1938:
348:" — known as voluntary medical male circumcision, or VMMC. In 2010, this was expanded to routine neonatal circumcision, as long as those undergoing the procedure received assent from their parents. In 2020, the World Health Organization again concluded that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention and that the promotion of male circumcision is an essential strategy, in addition to other preventive measures, for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men. Eastern and southern Africa had a particularly low prevalence of circumcised males. This region has a disproportionately high HIV infection rate, with a significant number of those infections stemming from heterosexual transmission. As a result, the promotion of prophylactic circumcision has been a priority intervention in that region since the WHO's 2007 recommendations. The International Antiviral Society–USA also suggests circumcision be discussed with
305:
1646:. Trials took place in South Africa, Kenya and Uganda. All three trials were stopped early by their monitoring boards because those in the circumcised group had a substantially lower rate of HIV contraction than the control group, so it was considered unethical to withhold the procedure, in light of strong evidence of prophylactic efficacy. WHO assessed these as "gold standard" studies and found "strong and consistent" evidence from later studies that confirmed the results of the studies. A scientific consensus subsequently developed that circumcision reduces heterosexual HIV infection rates in high-risk populations; the WHO, along with other major medical organizations, have since promoted circumcision of high-risk populations as part of the program to reduce the spread of HIV. The
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Severe complications are rare. A specific complication rate is difficult to determine due to scant data on complications and inconsistencies in their classification. Complication rates are greater when the procedure is performed by an inexperienced operator, in unsterile conditions, or when the child is at an older age. Significant acute complications happen rarely, occurring in about 1 in 500 newborn procedures in the United States. Severe to catastrophic complications, including death, are so rare that they are reported only as individual case reports. Where a
Plastibell device is used, the most common complication is the retention of the device occurring in around 3.5% of procedures. Other possible complications include
2042:
2118:
1053:
1930:
1289:
2414:
programs for adult men in Africa are cost-effective and in some cases are cost-saving. In Rwanda, circumcision has been found to be cost-effective across a wide range of age groups from newborn to adult, with the greatest savings achieved when the procedure is performed in the newborn period due to the lower cost per procedure and greater timeframe for HIV infection protection. Circumcision for the prevention of HIV transmission in adults has also been found to be cost-effective in South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda, with cost savings estimated in the billions of US dollars over 20 years. Hankins
1579:
486:
383:, and American medical organizations take the position that it carries prophylactic health benefits which outweigh the risks, while European medical organizations generally hold the belief that in these situations its medical benefits are not counterbalanced by risk. Advocates of circumcision consider it to have a net health benefit, and therefore feel that increasing the circumcision rate is "imperative". They recommend performing it during the neonatal period when it is less expensive and has a lower risk of complications. The
1855:, on the eighth day of a newborn son's life, with certain exceptions for poor health. Jewish law requires that the circumcision leaves the glans bare when the penis is flaccid. Converts to Conservative and Orthodox Judaism must also be circumcised; those who are already circumcised undergo a symbolic circumcision ritual. Circumcision is not required by Judaism for one to be considered Jewish, but mainstream Judaism foresees serious negative spiritual consequences if it is neglected. Circumcision is not considered a
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as they understand that such a ban, very much like the 1920–1933 prohibition laws in the United States, would not be effective... Protagonists and critics of male circumcision debate whether the practice is morally acceptable... They assign different weights to harm as well as to medical risks and to non-medical benefits. The different weights to risks and benefits conform to their underlying views about the practices... Protagonists and critics disagree about the significance of medical reasons for circumcision...
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888:(CIS) cancerous precursor stage and at the more advanced invasive squamous cell carcinoma stage. There is an association between adult circumcision and an increased risk of invasive penile cancer; this is believed to be from men being circumcised as a treatment for penile cancer or a condition that is a precursor to cancer rather than a consequence of circumcision itself. Penile cancer has been observed to be nearly eliminated in populations of males circumcised neonatally.
1411:
1824:
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organizations, who advise medical professionals to yield to some degree to parental preferences in their decision to agree to circumcise. The Royal Dutch
Medical Association, which expresses some of the strongest opposition to routine neonatal circumcision, argues that while there are valid reasons for banning it, doing so could lead parents who insist on the procedure to turn to poorly trained practitioners instead of medical professionals.
1707:
1013:
821:, are the most common penile infection and are rarely identified in samples taken from circumcised males. Both conditions are usually treated with topical antibiotics (metronidazole cream) and antifungals (clotrimazole cream) or low-potency steroid creams. Circumcision is a treatment option for refractory or recurrent balanoposthitis, but in the twenty-first century the availability of the other treatments has made it less necessary.
1199:
1473:, introduced circumcision in the United States as a purported cure for several cases of young boys presenting with paralysis and other significant gross motor problems. He thought the procedure ameliorated such problems based on the then prominent "reflex neurosis" theory of disease, thinking that a tight foreskin inflamed the nerves and caused systemic problems. The use of circumcision to promote good health also fit the
2279:. Circumcision is one of many trials and ceremonies required before a youth is considered to have become knowledgeable enough to maintain and pass on the cultural traditions. During these trials, the maturing youth bonds in solidarity with the men. Circumcision is also strongly associated with a man's family, and it is part of the process required to prepare a man to take a wife and produce his own family.
612:(AAP) states that such methods are insufficient alone and should be used to supplement more effective techniques. A quicker procedure reduces duration of pain; use of the Mogen clamp was found to result in a shorter procedure time and less pain-induced stress than the use of the Gomco clamp or the Plastibell. The available evidence does not indicate that post-procedure pain management is needed. For adults,
1568:, and Jews were essentially below the radar". They argue that once "a substantial proportion of the male population circumcised, the idea that it a Jewish practice no longer relevant. In Britain this was aided by the fact that circumcision was well known to be as much a practice of the nobility as a Jewish religious rite, so that the racial-religious nexus was broken." These factors were absent in
981:. These complications may be partly avoided with proper technique, and are often treatable without requiring surgical revision. The most common long-term complication is meatal stenosis, this is almost exclusively seen in circumcised children, it is thought to be caused by ammonia producing bacteria coming into contact with the meatus in circumcised infants. It can be treated by
1181:, dating to about 2400–2300 BCE. Circumcision was possibly done by the Egyptians for hygienic reasons, but also was part of their obsession with purity and was associated with spiritual and intellectual development. No well-accepted theory explains the significance of circumcision to the Egyptians, but it appears to have been endowed with great honor and importance as a
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phimosis. This can be inferred from study results that show uncircumcised men with no history of phimosis are equally likely to have penile cancer as circumcised men. Circumcision is also associated with a reduced prevalence of cancer-causing types of HPV in men and a reduced risk of cervical cancer (which is caused by a type of HPV) in female partners of men.
279:. It is widespread in Australia, Canada, the United States, South Korea, most of Africa, and parts of Asia. It is relatively rare for non-religious reasons in parts of Southern Africa, Latin America, Europe, and parts of Asia. The origin of circumcision is not known with certainty, but the oldest documentation comes from
45:
1214:. In addition to proposing that circumcision was adopted by the Israelites purely as a religious mandate, scholars have suggested that Judaism's patriarchs and their followers adopted circumcision to make penile hygiene easier in hot, sandy climates; as a rite of passage into adulthood; or as a form of blood sacrifice.
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Protagonists and critics of male circumcision agree on some things and disagree on many others... They also do not underestimate the importance of male circumcision for the relevant communities.... Even the most critical voices of male circumcision do not suggest putting a blanket ban on the practice
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Ritual circumcision of boys is a durable tradition. Jews of ancient times refused to abandon the practice despite enormous pressure to do so. In 167 BCE the
Seleucid emperor Antiochus IV, as part of a campaign to Hellenise the Jews, condemned to death every Hebrew who allowed a son to be circumcised.
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of Spain. In the second half of the first millennium CE, inhabitants from the
Northeast of Africa moved south and encountered groups from Arabia, the Middle East, and West Africa. These people moved south and formed what is known today as the Bantu. Bantu tribes were observed to be upholding what was
988:
Effective pain management should be used during the procedure. Inadequate pain relief may carry the risks of heightened pain response for newborns. Newborns that experience pain due to being circumcised have different responses to vaccines given afterwards, with higher pain scores observed. For adult
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Important risk factors for penile cancer include phimosis and HPV infection, both of which are mitigated by circumcision. The mitigating effect circumcision has on the risk factor introduced by the possibility of phimosis is secondary, in that the removal of the foreskin eliminates the possibility of
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between the foreskin and glans, and this is considered normal (physiological phimosis). Over time the foreskin naturally separates from the glans, and a majority of boys are able to retract the foreskin by age three. Less than one percent are still having problems at age 18. If the inability to do so
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types of HPV infection, meaning that a randomly selected circumcised man is less likely to be found infected with cancer-causing types of HPV than an uncircumcised man. It also decreases the likelihood of multiple infections. As of 2012 there was no strong evidence that it reduces the rate of new HPV
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is an incurable disease that is expensive to manage, significant effort has been spent studying the cost-effectiveness of circumcision to reduce its spread in parts of Africa that have a relatively high infection rate and low circumcision prevalence. Several analyses have concluded that circumcision
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experimented with the idea of routine circumcision for prophylactic reasons as well, alongside developments in the
Anglophonic world. In France, the medical profession went so far as to recommend universal routine circumcision. However, prevalence in France and mainland Europe remained low. There is
258:
views on circumcision. Major medical organizations hold variant views on the strength of circumcision's prophylactic efficacy in developed countries. Some medical organizations take the position that it carries prophylactic health benefits which outweigh the risks, while other medical organizations
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In summary, circumcision has played a surprisingly important role in
Western history. The circumcision debate forged a Gentile identity to the early Christian church which allowed it to survive the Jewish Diaspora and become the dominant religion of Western Europe. Circumcision continued to have a
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Outside of strategic regions in sub-Saharan Africa, no call for routine circumcision has been made by any established medical organizations or governmental bodies. Positions on circumcision include "some medical benefit/parental choice" in the United States, "no medical benefit/parental choice" in
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are bleeding, infection and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin. These complications occur in approximately 0.13% of procedures, with bleeding being the most common acute complication in the United States. Minor complications are reported to occur in three percent of procedures.
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which led to rates in the United States significantly rising. In the 1970s, national medical associations in
Australia and Canada issued recommendations against routine infant circumcision, leading to drops in the rates of both of those countries. The United States made similar statements in the
1284:
Jews often attempted to look uncircumcised by stretching the extant parts of their foreskins. This was considered by the Jewish leaders to be a serious problem, and during the second century CE they changed the requirements of Jewish circumcision to call for the complete removal of the foreskin,
266:
during the 1850s and subsequently widely spread, becoming predominately established as a way to prevent sexually transmitted infections. Beyond use as a prophylactic or treatment option in healthcare, circumcision plays a major role in many of the world's cultures and religions, most prominently
6741:
Several eras in subsequent Jewish history were associated with forced conversions and with prohibitions against ritual circumcision... Jews endangered their lives during such times and exerted strenuous efforts to nullify such edicts. When they succeeded, they celebrated by declaring a holiday.
