionable.
1828:
1246:), but can also be increased - the reverse is true for the
1215:
1159:
937:
892:
may occur as a result of uremia. Increased blood pressure (
805:
785:
695:, rare and only in southern Europe, Asia and North America
405:
381:
One consequence of the kidneys' reduced ability to excrete
317:
As a result of the accumulation of phosphate in the blood (
291:
206:
135:
2505:
In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 10 (1996), p. 28–33. PMID 8965265
2467:. Enke-Verlag, 4. ed. 2005, p. 789–803. ISBN 3-8304-1049-2
1992:. Enke, 5. Aufl. 2014, ISBN 978-3-8304-1243-4, S. 751–755.
1650:), but this did not include any cats with kidney disease.
1290:
even without the involvement of a specialized laboratory.
1086:
results in a reduced ability to concentrate urine and the
1078:
Bacteria in urinary sediment in a cat with pyelonephritis.
213:, cats are particularly dependent on the intake of animal
1708:
1262:
for cats, this protein can also be elevated in cats with
1107:
314:), which leads to further damage to the digestive tract.
43:
and thus to a decreasing function (insufficiency) of the
1701:
produced by bacterial degradation processes through the
856:
of chronic kidney disease in cats are lack of appetite (
720:
High blood pressure in the area of the renal corpuscles
47:. It is one of the most common causes of death in older
2950:
Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease.
1054:
is not routinely used, but may be indicated in certain
784:
of the renal corpuscles and thus to their damage. Many
2447:
In: Vet. Pathol. 45 (2008), p. 393–400, PMID 18487501.
2067:
The role of phosphorus in feline chronic renal disease
2003:. Mosby, 3. 2003, ISBN 0-323-01724-X, p. 615–623.
572:
Kidney damage due to a lack of potassium in the blood
2162:. Mosby, 3. Edition 2003, ISBN 0-323-01724-X, p. 617.
1920:
1323:
European Society of Veterinary Nephrology and Urology
58:
Chronic kidney disease occurs in cats as a result of
2630:
Band 28, Nummer 6, 2014 Nov-Dec, p. 1699–1701,
2414:. Enke, 5. Ed. 2014, ISBN 978-3-8304-1243-4, p. 751.
1364:
No azotemia, but other pathological kidney findings
1739:
812:) have a strong toxic effect on the kidneys (renal
138:and in the recovery of valuable substances such as
2914:Band 28, Nummer 3, 2014 May-Jun, p. 827–837,
2611:Nierenerkrankungen – Diagnostik aus Blut und Urin.
2445:Amyloidosis in black-footed cats (Felis nigripes).
2142:. Enke, 4. Aufl. 2005, ISBN 3-8304-1049-2, p. 406.
622:Pathological protein deposition, more frequent in
481:Possible causes of chronic kidney failure in cats
2933:Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997).
1069:
971:in a cat. The arrows point to the dilated ureter.
944:). Typically, the symptoms - in contrast to
2993:
2935:Band 197, No 3, September 2013,p. 651–655,
2307:In: Vet Clin Small Animal 35 (2005), p. 581–596.
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
1214:, the content of nitrogenous substances such as
598:mainly malignant lymphoma, other tumors such as
2574:Leitsymptome und Leitbefunde bei Hund und Katze
2549:Labordiagnostik bei felinen Nierenerkrankungen.
2428:Die Bedeutung von Nierenerkrankungen bei Katzen
2224:In: S. J. Ettinger und E. C. Feldmann (Hrsg.):
1516:Medium risk for the occurrence of organ damage
2969:Band 26, No 2, 2012 Mar-Apr, p. 275–281,
2576:. Schauttauer, 2. ed. 2005, ISBN 3-7945-2384-9
2080:Labordiagnostik bei felinen Nierenerkrankungen
1839:administration of iron is more potent. If the
1307:normochromic, normocytic, aregenerative anemia
329:, there is a drop in the calcium blood level (
2483:Bild gebende Diagnostik der Niere bei Katzen.
