970:
982:
552:
679:
40:
60:
943:
958:
304:
892:
spending additional energy on alarm pheromones. The second proposed reason is that releasing the alarm pheromone reduces the benefits associated with multiple mating. Benefits of multiple mating include material benefits, better quality nourishment or more nourishment, genetic benefits including increased fitness of offspring, and finally, the cost of resistance may be higher than the benefit of consent—which appears the case in
830:
genitals, the bed bug releases antimicrobial substances. Many species of these microbes live in the bodies of females after mating. The microbes can cause infections in the females. It has been suggested that females receive benefit from the ejaculate. Although the benefit is not direct, females are able to produce more eggs than optimum increasing the amount of the females' genes in the gene pool.
627:
864:. Sperm remains viable in a female's spermathecae (a better term is conceptacle), a sperm-carrying sack, for a long period of time as long as body temperature is optimum. The female lays fertilized eggs until she depletes the sperm found in her conceptacle. After the depletion of sperm, she lays a few sterile eggs. The number of eggs a
577:
and painkillers. Sensitivity of humans varies from extreme allergic reaction to no reaction at all (about 20%). The bite usually produces a swelling with no red spot, but when many bugs feed on a small area, reddish spots may appear after the swelling subsides. The bite marks may appear in a straight
846:
allocate 12% of their sperm and 19% of their seminal fluid per mating. Due to these findings, Reinhard et al. proposed that multiple mating is limited by seminal fluid and not sperm. After measuring ejaculate volume, mating rate and estimating sperm density, Reinhardt et al. showed that mating could
891:
Females are capable of producing alarm pheromones to avoid multiple mating, but they generally do not do so. Two reasons are proposed as to why females do not release alarm pheromones to protect themselves. First, alarm pheromone production is costly. Due to egg production, females may refrain from
1033:
bugs through mechanoreceptors located on their antennae. Aggregations are formed and disbanded based on the associated cost and benefits. Females are more often found separate from the aggregation than males. Females are more likely to expand the population range and find new sites. Active female
694:
with a recent blood meal can be seen as a potential mate. However, males will mount unfed, flat females on occasion. The female is able to curl her abdomen forward and underneath toward the head to deter the male if she does not wish to mate. Males are generally unable to discriminate between the
664:
The mandibular stylet tips have small teeth, and through alternately moving these stylets back and forth, the insect cuts a path through tissue for the maxillary bundle to reach an appropriately sized blood vessel. Pressure from the blood vessel itself fills the insect with blood in three to five
829:
males have environmental microbes on their genitals. These microbes damage sperm cells, leaving them unable to fertilize female gametes. Due to these dangerous microbes, males have evolved antimicrobial ejaculate substances that prevent sperm damage. When the microbes contact sperm or the male
656:
The tips of the right and left maxillary stylets are not the same; the right is hook-like and curved, and the left is straight. The right and left mandibular stylets extend along the outer sides of their respective maxillary stylets and do not reach anywhere near the tip of the fused maxillary
520:
shows that it can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16 °C (61 °F), adults enter semi-hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after 15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C
884:. Females have evolved the spermalege to protect themselves from wounding and infection. Because males lack this organ, traumatic insemination could leave them badly injured. For this reason, males have evolved alarm pheromones to signal their sex to other males. If a male
860:. These two names are not descriptive, so other terminologies are used). On fertilization, the female's ovaries finish developing, which suggests that sperm plays a role other than fertilizing the egg. Fertilization also allows for egg production through the
669:
to become completely engorged with blood. In all, the insect may spend less than 20 minutes in physical contact with its host, and does not try to feed again until it has either completed a moult or, if an adult, has thoroughly digested the meal.
1034:
dispersal can account for treatment failures. Males, when found in areas with few females, abandon an aggregation to find a new mate. The males excrete an aggregation pheromone into the air that attracts virgin females and arrests other males.
665:
minutes. The bug then withdraws the stylet bundle from the feeding position and retracts it back into the labial groove, folds the entire unit back under the head, and returns to its hiding place. It takes between five and ten minutes for a
880:, males sometimes mount other males because male sexual interest is directed at any recently fed individual regardless of their sex, but unfed females may also be mounted. Traumatic insemination is the only way for copulation to occur in
343:, with the females larger in size than the males on average. The abdomens of the sexes differ in that the males appear to have "pointed" abdomens, which are actually their copulatory organs, while females have more rounded abdomens.
1028:
may choose to aggregate because of predation, resistance to desiccation, and more opportunities to find a mate. Airborne pheromones are responsible for aggregations. Another source of aggregation could be the recognition of other
1004:
is starved, it leaves its shelter and searches for a host. If it successfully feeds, it returns to its shelter; otherwise, it continues to search for a host. After searching—regardless of whether or not it has eaten—the
928:). Fertilized females with enough food lay three to four eggs each day continually until the end of their lifespans (about nine months under warm conditions), possibly generating as many as 500 eggs in this time.
855:
Males fertilize females only by traumatic insemination into the structure called the ectospermalege (the organ of
Berlese, however the organ of Ribaga, as it was first named, was first designated as an organ of
330:
lacks hind wings. They have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 3 to 9 mm (0.12 to 0.35 in) long. The different species are very similar in
923:
Each of the immature stages lasts about a week, depending on temperature and the availability of food, and the complete lifecycle can be completed in as little as two months (rather long compared to other
362:
nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal.
