1038:
452:
314:
414:
4352:
4363:
146:
50:
248:
91:
614:
computer monitor than in an 8×10 print of the same original image viewed at the same distance. If the image is to be viewed only on a low-resolution device, a larger CoC may be appropriate; however, if the image may also be viewed in a high-resolution medium such as a print, the criteria discussed above will govern.
1072:
2258:) takes a similar approach based on a visual acuity of one minute of arc, and chooses a circle of confusion of 0.025 cm for viewing at 40–50 cm, essentially making the same factor-of-two error in metric units. It is unclear whether Abney or Dallmeyer was earlier to set the CoC standard thereby.
2114:
This spherical aberration produces an indistinctness of vision, by spreading out every mathematical point of the object into a small spot in its picture; which spots, by mixing with each other, confuse the whole. The diameter of this circle of confusion, at the focus of the central rays F, over which
556:
Enlargement from the original image to the final image. If there is no enlargement (e.g., a contact print of an 8×10 original image), the CoC for the original image is the same as that in the final image. But if, for example, the long dimension of a 35 mm original image is enlarged to 25 cm
495:
In idealized ray optics, where rays are assumed to converge to a point when perfectly focused, the shape of a defocus blur spot from a lens with a circular aperture is a hard-edged circle of light. A more general blur spot has soft edges due to diffraction and aberrations, and may be non-circular due
2278:
To find how quickly a shutter must act to take an object in motion that there may be a circle of confusion less than 1/100 in. in diameter, divide the distance of the object by 100 times the focus of the lens, and divide the rapidity of motion of object in inches per second by the results, when
2245:
and when the circles of confusion are sufficiently small the eye fails to see them as such; they are then seen as points only, and the picture appears sharp. At the ordinary distance of vision, of from twelve to fifteen inches, circles of confusion are seen as points, if the angle subtended by them
2236:
Thus every point in an object out of focus is represented in the picture by a disc, or circle of confusion, the size of which is proportionate to the aperture in relation to the focus of the lens employed. If a point in the object is 1/100 of an inch out of focus, it will be represented by a circle
605:
However, images seldom are viewed at the so-called 'correct' distance; the viewer usually does not know the focal length of the taking lens, and the "correct" distance may be uncomfortably short or long. Consequently, criteria based on lens focal length have generally given way to criteria (such as
439:
rather than points; the greater the distance an object is from the plane of focus, the greater the size of the blur spot. Such a blur spot has the same shape as the lens aperture, but for simplicity, is usually treated as if it were circular. In practice, objects at considerably different distances
1079:
To calculate the diameter of the circle of confusion in the image plane for an out-of-focus subject, one method is to first calculate the diameter of the blur circle in a virtual image in the object plane, which is simply done using similar triangles, and then multiply by the magnification of the
598:
is the lens focal length. For a 50 mm lens on full-frame 35 mm format, the corresponding CoC is 0.0291 mm. This criterion evidently assumed that a final image would be viewed at perspective-correct distance (i.e., the angle of view would be the same as that of the original image):
575:
Since the final-image size is not usually known at the time of taking a photograph, it is common to assume a standard size such as 25 cm width, along with a conventional final-image CoC of 0.2 mm, which is 1/1250 of the image width. Conventions in terms of the diagonal measure are also
562:
The common values for CoC limit may not be applicable if reproduction or viewing conditions differ significantly from those assumed in determining those values. If the original image will be given greater enlargement, or viewed at a closer distance, then a smaller CoC will be required. All three
613:
If an image is viewed on a low-resolution display medium such as a computer monitor, the detectability of blur will be limited by the display medium rather than by human vision. For example, the optical blur will be more difficult to detect in an 8 in × 10 in image displayed on a
552:
is 8.5 in × 11 in, 216 mm × 279 mm). It often may be reasonable to assume that, for whole-image viewing, a final image larger than 8 in × 10 in will be viewed at a distance correspondingly greater than 25 cm, and for which a larger CoC may be
539:
Viewing conditions. If the final image is viewed at approximately 25 cm, a final-image CoC of 0.2 mm often is appropriate. A comfortable viewing distance is also one at which the angle of view is approximately 60°; at a distance of 25 cm, this corresponds to about 30 cm,
553:
acceptable; the original-image CoC is then the same as that determined from the standard final-image size and viewing distance. But if the larger final image will be viewed at the normal distance of 25 cm, a smaller original-image CoC will be needed to provide acceptable sharpness.
520:) is often defined as the largest blur spot that will still be perceived by the human eye as a point, when viewed on a final image from a standard viewing distance. The CoC limit can be specified on a final image (e.g. a print) or on the original image (on film or image sensor).
1022:, an increase in one is equivalent to a corresponding decrease in the other. For example, if it is known that a lens DoF scale is based on a CoC of 0.035 mm, and the actual conditions require a CoC of 0.025 mm, the CoC must be decreased by a factor of
998:
583:/1500, or 0.029 mm for full-frame 35 mm format, which corresponds to resolving 5 lines per millimeter on a print of 30 cm diagonal. Values of 0.030 mm and 0.033 mm are also common for full-frame 35 mm format.
2115:
every point is spread, will be L K (fig. 17.); and when the aperture of the reflector is moderate it equals the cube of the aperture, divided by the square of the radius (...): this circle is called the aberration of latitude.