2165:
393:is the metabolic acidification of the blood (
2762:
2760:
2758:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2236:
2234:
2158:. In: R. W. Nelson und C. G. Couto (Hrsg.):
2082:. In: Veterinary Focus 18 (2008), p. 16–22.
1999:. In: R. W. Nelson und C. G. Couto (Hrsg.):
1900:, so that the gastric acid blockers such as
1494:Blood pressure without risk of organ damage
669:"Water-sac kidney" due to urinary retention
257:
2422:
2420:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2190:
2188:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
940:, abnormal movements and muscle disorders (
479:
154:initially filtered out of the blood during
2737:
2735:
2733:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2182:In:veterinary mirror 3 (2010), p. 107–112.
1717:Subcutaneous fluid administration in a cat
916:and accumulation of water in the tissues (
2863:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.):
2842:
2840:
2755:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2463:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.):
2338:
2336:
2290:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.):
2275:
2244:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.):
2231:
2226:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
2198:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.):
2138:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.):
1879:
1538:
2961:S. Chakrabarti, H. M. Syme, J. Elliott:
2820:
2591:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2417:
2205:
2185:
2150:
2148:
2121:
1907:
1775:
1712:
1073:
1025:
982:
962:
743:
735:
730:Blood clotting within the blood vessels
699:
644:
521:
493:
435:
426:
266:Basic transport processes in the nephron
261:
109:
18:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2730:
2725:Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract.
2455:
2453:
2382:Thierry Francey, Ariane Schweighauser:
2363:
2043:
2041:
2033:Nutritional management of Renal Disease
816:) in cats. But also many drugs such as
726:Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
701:Damage as a result of vascular diseases
674:perirenal circumferential augmentation
105:
2994:
2837:
2659:
2593:2013, Band 27, No 2, p. 234–241
2561:
2481:Deniz Seyrek-Intas und Martin Kramer:
2470:
2333:
2178:Thierry Francey und Elisabeth Müller:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1952:
1784:
1709:Treatment of the accompanying symptoms
1653:
1030:PW-Doppler: Increased resistance index
306:in the brain. Secondly, they increase
2774:13 (2005), p. 185–187, PMID 16100367.
2727:34 (2004), S. 935–967, PMID 15223210.
2644:SDMA: Diagnose kidney disease earlier
2534:
2145:
2099:
2097:
2095:
1418:Protein-creatinine quotient in urine
900:, hypertensive retinopathy), anemia (
838:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
507:Inflammation of the renal corpuscles
355:effect on the blood phosphate level.
2971:doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00874.x
2777:
2551:In: Vet. Focus 18 (2008), p. 16–22.
2485:In: Vet. Focus 18 (2008), p. 23–30.
2450:
2038:
1691:
1386:249–442 μmol/L (2,9–5,0 mg/dL)
1372:140–249 μmol/L (1,6–2,8 mg/dL)
1319:International Renal Interest Society
1164:5–11 mmol/L (30–65 mg/dL)
1146:< 170 μmol/L (< 2 mg/dL)
422:renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
16:Incurable progressive feline disease
2686:In: Vet. Focus 19.3 (2009),p. 6–14.
2054:
1780:Blood pressure measurement in a cat
1646:in the large intestine (trade name
1608:
1254:) also occur. The determination of
614:do not usually occur on both sides
400:With increasing kidney damage, the
13:
2867:. Enke, 4. Aufl. 2005, p. 405–407.
2092:
1978:
1921:Interactions with other treatments
1297:shows a decrease in the number of
772:. Virtually any infection or even
756:of renal dysfunction, for example
402:autoregulation of renal blood flow
14:
3018:
2834:13 (2008), p. 23–28 and p. 37–46.
2810:Band 69, No 4, 2024, p. 192–210.
2696:Aktualisierte Einteilung der IRIS
2682:Katharine Arnell und Sheri Ross:
2406:Sarah Steinbach und Reto Neiger:
2111:Band 69, No 3, 2024, p. 120–139.