321:
are light brown to reddish-brown, flat and oval. The mouthparts are beak-like, and adapted for piercing and sucking. Following a blood meal the abdomen is plump and darker in colour. The front wings are
521:(−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F). They show high
570:
are attracted to their hosts primarily by carbon dioxide, secondarily by warmth, and also by certain chemicals. Bed bugs prefer exposed skin, preferably the face, neck, and arms of a sleeping person.
585:
can live for over a year without feeding, under typically warm conditions they try to feed at five- to ten-day intervals, and adults can survive for about five months without food. Younger
2307:
Carayon, J. 1959 Insémination par "spermalège" et cordon conducteur de spermatozoids chez
Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger (Heteroptera, Cimicidae). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 60, 81–104.
653:
are connected at their midline and a section at the centerline forms a large food canal and a smaller salivary canal. The entire maxillary and mandibular bundle penetrates the skin.
566:(bloodsucking) insects. Most species feed on humans only when other prey are unavailable. They obtain all the additional moisture they need from water vapor in the surrounding air.
532:
is 45 °C (113 °F); all stages of life are killed by 7 minutes of exposure to 46 °C (115 °F). Bed bugs apparently cannot survive high concentrations of
525:, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of one-third of body weight; earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
2733:
Davies, Nicholas B.; Krebs, John R.; West, Stuart A. (17 February 2012). An
Introduction to Behavioural Ecology (Kindle Locations 5432-5434). Wiley. Kindle Edition.
1954:
1134:
539:
Household insecticides often do not have a prolonged effect on the bug population. Professional pest control experts may use potentially harmful substances such as
847:
be limited by seminal fluid. Despite these advances, the cost difference between ejaculate-dose dependence and mating frequency dependence have not been explored.
810:
mate with each other given the opportunity, but the eggs then produced are usually sterile. In a 1988 study, one of 479 eggs was fertile and resulted in a hybrid,
981:
936:, possibly a single survivor of eradication, can be responsible for an entire infestation over a matter of weeks, rapidly producing generations of offspring.
1166:
796:. It is released when the insect is disturbed, as during an attack by a predator. A 2009 study demonstrated the alarm pheromone is also released by male
503:
464:
445:
437:
244:
209:
190:
183:
1013:
would return to its shelter and aggregate after feeding. One is to find a mate and the other is to find shelter to avoid getting smashed after eating.
479:
223:
1508:
471:
216:
288:
and frequently feed on humans, although other species may parasitize humans opportunistically. Species that primarily parasitize bats are known as
3097:
2038:
1009:
returns to the shelter to aggregate before the photophase (period of light during a day-night cycle). Reis argues that two reasons explain why
430:
176:
3136:
1545:
Herrmann, Jutta; Adler, Cornel; Hoffmann, Godehard; Reichmuth, Christoph (1999). Robinson, William H.; Rettich, F.; Rambo, George W. (eds.).
661:, and during feeding, they are freed from the groove as the jointed labium is bent or folded out of the way; its tip never enters the wound.
761:, a secondary genital structure that reduces the wounding and immunological costs of traumatic insemination. Injected sperm travel via the
2250:
1093:
589:
cannot survive nearly as long, though even the vulnerable newly hatched first instars can survive for weeks without taking a blood meal.
2529:
Walpole, Debra E.; Newberry, K. (July 1988). "A field study of mating between two species of bedbug in northern KwaZulu, South Africa".
1257:"Bat-parasitic Cimex species (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) on the Balkan Peninsula, with zoogeographical remarks on Cimex lectularius Linnaeus"
295:
The insects are 3 to 9 millimetres (0.12 to 0.35 in) long and have flattened reddish-brown bodies with small nonfunctional wings.
1562:. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests. Hronov, Czech Republic: Grafické Závody. p. 637. Archived from
1221:
785:
536:
for very long; exposure to nearly pure nitrogen atmospheres, however, appears to have relatively little effect even after 72 hours.
3071:
1672:
2456:
3110:
1000:
only feeds every five to seven days, which suggests that it does not spend the majority of its life searching for a host. When a
957:
707:
quite well. Male bed bugs sometimes attempt to mate with other males and pierce their abdomens. This behaviour occurs because
2787:
1749:
1682:
1629:
3115:
2037:
Szalanski, Allen L.; Austin, James W.; McKern, Jackie A.; Steelman, C. Dayton; Miller, Dini M.; Gold, Roger E. (July 2006).
1645:
2149:
2000:
Szalanski, Allen L.; Austin, James W.; McKern, Jackie A.; McCoy, Tim; Steelman, C. Dayton; Miller, Dini M. (October 2006).
2020:
1590:
1966:
1546:
904:
Bed bugs have five immature nymph life stages and a final sexually mature adult stage. They shed their skins through
615:
3050:
1358:
Cannet, Arnaud; Akhoundi, Mohammad; Berenger, Jean-Michel; Michel, Gregory; Marty, Pierre; Delaunay, Pascal (2015).
842:
extends past differential reproduction to affect sperm composition, sperm competition, and ejaculate size. Males of
888:
mounts another male, the mounted male releases the pheromone signal and the male on top stops before insemination.
