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conquered quite diverse locations, ranging from hospitals and hotels, to trains, cruise ships and even airplanes. Most commonly, bed bugs travel as stowaways in luggage, although they can be transferred via furnishing and other belongings, as well by spreading to adjoining properties. Since there are no mandatory reporting requirements, exact figures on the occurrence of bed bugs are unknown and, due to the stigma often associated, many infestations are simply not reported.
273:
within harborages where the insects rest between blood meals and spend virtually all of their time: although parasitic, they do not reside on their hosts and only contact them briefly for blood meals. Eggs typically hatch within 10 days at room temperature, but become non-viable below 14 °C (57 °F).
277:
goes through five immature life stages that each require a blood meal to develop and move on to the next stage. The life cycle occurs more rapidly at warmer temperatures, and more slowly at lower ones. Once the egg hatches, the larval form must take one blood meal per week as it completes each of its
272:
If feeding regularly, a female bed bug can lay between two and three eggs per day throughout her adult lifetime, which may last several months, allowing one female to produce hundreds of offspring under optimal conditions. The tiny (<1 mm) yellowish-white eggs are vase-shaped and are laid
263:
is found all over the world in almost every area that has been settled by humans. In the past, bed bugs were particularly an affliction of the poor and occurred in mass shelters. However, in the early part of the modern resurgence it was the tourist areas that were impacted. Today, bed bugs have
282:
typically feed on hosts when they are asleep, they tend to feed exclusively on humans, and are obligate blood feeders. Newly hatched nymphs must consume a blood meal within two to three days or will die of starvation, whereas an adult can live for as long as six months between feedings.
278:
five to six molts. Once it completes the final molt, it will have reached the adult stage and can reproduce. Meals take several minutes to consume, and occur only under the correct conditions: darkness, warmth, and carbon dioxide.
204:
Although bed bugs can be infected with at least 28 human pathogens, no studies have found that the insects are capable of transmitting any of these to humans. They have been found with
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252:
may lead to a range of skin manifestations from no visible effects to prominent blisters. Effects include skin rashes, psychological effects, and allergic symptoms.
881:
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have not shown that bed bugs can spread these diseases. However, there is some evidence that
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Onstad, David W.; Knolhoff, Lisa M., eds. (2022). "5 – Resistance in ectoparasites".
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201:. Its primary hosts are humans, and it is one of the world's major "nuisance pests."
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Doggett SL, Russell R (November 2009). "Bed bugs – What the GP needs to know".
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New and Future
Development in Biopesticide Research: Biotechnological Exploration
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Kolb, Adam; Needham, Glen R.; Neyman, Kimberly M.; High, Whitney A. (2009).
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De Mandal, Surajit; Ramkumar, G.; Karthi, S.; Jin, Fengliang, eds. (2022).
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Insect
Resistance Management : Biology, Economics, and Prediction
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451:"Bed bugs and infectious disease: a case for the arboviruses"
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401:"Study: Bedbugs May Carry MRSA; Germ Transmission Unclear"
581:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 90–91.
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551:
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218:(VRE), but the significance of this is still unknown.
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Rahlenbeck S, Utikal J, Doggett SL (September 2016).
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575:Nicholas Burgess; G.O. Cowan (6 December 2012).
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554:"On the rise worldwide: Bed Bugs and Cimicosis"
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500:James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006).
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221:Investigations into potential transmission of
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476:
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197:, or the common bed bug, is a species of
558:British Journal of Medical Practitioners
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988:DA4C5072-A23E-447B-9C1D-5E72309333F6
949:5d10df3a-0a15-48f6-9534-480757b864c9
848:276fcc34-8b3e-45fc-8474-ec6b2d20f4ec
578:A Colour Atlas of Medical Entomology
13:
297:evolved resistance to insecticides
14:
1042:
428:"Do Bedbugs Spread MRSA and VRE?"
399:Melnick, Meredith (12 May 2011).
606:(3 ed.). pp. 135–189.
369:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x
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442:
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1:
336:
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468:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003462
319:voltage gated sodium channel
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1026:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
256:Occurrence and distribution
10:
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327:dose–response relationship
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648:10.1007/978-981-16-3989-0
161:
154:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
449:Adelman, ZN (Aug 2013).
430:. Webmd.com. 11 May 2011
612:10.1016/C2020-0-00002-2
329:of resistance to L925I
305:deltamethrin resistance
1021:Bugs described in 1758
245:may be transmissible.
206:methicillin-resistant
189:
504:. Saunders Elsevier.
213:vancomycin-resistant
208:Staphylococcus aureus
187:
1011:Cosmopolitan insects
843:Fauna Europaea (new)
356:Dermatologic Therapy
215:Enterococcus faecium
147:C. lectularius
16:Species of true bug
527:Aust Fam Physician
190:
998:
997:
970:Open Tree of Life
734:Cimex_lectularius
720:Cimex lectularius
690:Cimex lectularius
682:Taxon identifiers
657:978-981-16-3988-3
588:978-94-011-1548-3
511:978-0-7216-2921-6
275:Cimex lectularius
261:Cimex lectularius
248:Bed bug bites or
194:Cimex lectularius
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165:Cimex lectularius
25:Cimex lectularius
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978:
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211:(MRSA) and with
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642:. p. 245.
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461:(8): e1003462.
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533:(11): 880–4.
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432:. Retrieved
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410:. Retrieved
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325:also find a
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24:
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908:NatureServe
869:iNaturalist
714:Wikispecies
434:11 November
412:11 November
331:copy number
293:populations
243:arboviruses
239:hepatitis E
235:hepatitis C
231:hepatitis B
113:Heteroptera
1005:Categories
564:(3): e921.
337:References
287:Resistance
268:Life cycle
109:Suborder:
83:Arthropoda
1016:Cimicidae
666:248508715
386:221648188
352:"Bedbugs"
317:– of the
250:cimicosis
199:Cimicidae
141:Species:
123:Cimicidae
103:Hemiptera
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
913:2.115205
887:10586909
765:BugGuide
741:BioLib:
699:Wikidata
539:19893834
487:23966852
378:19580578
321:. Seong
299:. Seong
172:Linnaeus
119:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1031:Bed bug
983:ZooBank
861:2021062
705:Q940337
478:3744395
129:Genus:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
975:257326
946:NZOR:
900:107058
835:452698
822:246282
809:CIMXLE
796:610210
664:
654:
618:
585:
537:
508:
485:
475:
384:
376:
323:et al.
309:allele
301:et al.
237:, and
40:Adult
962:25244
939:79782
882:IRMNG
874:69658
817:EUNIS
783:7SBMG
770:15475
757:88654
744:72363
662:S2CID
382:S2CID
314:L925I
295:have
291:Some
188:Adult
134:Cimex
934:NCBI
895:ITIS
856:GBIF
804:EPPO
752:BOLD
652:ISBN
616:ISBN
583:ISBN
535:PMID
506:ISBN
483:PMID
436:2013
414:2013
406:Time
374:PMID
227:MRSA
176:1758
921:NBN
791:EoL
778:CoL
729:AFD
644:doi
608:doi
473:PMC
463:doi
364:doi
223:HIV
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660:.
650:.
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311:–
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366::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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