1745:
1611:
576:
commonly used. The DoF computed using these conventions will need to be adjusted if the original image is cropped before enlarging to the final image size, or if the size and viewing assumptions are altered.
2044:
1372:
1026:; this can be accomplished by increasing the f-number determined from the DoF scale by the same factor, or about 1 stop, so the lens can simply be closed down 1 stop from the value indicated on the scale.
1939:
569:
For example, to support a final-image resolution equivalent to 5 lp/mm for a 25 cm viewing distance when the anticipated viewing distance is 50 cm and the anticipated enlargement is 8:
1854:
1188:
1447:
889:
466:
For describing the blur spot achieved by a lens, at its best focus or more generally. Recognizing that real lenses do not focus all rays perfectly under even the best conditions, the term
444:(DoF). The common criterion for "acceptable sharpness" in the final image (e.g., print, projection screen, or electronic display) is that the blur spot be indistinguishable from a point.
1288:
1503:
490:
of a lens determine the circle of least confusion; the more general usage of 'circle of confusion' for out-of-focus points can be computed purely in terms of ray (geometric) optics.
2174:
395:
all rays perfectly, so that even at best focus, a point is imaged as a spot rather than a point. The smallest such spot that a lens can produce is often referred to as the
2250:
Numerically, 1/100 inch at 12–15 inches is closer to two minutes of arc. This choice of CoC limit remains (for a large print) the most widely used even today.
1229:
429:
For describing the largest blur spot that is indistinguishable from a point. A lens can precisely focus objects at only one distance; objects at other distances are
629:
to achieve the same DoF, and if the lens is stopped down sufficiently far, the reduction in defocus blur is offset by the increased blur from diffraction. See the
470:
is often used for the smallest blur spot a lens can make, for example by picking a best focus position that makes a good compromise between the varying effective
2232:(in material that is not in the 1874 edition and appears to have been added from a paper by J.H.D. "On the Use of Diaphragms or Stops" of unknown date), says:
1633:
496:
to the aperture shape. Therefore, the diameter concept needs to be carefully defined in order to be meaningful. Suitable definitions often use the concept of
500:, the fraction of the total optical energy of the spot that is within the specified diameter. Values of the fraction (e.g., 80%, 90%) vary with application.
880:
The f-number determined from a lens DoF scale can be adjusted to reflect a CoC different from the one on which the DoF scale is based. It is shown in the
4320:
1858:
If either the focus distance or the out-of-focus subject distance is infinite, the equations can be evaluated in the limit. For infinite focus distance:
1512:
2132:, p. 138) calculation of a circle-of-confusion diameter from a subject distance, for a lens focused at infinity; this article was pointed out by
1948:
4262:
1306:
109:
566:
CoC (in mm) = (viewing distance (in cm) / 25 cm ) / (desired final-image resolution in lp/mm for a 25 cm viewing distance) / enlargement
1863:
2608:
Ray, Sidney F. (2000). "The geometry of image formation". In Ralph E. Jacobson; Sidney F. Ray; Geoffrey G. Atteridge; Norman R. Axford (eds.).
557:(10 inches), the enlargement factor is approximately 7, and the CoC for the original image is 0.2 mm / 7, or 0.029 mm.
2489:" is a common format for digital SLRs. Dimensions vary slightly among different manufacturers; for example, Canon’s APS-C format is nominally
2648:
2468:
The frame size is an average of cameras that take photographs of this format. For example, not all 6×7 cameras take frames that are exactly
523:
With this definition, the CoC limit in the original image (the image on the film or electronic sensor) can be set based on several factors:
4310:
4257:
1777:
4037:
1114:
2294:
1381:
17:
210:
2907:
2069:
Before it was applied to photography, the concept of circle of confusion was applied to optical instruments such as telescopes.
182:
2241:
This latter statement is clearly incorrect, or misstated, being off by a factor of focal distance (focal length). He goes on:
1242:
3013:
2765:
2385:
1456:
4315:
2304:
671:
189:
163:
63:
4252:
3799:
2052:
value is fixed as a circle of confusion diameter limit, either of these can be solved for subject distance to get the
579:
For full-frame 35 mm format (24 mm × 36 mm, 43 mm diagonal), a widely used CoC limit is
4008:
2638:
2617:
2598:
298:
229:
196:
127:
77:
2141:
1757:. More complex lens designs with a non-unity pupil magnification will need a more complex analysis, as addressed in
3975:
4388:
4294:
4272:
3761:
2587:
The INs and OUTs of FOCUS: An
Alternative Way to Estimate Depth-of-Field and Sharpness in the Photographic Image
258:
178:
3940:
3428:
3215:
2509:. Exact dimensions sometimes vary slightly among models with the same nominal format from a given manufacturer.
167:
3849:
3781:
3534:
3061:
1201:
475:
440:
from the camera can still appear sharp; the range of object distances over which objects appear sharp is the
586:
Criteria relating CoC to the lens focal length have also been used. Kodak recommended 2 minutes of arc (the
4282:
4277:
4393:
4287:
3559:
3066:
2136:. The formula he comes up with for what he terms "the indistinctness" is equivalent, in modern terms, to
482:
is applied more generally, to the size of the out-of-focus spot to which a lens images an object point.