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The overall cost-effectiveness of neonatal circumcision has also been studied in the United States, which has a different cost setting from Africa in areas such as public health infrastructure, availability of medications, and medical technology and the willingness to use it. A study by the CDC
849:
that circumcision of babies reduces the incidence of UTIs in boys under two years of age, and there is fair evidence that the reduction in incidence is by a factor of 3–10 times (100 circumcisions prevents one UTI). Circumcision is most likely to benefit boys who have a high risk of UTIs due to
1998:
There is no agreement across the many
Islamic communities about the age at which circumcision should be performed. It may be done from soon after birth up to about age 15; most often it is performed at around six to seven years of age. The timing can correspond with the boy's completion of his
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Ancient authors praised Jewish wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. Still, they always denounced circumcision. The anonymous authors of
Historiae Augustae, writing in the late fourth century, ttributed a Jewish revolt against Rome in 132-135, called the Bar Kokhba rebellion, to a ban on
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conclusions? I've spent months scrutinising the medical literature in an attempt to decide which side is right. The task turned out to be nearly impossible. That's partly because there is so much confused thinking around the risks and benefits of circumcision, even among trained practitioners.
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Worldwide, the large majority of polities do not have specific laws concerning the circumcision of males, with religious infant circumcision being legal in every country. A few countries have passed legislation on the procedure: Germany allows routine circumcision, while non-religious routine
1385:
For
Aboriginal Australians and Polynesians, circumcision likely started as a blood sacrifice and a test of bravery and became an initiation rite with attendant instruction in manhood in more recent centuries. Often seashells were used to remove the foreskin, and the bleeding was stopped with
1323:
reinterpreted circumcision as a spiritual concept, arguing literal circumcision to be unnecessary for Gentile converts to Christianity. The teaching that circumcision was unnecessary for membership in a divine covenant was instrumental to the separation of Christianity from Judaism. While the
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Male circumcision was first popularized in late 19th-century America by Lewis Sayre, a renowned orthopedic surgeon, public-health activist, and creator of the Journal of the American Medical Association. On the basis of a few orthopedic case reports, Sayre used his influence to promote male
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and insurance. A 2014 review that considered reported benefits of circumcision such as reduced risks from HIV, HPV, and HSV-2 stated that circumcision is cost-effective in both the United States and Africa and may result in health care savings. A 2014 literature review found that there are
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In the decades since, medical practice has come to rely increasingly on evidence from large research studies, which, as many American doctors see it, have supported the existing rationale... How can experts who have undergone similar training evaluate the same studies and come to opposing
2388:
In the academic literature, there is general agreement among both supporters and opponents of the practice that an outright ban would be predominately ineffective and "harmful". A consensus to keep the procedure within the purview of medical professionals is found across all major medical
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have low circumcision rates, although none of these are performed out of perceived religious obligation. Scholar Heather L. Armstrong writes that, as of 2021, about half of Christian males worldwide are circumcised, with most of them being located in Africa, Anglosphere countries, and the
2408:
The cost-effectiveness of circumcision has been studied to determine whether a policy of circumcising all newborns or a policy of promoting and providing inexpensive or free access to circumcision for all adult men who choose it would result in lower overall societal healthcare costs. As
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website was created in 2009 by WHO, UNAIDS, FHI and AVAC to provide evidence-based guidance, information, and resources to support the delivery of safe male circumcision services in countries that choose to scale up the procedure as one component of comprehensive HIV prevention services.
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According to traditional Jewish law, in the absence of an adult free Jewish male expert, a woman, a slave, or a child who has the required skills is also authorized to perform the circumcision, provided that they are Jewish. However, most streams of non-Orthodox Judaism allow female
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In the Philippines, circumcision is known as "tuli" and is generally viewed as a rite of passage. An overwhelming majority of Filipino men are circumcised. Often this occurs, in April and May, when Filipino boys are taken by their parents. The practice dates back to the arrival of
1979:) is practiced nearly universally by Muslim males. Islam bases its practice of circumcision on the Genesis 17 narrative, the same Biblical chapter referred to by Jews. The procedure is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran, however, it is a tradition established by Islam's prophet
857:) hosts more urinary system disease-causing bacteria in uncircumcised boys than in circumcised boys, especially in those under six months of age. As these bacteria are a risk factor for UTIs, circumcision may reduce the risk of UTIs through a decrease in the bacterial population.
5679:...there are many myths about male circumcision that circulate. For example, some people think that circumcision can cause impotence (failure of erection) or reduce sexual pleasure. Others think that circumcision will cure impotence. Let me assure you that none of these is true.
3975:...there are many myths about male circumcision that circulate. For example, some people think that circumcision can cause impotence (failure of erection) or reduce sexual pleasure. Others think that circumcision will cure impotence. Let me assure you that none of these is true.
1999:
recitation of the whole Quran, with a coming-of-age event such as taking on the responsibility of daily prayer or betrothal. Circumcision may be celebrated with an associated family or community event. Circumcision is recommended for, but is not required of, converts to Islam.
1552:(2012) have suggested that a factor in its Anglophonic adoption and dismissal in mainland Europe relates to attitudes towards Judaism and Jewish practices. While many of these Anglophonic polities would not be considered tolerant by modern standards: the United Kingdom had
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conquered the Middle East in the fourth century BCE, and in the following centuries ancient Greek cultures and values came to the Middle East. The Greeks abhorred circumcision, making life for circumcised Jews living among the Greeks and later the Romans very difficult.
3908:"Background, Methods, and Synthesis of Scientific Information Used to Inform "Information for Providers to Share with Male Patients and Parents Regarding Male Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Infection, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and other Health Outcomes""
2375:. Some medical associations take the position that circumcision is an infringement of the child's autonomy and should be deferred until he is capable of making the decision himself. Others state that parents should be allowed to determine what is in his best interest.
2025:
recording that Christianity did not require circumcision from new converts. Christian denominations generally hold a neutral position on circumcision for prophylactic, cultural, and social reasons, while strongly opposing it for religious reasons. This includes the
1481:. Sayre published works on the subject and promoted it in speeches. Although later discredited, many contemporary physicians believed it could cure, reduce, or otherwise prevent a wide-ranging array of perceived medical problems and social ills, including that of
2258:, as well as "the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of kilometres apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development."
1528:
proposes that "Americans found circumcision appealing not merely on medical grounds, but also for its connotations of science, health, and cleanliness—newly important class distinctions" in a country where 17 million immigrants arrived between 1890 and 1914.
8552:
Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among
328:
There is a consensus among the world's major medical organizations and in the academic literature that circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention in high-risk populations if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions.
1750:, with perspectives ranging widely. In some cultures, males are generally required to be circumcised shortly after birth, during childhood or around puberty as part of a rite of passage. Circumcision is commonly practiced in the Jewish and Islamic and
355:
The finding that circumcision significantly reduces female-to-male HIV transmission has prompted medical organizations serving communities affected by endemic HIV/AIDS to promote circumcision as an additional method of controlling the spread of HIV.
398:
There are significant benefits in performing male circumcision in early infancy, and programmes that promote early infant male circumcision are likely to have lower morbidity rates and lower costs than programmes targeting adolescent boys and men.
2076:
practice circumcision as a rite of passage, and they circumcise their sons "anywhere from the first week of life to the first few year". Some Christian churches in South Africa disapprove of the practice, while others require it of their members.
1458:. Hutchinson suggested that circumcision lowers the risk of contracting syphilis. Pursuing a successful career as a general practitioner, Hutchinson went on to advocate circumcision for health reasons for the next fifty years, eventually earned a
1176:
and the Semites moved into the area that is modern-day Iraq from the North and West. The earliest historical record of circumcision comes from Egypt, in the form of an image of the circumcision of an adult carved into the tomb of Ankh-Mahor at
807:
creams are also a reasonable option and may prevent the need for surgery including in those with mild BXO. The procedure may also be used to prevent the development of phimosis. Phimosis is also a complication that can result from circumcision.
1071:
The history of the migration and evolution of circumcision is known mainly from the cultures of two regions. In the lands south and east of the Mediterranean, starting with Central Sahara, Sudan and Ethiopia, the procedure was practiced by the
815:. Most cases of these conditions occur in uncircumcised males, affecting 4–11% of that group. The moist, warm space underneath the foreskin is thought to facilitate the growth of pathogens, particularly when hygiene is poor. Yeasts, especially
3290:
There are significant benefits in performing male circumcision in early infancy, and programmes that promote early infant male circumcision are likely to have lower morbidity rates and lower costs than programmes targeting adolescent boys and
3004:
There are significant benefits in performing male circumcision in early infancy, and programmes that promote early infant male circumcision are likely to have lower morbidity rates and lower costs than programmes targeting adolescent boys and
6849:
major cultural presence throughout Christendom even after the practice had all but vanished.... the circumcision of Jesus... celebrated as a religious holiday... examined by many of the greatest scholars and artists of the Western tradition.
9496:
8404:
Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere
7097:
circumcision as systemic therapy, rather than a local anatomic alteration. This redefinition was consistent with the contemporary reflex neurosis theory of disease, as well as the historic humoral-mechanical understanding of the human body.
10103:, where no foreskin is actually removed. When the foreskin is removed, it is commonly known locally as a "German cut" in reference to the introduction of the modern surgical technique by the founder of plastic and reconstructive surgery,
1914:
All major rabbinical organizations make the recommendation that male infants should be circumcised. The issue of converts remains controversial in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism; circumcision of converts is not mandatory in either.
1343:(early seventh century CE), circumcision is considered essential to Islam, and it is nearly universally performed among Muslims. The practice of circumcision spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southern Europe with Islam.
1141:; more specifically, while possibly dating much earlier than 10,000 BP, rock art walls from the Bubaline Period have been dated between 9200 BP and 5500 BP. The cultural practice of circumcision may have spread from the Central
753:
Studies evaluating the effect of circumcision on the rates of other sexually transmitted infections have, generally, found it to be protective. A 2006 meta-analysis found that circumcision was associated with lower rates of
1356:
The practice of circumcision is thought to have been brought to the Bantu-speaking tribes of Africa by either the Jews after one of their many expulsions from European countries, or by Muslim Moors escaping after the 1492
6650:
Jews have a long history of suffering punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision. Muslims have also experienced suppression of their identities through suppression of this religious
9180:"Six months in a Syrian monastery; being the record of a visit to the head quarters of the Syrian church in Mesopotamia, with some account of the Yazidis or devil worshippers of Mosul and El Jilwah, their sacred book"
8756:
However, the practice is still common among Christians in the United States, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines, the Middle East and Africa. Some Middle Eastern Christians actually view the procedure as a rite of
336:(UNAIDS) stated that they recommended adolescent and adult circumcision as part of a comprehensive program for prevention of HIV transmission in areas with high endemic rates of HIV, as long as the program includes "
1859:
within Judaism. Rather, the commandment to circumcise is seen as only applying to Jewish people. Those who are Gentiles are believed to have a portion in the "World to Come" as long as they follow the tenets of the
1396:
reported circumcision being practiced by Native Americans. It probably started among South American tribes as a blood sacrifice or ritual to test bravery and endurance, and later evolved into a rite of initiation.
372:. Literature on the matter is polarized, with the cost-benefit analysis being highly dependent on the kinds and frequencies of health problems in the population under discussion and how circumcision affects them.
4428:"Male Circumcision and Genital Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" (2012), Rehmeyer "Male Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Studies Reviewed by Infection Stage and Virus Type" (2011).
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For most part, Christianity does not require circumcision of its followers. Yet, some Orthodox and African Christian groups do require circumcision. These circumcisions take place at any point between birth and
3277:
2991:
2208:
due to regional customs. The ritual is usually performed soon after birth, it takes place on the knees of the kerîf (approximately "godfather"), with whom the child will have a life-long formal relationship.