593:
3141:
1815:"Bed bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) attraction to pitfall traps baited with carbon dioxide, heat, and chemical lure"
1415:
555:
Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) digitally colorized with skin-piercing mouthparts highlighted in purple and red
3063:
969:
696:
1822:
1461:
1981:
Polanco-Pinzón, Andrea; et al. (2009). "Survivorship and growth potential of modern bed bug populations (
916:
must molt six times before becoming fertile adults, and must consume at least one blood meal to complete each
3203:
3123:
649:, which have been modified into elongated shapes from a basic, ancestral style. The right and left maxillary
3236:
942:
658:
2699:
Ryne
Camille (2009). "Homosexual Interactions in Bed Bugs: Alarm Pheromones as Male Recognition Signals".
1360:"A review of data on laboratory colonies of bed bugs (Cimicidae), an insect of emerging medical relevance"
2980:
2967:
2258:
1784:
2985:
2744:
3190:
3151:
2751:
2421:
Ryne, C (2009). "Homosexual interactions in bed bugs: Alarm pheromones as male recognition signals".
2057:
2828:"Host Searching and Aggregation Activity of Recently Fed and Unfed Bed Bugs (Cimex Lectularius L.)"
711:
in bed bugs is based primarily on size, and males mount any freshly fed partner regardless of sex.
2664:
Mellanby
Kenneth (1939). "Fertilization and Egg Production in the Bed-bug, Cimex Lectularius L.".
1878:
1323:
Goddard, Jerome; Baker, Gerald T.; Ferrari, Flavia G.; Ferrari, Claudenir (June 2012). "Bed bugs (
59:
868:
female produces does not depend on the sperm she harbors, but on the female's nutritional level.
3177:
1455:
Olson, Joelle F.; Eaton, Marc; Kells, Stephen A.; Morin, Victor; Wang, Changlu (December 2013).
2920:
1814:
722:
683:
3102:
2283:
2174:
1239:
3172:
2777:
2607:"Male Mating Rate Is Constrained by Seminal Fluid Availability in Bedbugs, Cimex Lectularius"
1145:
522:
3164:
1864:
3019:
2618:
1498:
Benoit, Joshua B.; del Grosso, Nicholas A.; Yoder, Jay A.; Denlinger, David L. (May 2007).
1290:
766:
332:
2879:"Effect of Population Structure and Size on Aggregation Behavior Of(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)"
2271:
1196:
769:
structures called seminal conceptacles, with fertilisation eventually taking place at the
8:
1305:
2622:
1776:"Interactions among Carbon Dioxide, Heat, and Chemical Lures in Attracting the Bed Bug,
379:; however, when warm and active, their movements are more ant-like, and like most other
3231:
2854:
2827:
2716:
2681:
2641:
2606:
2554:
2542:
2511:
2499:
2438:
2395:
2370:
2343:
2318:
2219:
2194:
2179:
2131:
2080:
1930:
1898:
1847:
1741:
1386:
1364:
1359:
730:
54:
3159:
3006:
2900:
2859:
2783:
2646:
2546:
2503:
2400:
2348:
2275:
2224:
2123:
2119:
1935:
1906:
1839:
1733:
1729:
1678:
1625:
1527:
1480:
1391:
1256:
1200:
1183:
Reinhardt, Klaus; Siva-Jothy, Michael (2007). "Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae)".
1160:
1112:
708:
638:
487:
336:
309:
274:
230:
2720:
2685:
2558:
2515:
2442:
2135:
1851:
1745:
908:
at each stage, discarding their outer exoskeleton, which is a somewhat clear, empty
3226:
3011:
2890:
2849:
2839:
2708:
2673:
2636:
2626:
2585:
2538:
2495:
2430:
2390:
2382:
2338:
2330:
2267:
2214:
2206:
2115:
1925:
1915:
1831:
1793:
1725:
1517:
1470:
1381:
1373:
1340:
1268:
1192:
1102:
987:
Blood-fed stage (note differences in color with respect to digestion of blood meal)
929:
839:
650:
495:
456:
450:
422:
280:
237:
197:
169:
2876:
2712:
2434:
1706:
551:
2958:
2943:
2631:
2604:
2371:"Reducing a cost of traumatic insemination: female bedbugs evolve a unique organ"
2006:
L., (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Blood Meals With the Use of
Polymerase Chain Reaction"
678:
414:
355:
347:
162:
3128:
2804:
1705:
Anderson, J. F.; Ferrandino, F. J.; McKnight, S.; Nolen, J.; Miller, J. (2009).
3058:
3045:
2001:
1813:
Wang, Changlu; Gibb, Timothy; Bennett, Gary W.; McKnight, Susan (August 2009).
1652:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia). 2008
1598:
1377:
861:
533:
2677:
1522:
1499:
1272:
3220:
2972:
2106:
I. Thomas; G. G. Kihiczak; R. A. Schwartz (2004). "Bed bug bites: a review".
1563:
925:
574:
39:
2590:
2573:
573:
Bed bugs have mouth parts that saw through the skin, and inject saliva with
19:
This article is about the genus of insects. For the Cuban conglomerate, see
2904:
2863:
2844:
2650:
2404:
2386:
2352:
2334:
2319:"Costly traumatic insemination and a female counter-adaptation in bed bugs"
2279:
2228:
2210:
2127:
1939:
1920:
1843:
1737:
1531:
1484:
1395:
1204:
1116:
857:
738:
540:
323:
269:
2550:
2507:
1798:
1775:
1774:
Singh, Narinderpal; Wang, Changlu; Cooper, Richard; Liu, Chaofeng (2012).