1984:Sarah Steinbach and Reto Neiger:
1847:are indicated. Anabolic steroids
1592:are severely limited in cats, as
1400:> 442 μmol/L (5,0 mg/dL)
1358:< 140 μmol/L (1,6 mg/dL)
1312:
431:Cystic kidney in ultrasound image
29:chronic kidney disease of the cat
2410:: In: Hans Lutz et al. (Hrsg.):
1740:Metabolic acidosis and potassium
1344:Plasma creatinine concentration
1293:In advanced kidney disease, the
880:) with the formation of ulcers (
2976:
2955:
2942:
2921:
2900:
2887:
2870:
2853:
2713:
2700:
2689:
2648:
2637:
2616:
2604:
2579:
2514:
2495:
2437:
2400:
2316:
2297:
2251:
2248:. Enke, 4. Edition 2005, p. 410
1463:
1454:Loss of protein via the urine (
1411:
1337:
321:) and the reduced formation of
53:chronic renal failure in humans
2937:doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.048
2708:Renal transplantation in cats.
2202:. Enke, 4. Aufl. 2005, p. 411.
2160:Small animal internal medicine
2072:
2025:
2001:Small animal internal medicine
1988:: In: Hans Lutz et al. (Ed.):
1721:
1432:No protein loss via the urine
1070:Laboratory diagnostic findings
776:can lead to the deposition of
495:Damage to the renal corpuscles
411:hardening of the blood vessels
370:and - in the presence of
1:
2861:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz
2832:Small Animal Medicine UK Vet.
2288:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz
2242:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz
2196:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz
2136:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz
2019:
637:Hereditary cystsformation in
585:feline infectious peritonitis
2294:. Enke, 4. Ed. 2005, p. 409.
1769:deficiency can also lead to
1583:
1242:content is usually reduced (
1126:Reference values of selected
1122:for chronic kidney disease.
712:General high blood pressure
531:tubulointerstitial nephritis
409:in blood pressure is due to
283:can regenerate again if the
250:in their diet with standard
97:, increased blood pressure,
71:tubulointerstitial nephritis
7:
2613:In: Laboklin aktuell 2/2009
2408:Chronische Nierenerkrankung
2007:
1986:Chronische Nierenerkrankung
864:), increased urine output (
847:
844:) can cause kidney damage.
752:Other diseases can also be
646:Damage to the urinary tract
604:transitional cell carcinoma
523:Damage to the renal tubules
362:leads to a decrease in the
33:chronic renal insufficiency
10:
3023:
2927:J. M. Quimby, K. F. Lunn:
2655:IRIS Guidelines für Katzen
2263:Eur. J. Comp. Anim. Pract.
2049:The cat is not a small dog
1843:(Hct) nevertheless falls,
1590:Kidney replacement therapy
1527:High risk of organ damage
1321:(IRIS) and adapted by the
1276:glomerular filtration rate
1096:24-hour collection samples
1064:magnetic resonance imaging
978:blood pressure measurement
910:soft tissue calcifications
896:) with damage to the eye (
778:antigen-antibody complexes
677:only if bilateral: cysts,
634:Polycystic kidney disease
389:and the excessive loss of
304:chemoreceptor trigger zone
277:glomerular filtration rate
1822:
1505:Low risk of organ damage
1493:
1490:
1487:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1128:serum parameters in cats
884:), increased salivation (
258:Pathophysiological basics
168:hormone-active substances
31:(CNE) - also called
2816:10.2377/0023-2076-69-192
2766:E. A. Plantinga et al.:
1964:fibroblast growth factor
1568:or tumors, tears of the
1554:congestive heart failure
1236:fibroblast growth factor
1092:protein/creatinine ratio
1011:, in which a radiopaque
717:Glomerular hypertension
686:Kidney worm infestation
225:is their most important
2459:Johanna Fink-Gremmels:
2434:2013, Heft 2, p. 59–64.
2352:23 (2009), p. 806–813.
2014:List of feline diseases
1803:ACE inhibitors such as
1094:in the urine (UPC), as
924:manifestations such as
860:), increased drinking (
800:and some heavy metals (
2916:doi:10.1111/jvim.12342
2884:61 (2016), p. 245–257.