1937:
9047:
There are many references to the Druze refusal to observe this common Muslim practice, one of the earliest being the rediscoverer of the ruins of Petra, John Burckhardt. "The Druses do not circumcise their
6290:
5409:
The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision "Technical Report" (2012) addresses sexual function, sensitivity and satisfaction without qualification by age of circumcision. Sadeghi-Nejad
1613:'s 1949 article "The Fate of the Foreskin" argued that the evidence showed that the risks outweighed the benefits, leading to a significant reduction in circumcision incidence within the United Kingdom.
881:. The penile tissue removed during circumcision is a potential origin for penile cancer. Risk-benefit considerations around the use of circumcision as a cancer-preventive measure are a source of debate.
8524:
Coptic Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox churches on the other hand, do observe the ordainment, and circumcise their sons anywhere from the first week of life to the first few years.
9493:
2396:
parties prominently called for the banning of circumcision. Gressgård argued that politicians that supported Norway's proposed circumcision ban debated circumcision in a manner which constituted "
919:
The accumulated data show circumcision does not have an adverse physiological effect on sexual pleasure, function, desire, or fertility. There is some evidence that circumcision has no effect on
3670:
3523:
In fact, circumcision is only one of two performative commands, the neglect of which bring the kareth penalty. (The other is the failure to be cleansed from corpse contamination, umb. 19:11-22.)
9333:
4279:
This led to a consensus that male circumcision should be a priority for HIV prevention in countries and regions with heterosexual epidemics and high HIV and low male circumcision prevalence.
3080:
This led to a consensus that male circumcision should be a priority for HIV prevention in countries and regions with heterosexual epidemics and high HIV and low male circumcision prevalence.
2426:, without considering any other cost benefits. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2012) recommends that neonatal circumcision in the United States be covered by third-party payers such as
2271:
use circumcision as a test of bravery and self-control as a part of a rite of passage into manhood, which results in full societal and ceremonial membership. It may be accompanied by body
5090:
Jagannath VA, Fedorowicz Z, Sud V, Verma AK, Hajebrahimi S (November 2012). Fedorowicz Z (ed.). "Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy".
6742:
Throughout most of history, Jews never doubted their obligation to observe circumcision... voiders of the covenant of Abraham our father, and they have no portion in the World to Come.
2385:
circumcision is illegal in South Africa and Sweden. No major medical organization recommends circumcising all males, and no major medical organization recommends banning the procedure.
352:, especially in regions where HIV is common. There is evidence that circumcision is associated with a reduced risk of HIV infection for such men, particularly in low-income countries.
8609:
Although it is mostly common and required in male newborns with Moslem or Jewish backgrounds, certain Christian-dominant countries such as the United States also practice it commonly.
1266:. According to Silverman (2006), these restrictions were part of a "broad campaign" by the Romans to "civilize" the Jewish people, viewing the practice as replusive and analogous to
545:
are commonly used in the USA. These follow the same basic procedure. First, the amount of foreskin to be removed is estimated. The practitioner opens the foreskin via the preputial
1285:
emphasizing the Jewish view of circumcision as intended to be not just the fulfillment of a Biblical commandment but also an essential and permanent mark of membership in a people.
246:. Complication rates increase significantly with age. Bleeding, infection, and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin are the most common acute complications, while
8654:
942:
According to a 2014 review, the effect of circumcision on sexual partners' experiences is unclear as this has not been well studied. According to a policy statement from the
9290:
521:. For adult medical circumcision, superficial wound healing takes up to a week, and complete healing 4 to 6 months. For infants, healing is usually complete within one week.
9106:
8014:
643:
946:
that was reaffirmed in 2021, "medical studies do not support circumcision as having an impact on sexual function or satisfaction for partners of circumcised individuals".
9525:
8695:
Although it is stated that circumcision is not a sacrament necessary for salvation, this rite is accepted for the Ethiopian Jacobites and other Middle Eastern Christians.
9622:. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot bevordering der Geneeskunst (KNMG) (Royal Dutch Society for the Promotion of Medicine). May 2010.
4647:
Templeton DJ, Millett GA, Grulich AE (February 2010). "Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men".
2431:
significant gaps in the current literature on male and female sexual health that need to be addressed for the literature to be applicable to North American populations.
2422:
suggests that newborn circumcision would be societally cost-effective in the United States based on circumcision's efficacy against the transmission of HIV alone during
911:, HSV-2, chlamydia, and syphilis among women. The evidence was less consistent in regards to the potential association of circumcision with women's risk of HPV and HIV.
3998:"Use of devices for adult male circumcision in public health HIV prevention programmes: Conclusions of the Technical Advisory Group on Innovations in Male Circumcision"
1185:, performed in a public ceremony emphasizing the continuation of family generations and fertility. It may have been a mark of distinction for the elite: the Egyptian
585:
and non-pharmacological ways. Pharmacological methods, such as localized or regional pain-blocking injections and topical analgesic creams, are safe and effective. The
9603:
Regardless of their ethical stances, scholars of both camps tend to agree that a blanket criminalization of male circumcision would be unhelpful and harmful to boys...
6893:
6767:
5560:"Knowledge, attitudes and acceptance of voluntary medical male circumcision among males attending high school in Shiselweni region, Eswatini: a cross sectional study"
1820:. Reasons for biblical circumcision include to show off "patrilineal descent, sexual fertility, male initiation, cleansing of birth impurity, and dedication to God".
3267:
2981:
2593:
463:
infants and those who are not clinically stable and in good health. If an individual is known to have or has a family history of serious bleeding disorders such as
6321:
5169:
1362:
described as Jewish law, including circumcision, in the 16th century. Circumcision and elements of Jewish dietary restrictions are still found among Bantu tribes.
589:
and dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) are the most effective at reducing pain, and the ring block may be more effective than the DPNB. They are more effective than
6784:(see Yeb. l.c.; Gen. R. xlvi.), instituted the 'peri'ah' (the laying bare of the glans), without which circumcision was declared to be of no value (Shab. xxx. 6).
853:
There is a plausible biological explanation for the reduction in UTI risk after circumcision. The orifice through which urine passes at the tip of the penis (the
9796:
Grimes CE, Henry JA, Maraka J, Mkandawire NC, Cotton M (January 2014). "Cost-effectiveness of surgery in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review".
9623:
1989:(prophet's tradition) and is very important in Islam. For Muslims, circumcision is also a matter of cleanliness, purification and control over one's baser self (
907:
A 2017 systematic review found consistent evidence that male circumcision prior to heterosexual contact was associated with a decreased risk of cervical cancer,
845:. There is about a one percent risk of UTIs in boys under two years of age, and the majority of incidents occur in the first year of life. There is good but not
577:
The circumcision procedure causes pain, and for neonates this pain may interfere with mother-infant interaction or cause other behavioral changes, so the use of
7431:
5466:
There is lack of any convincing evidence that neonatal circumcision will impact sexual function or cause a perceptible change in penile sensation in adulthood.
4323:
Information for providers counseling male patients and parents regarding male circumcision and the prevention of HIV infection, STIs, and other health outcomes
5472:
Shabanzadeh DM, Düring S, Frimodt-Møller C (July 2016). "Male circumcision does not result in inferior perceived male sexual function - a systematic review".
1137:, engraved rock art with masked bowmen, which feature male circumcision and may be a scene involving ritual, have been dated to earlier than 6000 BP amid the
1911:; she was certified by the Berit Mila program of Reform Judaism. An increasing number of Jews in the United States have chosen not to circumcise their sons.
5552:
Some parents also may worry that circumcision harms a man's sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction. However, current evidence shows that it does not.
7983:
3026:
Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J (April 2009). Siegfried N (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
2731:"Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data"
8183:
5534:
5422:"Safety and efficacy of nontherapeutic male circumcision: a systematic review" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function and satisfaction.
2418:(2011) estimated that a $ 1.5 billion investment in circumcision for adults in 13 high-priority African countries would yield $ 16.5 billion in savings.
2306:, meaning 'coward' literally. A circumcised eight or ten year-old is no longer considered a boy and is given more adult roles in the family and society.
2149:. The procedure is practiced as a cultural tradition, and has no religious significance in the Druze faith. There is no special date for this act in the
2038:
take a similar position on circumcision, prohibiting it for religious observance, but neither explicitly supporting or forbidding it for other reasons.
668:(WHO) reiterated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions.
8471:
Adams G, Adams K (2012). "Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).
795:
becomes problematic (pathological phimosis) circumcision is a treatment option. This pathological phimosis may be due to scarring from the skin disease
6780:
In order to prevent the obliteration of the 'seal of the covenant' on the flesh, as circumcision was henceforth called, the Rabbis, probably after the
3947:
3660:
2363:, while circumcision on a consenting adult is generally viewed as a morally permissible action. Positions taken on the issue are heavily influenced by
9341:
5664:
3960:
10334:
9739:"Economic evaluations of adult male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review"
8667:
This practice is old and widespread among African Christians with very close links to their beliefs. It can be executed traditionally or in hospital.
6494:
8813:
male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US.
7378:...defending the casual relation between male circumcision and reduced HIV transmission has become essentially hegemonic in the academic literature.
2944:...defending the casual relation between male circumcision and reduced HIV transmission has become essentially hegemonic in the academic literature.
10632:
6624:
In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit mila) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution.
5539:
4804:
Moreno G, Ramirez C, Corbalán J, Peñaloza B, Morel Marambio M, Pantoja T (January 2024). "Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys".
5128:
Ottenhof SR, Bleeker MC, Heideman, DA, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, et al. (2016). "Etiology of Penile Cancer". In Muneer A, Horenblas S (eds.).
1426:
in 1855. By the late 19th century, the belief that circumcision acted as an effective prophylactic against disease was held by a majority of the
6173:
5685:
3981:
1462:
for his contributions to medicine. His viewpoint that circumcision was prophylactic against disease was adopted by other medical professionals.
10239:
9558:
5956:
3574:
1308:
7510:
10404:
10164:
8898:
6440:
5865:
5280:
Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Pabalan N, Moreton S, Krieger JN (August 2021). "Male circumcision and prostate cancer: a meta-analysis revisited".
11252:
6197:"Neolithic trepanation decoded- A unifying hypothesis: Has the mystery as to why primitive surgeons performed cranial surgery been solved?"
5428:"Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (full version)"
2524:
1622:
1588:
9316:
8743:
7546:
5646:...medical studies do not support circumcision as having a negative impact on sexual function or satisfaction in males or their partners.
4600:"Randomized controlled trials of interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: learning from the past to plan for the future"
873:. Pre-adolescent circumcision has a strong protective effect against penile cancer in later life. Penile cancer is a rare disease in the
7884:
4183:
3830:
3385:
11061:
8650:
5052:
Morris BJ, Wiswell TE (June 2013). "Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4326:
3712:
2922:
It is now generally accepted in public health spheres that medical male circumcision is efficacious in the prevention of HIV infection.
2013:
Traditionally, circumcision has not been practiced by Christians for religious reasons, with the practice being viewed as succeeded by
388:
380:
333:
10038:"Male circumcision: a globally relevant but under-utilized method for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections"
1717:
1023:
9450:
4008:
1975:. Although there is some debate within Islam over whether it is a religious requirement or mere recommendation, circumcision (called
8064:
561:. For older babies and adults, circumcision is often performed surgically without specialized instruments, and alternatives such as
10129:
10125:
9286:
5191:
Hakenberg OW, Compérat EM, Minhas S, Necchi A, Protzel C, Watkin N (January 2015). "EAU guidelines on penile cancer: 2014 update".