4013:
3701:
3604:
2902:
2563:
2349:
993:{\displaystyle \mathrm {DoF} ={\frac {2Nc\left(m+1\right)}{m^{2}-\left({\frac {Nc}{f}}\right)^{2}}}\,,}
368:, the part of an image that is acceptably sharp. A standard value of CoC is often associated with each
2246:
does not exceed one minute of arc, or roughly, if they do not exceed the 1/100 of an inch in diameter.
1772:
diameter, the subject distances are measured from the entrance pupil, and the magnification is known:
532:, is approximately 25 cm. At this distance, a person with good vision can usually distinguish an
3980:
3930:
3890:
3743:
3629:
3579:
3276:
3220:
3076:
2833:
2758:
2266:
The common 1/100 inch CoC limit has been applied to blur other than defocus blur. For example,
590:
criterion of 30 cycles/degree for normal vision) for critical viewing, yielding a CoC of about
4186:
3776:
3509:
3301:
2374:"Virtual reconstruction of heritage sites: opportunities and challenges created by 3D technologies"
69:
4146:
3950:
3854:
3718:
3569:
3406:
3311:
2954:
2843:
2731:
2107:
1753:
thin lens or a symmetrical lens, in which the entrance pupil and exit pupil are both of diameter
203:
156:
4367:
4206:
4181:
3985:
3970:
3905:
3885:
3791:
3713:
3544:
3468:
3463:
3438:
3366:
3356:
3306:
3296:
3230:
3193:
3121:
3096:
2373:
2255:
536:
of 5 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), equivalent to a CoC of 0.2 mm in the final image.
4267:
4057:
3965:
3960:
3945:
3935:
3910:
3895:
3756:
3689:
3659:
3619:
3529:
3519:
3361:
3240:
3203:
3126:
2541:
2359:
2319:
2271:
2074:
739:
726:
713:
700:
265:
105:
38:
3814:
2628:
2527:
2476:. Check with the specifications of a particular camera if this level of exactness is needed.
2402:
4356:
3955:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3900:
3554:
3478:
3448:
3401:
3346:
3336:
3261:
3086:
3033:
2751:
2669:
2551:
2221:
2205:
He finally observes "long-focus lenses have usually a larger aperture than short ones, and
1764:
More generally, this approach leads to an exact paraxial result for all optical systems if
768:
621:
imply that any arbitrary DoF can be achieved by using a sufficiently small CoC. Because of
1037:
881:
8:
4052:
4025:
3995:
3649:
3564:
3473:
3351:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3286:
3178:
2919:
2914:
2543:
A Treatise on the
Reflection and Refraction of light: being Part I. of a System of Optics
2199:
2053:
549:
2673:
4201:
3859:
3809:
3634:
3494:
3453:
3433:
3371:
3326:
3291:
3266:
2828:
2793:
1192:
The circle of confusion in the image plane is obtained by multiplying by magnification
687:
618:
1105:
as shown in the diagram. It depends only on these distances and the aperture diameter
459:, not all rays pass through a focal point. The smallest circle that they pass through
317:
Diagram showing circles of confusion for point source too close, in focus, and too far
4166:
4102:
4089:
4020:
3684:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3574:
3443:
3411:
3271:
3106:
2877:
2634:
2613:
2594:
2523:
2381:
528:
Visual acuity. For most people, the closest comfortable viewing distance, termed the
1943:
And for the blur circle of an object at infinity when the focus distance is finite:
875:
625:, however, this is not quite true. Using a smaller CoC requires increasing the lens
451:
313:
4226:
4171:
4129:
4114:
4097:
4067:
4062:
3706:
3664:
3614:
3381:
3341:
3281:
3136:
2677:
2537:
1032:
533:
497:
4327:
2577:
Optical
Formulas and Their Application, Kodak Publication No. AA-26, Rev. 11-72-BX
4231:
4134:
3751:
3504:
3386:
3081:
3028:
3023:
2991:
2976:
2934:
2698:
2498:
1018:
is the lens focal length. Because the f-number and CoC occur only as the product
342:
4003:
3829:
3771:
3539:
3225:
3131:
3116:
3111:
3006:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2125:
1769:
1758:
630:
441:
376:, viewing conditions, and the amount of enlargement. Usages in context include
365:
338:
1029:
The same approach can usually be used with a DoF calculator on a view camera.
4382:
4156:
4124:
4109:
4074:
3834:
3679:
3644:
3235:
3208:
3188:
3156:
3101:
2660:
Stokseth, Per A. (October 1969). "Properties of a
Defocused Optical System".
2647:
2585:
2324:
2103:
2089:
This we may consider as the nearest approach to a simple focus, and term the
1451:
and express the magnification in terms of focused distance and focal length:
587:
373:
334:
3594:
2725:
4332:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4161:
4047:
4042:
3696:
3421:
3391:
3173:
3168:
3151:
2996:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2681:
2314:
839:
541:
471:
330:
1075:
An early calculation of CoC diameter ("indistinctness") by "T.H." in 1866.
4337:
4196:
4191:
4119:
4032:
3869:
3844:
3674:
3669:
3654:
3514:
3396:
3376:
3245:
3146:
3038:
3001:
2971:
2924:
2892:
2887:
2853:
2774:
2712:
A Dictionary of
Photography for the Amateur and Professional Photographer
2653:
Natural
Philosophy: With an Explanation of Scientific Terms, and an Index
2376:. In Manos Baltsavias; Armin Gruen; Luc Van Gool; Maria Pateraki (eds.).