1500:"Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bed bug,
1107:
1084:
3084:
2952:
2895:
2878:
1835:
909:
750:
734:
563:
376:
121:
2574:"In Vitro Antimicrobial Sperm Protection by an Ejaculate-like Substance"
2571:
1286:
3076:
2998:
1430:
1054:
758:
746:
704:
397:
to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and reproduction.
368:
2478:
Newberry, K. (July 1988). "Production of a hybrid between the bedbugs
1897:
Polanco, Andrea M.; Miller, Dini M.; Brewster, Carlyle C. (May 2011).
1457:"Cold Tolerance of Bed Bugs and Practical Recommendations for Control"
1429:(3/4). Berkeley, CA: Bio-Integral Resource Center: 1–8. Archived from
3089:
3032:
2368:
2192:
2105:
762:
646:
394:
390:
380:
372:
261:
131:
111:
91:
71:
2914:
2742:
1475:
1456:
1344:
303:
272:
that typically feed on the blood of birds and mammals. Two species,
3037:
2993:
2937:
917:
642:
601:
350:
are translucent, light in color at first, becoming browner as they
1650:
Australian
Biological Resources Study: Australian Faunal Directory
3198:
1504:, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence"
905:
793:
770:
742:
351:
289:
285:
1707:"A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bed bug,
695:
sexes until after mounting, but can do so before insemination.
2877:
Margie
Pfiester; Philip G. Koehler; Roberto M. Pereira (2009).
2825:
2195:"Intrasexual mounting in the beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.)"
2039:"Isolation and Characterization of Human DNA from the Bed Bug,
1704:
1244:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 551–. GGKEY:DRRHG5ZTPJ8.
757:
sperm are injected into the mesospermalege, a component of the
718:
700:
699:
found that bed bugs in contrast to most other insects tolerate
586:
101:
81:
3024:
2605:
Klaus
Reinhardt; Richard Naylor; Michael T Siva-Jothy (2011).
1544:
1497:
3185:
2036:
1222:"Cimicid Remains Found in Oregon Caves are Oldest Ever Found"
1082:
626:
383:, they emit a characteristic disagreeable odor when crushed.
20:
1579:(abstracted from a poster presentation in Prague, 19–22 Jul)
1357:
1965:(2). Society for Science and the Public: 88. Archived from
963:
On the right is recently sloughed skin from its nymph stage
1999:
1322:
604:
were reported to survive only two months without feeding.
2249:
Reinhardt, Klaus; Siva-Jothy, Michael T. (January 2007).
607:
1024:
aggregates under all life stages and mating conditions.
2316:
1886:. Vol. V11. The Thomas Say Foundation. p. 13.
1812:
618:
purposes in identifying on whom the bed bugs have fed.
1287:"Cimex hemipterus — Overview (Tropical Bed Bug)"
1255:
Simov, Nikolay; Ivanova, T.; Schunger, I. (May 2006).
335:
and can only be separated by microscopic examination.
2572:
Oliver Otti; Klaus
Reinhard; Aimee P McTighe (2013).
1896:
1241:
Treatise on Injurious and Beneficial Insects to Crops
1016:
833:
800:
to repel other males that attempt to mate with them.
703:
and are able to genetically withstand the effects of
657:
stylets. The stylets are retained in a groove in the
637:
pierces the skin of its host with a stylet fascicle,
1454:
1254:
753:
into the body cavity. In all bed bug species except
614:
for up to 90 days, which means they can be used for
499:, bat bug found in northern United States and Canada
404:
varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
2248:
1182:
2369:Reinhardt K.; Naylor R.; Siva-Jothy M. T. (2003).
2193:Harari A.; Brockman H. J.; Landholt P. J. (2000).
1773:
1351:
1228:. Entomological Society of America. April 7, 2017.
690:Since males are attracted to large body size, any
596:in 2009, newer generations of pesticide-resistant
2771:
2769:
1509:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
3218:
2663:
2364:
2362:
1880:Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera – Heteroptera)
1620:Mullen, Gary R.; Durden, Lance A. (8 May 2009).
1165:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2775:
2537:(3). The Royal Entomological Society: 293–296.
2528:
2494:(3). The Royal Entomological Society: 297–300.
2074:
2072:
2070:
1865:How do I know if I’ve been bitten by a bed bug?
1624:(Second ed.). Academic Press. p. 80.
491:, common bed bug with cosmopolitan distribution
2802:
2766:
2743:Xavier Bonnefoy; Helge Kampen; Kevin Sweeney.
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
1980:
2359:
1987:Conference Proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting
610:from human blood meals can be recovered from
581:Although under certain cool conditions adult
2698:
2067:
2050:Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology
2013:Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology
1619:
1538:
641:, or "beak". The rostrum is composed of the
2745:"Public Health Significance of Urban Pests"
2301:
2235:
2081:"Everything you need to know about bedbugs"
1946:
1890:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1178:
1176:
1094:Journal of the American Medical Association
1089:) and clinical consequences of their bites"
737:, but the male does not use this tract for
367:may be mistaken for other insects, such as
2150:"Insect Incest Produces Healthy Offspring"
1698:
1148:. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26
1142:Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet
38:
2894:
2853:
2843:
2640:
2630:
2589:
2457:"Scent of alarm identifies male bed bugs"
2394:
2342:
2218:
2078:
2043:L., (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) Blood Meals"
1929:
1919:
1797:
1613:
1521:
1474:
1385:
1106:
741:. Instead, the male pierces the female's
2826:Reis Matthew D., Miller Dini M. (2011).