3433:
Afshar K, Kazemi B, MacNeily A (2018). "The Role of Circumcision in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections". In Singh S (ed.).
2153:: male Druze infants are usually circumcised shortly after birth, however some remain uncircumcised until the age of ten or older.
10121:
7401:
10387:
9090:
8308:
8006:
6109:
Cox G, Morris BJ (2012). "Why Circumcision? From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century". In Bolnick D, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).
1166:
811:
An inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin is called balanoposthitis, and the condition affecting the glans alone is called
9518:
7923:
With rare exceptions (e.g. matters of health), Judaism requires circumcision for all male children on their eighth day of birth.
6900:
6084:
5600:
It was interesting to note that the young males in this study had misconceptions about sexual pleasure post male circumcision...
3683:
Actor Melusi Yeni was the millionth man to undergo voluntary male medical circumcision at the Sivananda Clinic in KwaZulu-Natal.
949:
There are popular misconceptions that circumcision benefits or adversely impacts the sexual pleasure of the circumcised person.
10360:
8037:
6017:
5798:
3508:
2052:
Thus, circumcision rates of Christians are predominately determined by the surrounding cultures in which they live in. In some
10979:
10399:
10327:
9683:
9654:
9596:
9421:
9227:
9202:
9162:
9137:
9100:
9073:
9040:
9015:
8984:
8956:
8931:
8859:
8834:
8806:
8778:
8716:
8688:
8630:
8602:
8574:
8545:
8517:
8488:
8455:
8426:
8397:
8294:
8254:
8225:
7839:
7717:
7630:
7580:
7540:
7371:
7246:
7127:
7059:
7008:
6976:
6942:
6872:
6841:
6809:
6734:
6707:
6643:
6617:
6567:
6536:
6426:
6266:
6118:
5145:
4177:
3516:
3478:
3446:
3417:
3379:
3343:
3240:
3212:
3073:
2963:
2937:
2706:
2670:
2626:
2579:
928:
304:
9427:
8785:
For instance, the majority of South Koreans, Americans, and Filipinos, as well as African Christians, practice circumcision.
7636:
7117:
6966:
6862:
6256:
3485:
Circumcision became the single most important commandment... the one without which... no Jew could attain the world to come.
3326:
Jacobs M, Grady R, Bolnick DA (2012). "Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).
2712:
2676:
11300:
10750:
10625:
7147:
Darby R (Spring 2003). "The Masturbation Taboo and the Rise of Routine Male Circumcision: A Review of the Historiography".
6828:
Bolnick D, Koyle M, Yosha A (2012). "Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent".
6688:
which resulted in major victories for the rebels and, eventually, a peace treaty which restored Jewish ritual prerogatives.
3616:
Alanis MC, Lucidi RS (May 2004). "Neonatal circumcision: a review of the world's oldest and most controversial operation".
2789:
Rehmeyer CJ (March 2011). "Male circumcision and human papillomavirus studies reviewed by infection stage and virus type".
2065:
1755:
1557:
9244:
9179:
8681:
On Faith, Rationality, and the Other in the Late Middle Ages:: A Study of Nicholas of Cusa's Manuductive Approach to Islam
7050:
Oxford dictionary of national biography: in association with the British Academy: from the earliest times to the year 2000
6715:
circumcision enacted by the emperor Hadrian... The prohibition was part of a broad campaign to "civilize" ethnic groups...
4297:"Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics"
4137:
Shockley RA, Rickett K (April 2011). "Clinical inquiries. What's the best way to control circumcision pain in newborns?".
3705:"Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics"
2566:
2351:
over the practice of circumcision, with many believing that the routine circumcision of neonates for health purposes is a
1949:
Islamic scholars have diverse opinions on the obligatory nature of male circumcision, with some considering it mandatory (
790:
Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis. At birth, the foreskin cannot be retracted due to
11006:
10918:
8179:
7669:
2008:
1325:
8723:
On the Coptic Christian practice of male circumcision in Egypt, and on its practice by other Christians in western Asia.
5161:
4948:
4399:
11315:
3885:
2069:
1759:
1379:
908:
9615:
7211:
5418:"The Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV Transmission" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function. Perera
3097:
Thomas A, Necchi A, Muneer A, Tobias-Machado M, Tran AT, Van Rompuy AS, et al. (February 2021). "Penile cancer".
10559:
10157:
9267:
8151:
7806:
7423:
5755:
Bossio JA, Pukall CF, Steele S (December 2014). "A review of the current state of the male circumcision literature".
4272:
2955:
1763:
27:
9938:"Voluntary medical male circumcision: an introduction to the cost, impact, and challenges of accelerated scaling up"
7313:"Voluntary medical male circumcision: an introduction to the cost, impact, and challenges of accelerated scaling up"
4984:
4424:"Male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (2011), Albero
553:) from its attachment to the glans. The practitioner then places the circumcision device (this sometimes requires a
549:
to reveal the glans underneath and ensures it is normal before bluntly separating the inner lining of the foreskin (
11320:
10392:
10320:
6833:
6801:
5414:"Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual function" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function. Doyle
4330:
3915:
1839:, in which a covenant of circumcision is made with Abraham and his descendants. Jewish circumcision is part of the
440:
2060:
circumcision is an established practice, and generally boys undergo circumcision shortly after birth as part of a
11330:
10685:
10618:
10192:
9065:
3736:"HIV prevention in clinical care settings: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel"
671:
480:
9989:"Can routine neonatal circumcision help prevent human immunodeficiency virus transmission in the United States?"
7975:
770:-2 (herpes simplex virus, type 2) infections by 28%. The researchers found mixed results for protection against
11335:
9702:
Doyle SM, Kahn JG, Hosang N, Carroll PR (January 2010). "The impact of male circumcision on HIV transmission".
7238:
6462:
Dobanovački D, Milovanović L, Slavković A, Tatić M, Mišković-Skeledžija S, Škorić-Jokić S, et al. (2012).
6383:
1968:
1747:
1692:
1446:
in 1855, primarily as a means of preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. At this time,
1280:. During this period in history, Jewish circumcision called for the removal of only a part of the prepuce, and
1130:
699:
609:
384:
262:
Circumcision is one of the world's most common and oldest medical procedures. Prophylactic usage originated in
211:
55:
10312:
8167:
4548:"Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4247:
There is disputed immunological evidence in support of MC in preventing the heterosexual acquisition of HIV-1.
1635:
An association between circumcision and reduced heterosexual HIV infection rates was first suggested in 1986.
10680:
7796:
5009:
Aridogan IA, Izol V, Ilkit M (August 2011). "Superficial fungal infections of the male genitalia: a review".
4443:"Relationship between circumcision and human papillomavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3351:
Great Britain, and "no medical benefit/physical and psychological trauma/parental choice" in the Netherlands.
2251:
796:
259:
generally hold the belief that in these situations its medical benefits are not counterbalanced by risk.
5671:
3967:
2041:
1172:
Evidence suggests that circumcision was practiced in the Middle East by the fourth millennium BCE, when the
10863:
10760:
10150:
10104:
1727:
1470:
1435:
1033:
6463:
2034:, and maintains a neutral position on the practice of circumcision for other reasons. A majority of other
644:
Circumcision in Africa § Circumcision to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa
11166:
10234:
8286:
2352:
1696:
1639:
943:
846:
957:
Neonatal circumcision is generally a safe, low-risk procedure when done by an experienced practitioner.
11310:
10858:
10270:
10213:
8142:(1994). "To mutilate in the name of Jehovah or Allah: legitimization of male and female circumcision".
6635:
6609:
5529:
3734:
Marrazzo JM, del Rio C, Holtgrave DR, Cohen MS, Kalichman SC, Mayer KH, et al. (23–30 July 2014).
2364:
2321:
2156:
Some Druses do not circumcise their male children and refuse to observe this "common Muslim practice".
2117:
1206:; the Greeks abhorred circumcision, making life difficult for circumcised Jews living among the Greeks.
10928:
8275:"Ecumenical Council of Florence (1438–1445): Session 11—4 February 1442; Bull of union with the Copts"
6135:
1052:
11305:
11237:
10853:
10720:
9588:
8246:
5682:
5652:
4300:
3978:
3948:
3708:
3470:
3273:
2987:
2368:
679:
665:
376:
349:
317:
239:
11325:
9550:
8581:
Neonatal circumcision is the general practice among Jews, Christians, and many, but not all Muslims.
5952:
4845:"Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children and adolescents: a literature review and clinical series"
3551:
2825:"Male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1477:, which saw validation during the same period: the foreskin was thought to harbor infection-causing
1060:
Circumcision is the oldest known surgical procedure. Depictions of circumcised penises are found in
459:, because the foreskin may be needed for reconstructive surgery. Circumcision is contraindicated in
11247:
10770:
10344:
7948:
7502:
5309:"Association between male circumcision and women's biomedical health outcomes: a systematic review"
1929:
742:
77:
8882:
7822:
Bolnick DA, Katz KE (2012). "Jewish Ritual Circumcision". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).
2220:
does not require the elective circumcision of its followers and strongly criticizes the practice.
10765:
10208:
8389:
8336:
Slosar JP, O'Brien D (2003). "The ethics of neonatal male circumcision: a Catholic perspective".
8208:
El-Sheemy MS, Ziada AM (2012). "Islam and Circumcision". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).
7918:
7744:"Should liberal government regulate male circumcision performed in the name of Jewish tradition?"
6699:
6406:
5869:
5165:
2081:
2035:
1606:
1454:
published his findings that, among his venereal disease patients, Jews had a lower prevalence of
1312:
1002:
961:
417:
296:
Around half of all circumcisions worldwide are performed for reasons of prophylactic healthcare.
215:
200:
6934:
2494:
10996:
10569:
10414:
10275:
7572:
7566:
7078:
Chubak B (1 April 2013). "1101 the orthopedic origin of popular male circumcision in america".
7001:
A surgical temptation: the demonization of the foreskin and the rise of circumcision in Britain
6757:
6528:
2337:
2315:
2247:
2241:
2053:
1565:
1564:
were prominent and generally well-respected; while in Australia "the racial issues of the time
1514:
1474:
1333:
1288:
1239:
1124:
1081:
255:
9311:
8735:
7530:
1307:, but physical circumcision is not part of the received teachings of Jesus. Circumcision has
604:
For infants, non-pharmacological methods such as the use of a comfortable, padded chair and a
11290:
10755:
10301:
10254:
10249:
10218:
6678:
4165:
3822:
3369:
2268:
1924:
1518:
1371:
1304:
924:
775:
771:
365:
251:
180:
8921:
4843:
Celis S, Reed F, Murphy F, Adams S, Gillick J, Abdelhafeez AH, et al. (February 2014).
4296:
3704:
11295:
10974:
10913:
10813:
10787:
10554:
10375:
10285:
10187:
9750:
9451:"Circumcision policy statement. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Circumcision"
8092:"Is Circumcision "Necessary" in Islam? A Philosophical Argument Based on Peer Disagreement"
6359:
4499:"Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4199:"Circumcision as an Intervening Strategy against HIV Acquisition in the Male Genital Tract"
3231:
Gable L, Gamharter K, Gostin L, Hodge Jr J, Puymbroeck R (2007). "1.12 Male Circumcision".