2632:doi:10.1111/jvim.12446
2530:doi:10.1111/jvim.17034
2257:A. P. Carr, B. Egner:
2222:Chronic renal failure.
2117:10.2376/0032-681X-2252
1880:Gastrointestinal tract
1827:To combat anaemia, an
1781:
1718:
1539:Differential diagnosis
1470:Blood pressure in mmHg
1079:
1036:ultrasound examination
1031:
988:
972:
922:neurological neurology
749:
741:
432:
420:and activation of the
364:concentration gradient
267:
115:
24:
2865:Krankheiten der Katze
2846:P. J. Barber et al.:
2719:J.R. Fischer et al.:
2706:L. Bernsteen et al.:
2572:Christian F. Schrey:
2520:Pak-Kan Tang et al.:
2465:Krankheiten der Katze
2412:Krankheiten der Katze
2342:R. E. Jepson et al.:
2322:A. Parotat, B. Kohn:
2292:Krankheiten der Katze
2265:19 (2009), p. 13–17.
2246:Krankheiten der Katze
2220:D. J. Polzin et al.:
2200:Krankheiten der Katze
2156:Chronic renal failure
2140:Krankheiten der Katze
1997:Chronic renal failure
1990:Krankheiten der Katze
1908:Nierentransplantation
1779:
1716:
1077:
1029:
1005:retroperitoneal space
986:
966:
894:arterial hypertension
842:analgesic nephropathy
747:
739:
708:Arterial hypertension
661:in the urinary tract
557:Kidney damage due to
436:Occurrence and causes
430:
337:is released from the
294:levels in the blood (
265:
205:balance and thus the
113:
81:concentration in the
37:chronic renal failure
22:
2893:H. Mizutani et al.:
2876:Ulrike Sent et al.:
2526:J. Vet. Intern. Med.
2507:B.J. Rivers et al.:
2501:B.J. Rivers et al.:
2443:K. A. Terio et al.:
2349:J. Vet. Intern. Med.
1252:hypercholesterolemia
1204:145–158 mmol/L
1194:3,0–4,8 mmol/L
1184:2,3–3,0 mmol/L
1174:0,8–1,9 mmol/L
967:Ultrasound image of
385:ions, phosphate and
374: - also in the
347:renal bone disorders
106:Physiological basics
2982:L. M. Boyd et al.:
2741:J. Elliott et al.:
2390:28 (2008), p. 2–7.
2330:12 (2009), p. 6–10.
2154:Gregory F. Grauer:
1995:Gregory F. Grauer:
1959:treatment prospects
1953:Treatment prospects
1853:new blood formation
1785:High blood pressure
1746:bicarbonate content
1678:lanthanum carbonate
1654:Phosphate reduction
1524:> 180: > 120
1403:> 38 μg/dL
1154:< 14 μg/dL
1129:
1060:computed tomography
1056:preliminary reports
946:acute renal failure
898:fundus hypertonicus
774:lupus erythematosus
762:autoimmune diseases
482:
368:mid-piece|mid-piece
360:sodium ion channels
343:hyperparathyroidism
335:parathyroid hormone
195:new blood formation
114:Cats are carnivores
2948:J.N. King et al.:
2599:10.1111/jvim.12044
1845:blood transfusions
1782:
1765:deficiency due to
1755:potassium chloride
1719:
1674:aluminum carbonate
1670:aluminum hydroxide
1620:activated charcoal
1594:kidney transplants
1491:< 150: < 95
1361:<18 μg/dL
1125:
1080:
1032:
989:
973:
750:
742:
692:Dioctophyma renale
513:Glomerulosclerosis
503:glomerulonephritis
480:
433:
395:metabolic acidosis
268:
128:water, electrolyte
116:
25:
2772:Veterinary Record
2328:kleintier konkret
1750:potassium citrate
1729:volume deficiency
1692:Protein reduction
1666:phosphate binders
1531:
1530:
1513:160–179: 100–119
1462:
1461:
1410:
1409:
1389:26–38 μg/dL
1375:18–25 μg/dL
1329:concentration in
1232:hyperphosphatemia
1230:) and phosphate (
1208:
1207:
734:
733:
628:black-footed cats
619:Nierenamyloidose
352:negative feedback
339:parathyroid gland
325:in the remaining
319:hyperphosphatemia
285:basement membrane
219:glucose formation
132:acid-base balance
95:acid-base balance
3014:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:, PMID 22269057.