2782:(Fourth ed.). Rastogi. p. 73.
2477:
1677:. University of Minnesota. p. 298.
1670:
1402:
1173:
1083:Jerome Goddard; Richard deShazo (2009).
1049:
1047:
677:
625:
550:
418:, bat bug found in Eastern United States
302:
2416:
2414:
1876:
1595:BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK)
1413:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1076:
3219:
2310:
2186:
1952:
1548:Efficacy of controlled atmospheres on
2919:
2918:
2805:"Catching the mother of all bed bugs"
2796:
2272:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913
2251:"Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae)"
2079:Nordqvist, Christian (20 July 2009).
1197:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913
1044:
621:
3204:51B142DF-163C-41B5-924B-55411D5782C8
3191:AF415575-19E6-481B-9665-910812F69175
3152:75962107-e10e-45c2-9ce7-1ef607b68719
3064:d9cd15ed-1062-47f5-bc50-13b2d7f08e33
2420:
2411:
2108:International Journal of Dermatology
1899:"Survivorship During Starvation for
1303:
1216:
1214:
1123:
483:, bat bug from Pacific North America
426:, bat bug from Pacific North America
326:and reduced to pad-like structures.
260:is a genus of insects in the family
1989:. Entomological Society of America.
1755:from the original on 16 August 2017
871:
821:
13:
2803:Coughlan, Sean (29 January 2014).
2543:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00198.x
2500:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00199.x
2375:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2323:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2317:Morrow E. H.; Arnqvist G. (2003).
2199:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2002:"Time Course Analysis of Bed Bug,
1597:. bioimages.org.uk. Archived from
1588:
1552:(L.) (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) and
1017:Aggregation and dispersal behavior
834:Sperm and seminal fluid allocation
592:At the 57th annual meeting of the
14:
3248:
2531:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
2488:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
2026:from the original on 17 May 2011.
1955:"Do-it-yourself bed-bug detector"
1953:Milius, Susan (16 January 2010).
1718:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1622:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1211:
1133:Jones, Susan C.; Jordan, Kyle K.
992:
932:has shown that a single pregnant
850:
546:
2120:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02115.x
1730:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00790.x
980:
968:
956:
941:
594:Entomological Society of America
58:
2870:
2819:
2736:
2727:
2692:
2657:
2598:
2565:
2522:
2471:
2459:. Science News. 29 October 2009
2449:
2167:
2142:
2099:
2087:. MediLexicon International Ltd
2030:
1993:
1870:
1858:
1806:
1767:
1664:
1638:
1582:
1491:
1448:
1414:Quarles, William (March 2007).
1316:
697:North Carolina State University
673:
1823:Journal of Economic Entomology
1462:Journal of Economic Entomology
1331:species): A confusing issue".
1297:
1279:
1248:
1232:
899:
780:alarm pheromone" consists of (
298:
1:
2883:Journal of Medical Entomology
2713:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.033
2435:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.033
1037:
2632:10.1371/journal.pone.0022082
528:The thermal death point for
7:
2259:Annual Review of Entomology
2056:(3): 189–94. Archived from
1877:Usinger, Robert L. (1966).
1333:Outlooks on Pest Management
1185:Annual Review of Entomology
407:
10:
3253:
2776:Shukla; Upadhyaya (2009).
1780:L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)"
1306:"Cimex pilosellus bat bug"
684:traumatically inseminating
511:
18:
2927:
2752:World Health Organization
2678:10.1017/s0031182000012750
1985:) in the United States".
1523:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.987
1273:10.11646/zootaxa.1190.1.3
158:
153:
55:Scientific classification
53:
46:
37:
30:
1674:Integument of Arthropods
1378:10.1051/parasite/2015021
1327:) and bat bugs (several
912:of the bugs themselves.
475:, bat bug found in Japan
441:, infesting pigeon nests
2591:10.1111/1365-2435.12025
1867:, In: cdc.gov/parasites
1671:Richards, Luck (1999).
1556:Fab. (Acari: Argasidae)
2845:10.3390/insects2020186
2387:10.1098/rspb.2003.2515
2335:10.1098/rspb.2003.2514
2211:10.1098/rspb.2000.1251
1921:10.3390/insects2020232
1591:"Cimicidae (bed bugs)"
1416:"Bed Bugs Bounce Back"
733:that functions during
723:traumatic insemination
687:
631:
556:
314:
3173:Paleobiology Database
1146:Ohio State University
1108:10.1001/jama.2009.405
975:Nymph feeding on host
681:
629:
554:
523:desiccation tolerance
306:
3059:Fauna Europaea (new)
2896:10.1603/033.046.0506
2154:Laboratory Equipment
2063:on 26 February 2017.
1836:10.1603/029.102.0423
1310:Animal Diversity Web
1291:Encyclopedia of Life
755:Primicimex cavernis,
3237:Cimicomorpha genera
2623:2011PLoSO...622082R
2381:(1531): 2371–2375.
2329:(1531): 2377–2381.
2205:(1457): 2071–2079.
1799:10.1155/2012/273613
1436:on 11 November 2013
1304:Mishulin, Aleksey.