3147:"Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review"
2325:
2057:
2022:
1802:. Barring extraordinary circumstances, failure to undergo the rite is seen by followers of
1393:
1231:
932:
767:
735:
695:
650:
590:
313:
223:
9480:
8771:
Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present
7184:"Circumcision in the United States. Prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice"
6136:"Male genital representation in paleolithic art: erection and circumcision before history"
3997:
2568:
Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety, and acceptability
124:
8:
11242:
11227:
10564:
10280:
8068:
7709:
7469:
6899:. The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. p. 12. Archived from
6762:
6726:
5705:"Effects of circumcision on male sexual functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5307:
Grund JM, Bryant TS, Jackson I, Curran K, Bock N, Toledo C, et al. (November 2017).
4264:
3409:
3065:
2874:"Social representations of male circumcision as prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe"
2492:
2393:
2134:
2031:
1960:
1723:
1451:
1423:
1262:'s prohibition has also been considered by some to have been a contributing cause of the
1226:
1029:
791:
722:. Genital warts and cervical cancer are the two most common problems resulting from HPV.
456:
172:
20:
9754:
7394:
6363:
3957:
Jhpiego (Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics)
993:
may be tender. There is no good evidence that circumcision affects cognitive abilities.
10735:
10599:
10574:
10472:
10462:
10370:
10062:
10037:
10013:
9988:
9964:
9937:
9918:
9870:
9843:
9821:
9773:
9738:
9392:
8361:
8116:
8091:
7773:
7683:(2: Special Issue: Female Genital Cutting in the Past and Today): 14–22. Archived from
7481:
7390:
7339:
7312:
7288:
7263:
7164:
6927:
6601:
6521:
6486:
6432:
6375:
6313:
6223:
6196:
6057:
6032:
6004:
5926:
5899:
5729:
5704:
5632:
5607:
5586:
5559:
5452:
5427:
5382:
5357:
5333:
5308:
5257:
5232:
5034:
4915:
4888:
4778:
4753:
4729:
4702:
4672:
4624:
4599:
4572:
4547:
4528:
4469:
4442:
4377:
4233:
4198:
4054:
4029:
3760:
3735:
3641:
3500:
3173:
3146:
3122:
2908:
2873:
2755:
2730:
2276:
2142:
2072:
calls for circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia.
1972:
1861:
1856:
1817:
1569:
1542:
1316:
1293:
1146:
617:
613:
530:
10053:
8991:
Muslim men are circumcised, whereas this is not a religious obligation among the Druze
8274:
5324:
2746:
678:. The evidence regarding whether circumcision helps prevent HIV is not as clear among
485:
70:
10949:
10888:
10710:
10439:
10067:
10018:
9969:
9910:
9893:
Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M (November 2010). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?".
9875:
9813:
9778:
9719:
9679:
9650:
9592:
9472:
9417:
9396:
9384:
9263:
9223:
9198:
9158:
9133:
9096:
9069:
9036:
9011:
8980:
8952:
8927:
8855:
8830:
8802:
8774:
8712:
8684:
8626:
8598:
8570:
8541:
8513:
8484:
8451:
8422:
8393:
8353:
8300:
8290:
8250:
8221:
8155:
8121:
7910:
7876:
7835:
7802:
7777:
7765:
7713:
7626:
7576:
7536:
7473:
7367:
7364:
Health and Other Unassailable Values: Reconfigurations of Health, Evidence and Ethics
7344:
7293:
7242:
7203:
7199:
7123:
7055:
7004:
6972:
6938:
6868:
6837:
6805:
6730:
6703:
6685:
6674:
6639:
6613:
6563:
6532:
6422:
6379:
6317:
6305:
6262:
6228:
6165:
6114:
6080:
6062:
6009:
5931:
5843:
5820:
Friedman B, Khoury J, Petersiel N, Yahalomi T, Paul M, Neuberger A (September 2016).
5772:
5734:
5637:
5591:
5516:
5493:
Friedman B, Khoury J, Petersiel N, Yahalomi T, Paul M, Neuberger A (September 2016).
5481:
5457:
5387:
5338:
5289:
5262:
5208:
5141:
5107:
5069:
5026:
4920:
4866:
4825:
4783:
4734:
4664:
4629:
4577:
4520:
4474:
4369:
4352:
Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M (November 2010). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?".
4268:
4238:
4220:
4173:
4146:
4112:
4059:
3877:
3803:
3765:
3633:
3629:
3566:
3512:
3474:
3442:
3438:
3413:
3375:
3339:
3236:
3208:
3178:
3126:
3114:
3069:
3039:
2959:
2933:
2930:
Health and Other Unassailable Values: Reconfigurations of Health, Evidence and Ethics
2913:
2895:
2846:
2798:
2760:
2702:
2666:
2622:
2585:
2575:
2516:
2360:
2299:
2228:
2073:
1964:
1553:
1263:
1251:
1222:
1203:
1093:
990:
683:
369:
235:
148:
65:
8365:
8041:
7168:
6490:
6436:
5979:
5790:
5038:
4676:
4532:
4095:
Lönnqvist PA (September 2010). "Regional anaesthesia and analgesia in the neonate".
3645:
1674:
1234:
by European governments have occurred several times in world history, including the
608:
or non-sucrose pacifier are more effective at reducing pain than a placebo, but the
234:
in high-risk populations; its prophylactic efficacy against HIV transmission in the
10843:
10818:
10421:
10057:
10049:
10008:
10000:
9959:
9949:
9922:
9902:
9865:
9855:
9825:
9805:
9768:
9758:
9711:
9462:
9376:
9255:
8799:
Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice
8739:
8476:
8345:
8282:
8213:
8111:
8103:
7868:
7827:
7755:
7485:
7465:
7334:
7324:
7283:
7275:
7195:
7156:
7087:
6781:
6666:
6478:
6414:
6371:
6367:
6218:
6208:
6155:
6147:
6052:
6044:
5999:
5991:
5921:
5911:
5833:
5764:
5724:
5716:
5627:
5619:
5581:
5571:
5506:
5447:
5439:
5377:
5369:
5328:
5320:
5252:
5244:
5200:
5133:
5103:
5099:
5061:
5018:
4910:
4900:
4856:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4773:
4765:
4724:
4714:
4656:
4619:
4611:
4567:
4559:
4510:
4464:
4454:
4381:
4361:
4228:
4210:
4104:
4049:
4041:
3869:
3795:
3755:
3747:
3665:
3625:
3331:
3168:
3158:
3106:
3035:
3031:
2903:
2885:
2836:
2750:
2742:
2506:
1799:
1610:
1320:
1255:
1187:
878:
817:
738:
of the virus by the body, which can account for the finding of reduced prevalence.
658:
598:
550:
489:
Before (left) and after (right) an adult circumcision that was undertaken to treat
429:
408:
Circumcision is also used to treat various pathologies. These include pathological
337:
276:
231:
176:
8827:
Encyclopedia of Sex and Sexuality: Understanding Biology, Psychology, and Culture
6151:
6033:"Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review"
3203:
Selekman R, Copp H (2020). "Urologic Evaluation of the Child". In Partin A (ed.).
1578:
110:
11267:
11217:
11146:
11121:
11091:
11001:
10908:
10848:
10431:
10365:
9954:
9906:
9860:
9763:
9500:
9411:
9364:
9320:
8894:
8480:
8217:
7906:
7831:
7618:
7329:
7133:
6982:
6878:
6418:
6272:
5689:
5204:
5022:
4861:
4844:
4660:
4515:
4498:
4365:
3985:
2696:
2660:
2189:
2146:
2061:
2027:
1881:
1538:
1329:
1235:
1182:
1138:
1108:
1080:, and then by the Jews and Muslims. In Oceania, circumcision is practiced by the
1061:
978:
896:
874:
838:
800:
715:
620:
are all options, and the procedure requires four to six weeks of abstinence from
413:
341:
247:
204:
83:
9842:
Binagwaho A, Pegurri E, Muita J, Bertozzi S (January 2010). Kalichman SC (ed.).
9380:
9033:
The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences
7934:
Talmud Avodah Zarah 26b; Menachot 42a; Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, Milah, ii. 1;
7856:
7027:
Hutchinson J (1855). "On the influence of circumcision in preventing syphilis".
5137:
3335:
1905:), without restriction. In 1984 Deborah Cohen became the first certified Reform
11257:
11141:
11081:
10745:
10740:
10730:
10725:
10690:
10594:
10541:
10536:
10342:
9715:
9675:
8349:
8270:
8107:
8010:
7935:
7872:
7760:
7743:
7091:
6894:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims"
5576:
5373:
5065:
3110:
2729:
Yuan T, Fitzpatrick T, Ko NY, Cai Y, Chen Y, Zhao J, et al. (April 2019).
1617:
1583:
1525:
1447:
1419:
1300:
1271:
1077:
854:
830:
730:
518:
219:
10136:
9809:
7684:
7048:
6606:
Dreamworld or Dystopia: The Nordic Model and Its Influence in the 21st Century
5838:
5821:
5511:
5494:
5248:
4769:
4395:
4215:
4108:
4030:"Safety and efficacy of nontherapeutic male circumcision: a systematic review"
3799:
3368:
Caga-anan EC, Thomas AJ, Diekema DS, Mercurio MR, Adam MR (8 September 2011).
2890:
1638:
Experimental evidence was needed to establish a causal relationship, so three
1254:. Antiochus IV's restriction on Jewish circumcision was a major factor in the
1158:
593:(eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) cream, which is more effective than a
11284:
11262:
11232:
11212:
11071:
11046:
10969:
10883:
10873:
10868:
10782:
10675:
10467:
10409:
10382:
10004:
9388:
8878:
7880:
7769:
6309:
6213:
4976:
4944:
4459:
4224:
2899:
2589:
2397:
2272:
2105:
2018:
1659:
1561:
1517:—Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom—as well as the
1281:
1169:, which have been dated as early as 4000 BCE, show evidence of circumcision.
1162:
1073:
870:
719:
707:
460:
321:
280:
243:
227:
184:
96:
9365:"Male circumcision as an example of bioethics as (immaterial) social ethics"
8637:
Christians in Africa, for instance, often practise infant male circumcision.
8567:
Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice
7670:"Islam and Female Genital Cutting in Southeast Asia: The Weight of the Past"
7279:
5358:"Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a blessing or a curse?"
5233:"Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4615:
4563:
4441:
Zhu YP, Jia ZW, Dai B, Ye DW, Kong YY, Chang K, et al. (8 March 2016).
3857:
2841:
2824:
2493:
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision (September 2012).
1509:. Its popularity spread with publications such as Peter Charles Remondino's
895:
There is some evidence that circumcision is associated with reduced risk of
207:
in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.
44:
11101:
11096:
11076:
11056:
11042:
10833:
10715:
10665:
10449:
10071:
10022:
9973:
9914:
9879:
9844:"Male circumcision at different ages in Rwanda: a cost-effectiveness study"
9817:
9782:
9737:
Uthman OA, Popoola TA, Uthman MM, Aremu O (March 2010). Van Baal PH (ed.).
9723:
9476:
9467:
8357:
8125:
7477:
7348:
7297:
7233:
Paige J, Paige K (2021). "Summary and Implications for Complex Societies".