2959:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2939:. PMID 23838205.
2925:
2919:
2918:. PMID 24628683.
2904:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2800:
2775:
2764:
2753:
2739:
2728:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2634:, PMID 25272985.
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2559:
2545:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2499:
2493:
2479:
2468:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2432:veterinärspiegel
2426:Rosanne Jepson:
2424:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2380:
2361:
2340:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2229:
2218:
2203:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2152:
2143:
2132:
2119:
2101:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2029:
1927:plasma half-life
1873:plasma half-life
1703:intestinal flora
1616:nitrogen balance
1609:Dietary measures
1588:The options for
1464:
1412:
1338:
1136:Reference range
1130:
1124:
1112:microalbuminuria
1045:nephrocalcinosis
908:, dehydration ,
612:hemangiosarcomas
553:Nephrocalcinosis
483:
376:collecting ducts
333:) and increased
209:metabolism. As
182:(active form of
166:. Finally, some
160:renal corpuscles
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2977:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2926:
2922:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2882:Kleintierpraxis
2875:
2871:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2838:
2825:
2821:
2808:Kleintierpraxis
2801:
2778:
2765:
2756:
2740:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2546:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2480:
2471:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2381:
2364:
2360:, PMID 19566846
2341:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2276:
2256:
2252:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2166:
2153:
2146:
2133:
2122:
2109:Kleintierpraxis
2102:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2010:
1981:
1979:Further reading
1955:
1923:
1915:feline leukemia
1910:
1882:
1825:
1817:contraindicated
1787:
1742:
1724:
1711:
1694:
1656:
1632:Chinese rhubarb
1611:
1586:
1570:urinary bladder
1558:hyperthyroidism
1541:
1532:
1502:150–159: 95–99
1471:
1315:
1299:red blood cells
1268:glucocorticoids
1264:hyperthyroidism
1127:
1118:, but not very
1088:specific weight
1072:
1013:contrast medium
1001:calcium oxalate
958:hyperthyroidism
886:hypersalivation
850:
834:aminoglycosides
822:cholecalciferol
790:ethylene glycol
689:Infection with
608:nephroblastomas
438:
260:
187:
156:ultrafiltration
108:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2954:
2941:
2920:
2899:
2886:
2869:
2852:
2836:
2819:
2776:
2754:
2729:
2712:
2699:
2688:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2615:
2603:
2578:
2560:
2533:
2513:
2494:
2469:
2449:
2436:
2416:
2399:
2362:
2332:
2315:
2303:G. F. Grauer:
2296:
2274:
2250:
2230:
2204:
2184:
2164:
2144:
2120:
2091:
2071:
2053:
2037:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1980:
1977:
1954:
1951:
1939:chlorothiazide
1922:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1898:gastric ulcers
1894:gastric mucosa
1890:mineralization
1881:
1878:
1861:erythropoietin
1824:
1821:
1786:
1783:
1759:ACE inhibitors
1741:
1738:
1723:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1693:
1690:
1655:
1652:
1610:
1607:
1585:
1582:
1566:bladder stones
1540:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1314:
1313:Classification
1311:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1100:urine sediment
1071:
1068:
980:is advisable.