1031:C. lectularius
1011:C. lectularius
950:C. lectularius
894:C. lectularius
886:C. lectularius
866:C. lectularius
844:C. lectularius
804:C. lectularius
598:C. lectularius
530:C. lectularius
518:C. lectularius
449:, bat bug from the
341:C. lectularius
2578:Functional Ecology
2180:The New York Times
2175:This Bedbug's Life
2085:Medical News Today
1646:"Family CIMICIDAE"
1569:on 26 October 2010
808:C. hemipterus
739:sperm insemination
731:reproductive tract
688:
632:
622:Feeding physiology
557:
507:, European bat bug
460:, tropical bed bug
315:
307:An adult bed bug (
16:Genus of true bugs
3214:
3213:
3160:Open Tree of Life
2921:Taxon identifiers
2789:978-81-7133-876-4
2484:Cimex lectularius
2041:Cimex lectularius
2004:Cimex lectularius
1983:Cimex lectularius
1901:Cimex lectularius
1778:Cimex lectularius
1709:Cimex lectularius
1684:978-0-8166-0073-1
1631:978-0-12-372500-4
1601:on 14 August 2010
1589:Storey, Malcolm.
1550:Cimex lectularius
1502:Cimex lectularius
1325:Cimex lectularius
1101:(13): 1358–1366.
1087:Cimex lectularius
1022:Cimex lectularius
998:Cimex lectularius
827:Cimex lectularius
709:sexual attraction
504:Cimex pipistrelli
488:Cimex lectularius
465:Cimex incrassatus
446:Cimex emarginatus
438:Cimex columbarius
337:Sexual dimorphism
310:Cimex lectularius
275:Cimex lectularius
253:
252:
245:Cimex pipistrelli
231:Cimex lectularius
210:Cimex incrassatus
191:Cimex emarginatus
184:Cimex columbarius
149:
48:Cimex lectularius
3244:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3129:NHMSYS0020309084
3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2779:Economic Zoology
2773:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2701:Animal Behaviour
2696:
2690:
2689:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2480:Cimex hemipterus
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2429:(6): 1471–1475.
2423:Animal Behaviour
2418:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2282:. Archived from
2255:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:, 7 August 2010.
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2076:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1715:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1423:IPM Practitioner
1420:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:Entomology Today
1218:
1209:
1208:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1051:
984:
972:
960:
945:
930:Genetic analysis
872:Alarm pheromones
840:sexual selection
822:Sperm protection
812:Cimex hemipterus
496:Cimex pilosellus
480:Cimex latipennis
457:Cimex hemipterus
451:Balkan Peninsula
423:Cimex antennatus
400:The lifespan of
281:Cimex hemipterus
238:Cimex pilosellus
224:Cimex latipennis
198:Cimex hemipterus
170:Cimex antennatus
147:
63:
62:
42:
28:
27:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2889:(5): 1015–020.
2875:
2871:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2774:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2707:(6): 1471–475.
2697:
2693:
2662:
2658:
2603:
2599:
2570:
2566:
2527:
2523:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2419:
2412:
2367:
2360:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2068:
2060:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2008:
1998:
1994:
1972:
1970:
1969:on 10 June 2010
1951:
1947:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1496:
1492:
1476:10.1603/EC13032
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1356:
1352:
1345:10.1564/23jun09
1321:
1317:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1267:(1190): 59–68.
1253:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1181:
1174:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1019:
995:
988:
985:
976:
973:
964:
961:
952:
946:
902:
874:
853:
836:
824:
676:
624:
562:are obligatory
549:
514:
472:Cimex japonicus
415:Cimex adjunctus
410:
301:
284:, are known as
217:Cimex japonicus
163:Cimex adjunctus
146:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3046:Fauna Europaea
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2949:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2869:
2818:
2795:
2788:
2765:
2735:
2726:
2691:
2656:
2597:
2564:
2521:
2470:
2448:
2410:
2358:
2309:
2300:
2289:on 5 July 2010
2266:(1): 351–374.
2234:
2185:
2166:
2141:
2114:(6): 430–433.
2098:
2066:
2029:
1992:
1945:
1889:
1869:
1857:
1805:
1766:
1697:
1683:
1663:
1637:
1630:
1612:
1581:
1554:Argas reflexus
1537:
1490:
1469:(6): 2433–41.
1447:
1401:
1350:
1339:(3): 125–127.
1315:
1296:
1278:
1247:
1231:
1210:
1172:
1122:
1075:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1018:
1015:
994:
993:Host searching
991:
990:
989:
986:
979:
977:
974:
967:
965:
962:
955:
953:
947:
940:
901:
898:
878:C. lectularius
873:
870:
862:corpus allatum
852:
851:Egg production
849:
838:In organisms,
835:
832:
823:
820:
675:
672:
623:
620:
575:anticoagulants
548:
547:Feeding habits
545:
534:carbon dioxide
513:
510:
509:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
461:
453:
442:
434:
427:
419:
409:
406:
377:carpet beetles
346:Newly hatched
300:
297:
251:
250:
249:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
194:
187:
180:
173:
166:
156:
155:
151:
150:
148:Linnaeus, 1758
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3249:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2838:(4): 186–94.
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2770:
2754:. p. 136
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2587:
2584:(1): 219–26.
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2022:
2019:(4): 237–41.
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1914:(4): 232–42.
1913:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(4): 1580–5.
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(2): 99–105.
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1516:(5): 987–93.