2309:
655:
622:
509:
483:
369:
31:
1740:{\displaystyle c={|S_{2}-S_{1}| \over S_{2}}{f^{2} \over N(S_{1}-f)}\,.}
1071:
413:
3839:
3819:
3733:
3723:
3584:
3549:
3524:
3458:
3198:
3183:
3163:
3045:
2981:
2897:
2848:
2202:), nor does he consider focusing at any other distance than infinity.
1041:
Lens and ray diagram for calculating the circle of confusion diameter
407:
Two important uses of this term and concept need to be distinguished:
4236:
4176:
3804:
3766:
3728:
3624:
2986:
2949:
2944:
2929:
2882:
2870:
2289:
2097:
636:
548:
is 8.3 in × 11.7 in, 210 mm × 297 mm;
503:
145:
3824:
3639:
3141:
3071:
2939:
2865:
2860:
2737:
1750:
1616:
752:
626:
545:
487:
2279:
you have the longest duration of exposure in fraction of a second.
2237:
of confusion measuring but 1/100 part of the aperture of the lens.
1606:{\displaystyle c=A{|S_{2}-S_{1}| \over S_{2}}{f \over S_{1}-f}\,.}
425:. However at other distances from the lens the rays form a circle.
3864:
3018:
2964:
876:
Adjusting the circle of confusion diameter for a lens's DoF scale
431:
392:
364:
In photography, the circle of confusion is used to determine the
2039:{\displaystyle c={fA \over S_{1}-f}={f^{2} \over N(S_{1}-f)}\,.}
1292:
Using the lens equation we can solve for the auxiliary variable
1080:
system, which is calculated with the help of the lens equation.
1033:
Determining a circle of confusion diameter from the object field
3416:
2838:
2788:
1109:, via similar triangles, independent of the lens focal length:
1067:
in the object plane (dashed line) makes the calculation easier.
322:
2743:
1367:{\displaystyle {1 \over f}={1 \over f_{1}}+{1 \over S_{1}}\,,}
4079:
3499:
2959:
2486:
2299:
602:
Viewing distance = focal length of taking lens × enlargement
2610:
The Manual of
Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging
2220:, p. 24), in an expanded re-publication of his father
2423:
2378:
Recording, modeling and visualization of cultural heritage
1934:{\displaystyle c={fA \over S_{2}}={f^{2} \over NS_{2}}\,.}
1096:, is an unfocused virtual image of the object at distance
273:
2400:
2124:
Circle-of-confusion calculations: An early precursor to
269:
2411:
2734:– includes discussion of circle of confusion criteria
2144:
1951:
1866:
1780:
1636:
1515:
1459:
1384:
1309:
1245:
1204:
1117:
892:
2440:
2438:
2104:
Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1832
329:(CoC) is an optical spot caused by a cone of light
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
100:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2168:
2098:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 1832
2038:
1933:
1849:{\displaystyle c=Am{|S_{2}-S_{1}| \over S_{2}}\,.}
1848:
1739:
1605:
1497:
1441:
1366:
1282:
1223:
1182:
992:
563:factors above are accommodated with this formula:
474:of different lens zones due to spherical or other
2450:
1615:This can optionally be expressed in terms of the
1183:{\displaystyle C=A{|S_{2}-S_{1}| \over S_{2}}\,.}
504:Circle of confusion diameter limit in photography
37:For the closely related topic in microscopy, see
4380:
2435:
2337:
30:"Blur circle" redirects here. For the film, see
2655:. London: Baldwin and Cradock, Paternoster-Row.
1442:{\displaystyle f_{1}={fS_{1} \over S_{1}-f}\,,}
2371:
2759:
2649:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2579:. Rochester, New York: Eastman Kodak Company.
268:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
2568:On the Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses
2556:On the Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses
2230:On the Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses
637:Circle of confusion diameter limit based on
372:, but the most appropriate value depends on
4311:Conservation and restoration of photographs
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4038:Comparison of digital and film photography
2766:
2752:
2583:
2536:
2429:
2198:criterion (i.e. he does not solve for the
2190:. But he does not invert this to find the
2070:
1237:is given by the ratio of focus distances:
1087:, in the focused object plane at distance
672:1" sensor (Nikon 1, Sony RX10, Sony RX100)
512:, the circle of confusion diameter limit (
421:, all the rays pass through a focal point
4263:Photographs considered the most important
2662:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2562:
2550:
2225:
2217:
2110:) applied it to third-order aberrations:
2056:, with approximately equivalent results.
2032:
1927:
1842:
1733:
1599:
1491:
1435:
1360:
1276:
1217:
1176:
986:
299:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:, without removing the technical details.
2726:Circles of Confusion for Digital Cameras
2714:. New York: E. and H. T. Anthony and Co.
2697:
2659:
2417:
2133:
2064:
1283:{\displaystyle m={f_{1} \over S_{1}}\,.}
1070:
1045:for an out-of-focus subject at distance
1036:
633:article for a more detailed discussion.
486:effects from wave optics and the finite
463:is called the circle of least confusion.
450:
435:. Defocused object points are imaged as
412:
312:
2558:. New York: E. and H.T. Anthony and Co.