969:hydronephrosis
954:hydronephrosis
849:
846:
818:amphotericin B
782:basal membrane
732:
731:
728:
722:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
704:
703:
697:
696:
687:
683:
682:
675:
671:
670:
667:
666:Hydronephrose
663:
662:
655:
649:
648:
642:
641:
635:
631:
630:
624:Abyssinian cat
620:
616:
615:
596:
589:
588:
581:
578:granulomaatous
574:
573:
570:
563:
562:
559:excess calcium
555:
549:
548:
545:
543:pyelonephritis
538:
537:
534:
526:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
498:
497:
491:
490:
487:
437:
434:
418:prostaglandins
300:chemoreceptors
290:The increased
259:
256:
191:blood pressure
185:
176:erythropoietin
107:
104:
87:blood pressure
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2859:Reto Neiger:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:Karolin Hey:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:Redun Heine:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2286:Reto Neiger:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2240:Reto Neiger:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2194:Reto Neiger:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2134:Reto Neiger:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:Karolin Hey:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2031:K. Sturgess:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1962:parameter is
1960:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:iron sulphate
1830:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:hypercalcemia
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:and thus the
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:morphological
1037:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
985:
981:
979:
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
845:
843:
839:
836:and numerous
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:cyanuric acid
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
746:
738:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
685:
684:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
664:
660:
656:
654:
653:kidney stones
651:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633:
632:
629:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:kidney cancer
597:
595:
591:
590:
586:
582:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
564:
561:in the blood
560:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
540:
539:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
500:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
478:
474:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
429:
425:
423:
419:
416:
412:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
227:energy source
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
70:
65:
64:renal tubules
61:
56:
54:
50:
49:domestic cats
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3002:Cat diseases
2983:
2978:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2826:J. Elliott:
2822:
2807:
2803:
2767:
2742:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2691:
2683:
2650:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2548:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2482:
2464:
2461:Vergiftungen
2460:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2347:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2309:A. M. Wolf:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2199:
2195:
2179:
2159:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2108:
2104:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2065:D. J. Chew:
2048:
2032:
2027:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1956:
1924:
1911:
1883:
1851:to increase
1826:
1802:
1788:
1771:hyperkalemia
1743:
1725:
1695:
1686:
1657:
1647:
1612:
1598:Hemodialysis
1587:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1331:blood plasma
1322:
1318:
1316:
1292:
1273:
1209:
1081:
1049:
1033:
990:
974:
950:exacerbation
868:), fatigue (
851:
751:
700:
690:
657:Deposits of
645:
639:Persian cats
569:Nephropathy
522:
494:
475:
472:
464:Russian Blue
439:
415:vasodilating
399:
380:
357:
331:hypocalcemia
316:
289:
269:
117:
83:blood plasma
73:). The main
67:
60:inflammation
57:
36:
32:
28:
26:
2528:März 2024,
1935:carbimazole