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
983:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
951:
944:
939:
938:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:ectoparasites
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
897:
895:
889:
887:
883:
879:
869:
867:
863:
859:
848:
845:
841:
831:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
767:sperm storage
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
685:
682:Male bed bug
680:
671:
668:
662:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
579:
576:
571:
569:
565:
564:hematophagous
561:
553:
544:
542:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
519:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
411:
405:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
354:and approach
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
325:
320:
312:
311:
305:
296:
293:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:ectoparasites
267:
263:
259:
258:
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:
235:
233:
232:
228:
226:
225:
221:
219:
218:
214:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:C. rotundatus
200:
199:
195:
193:
192:
188:
186:
185:
181:
179:
178:
174:
172:
171:
167:
165:
164:
160:
159:
157:
152:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2928:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2798:
2778:
2756:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2669:
2666:Parasitology
2665:
2659:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2451:
2426:
2422:
2378:
2374:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2284:the original
2263:
2257:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2156:. 2011-12-08
2153:
2144:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2058:the original
2053:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1962:
1959:Science News
1958:
1948:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1879:
1872:
1860:
1827:
1821:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1721:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1673:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1594:
1584:
1571:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1426:
1422:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1299:
1281:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1188:
1184:
1150:. Retrieved
1141:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1063:BugGuide.net
1062:
1056:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
996:
949:
933:
922:
913:
903:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
875:
865:
858:stridulation
854:
843:
837:
826:
825:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
789:
781:
777:
775:
754:
726:
715:
713:
691:
689:
674:Reproduction
666:
663:
655:
634:
633:
611:
606:
597:
591:
582:
580:
572:
567:
559:
558:
541:chlorpyrifos
538:
529:
527:
517:
516:Research on
515:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
463:
455:
444:
436:
431:Cimex brevis
429:
421:
413:
401:
399:
386:
385:
364:
359:
345:
340:
327:
318:
316:
308:
294:
279:
273:
268:species are
265:
256:
255:
254:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
202:
196:
189:
182:
177:Cimex brevis
175:
168:
161:
142:
141:
47:
31:
25:
3085:iNaturalist
2953:Wikispecies
2463:11 November
1191:: 351–374.
1085:"Bed bugs (
910:exoskeleton
900:Life stages
816:lectularius
765:(blood) to
735:oviposition
630:Rostrum tip
373:cockroaches
299:Description
122:Heteroptera
3221:Categories
2811:29 January
2758:1 December
2672:(2): 193.
2617:(7): 1–8.
2160:2017-05-17
1690:1 December
1152:2017-01-04
1135:"Bat Bugs"
1068:24 October
1038:References
763:haemolymph
759:spermalege
751:ejaculates
749:penis and
747:hypodermic
729:possess a
705:inbreeding
395:kairomones
391:pheromones
339:occurs in
333:morphology
118:Suborder:
92:Arthropoda
3232:Cimicidae
2944:Q10452938
948:Slide of
745:with his
725:. Female
647:mandibles
381:true bugs
324:vestigial
262:Cimicidae
132:Cimicidae
112:Hemiptera
78:Kingdom:
72:Eukaryota
2994:BugGuide
2938:Wikidata
2905:19769030
2864:26467621
2721:54372030
2686:85070218
2651:21779378
2611:PLOS ONE
2559:22403677
2516:33446372
2443:54372030
2405:14667353
2353:14667354
2280:16968204
2229:11416911
2136:34283783
2128:15186224
2021:Archived
1940:26467625
1852:23502680
1844:19736771
1750:Archived
1746:19294476
1738:19499616
1532:17488928
1485:24498745
1396:26091944
1365:Parasite
1205:16968204
1161:cite web
1117:19336711
686:a female
643:maxillae
616:forensic
602:Virginia
408:Taxonomy
371:, small
369:booklice
356:maturity
290:bat bugs
286:bed bugs
154:Species
128:Family:
88:Phylum:
82:Animalia
68:Domain:
3227:Bed bug
3199:ZooBank
3103:1056305
3077:2007745
2855:4553457
2832:Insects
2642:3136940
2619:Bibcode
2551:2980185
2508:2980186
2396:1691512
2344:1691516
2220:1690776
1931:4553461
1907:Insects
1792:: 1–9.
1387:4475256
1261:Zootaxa
906:ecdysis
794:hexenal
786:octenal
771:ovaries
743:abdomen
651:stylets
639:rostrum
587:instars
512:Biology
138:Genus:
108:Order:
102:Insecta
98:Class:
3178:302883
3165:691092
3149:NZOR:
3116:107053
3051:219852
3038:1CIMXG
2903:
2862:
2852:
2786:
2719:
2684:
2649:
2639:
2557:
2549:
2514:
2506:
2441:
2403:
2393:
2351:
2341:
2293:26 May
2278:
2227:
2217:
2134:
2126:
2091:27 May
1979:citing
1973:27 May
1938:
1928:
1850:
1842:
1785:Psyche
1759:27 May
1744:
1736:
1681:
1656:27 May
1628:
1605:27 May
1573:31 May
1530:
1483:
1440:27 May
1394:
1384:
1372:: 21.
1203:
1115:
701:incest
659:labium
578:line.