6232:
6169:
6066:
6013:
5995:
5935:
5847:
5776:
5738:
5641:
5623:
5595:
5520:
5485:
5461:
5391:
5342:
5293:
5266:
5212:
5111:
5073:
5030:
4924:
4870:
4829:
4787:
4738:
4668:
4633:
4581:
4524:
4478:
4373:
4242:
4150:
4116:
4063:
3881:
3807:
3769:
3751:
3661:"'It's hassle-free,' says actor Melusi Yeni about his medical circumcision"
3637:
3570:
3182:
3163:
3118:
3043:
2917:
2850:
2802:
2764:
2520:
2511:
2165:
2138:
1942:
1602:
1521:. In the United Kingdom and United States, it was universally recommended.
1494:
1349:
and the following Yuan Emperors in China forbade Islamic practices such as
1346:
1243:
1211:
1056:
Circumcision knife from the Congo; wood, iron; late 19th/early 20th century
966:
711:
703:
621:
582:
546:
9487:
9259:
9008:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
8159:
7623:
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations
7207:
7183:
7160:
6694:
Silverman E (2006). "Circumcision, Anti-Semitism, and Christ's Foreskin".
6160:
5916:
4905:
1513:. By the late 19th century, circumcision had become common throughout the
714:, and other types, if untreated, cause various forms of cancer, including
159:. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with
11207:
11202:
11176:
11066:
11051:
11032:
10991:
10959:
10954:
10792:
10670:
10610:
10514:
10492:
10100:
8448:
American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire
8139:
2288:
2150:
2093:
1643:
1466:
1431:
1427:
1375:
1358:
1085:
974:
920:
866:
675:
601:
infants, so penile nerve block techniques are recommended in this group.
586:
554:
542:
534:
514:
510:
494:
468:
444:
309:
156:
104:
9062:
The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite
8243:
The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite
6670:
6482:
5720:
4719:
4322:
3907:
3467:
The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite
2030:, which explicitly banned the practice of religious circumcision in the
1099:
It has been speculated that circumcision originated as a substitute for
557:), which remains until blood flow has stopped. Finally, the foreskin is
164:
163:, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the foreskin is
11186:
11131:
11126:
11116:
11111:
10964:
10838:
10700:
10695:
10651:
10504:
10497:
10244:
7395:"AIDS: New Web Site Seeks to Fight Myths About Circumcision and H.I.V."
6048:
3873:
2565:
Weiss H, Polonsky J, Bailey R, Hankins C, Halperin D, Schmid G (2007).
2085:
1842:
1836:
1787:
1502:
1459:
1387:
1267:
1154:
1100:
1096:
civilizations in the Americas, but little is known about that history.
1065:
726:
566:
558:
538:
498:
464:
448:
391:
stated that the potential benefits of circumcision outweigh the risks.
168:
5768:
5651:
5443:
2188:. According to Mandaean doctrine, a circumcised man cannot serve as a
1823:
1410:
11171:
11037:
11016:
10898:
10823:
10775:
10705:
10660:
10531:
10457:
9936:
Hankins C, Forsythe S, Njeuhmeli E (November 2011). Sansom SL (ed.).
8866:
Male circumcision is standard practice, by tradition, among the Druze
7798:
Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible
6798:
Christ Circumcised: A Study in Early Christian History and Difference
4045:
4027:
2344:
2185:
2177:
1767:
1546:
a lack of consensus in the academic literature on why this occurred.
1218:
1104:
982:
812:
779:
759:
682:(MSM). The effectiveness of using circumcision to prevent HIV in the
578:
436:
196:
118:
9195:
Yezidism in Europe: Different Generations Speak about Their Religion
8977:
The History of Galilee, 1538–1949: Mysticism, Modernization, and War
6461:
6347:
4077:
Professional Standards and Guidelines – Circumcision (Infant Male).
3858:"Why circumcision is a biomedical imperative for the 21(st) century"
2695:
Rudolph C, Rudolph A, Lister G, First L, Gershon A (18 March 2011).
1575:
Rates in the Anglophonic world began to sharply diverge after 1945.
670:
Circumcision reduces the risk that a man will acquire HIV and other
134:
11222:
11161:
11151:
11086:
10923:
10903:
10828:
10484:
10352:
8538:
The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective
8509:
6933:(illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.
4315:
4291:
4289:
4287:
2701:(22nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated. p. 188.
2427:
2410:
2348:
2201:
1980:
1771:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1455:
1198:
1088:. There is also evidence that circumcision was practiced among the
782:
or syphilis. It may also possibly protect against syphilis in MSM.
755:
506:
490:
409:
345:
192:
152:
7456:
Glass JM (January 1999). "Religious circumcision: a Jewish view".
7424:"Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention Redesigned"
6657:
Miller GP (Spring 2002). "Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis".
5703:
Tian Y, Liu W, Wang JZ, Wazir R, Yue X, Wang KJ (September 2013).
2823:
Larke N, Thomas SL, Dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA (November 2011).
1983:
directly (following Abraham), and so its practice is considered a
1798:
of circumcision on the eighth day of life is considered among the
1161:, circumcision has been dated to at least as early as 6000 BCE in
11181:
11156:
10933:
9987:
Xu X, Patel DA, Dalton VK, Pearlman MD, Johnson TR (March 2009).
9334:"'Circumcision season': Philippine rite puts boys under pressure"
9155:
Guardians of the Gate: Angelic Vice-regency in the Late Antiquity
8963:
Circumcision is not compulsory and has no religious significance.
7857:"Forming Jewish Identity by Formulating Legislation for Gentiles"
7119:
Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery
7116:
Gollaher D (February 2001). "Chapter 4: From Ritual to Science".
6968:
Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery
6864:
Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery
6861:
Gollaher D (February 2001). "Chapter 2: Christians and Muslims".
6258:
Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery
5660:
5231:
Larke NL, Thomas SL, dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA (August 2011).
4497:
Albero G, Castellsagué X, Giuliano AR, Bosch FX (February 2012).
3956:
3269:
Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia
2983:
Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia
2372:
2298:
in 1450. Pressure to be circumcised is even in the language: one
2217:
2205:
2181:
2097:
2014:
1803:
1794:
1775:
1365:
1259:
1247:
1178:
1134:
970:
834:
804:
766:. A 2010 review found that circumcision reduced the incidence of
605:
594:
562:
452:
268:
263:
188:
160:
91:
9524:. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians. September 2010.
8651:"The Ritual of Circumcision in Africa: The Case of South Africa"
8304:
5230:
4882:
4880:
4284:
3096:
2822:
741:
Although genital warts are caused by a type of HPV, there is no
11106:
10893:
10878:
10641:
10142:
9442:
9130:
Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq
8890:
6756:
Hirsch EG, Kohler K, Jacobs J, Friedenwald A, Broydé I (1906).
6348:"Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules"
6255:
Gollaher D (February 2001). "Chapter 1: The Jewish Tradition".
5819:
5656:
5492:
5471:
4496:
4028:
Perera CL, Bridgewater FH, Thavaneswaran P, Maddern GJ (2010).
3952:
3435:
Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections
2423:
2356:
2255:
2101:
2089:
1985:
1864:. There are also certain exceptions for Jews with poor health.
1808:
1532:
1486:
1478:
1142:
936:
842:
763:
9236:
3367:
1847:
ritual, to be performed by a specialist ritual circumciser, a
1414:
The first medical professional to recommend circumcision as a
509:
is the double-layered fold of tissue at the distal end of the
299:
11011:
9841:
8709:
A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
6755:
5190:
4877:
4803:
4345:
3733:
2295:
2224:
2130:
2122:
2100:
have high circumcision rates, while Christian communities in
2045:
1967:, the Islamic tradition of circumcision was derived from the
1951:
1850:
1832:
1751:
1350:
1340:
1173:
1112:
1089:
850:
anatomical defects, and may be used to treat recurrent UTIs.
745:
between being circumcised and the presence of genital warts.
272:
7497:
7495:
6684:
The Jews responded with the Maccabean revolt, a campaign of
5279:
3233:
Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Policy and Law Reform
3230:
1933:
Children in Turkey wearing traditional circumcision costumes
359:
10797:
9795:
9410:
Diekema DS, Mercurio MR, Adam MB, eds. (8 September 2011).
8168:"Islamic Law and the Issue of Male and Female Circumcision"
6113:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 243–244.
5863:
5822:"Pros and cons of circumcision: an evidence-based overview"
5495:"Pros and cons of circumcision: an evidence-based overview"
5226:
5224:
5222:
5089:
3559:
The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
3145:
Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I (February 2010).
3140:
3138:
3136:
3025:
2068:, and they practice circumcision as a rite of passage. The
1991:
1813:
1506:
1150:
884:
Penile cancer development can be detected in the carcinoma
9448:
8623:
Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery: Solution to What Problem?
7564:
6965:
Gollaher D (February 2001). "Chapter 3: Symbolic Wounds".
3465:
Mark E (2003). "Frojmovic/Travelers to the Circumcision".
3144:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2564:
1778:, strongly prohibit the practice of routine circumcision.
1592:, one of the best-selling books of the twentieth century.
1430:'s medical communities and doctors, such as the prominent
785:
734:
infection, but the procedure is associated with increased
702:, affecting both men and women. While most infections are
364:
Major medical organizations hold varying positions on the
8321:
it denounces all who after that time observe circumcision
7492:
6696:
From Abraham to America: A History of Jewish Circumcision
5355:
5127:
4414:
2694:
661:
from HIV positive women to men in high risk populations.
597:. Topical creams have been found to irritate the skin of
581:
is advocated. Ordinary procedural pain may be managed in
467:, it is recommended that the blood be checked for normal
368:
of the elective circumcision of minors in the context of
9935:
9736:
7952:
7310:
5978:
Sorokan ST, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL (8 September 2015).
5606:
Sorokan ST, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL (8 September 2015).
5426:
Dave S, Afshar K, Braga LH, Anderson P (February 2018).
5306:
5219:
4701:
Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K (February 2011).
4700:
4597:
3133:
2168:
requires ritual circumcision on the eighth day of life.
989:
men who have been circumcised, there is a risk that the
242:
is debated. Neonatal circumcision decreases the risk of
10095:
The most commonly-done procedure is in actuality not a
8949:
Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide
8379:
8377:
8375:
7594:
7592:
7003:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 262–.
5425:
4646:
4546:
Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ (April 2006).
4252:
3010:
2275:
and the removal of teeth, and may be followed later by
2227:
criticizes the practise of circumcision in the hymn of
1221:
frequently included bans on circumcision as a means of
1192:
199:
that do not resolve with other treatments, and chronic
9701:
9672:
Multicultural Dialogue: Dilemmas, Paradoxes, Conflicts
8790:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7729:
5977:
5665:"Manual for Male Circumcision Under Local Anaesthesia"
5605:
4545:
4097:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
4079:
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
3990:
3961:"Manual for Male Circumcision Under Local Anaesthesia"
9986:
8203:
8201:
8040:. Jewish Reconstructionist Federation. Archived from
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
6558:
Skolnik F, Berenbaum M, eds. (2006). "Circumcision".
6553:
6551:
3786:
Pinto K (August 2012). "Circumcision controversies".
2184:
by God, circumcision, is considered abhorrent by the
1566:
involved primarily Aborigines and Chinese immigration
9647:
Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society
9413:
Clinical Ethics in Pediatrics: A Case-Based Textbook
9340:. Agence France-Presse. 19 June 2019. Archived from
8372:
7661:
7589:
7311:
Hankins C, Forsythe S, Njeuhmeli E (November 2011).