1869:darbepoetin
1857:recombinant
1792:telmisartan
1763:aldosterone
1722:Dehydration
1628:mirtazapine
1603:dietaryetic
1560:, but also
1456:proteinuria
1325:, with the
1295:blood count
1288:photometric
1244:hypokalemia
1212:blood serum
1114:") is very
826:doxorubicin
659:concrements
567:Hypokalemic
529:idiopathic
391:bicarbonate
223:amino acids
144:amino acids
122:is a vital
91:electrolyte
2996:Categories
2388:Vet. Focus
2078:R. Heine:
2047:R. Kirby:
2020:References
1973:euthanasia
1947:thiamazole
1902:omeprazole
1865:antibodies
1841:hematocrit
1837:parenteral
1805:benazepril
1640:probiotics
1636:prebiotics
1624:probiotics
1467:Sub-stage
1415:Sub-stage
1327:creatinine
1303:hematocrit
1256:cystatin C
1220:creatinine
1133:Parameter
890:bad breath
878:stomatitis
862:polydipsia
830:polymyxins
766:poisonings
758:infections
580:nephritis
456:Abyssinian
452:Maine Coon
327:main parts
323:calcitriol
312:vasculitis
211:carnivores
203:phosphorus
180:calcitriol
79:creatinine
69:idiopathic
2751:0022-4510
2557:0965-4593
2491:0965-4593
2396:0965-4593
2358:0891-6640
2271:1018-2357
2088:0965-4593
1896:, but no
1809:enalapril
1648:Porus one
1584:Treatment
1478:diastolic
1451:> 0,4
1429:< 0,2
1280:clearance
1260:evaluated
1240:potassium
1116:sensitive
1017:Iopamidol
1009:urography
942:myopathys
914:bleedings
852:The main
788:species,
443:frequency
248:phosphate
240:Vitamin A
236:catabolic
184:vitamin D
35:(CNI) or
2008:See also
1931:atenolol
1886:fibrosis
1849:Steroids
1813:ramipril
1797:systolic
1733:infusion
1668:such as
1634:or with
1483:Remarks
1474:systolic
1440:0,2–0,4
1421:Remarks
1350:Remarks
1278:via the
1266:or with
1228:azotemia
1170:Phosphat
1142:creatine
1120:specific
1104:bacteria
1084:nephrons
997:struvite
934:delirium
930:seizures
874:vomiting
866:polyuria
858:anorexia
854:symptoms
848:Symptoms
814:toxicity
794:melamine
754:triggers
679:bruising
541:Chronic
501:Chronic
489:Remarks
448:azotemia
387:sulphate
383:hydrogen
273:nephrons
252:cat food
217:because
215:proteins
197:and the
170:such as
152:minerals
148:peptides
75:symptoms
41:nephrons
1968:average
1943:digoxin
1892:of the
1699:ammonia
1578:urethra
1284:iohexol
1258:is not
1200:Natrium
1180:Calcium
1038:allows
1021:Iohexol
918:oedemas
906:itching
810:mercury
802:cadmium
780:in the
592:Kidney
468:Burmese
460:Siamese
308:gastrin
302:in the
281:tubules
231:enzymes
199:calcium
158:in the
140:glucose
62:of the
45:kidneys
3007:Kidney
2830:. In:
2806:. In:
2770:. In:
2749:
2555:
2524:. In:
2489:
2430:. In:
2394:
2356:
2269:
2261:. In:
2107:. In:
2086:
1859:human
1823:Anemia
1644:indole
1574:ureter
1341:Stage
1248:sodium
1224:uremia
1190:Kalium
1052:biopsy
1050:Renal
1015:(e.g.
926:apathy
902:anemia
888:) and
882:ulcera
870:apathy
770:tumors
594:tumors
587:(FIP)
533:(CNE)
486:Cause
296:uremia
244:Taurin
229:. The
120:kidney
99:anemia
1767:renin
1661:joule
1659:(Mega
1576:, or
1562:fever
1550:shock
1347:SDMA
1151:SDMA
993:X-ray
406:mm Hg
221:from
172:renin
164:liver
124:organ
2965:In:
2931:In:
2910:In:
2880:In:
2747:ISSN
2723:In:
2626:In:
2589:In:
2553:ISSN
2487:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2386:In:
2354:ISSN
2346:In:
2326:In:
2267:ISSN
2084:ISSN
1945:and
1888:and
1829:iron
1744:The
1638:and
1383:III
1218:and
1216:urea
1160:Urea
1062:and
1034:The
999:and
938:coma
806:lead
786:lily
626:and
610:and
466:and
292:urea
207:bone
201:and
178:and
150:and
136:urea
130:and
118:The
93:and
27:The
2812:doi
2595:doi
2113:doi
1811:or
1761:or
1676:or
1622:or
1596:or
1397:IV
1369:II
1309:).
1226:or
1210:In
1108:pus
1106:or
991:An
904:),
872:),
840:(→
768:or
372:ADH
2998::
2839:^
2779:^
2757:^
2732:^
2661:^
2563:^
2536:^
2472:^
2452:^
2419:^
2365:^
2335:^
2277:^
2233:^
2207:^
2187:^
2167:^
2147:^
2123:^
2094:^
2056:^
2040:^
1975:.
1949:.
1941:,
1937:,
1933:,
1807:,
1672:,
1580:.
1572:,
1556:,
1552:,
1521:4
1510:3
1499:2
1488:1
1480:)
1476::
1458:)
1448:c
1437:b
1426:a
1355:I
1019:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
912:,
832:,
828:,
824:,
820:,
808:,
804:,
796:,
792:,
764:,
760:,
606:,
602:,
470:.
462:,
458:,
454:,
424:.
242:,
193:,
174:,
146:,
142:,
55:.
2814::
2601:.
2597::
2115::
1472:(
1222:(
446:(
234:(
186:3
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