348:nymphs
317:Adult
3186:Plazi
3142:30079
3098:IRMNG
3090:69660
3025:74563
3012:7NSX3
2999:15473
2986:88653
2973:Cimex
2959:Cimex
2929:Cimex
2807:. BBC
2748:(PDF)
2717:S2CID
2682:S2CID
2555:S2CID
2512:S2CID
2439:S2CID
2287:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2132:S2CID
2061:(PDF)
2046:(PDF)
2024:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1848:S2CID
1818:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1742:S2CID
1714:(PDF)
1567:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1434:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1329:Cimex
1138:(PDF)
1057:Cimex
1026:Cimex
1007:Cimex
1002:Cimex
934:Cimex
914:Cimex
882:Cimex
798:Cimex
788:and (
778:Cimex
776:The "
727:Cimex
716:Cimex
692:Cimex
667:Cimex
635:Cimex
612:Cimex
583:Cimex
568:Cimex
560:Cimex
402:Cimex
387:Cimex
375:, or
365:Cimex
360:Cimex
352:moult
328:Cimex
319:Cimex
266:Cimex
257:Cimex
143:Cimex
32:Cimex
21:CIMEX
3137:NCBI
3111:ITIS
3072:GBIF
3033:EPPO
2981:BOLD
2901:PMID
2860:PMID
2813:2014
2784:ISBN
2760:2016
2647:PMID
2547:PMID
2504:PMID
2482:and
2465:2013
2401:PMID
2349:PMID
2295:2010
2276:PMID
2225:PMID
2124:PMID
2093:2010
1975:2010
1936:PMID
1840:PMID
1790:2012
1761:2010
1734:PMID
1692:2016
1679:ISBN
1658:2010
1626:ISBN
1607:2010
1575:2010
1528:PMID
1481:PMID
1442:2010
1392:PMID
1265:1190
1201:PMID
1167:link
1113:PMID
1070:2018
918:molt
806:and
792:)-2-
784:)-2-
719:mate
714:All
645:and
393:and
389:use
358:. A
278:and
3124:NBN
3020:EoL
3007:CoL
2968:AFD
2891:doi
2850:PMC
2840:doi
2709:doi
2674:doi
2637:PMC
2627:doi
2586:doi
2539:doi
2496:doi
2486:".
2431:doi
2391:PMC
2383:doi
2379:270
2339:PMC
2331:doi
2327:270
2268:doi
2215:PMC
2207:doi
2203:267
2177:",
2116:doi
1963:177
1926:PMC
1916:doi
1903:L."
1832:doi
1828:102
1794:doi
1726:doi
1518:doi
1471:doi
1467:106
1382:PMC
1374:doi
1341:doi
1269:doi
1193:doi
1103:doi
1099:301
876:In
721:by
608:DNA
600:in
3223::
3201::
3188::
3175::
3162::
3139::
3126::
3113::
3100::
3087::
3074::
3061::
3048::
3035::
3022::
3009::
2996::
2983::
2970::
2955::
2940::
2899:.
2887:46
2885:.
2881:.
2858:.
2848:.
2834:.
2830:.
2768:^
2750:.
2715:.
2705:78
2703:.
2680:.
2670:31
2668:.
2645:.
2635:.
2625:.
2613:.
2609:.
2582:27
2580:.
2576:.
2553:.
2545:.
2533:.
2510:.
2502:.
2490:.
2437:.
2427:78
2425:.
2413:^
2399:.
2389:.
2377:.
2373:.
2361:^
2347:.
2337:.
2325:.
2321:.
2274:.
2264:52
2262:.
2256:.
2237:^
2223:.
2213:.
2201:.
2197:.
2152:.
2130:.
2122:.
2112:43
2110:.
2083:.
2069:^
2054:23
2052:.
2048:.
2017:23
2015:.
2011:.
1961:.
1957:.
1934:.
1924:.
1910:.
1846:.
1838:.
1826:.
1820:.
1788:.
1782:.
1748:.
1740:.
1732:.
1722:23
1720:.
1716:.
1648:.
1593:.
1526:.
1514:76
1512:.
1506:.
1479:.
1465:.
1459:.
1427:24
1425:.
1421:.
1404:^
1390:.
1380:.
1370:22
1368:.
1362:.
1337:23
1335:.
1308:.
1289:.
1263:.
1259:.
1224:.
1213:^
1199:.
1189:52
1187:.
1175:^
1163:}}
1159:{{
1144:.
1140:.
1125:^
1111:.
1097:.
1091:.
1061:.
1046:^
920:.
896:.
818:.
814:×
773:.
543:.
292:.
264:.
2907:.
2893::
2866:.
2842::
2836:2
2815:.
2792:.
2762:.
2723:.
2711::
2688:.
2676::
2653:.
2629::
2621::
2615:6
2594:.
2588::
2561:.
2541::
2535:2
2518:.
2498::
2492:2
2467:.
2445:.
2433::
2407:.
2385::
2355:.
2333::
2297:.
2270::
2231:.
2209::
2173:"
2163:.
2138:.
2118::
2095:.
1977:.
1942:.
1918::
1912:2
1854:.
1834::
1802:.
1796::
1763:.
1728::
1711:"
1694:.
1660:.
1634:.
1609:.
1577:.
1534:.
1520::
1487:.
1473::
1444:.
1398:.
1376::
1347:.
1343::
1312:.
1293:.
1275:.
1271::
1207:.
1195::
1169:)
1155:.
1119:.
1105::
1072:.
1059:"
1055:"
790:E
782:E
313:)
205:)
201:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