378:maximum permissible circle of confusion
14:
4381:
2689:T.H. (1866). "Long and Short Focus".
2212:
1498:{\displaystyle m={f \over S_{1}-f}\,,}
572:CoC = (50 / 25) / 5 / 8 = 0.05 mm
2747:
2612:(9th ed.). Oxford: Focal Press.
2574:
2522:
2456:
2380:. Taylor & Francis. p. 145.
2251:
617:Depth of field formulas derived from
610:/1500) related to the camera format.
259:too many or overly lengthy quotations
110:make it understandable to non-experts
2709:
2372:J.-A. Beraldin; et al. (2006).
2267:
2085:for a spherical reflecting surface.
241:
168:adding citations to reliable sources
139:
84:
43:
4258:Museums devoted to one photographer
2626:
2607:
2444:
2355:
2343:
1749:This formula is exact for a simple
24:
3800:Timeline of photography technology
2688:
2593:. Bedford, N.S.: H.M. Merklinger.
2129:
900:
897:
894:
382:circle of confusion diameter limit
25:
4405:
2738:What Is the "Circle of Confusion"
2719:
2705:. Berlin: Verlag Julius Springer.
2532:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
2401:Walter Bulkeley Coventry (1901).
540:approximately the diagonal of an
530:near distance for distinct vision
59:This article has multiple issues.
4361:
4351:
4350:
2524:Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie
650:/1500 for several image formats
246:
144:
89:
48:
4362:
2773:
2633:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Focal.
2479:
2404:The technics of the hand camera
155:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
2691:British Journal of Photography
2584:Merklinger, Harold M. (1992).
2575:Eastman Kodak Company (1972).
2462:
2394:
2365:
2169:{\displaystyle c={fA \over S}}
2026:
2007:
1825:
1797:
1727:
1708:
1675:
1647:
1557:
1529:
1507:which gives the final result:
1159:
1131:
1054:when the camera is focused at
13:
1:
3850:Painted photography backdrops
3782:Golden triangle (composition)
3062:35 mm equivalent focal length
2732:Depth of Field in Depth (PDF)
2516:
1083:The blur circle, of diameter
386:circle of confusion criterion
2407:. Sands & Co. p. 9.
2261:
2209:have less depth of focus" .
2119:
1063:. The auxiliary blur circle
744:19.0 mm × 28.7 mm
731:15.7 mm × 23.6 mm
718:14.8 mm × 22.2 mm
705:15.0 mm × 22.5 mm
7:
3560:Intentional camera movement
2630:Applied Photographic Optics
2283:
679:8.8 mm × 13.2 mm
542:8-inch × 10-inch image
402:
10:
4410:
4253:Most expensive photographs
3605:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2710:Wall, Edward John (1889).
2059:
1014:is the magnification, and
866:203 mm × 254 mm
855:127 mm × 178 mm
844:102 mm × 127 mm
692:13.5 mm × 18 mm
36:
29:
4346:
4303:
4245:
4145:
4088:
3994:
3878:
3790:
3742:
3487:
3254:
3054:
2781:
2529:A Treatise on Photography
2194:corresponding to a given
2091:circle of least confusion
2083:least circle of confusion
2079:circle of least confusion
862:
851:
838:
835:
828:56 mm × 168 mm
824:
817:56 mm × 112 mm
813:
802:
791:
780:
767:
764:
751:
738:
725:
712:
699:
686:
675:
670:
665:
662:
659:
654:
468:circle of least confusion
397:circle of least confusion
18:Circle of least confusion
4187:Digital image processing
2703:Photographische Objektiv
2330:
1233:where the magnification
806:56 mm × 84 mm
795:56 mm × 69 mm
784:56 mm × 56 mm
773:56 mm × 42 mm
757:24 mm × 36 mm
351:circle of indistinctness
337:not coming to a perfect
266:summarize the quotations
4295:Photography periodicals
3855:Photography and the law
2627:Ray, Sidney F. (2002).
2186:, and subject distance
1224:{\displaystyle c=Cm\,,}
727:APS-C Nikon/Pentax/Sony
27:Blurry region in optics
4389:Science of photography
4207:Gelatin silver process
3231:Science of photography
3216:Photographic processes
3194:Perspective distortion
2682:10.1364/JOSA.59.001314
2546:. Cambridge: J. Smith.
2281:
2248:
2239:
2170:
2117:
2095:
2040:
1935:
1850:
1741:
1607:
1499:
1443:
1368:
1284:
1225:
1184:
1076:
1068:
1006:is the lens f-number,
994:
646:CoC diameter based on
464:
426:
345:. It is also known as
318:
3660:Schlieren photography
3204:Photographic printing
3127:Exposure compensation
2570:. London: J. Pitcher.