7181:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6030:
4842:
4598:
Wetmore CM, Manhart LE, Wasserheit JN (April 2010).
3727:
3432:
3371:
Clinical Ethics in Pediatrics: A Case-Based Textbook
3321:
3319:
2728:
2096:, the Philippines, the Middle East, South Korea and
1906:
1900:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1848:
1840:
1627:
1970s but stopped short of recommending against it.
1275:
9409:
8569:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 23–24.
7726:
7264:"The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision"
5535:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
4703:"Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision"
4539:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
2791:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
2619:
Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics, Fourth edition
1955:), while others view it as only being recommended (
1405:
616:, ring block, dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) and
9837:
9835:
8586:
8529:
8464:
8198:
8165:
8067:. Calgary Jewish Community Council. Archived from
7905:
7815:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7102:
7047:
6926:
6548:
6520:
6031:Morris BJ, Moreton S, Krieger JN (November 2019).
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5754:
5405:
5403:
5401:
4261:The AIDS Pandemic: Searching for a Global Response
4196:
3325:
3062:The AIDS Pandemic: Searching for a Global Response
2952:The AIDS Pandemic: Searching for a Global Response
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2048:Children wearing traditional circumcision costumes
2009:Religious male circumcision § In Christianity
1748:cultural, ethical, or social views on the practice
1438:, subsequently leading to its widespread adoption.
632:
210:The procedure is associated with reduced rates of
10035:
9503:. Utrecht: Royal Dutch Medical Association, 2010.
8728:
8335:
7976:"Jewish "intactivists" in U.S. stop circumcising"
7022:
7020:
6958:
6854:
6827:
6239:
6133:
5897:
5085:
5083:
5045:
5008:
4886:
4090:
4088:
3363:
3361:
3359:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
1586:recommended circumcision in his influential work
1442:Circumcision began to be advocated as a means of
1370:Circumcision is practiced by some groups amongst
1118:
11282:
9578:
9576:
9220:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
8540:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61.
8269:
7182:Laumann EO, Masi CM, Zuckerman EW (April 1997).
6557:
5702:
5004:
5002:
4163:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
3495:
3493:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3296:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2080:Circumcision is practiced in some predominantly
1663:A circumcision being performed in Central Asia,
1223:forceful assimilation, conversion, and ethnocide
250:is the most common long-term. There are various
49:Circumcision surgery with hemostats and scissors
9832:
8871:
7699:
7697:
7553:
7226:
7073:
7071:
6823:
6821:
6659:Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6288:
5955:. American Academy of Family Physicians. 2013.
5884:
5557:
5398:
5356:Bañuelos Marco B, García Heil JL (March 2021).
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4593:
4591:
4136:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2662:Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 21/E
2616:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
1792:Circumcision is near-universal among Jews. The
1620:argued in favor of circumcision in his popular
1616:In contrast to Gairdner, American pediatrician
1596:
1339:Although it is not explicitly mentioned in the
674:(STIs) from an infected female partner through
659:human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission
637:
9892:
9697:
9695:
9416:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–48.
8207:
7667:
7612:
7610:
7568:Islamic ruling on male and female circumcision
7524:
7522:
7520:
7451:
7449:
7017:
6918:
5750:
5748:
5080:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4640:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4351:
4197:Sharma AL, Hokello J, Tyagi M (25 June 2021).
4085:
4023:
4021:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3356:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3055:
3053:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2531:
1366:Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Oceania
471:properties before the procedure is attempted.
394:The World Health Organization in 2010 stated:
11136:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
10626:
10405:Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
10328:
10158:
9929:
9616:"Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors"
9573:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9001:
8999:
8620:
8083:
7741:
7383:
7039:
6994:
6992:
6632:The Contested Place of Religion in Family Law
6083:. National Health Service. 22 February 2016.
5051:
4999:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4396:"STD facts – Human papillomavirus (HPV)"
4123:
3781:
3779:
3490:
3460:
3458:
3392:
3226:
3224:
3207:(12th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 388–402.
3189:
2809:
1831:The basis for its observance is found in the
1720:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
1026:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
439:structure abnormalities, such as a misplaced
9730:
9644:
9281:
9279:
9010:. University of Michigan Press. p. 56.
8843:
8801:. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–101.
8416:
7694:
7068:
7054:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
6818:
6576:
6523:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel
5947:
5945:
5558:Shezi MH, Tlou B, Naidoo S (February 2023).
4683:
4588:
3930:
3615:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3202:
2857:
2771:
2665:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 18–19.
2603:
1889:
1623:The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
1589:The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
1533:Interwar period and World War II (1918–1945)
1400:
9692:
9494:Non-Therapeutic Circumcision of Male Minors
9222:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 155–156.
9192:
9127:
8386:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
8138:
8007:"B'rit Milah: A Jewish Answer to Modernity"
7821:
7607:
7517:
7446:
7140:
6885:
6789:
6455:
6284:
6282:
5859:
5857:
5745:
5362:International Journal of Impotence Research
5092:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4974:
4963:
4806:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4745:
4485:
4440:
4258:
4157:
4018:
3814:
3688:
3592:
3552:"Ritual male circumcision: a brief history"
3426:
3330:. London: Springer. pp. 3–8, 255–257.
3235:. World Bank Publications. pp. 38–39.
3085:
3059:
3050:
3028:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2949:
2683:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2309:
1945:market, just after circumcision, Mali, 1990
1678:
1219:ethnic, cultural, and religious persecution
824:
624:or intercourse to allow the wound to heal.
300:Prophylactic usage in high-risk populations
10640:
10633:
10619:
10335:
10321:
10165:
10151:
9649:. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 352.
9585:Circumcision and Medicine in Modern Turkey
9506:
9287:"Tuli a rite of passage for Filipino boys"
9217:
9132:. Transnational Press London. p. 82.
9095:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 60.
9053:
8996:
8854:. Syracuse University Press. p. 150.
8818:
8736:"Circumcision protest brought to Florence"
8711:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
8683:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 228.
8625:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
8470:
8450:. Princeton University Press. p. 30.
8331:
8329:
7973:
7801:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–30.
7677:Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration
7648:
7646:
7416:
7355:
7232:
7026:
6989:
6600:
6562:(2nd ed.). USA: Macmillan Reference.
5132:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 11–15.
4931:
4327:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4070:
3776:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3455:
3374:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
3221:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2403:
2343:There is substantial disagreement amongst
1827:Preparing for a Jewish ritual circumcision
1730:this issue before removing this message.
1157:evidence found on walls and evidence from
1036:this issue before removing this message.
725:Circumcision is associated with a reduced
524:
389:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
334:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
218:. This includes reducing the incidence of
43:
10061:
10012:
9963:
9953:
9886:
9869:
9859:
9772:
9762:
9669:
9466:
9449:Task force on circumcision (March 1999).
9323:(vgl. Schumpelick u. a., S. 434 ff.)
9276:
8913:
8824:
8535:
8115:
7759:
7389:
7338:
7328:
7287:
6693:
6411:An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology
6345:
6339:
6222:
6212:
6159:
6108:
6056:
6003:
5942:
5925:
5915:
5837:
5728:
5631:
5585:
5575:
5510:
5451:
5381:
5332:
5256:
4914:
4904:
4860:
4777:
4728:
4718:
4623:
4571:
4514:
4468:
4458:
4232:
4214:
4094:
4053:
3759:
3406:An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology
3249:
3172:
3162:
2974:
2907:
2889:
2840:
2754:
2510:
2121:Preparing for a ritual circumcision to a
1686:
1630:
1149:and toward the east in the region of the
360:Prophylactic usage in developed countries
9980:
9608:
9543:
9254:. Oxford University Press. p. 335.
8979:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97.
8926:. Syracuse University Press. p. 1.
8877:
8004:
7261:
7115:
6964:
6860:
6404:
6398:
6279:
6254:
5854:
5696:
5530:"Statement on Newborn Male Circumcision"
4170:Handbook of Office Urological Procedures
3499:
3403:
2788:
2658:
2129:Circumcision is widely practiced by the
2116:
2040:
1936:
1928:
1822:
1658:
1577:
1409:
1287:
1197:
1051:
778:, and no evidence of protection against
484:
350:men who have insertive anal sex with men
303:
10388:Transurethral resection of the prostate
10120:Videos of infant circumcision: using a
9582:
9551:"Circumcision remains legal in Germany"
9152:
9088:
9030:
8706:
8564:
8503:
8445:
8383:
8326:
8089:
8062:
7643:
7528:
7513:from the original on 24 September 2015.
7045:
6527:. Westminster John Knox Press. p.
5898:Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS (2011).
5432:Canadian Urological Association Journal
4887:Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS (2011).
4388:
3528:
2635:
2527:from the original on 20 September 2012.
2441:
2064:. Circumcision is near-universal among
1941:Boys in white clothing with bonnets at
1766:. In contrast, some religions, such as
1541:, medical organizations and doctors in
1324:circumcision of Jesus is celebrated as
786:Phimosis, balanitis and balanoposthitis
698:(HPV) is the most commonly transmitted
690:
451:), curvature of the head of the penis (
11283:
10361:Transurethral incision of the prostate
10036:Tobian AA, Kacker S, Quinn TC (2014).
9362:
9252:The Bantu of North Kavirondo: Volume 1
9242:
9109:from the original on 14 September 2023
8974:
8946:
8796:
8597:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 101.
8475:. London: Springer. pp. 291–298.
8212:. London: Springer. pp. 275–280.
7949:"Berit Mila Program of Reform Judaism"
7887:from the original on 14 September 2023
7854:
7826:. London: Springer. pp. 265–274.
7794:
7703:
7652:
7535:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 170.
7077:
6891:
6795:
6720:
6656:
6629:
6518:
6134:Angulo JC, García-Díez M (July 2009).
5123:
5121:
4751:
4649:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
4436:
4434:
4402:from the original on 11 September 2012
3855:
3820:
3618:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
2724:
2722:
2617:Lissauer T, Clayden G (October 2011).
2599:from the original on 22 December 2015.
2262:
1800:most important commandments in Judaism
1654:
803:or forced retraction of the foreskin.
743:statistically significant relationship
657:Male circumcision reduces the risk of
277:most important commandments in Judaism
10614:
10400:Transurethral microwave thermotherapy
10316:
10146:
9177:
8923:The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid
8919:
8849:
8678:
8592:
8186:from the original on 12 November 2019
8035:
7986:from the original on 27 December 2008
7639:from the original on 18 January 2016.
7616:
7571:. World Health Organization. p.
7549:from the original on 18 January 2016.
7455:
7366:. Taylor & Francis. p. 106.
7214:from the original on 19 December 2021
7146:
6998:
6924:
6723:Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics
6500:from the original on 12 February 2023
6464:"Surgery Before Common Era (B.C.E.*)"
6194:
6176:from the original on 10 November 2011
6104:
6102:
6020:from the original on 18 January 2016.
5349:
5273:
4987:from the original on 11 December 2006
4799:
4797:
4186:from the original on 18 January 2016.
3888:from the original on 26 December 2021
3833:from the original on 26 December 2021
3785:
3715:from the original on 22 November 2021
3658:
3549:
3388:from the original on 18 January 2016.
2932:. Taylor & Francis. p. 106.
2715:from the original on 18 January 2016.
2679:from the original on 18 January 2016.