2552:Dallmeyer, John Henry
2320:Point spread function
2276:
2243:
2234:
2171:
2112:
2087:
2065:Henry Coddington 1829
2041:
1936:
1851:
1742:
1608:
1500:
1444:
1369:
1285:
1226:
1185:
1074:
1040:
995:
455:In an imperfect lens
454:
416:
316:
179:"Circle of confusion"
39:Point spread function
3449:Straight photography
3087:Chromatic aberration
2305:Chromatic aberration
2222:John Henry Dallmeyer
2182:, aperture diameter
2142:
2128:calculations is the
2077:) quantifies both a
1949:
1864:
1778:
1634:
1513:
1457:
1382:
1307:
1243:
1202:
1115:
890:
164:improve this article
4321:photographic plates
3996:Digital photography
3179:Hyperfocal distance
3092:Circle of confusion
2674:1969JOSA...59.1314S
2564:Dallmeyer, Thomas R
2213:Dallmeyer and Abney
2200:hyperfocal distance
2054:hyperfocal distance
1024:0.035 / 0.025 = 1.4
651:
480:circle of confusion
327:circle of confusion
4394:Geometrical optics
3815:Autochrome Lumière
3810:Analog photography
3635:Pigeon photography
3429:Social documentary
2908:discontinued films
2166:
2036:
1931:
1846:
1737:
1603:
1495:
1439:
1364:
1280:
1221:
1180:
1077:
1069:
990:
688:Four Thirds System
645:
619:geometrical optics
465:
427:
417:In a perfect lens
319:
4376:
4375:
4167:Collodion process
4103:Chromogenic print
4090:Color photography
3600:Multiple exposure
3575:Lo-fi photography
3107:Color temperature
2538:Coddington, Henry
2432:, pp. 45–46.
2387:978-0-415-39208-2
2178:for focal length
2164:
2030:
1986:
1925:
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544:(for comparison,
347:disk of confusion
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82:
16:(Redirected from
4401:
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4354:
4353:
4227:Print permanence
4172:Cross processing
4130:CMYK color model
4115:Color management
4068:Foveon X3 sensor
4063:Three-CCD camera
3707:Miniature faking
3665:Sabattier effect
3282:Astrophotography
3137:Zebra patterning
2768:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2715:
2706:
2699:von Rohr, Moritz
2694:
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2071:Coddington (1829
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534:image resolution
498:encircled energy
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4232:Push processing
4148:
4141:
4135:RGB color model
4084:
3990:
3874:
3786:
3752:Diagonal method
3738:
3483:
3387:Photojournalism
3250:
3082:Black-and-white
3050:
3029:Slide projector
3024:Movie projector
2903:available films
2777:
2772:
2740:– ƒ/Calc manual
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2430:Merklinger 1992
2428:
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2420:, p. 1317.
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2218:Dallmeyer (1892
2215:
2207:on this account
2195:
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2183:
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2134:von Rohr (1899)
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550:US Letter paper
506:
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341:when imaging a
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4004:Digital camera
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3830:Camera obscura
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3772:Rule of thirds
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3540:Harris shutter
3537:
3535:Hand-colouring
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3226:Red-eye effect
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3117:Depth of focus
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3112:Depth of field
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926:
922:
918:
915:
912:
906:
902:
899:
896:
882:Depth of field
877:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
820:0.083 mm
818:
815:
811:
810:
809:0.067 mm
807:
804:
800:
799:
798:0.059 mm
796:
793:
789:
788:
787:0.053 mm
785:
782:
778:
777:
776:0.047 mm
774:
771:
766:
762:
761:
760:0.029 mm
758:
755:
749:
748:
747:0.023 mm
745:
742:
736:
735:
734:0.019 mm
732:
729:
723:
722:
721:0.018 mm
719:
716:
710:
709:
708:0.018 mm
706:
703:
697:
696:
695:0.015 mm
693:
690:
684:
683:
682:0.011 mm
680:
677:
674:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
642:
635:
631:Depth of field
601:
571:
565:
559:
558:
554:
537:
525:
505:
502:
492:
491:
448:
442:depth of field
409:
404:
401:
366:depth of field
307:
306:
289:
288:
254:
252:
245:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
97:
95:
88:
83:
57:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4406:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4369:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:Photographers
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Bleach bypass
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:primary color
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Reversal film
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Image sharing
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:United States
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Daguerreotype
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Stopping down
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Rephotography
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Long-exposure
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Architectural
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Shutter speed
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Metering mode
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Color balance
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Angle of view
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Manufacturers
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2640:0-240-51540-4
2636:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2619:0-240-51574-9
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2600:0-9695025-0-8
2596:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2501:is nominally
2500:
2488:
2482:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2447:, p. 52.
2446:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2418:Stokseth 1969
2414:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2346:, p. 50.
2345:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2325:Zeiss formula
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1734:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1376:which yields
1374:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1100:
1091:
1081:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1000:
987:
978:
973:
968:
964:
961:
955:
950:
945:
941:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
904:
885:
884:article that
883:
869:0.22 mm
868:
865:
861:
858:0.15 mm
857:
854:
850:
847:0.11 mm
846:
843:
841:
834:
831:0.12 mm
830:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
769:Medium Format
763:
759:
756:
754:
750:
746:
743:
741:
737:
733:
730:
728:
724:
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:
676:Small format
673:
669:
660:Format class
657:
653:
640:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
600:
594:/1720, where
589:
584:
577:
570:
564:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
535:
531:
527:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:CoC criterion
515:
511:
501:
499:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:focal lengths
469:
453:
449:
447:
446:
443:
438:
434:
433:
415:
411:
410:
408:
400:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:visual acuity
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
311:
303:
300:
285:
275:
271:
267:
261:
260:
255:This article
253:
244:
243:
234:
231:
223:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181: –
180:
176:
175:Find sources:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
147:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
101:
98:This article
96:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4333:Polaroid art
4222:K-14 process
4217:Instant film
4212:Gum printing
4162:C-41 process
4147:Photographic
4048:Image sensor
4043:Film scanner
3697:Sun printing
3630:Print toning
3422:space selfie
3392:Pictorialism
3322:Ethnographic
3302:Conservation
3174:Guide number
3169:Focal length
3091:
2711:
2702:
2690:
2668:(10): 1314.
2665:
2661:
2652:
2629:
2609:
2586:
2576:
2567:
2555:
2542:
2528:
2495:22.5 mm
2491:15.0 mm
2481:
2464:
2459:, p. 5.
2452:
2425:
2413:
2403:
2396:
2377:
2367:
2351:
2339:
2315:Orb (optics)
2277:
2265:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2177:
2138:
2123:
2113:
2101:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2047:
1945:
1942:
1860:
1857:
1774:
1763:
1748:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1509:
1506:
1453:
1450:
1378:
1375:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1239:
1232:
1198:
1191:
1111:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1056:
1047:
1028:
1010:is the CoC,
1001:
886:
879:
840:Large Format
765:645 (6×4.5)
656:Image Format
638:
616:
612:
604:
585:
578:
574:
568:
561:
529:
522:
517:
513:
507:
494:
479:
467:
445:
436:
430:
428:
406:
396:
393:do not focus
391:Real lenses
390:
385:
381:
377:
370:image format
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:point source
326:
320:
310:
295:
279:
264:Please help
256:
226:
220:January 2020
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
118:January 2020
115:
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
4338:Stereoscopy
4197:E-6 process
4192:Dye coupler
4120:color space
4033:Digiscoping
4026:camera back
3941:Philippines
3870:Visual arts
3860:Glass plate
3845:Heliography
3744:Composition
3719:Ultraviolet
3675:Stereoscopy
3670:Slow motion
3655:Scanography
3570:Kite aerial
3515:Contre-jour
3407:Post-mortem
3397:Pornography
3377:Neues Sehen
3312:Documentary
3246:Zone System
3221:Reciprocity
3147:Film format
3077:Backscatter
3055:Terminology
2925:beauty dish
2829:rangefinder
2794:light-field
2775:Photography
2728:– DOFMaster
2310:Focal cloud
2295:Astigmatism
2254:, pp.
2252:Abney (1881
2228:) pamphlet
740:APS-H Canon
714:APS-C Canon
663:Frame size
623:diffraction
510:photography
484:Diffraction
478:. The term
476:aberrations
355:blur circle
32:Blur Circle
4383:Categories
4328:Lomography
4149:processing
4098:Print film
4014:comparison
3981:Uzbekistan
3931:Luxembourg
3891:Bangladesh
3840:Dufaycolor
3820:Box camera
3777:Simplicity
3734:Zoom burst
3729:Xerography
3724:Vignetting
3714:Time-lapse
3702:Tilt–shift
3595:Mordançage
3585:Luminogram
3550:Holography
3545:High-speed
3525:Fill flash
3510:Burst mode
3488:Techniques
3469:Vernacular
3464:Underwater
3459:Toy camera
3439:Still life
3367:Monochrome
3357:High-speed
3307:Cloudscape
3297:Conceptual
3199:Photograph
3184:Lens flare
3164:Film speed
3046:Zone plate
2992:wide-angle
2977:long-focus
2517:References
2507:24 mm
2503:16 mm
2474:69 mm
2470:56 mm
2457:Kodak 1972
2358:, p.
2270:, p.
2268:Wall (1889
2106:, p.
2073:, p.
437:blur spots
384:, and the
274:Wikisource
190:newspapers
64:improve it
4273:Norwegian
4237:Stop bath
4182:Developer
4177:Cyanotype
3805:Ambrotype
3767:Lead room
3690:Slit-scan
3625:Photogram
3620:Panoramic
3530:Fireworks
3362:Landscape
3007:telephoto
2955:reflector
2950:monolight
2945:lens hood
2930:cucoloris
2871:safelight
2782:Equipment
2499:DX format
2290:Airy disk
2262:Wall 1889
2224:'s 1874 (
2120:T.H. 1866
2021:−
1980:−
1812:−
1722:−
1662:−
1591:−
1544:−
1483:−
1427:−
1146:−
951:−
514:CoC limit
432:defocused
359:blur spot
270:Wikiquote
257:contains
70:talk page
4357:Category
4053:CMOS APS
3951:Slovenia
3879:Regional
3825:Calotype
3762:Headroom
3640:Redscale
3555:Infrared
3505:Brenizer
3479:Wildlife
3402:Portrait
3347:Forensic
3337:Fine-art
3272:Aircraft
3262:Abstract
3142:F-number
3122:Exposure
3097:Clipping
3072:Aperture
2940:hot shoe
2866:enlarger
2861:Darkroom
2701:(1899).
2651:(1832).
2566:(1892).
2554:(1874).
2540:(1829).
2526:(1881).
2505: ×
2493: ×
2472: ×
2445:Ray 2000
2356:Ray 2002
2344:Ray 2000
2284:See also
2274:) says:
2130:TH (1866
1751:paraxial
1617:f-number
627:f-number
546:A4 paper
488:aperture
403:Two uses
282:May 2021
4368:Outline
4304:Related
3986:Vietnam
3971:Ukraine
3906:Denmark
3886:Albania
3865:Tintype
3792:History
3757:Framing
3650:Rollout
3615:Panning
3565:Kirlian
3474:Wedding
3352:Glamour
3332:Fashion
3317:Eclipse
3287:Banquet
3209:Albumen
3019:Monopod
2997:fisheye
2965:softbox
2819:pinhole
2809:instant
2799:digital
2670:Bibcode
2060:History
2048:If the
1768:is the
588:Snellen
333:from a
204:scholar
104:Please
4366:
4355:
4283:street
4278:Polish
3966:Turkey
3961:Taiwan
3946:Serbia
3936:Norway
3911:Greece
3896:Canada
3495:Afocal
3454:Street
3434:Sports
3417:Selfie
3372:Nature
3327:Erotic
3292:Candid
3267:Aerial
3255:Genres
3157:medium
3034:Tripod
3002:swivel
2915:Filter
2893:holder
2888:format
2789:Camera
2637:
2616:
2597:
2384:
2256:207–08
2081:and a
1002:where
323:optics
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
4288:women
4246:Lists
4202:Fixer
4080:Pixel
4009:D-SLR
3956:Sudan
3926:Korea
3921:Japan
3916:India
3901:China
3685:Strip
3610:Night
3590:Macro
3500:Bokeh
3444:Stock
3412:Ruins
3152:large
2982:prime
2960:snoot
2920:Flash
2898:stock
2839:still
2824:press
2814:phone
2804:field
2693:(13).
2591:(PDF)
2487:APS-C
2331:Notes
2300:Bokeh
863:8×10
825:6×17
814:6×12
753:35 mm
701:APS-C
641:/1500
357:, or
339:focus
211:JSTOR
197:books
4316:film
4021:MILC
3520:ETTR
3382:Nude
3342:Fire
3241:Sync
3039:head
2987:zoom
2972:Lens
2935:gobo
2883:base
2878:Film
2854:view
2635:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2102:The
1628:as:
852:5×7
836:4×5
803:6×9
792:6×7
781:6×6
666:CoC
335:lens
331:rays
325:, a
183:news
4058:CCD
2849:toy
2844:TLR
2834:SLR
2678:doi
1625:f/A
516:or
508:In
380:,
321:In
166:by
108:to
4385::
2676:.
2666:59
2664:.
2437:^
2360:89
2272:92
2108:11
2075:54
1761:.
1623:=
1301::
1196::
1020:Nc
399:.
388:.
361:.
353:,
349:,
73:.
2767:e
2760:t
2753:v
2684:.
2680::
2672::
2643:.
2622:.
2603:.
2485:"
2390:.
2362:.
2196:c
2192:S
2188:S
2184:A
2180:f
2162:S
2158:A
2155:f
2149:=
2146:c
2093:.
2050:c
2034:.
2027:)
2024:f
2016:1
2012:S
2008:(
2005:N
1999:2
1995:f
1989:=
1983:f
1975:1
1971:S
1965:A
1962:f
1956:=
1953:c
1929:.
1920:2
1916:S
1912:N
1906:2
1902:f
1896:=
1889:2
1885:S
1880:A
1877:f
1871:=
1868:c
1844:.
1836:2
1832:S
1826:|
1820:1
1816:S
1807:2
1803:S
1798:|
1791:m
1788:A
1785:=
1782:c
1766:A
1755:A
1735:.
1728:)
1725:f
1717:1
1713:S
1709:(
1706:N
1700:2
1696:f
1686:2
1682:S
1676:|
1670:1
1666:S
1657:2
1653:S
1648:|
1641:=
1638:c
1621:N
1601:.
1594:f
1586:1
1582:S
1577:f
1568:2
1564:S
1558:|
1552:1
1548:S
1539:2
1535:S
1530:|
1523:A
1520:=
1517:c
1493:,
1486:f
1478:1
1474:S
1469:f
1464:=
1461:m
1437:,
1430:f
1422:1
1418:S
1410:1
1406:S
1402:f
1396:=
1391:1
1387:f
1362:,
1354:1
1350:S
1346:1
1341:+
1334:1
1330:f
1326:1
1321:=
1316:f
1313:1
1298:1
1295:f
1278:.
1270:1
1266:S
1260:1
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1250:=
1247:m
1235:m
1219:,
1215:m
1212:C
1209:=
1206:c
1194:m
1178:.
1170:2
1166:S
1160:|
1154:1
1150:S
1141:2
1137:S
1132:|
1125:A
1122:=
1119:C
1107:A
1102:2
1099:S
1093:1
1090:S
1085:C
1065:C
1060:1
1057:S
1051:2
1048:S
1043:c
1016:f
1012:m
1008:c
1004:N
988:,
979:2
974:)
969:f
965:c
962:N
956:(
946:2
942:m
935:)
931:1
928:+
925:m
921:(
917:c
914:N
911:2
905:=
901:F
898:o
895:D
648:d
639:d
608:d
596:f
592:f
581:d
461:C
457:L
423:F
419:L
302:)
296:(
284:)
280:(
276:.
262:.
233:)
227:(
222:)
218:(
208:·
201:·
194:·
187:·
160:.
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
102:.
80:)
76:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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