2574:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1292:The Circumcision of Jesus Christ, by
929:intravaginal ejaculation latency time
865:Not being circumcised is the primary
171:is generally used to reduce pain and
10751:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
9561:from the original on 26 October 2013
9293:from the original on 8 December 2015
9059:
9005:
8768:
8657:from the original on 6 December 2022
8263:
8240:
7788:
7470:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1017.x
7361:
6386:from the original on 7 November 2021
6291:"Big Hippo Site, Oued Afar, Algeria"
6024:
4981:Reactive and Inflammatory Dermatoses
3918:from the original on 22 October 2023
3464:
2927:
2180:, and the sign of the Jews given to
1700:
1582:Pediatrician and political activist
1252:forceful assimilation and conversion
1006:
423:
191:. It is also an option for cases of
10343:Tests and procedures involving the
9531:from the original on 12 August 2015
9245:"Circumcision And Initiation Rites"
8852:The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid
8648:
8180:Valparaiso University School of Law
7742:Cohen-Almagor R (9 November 2020).
7706:Religious Perspectives on Bioethics
7619:"Christianity: Coptic Christianity"
7565:al-Sabbagh, Muhammad Lutfi (1996).
7509:. Columbia University Press. 2011.
7404:from the original on 8 January 2014
7235:The Politics of Reproductive Ritual
6929:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
6443:from the original on 23 August 2022
6073:
5826:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
5499:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
5118:
4975:Osipov V, Acker S (November 2006).
4951:from the original on 7 October 2008
4943:Leber M, Tirumani A (8 June 2006).
4431:
4014:from the original on 12 March 2013.
2872:Chikutsa A, Maharaj P (July 2015).
2719:
2282:
2234:
1890:
1885:
1724:create a more balanced presentation
1642:were commissioned to exclude other
1232:Restrictions on the Jewish practice
1107:. In many traditions, it acts as a
1030:create a more balanced presentation
748:
435:These include infants with certain
13:
10132:(all from Stanford Medical School)
9430:from the original on 23 April 2021
9369:Ethics, Medicine and Public Health
9035:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 56.
8746:from the original on 26 March 2023
8419:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body
8311:from the original on 25 April 2009
8281:. 2 volumes (in Greek and Latin).
8279:Decrees of the ecumenical councils
8017:from the original on 12 March 2017
7915:The Jewish Annotated New Testament
7434:from the original on 12 March 2017
6770:from the original on 4 August 2011
6543:Abraham patriarchal known history.
6099:
6037:Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine
5801:from the original on 11 April 2023
5542:from the original on 21 March 2023
4794:
4758:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
3823:"The Troubled History of Foreskin"
3788:Pediatric Clinics of North America
3580:from the original on 14 March 2023
3505:The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17
3280:from the original on 14 April 2022
2994:from the original on 14 April 2022
2829:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1250:, where it was used as a means of
1064:, predating the earliest signs of
952:
572:
497:is exposed even when the penis is
314:VMMC against HIV/AIDS transmission
179:, most commonly done as a form of
14:
11347:
10560:Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis
10114:
10054:10.1146/annurev-med-092412-090539
9626:from the original on 8 March 2018
8901:from the original on 12 July 2020
8338:The American Journal of Bioethics
8152:World Association for Medical Law
6087:from the original on 29 June 2020
5959:from the original on 21 July 2015
5864:American Urological Association.
5527:
5172:from the original on 25 July 2022
2956:Springer International Publishing
1764:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1210:Circumcision is prominent in the
914:
902:
226:(HPV) and significantly reducing
10393:Radical retropubic prostatectomy
10172:
10089:
10029:
9993:American Journal of Men's Health
9789:
9663:
9638:
9403:
9363:Bedzow I (July–September 2020).
9356:
9326:
9305:
9211:
9186:
9171:
9146:
9121:
9092:The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics
9082:
9024:
8968:
8940:
8762:
8700:
8672:
8642:
8614:
8558:
8497:
8439:
8410:
8234:
8132:
8056:
8029:
7998:
7967:
7951:. 7 October 2013. Archived from
7941:
7928:
7899:
7848:
7657:. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.
7304:
7255:
7200:10.1001/jama.1997.03540370042034
7175:
7122:. Basic Books. pp. 73–108.
6802:University of Pennsylvania Press
6201:Surgical Neurology International
5162:"Risk Factors for Penile Cancer"
5011:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
3630:10.1097/00006254-200405000-00026
2336:This section is an excerpt from
2240:This section is an excerpt from
2200:Circumcision is not required in
1705:
1406:Anglophonic adoption (1855–1918)
1011:
710:, some types of the virus cause
649:This section is an excerpt from
10686:Breastfeeding and mental health
9645:Bruns A, Bu Y, Merkt H (2021).
9066:University Press of New England
8005:Glickman M (12 November 2005).
7974:Chernikoff H (3 October 2007).
6971:. Basic Books. pp. 53–72.
6867:. Basic Books. pp. 31–52.
6749:
6512:
6405:Al-Salem AH (8 November 2016).
6188:
6127:
5971:
5900:"Complications of circumcision"
5813:
5783:
5300:
5282:The Canadian Journal of Urology
5184:
5154:
4889:"Complications of circumcision"
4836:
4552:Sexually Transmitted Infections
4333:from the original on 6 May 2021
4190:
4164:Wolter C, Dmochowski R (2008).
3900:
3849:
3673:from the original on 5 May 2022
3652:
3099:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
2659:Hay W, Levin M (25 June 2012).
2159:
2058:Eastern Christian denominations
2002:
1648:Male Circumcision Clearinghouse
1550:Yosha & Bolnick & Koyle
1195:as having circumcised himself.
877:but much more prevalent in the
672:sexually transmitted infections
633:Sexually transmitted infections
481:Circumcision surgical procedure
212:sexually transmitted infections
9519:"Circumcision of Infant Males"
9313:Zirkumzision nach Dieffenbach.
8829:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115–117.
8506:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment
8473:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
8210:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
8166:Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh SA (1995).
8096:Journal of Religion and Health
7824:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
7655:The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran
7239:University of California Press
6830:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
6413:. Springer Cham. p. 480.
6372:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.011
6289:Campbell A, Coulson D (2010).
6261:. Basic Books. pp. 1–30.
6111:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
5984:Paediatrics & Child Health
5757:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
5612:Paediatrics & Child Health
5104:10.1002/14651858.CD009129.pub2
4818:10.1002/14651858.CD008973.pub3
4139:The Journal of Family Practice
3328:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
3036:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2
2621:. Elsevier. pp. 352–353.
2164:Like Judaism, the religion of
2112:
1693:Cultural views on circumcision
1274:, altered the edict to permit
1119:Middle East, Africa and Europe
1111:marking a boy's entrance into
700:sexually transmitted infection
610:American Academy of Pediatrics
403:
385:American Academy of Pediatrics
167:. Topical or locally injected
1:
10681:Breastfeeding and medications
8951:. Rough Guides. p. 147.
8621:Creighton S, Liao LM (2019).
6152:10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.010
5325:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30369-8
4503:Sexually Transmitted Diseases
3821:Wapner J (24 February 2015).
2747:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30567-9
2434:
2176:Circumcision is forbidden in
2133:; Druze practice Druzism, an
1816:and denial of a share in the
1664:
1353:butchering and circumcision.
1303:makes a brief mention of the
1299:A narrative in the Christian
797:balanitis xerotica obliterans
16:Removal of the human foreskin
11243:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
10864:Infant cognitive development
10761:Neonatal intensive care unit
10105:Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach
9955:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001127
9907:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21
9861:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000211
9764:10.1371/journal.pone.0009628
9197:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
8481:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26
8218:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_24
7832:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_23
7330:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001127
7262:Gairdner D (December 1949).
6419:10.1007/978-3-319-44182-5_22
6352:Journal of Arid Environments
5205:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017
5023:10.3109/1040841X.2011.572862
4862:10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.09.027
4849:Journal of Pediatric Urology
4661:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d
4558:(2): 101–9, discussion 110.
4516:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182387abd
4366:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21
2365:prevalence in the given area
2171:
1640:randomized controlled trials
1597:Mid-20th century (1945–1985)
1471:American Medical Association
1465:In 1870, orthopedic surgeon
1436:American Medical Association
1103:of defeated enemies or as a
799:(BXO), repeated episodes of
638:Human immunodeficiency virus
474:
275:. Circumcision is among the
175:. Circumcision is generally
7:
11301:Surgical removal procedures
11167:Supplemental nursing system
10235:Religious male circumcision
9381:10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100519
9218:Cole WO, Sambhi PS (1995).
8287:Georgetown University Press
8090:Dabbagh H (December 2022).
6346:Soukopova J (August 2017).
5980:"Newborn male circumcision"
5795:Canadian Paediatric Society
5791:"Newborn male circumcision"
5608:"Newborn male circumcision"
5237:Cancer Causes & Control
5138:10.1007/978-3-319-33220-8_2
3856:Morris BJ (November 2007).
3509:Eerdmans Publishing Company
3336:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_1
3205:Campbell Walsh Wein Urology
2204:, but is practised by some
2195:
2084:and Christian communities.
1969:Pagan practices and rituals
1907:
1901:
1895:
1876:
1870:
1849:
1841:
1697:Religious male circumcision
1683:, meaning "to cut around".
1276:
944:Canadian Paediatric Society
829:A UTI affects parts of the
493:. After the operation, the
291:
10:
11352:
10919:Prenatal development table
10859:Irritant diaper dermatitis
9895:Current Opinion in Urology
9716:10.1016/j.juro.2009.09.030
8773:. Routledge. p. 169.
8649:Nga A (30 December 2019).
8350:10.1162/152651603766436306
8108:10.1007/s10943-022-01635-0
7873:10.30965/21967954-00401005
7861:Journal of Ancient Judaism
7761:10.1007/s43545-020-00011-7
7668:Clarence-Smith WG (2008).
7092:10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.693
6636:Cambridge University Press
6610:Cambridge University Press
5709:Asian Journal of Andrology
5577:10.1186/s12889-023-15228-3
5374:10.1038/s41443-020-00354-y
5066:10.1016/j.juro.2012.11.114
4754:"Lichen sclerosus in boys"
4447:Asian Journal of Andrology
4259:Merson M, Inrig S (2017).
4172:. Springer. pp. 88–.
3111:10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5
3060:Merson M, Inrig S (2017).
2950:Merson M, Inrig S (2017).
2868:For sources on this, see:
2392:During the 2010s, several
2335:
2322:Circumcision controversies
2319:
2313:
2286:
2239:
2212:
2006:
1922:
1785:
1781:
1690:
1122:
1000:
996:
860:
648:
641:
627:
478:
25:
18:
11316:Male genital modification
11238:Prenatal cocaine exposure
11195:
11026:Infant care and equipment
11025:
10943:Socialization and Culture
10942:
10854:Infant visual development
10806:
10721:Infant and toddler safety
10649:
10587:
10550:
10522:
10513:
10483:
10448:
10430:
10351:
10294:
10264:Ethical and legal aspects
10263:
10227:
10201:
10180:
10042:Annual Review of Medicine
9810:10.1007/s00268-013-2243-y
9589:University of Texas Press
8883:"The Abrahamic religions"
8421:. ABC-CLIO. p. 394.
8247:Brandeis University Press
8172:Third World Legal Studies
8038:"Bo: Defining Boundaries"
7855:Oliver IW (14 May 2013).
7603:(2 ed.). Gale. 2005.
7529:Clark M (10 March 2011).
7149:Journal of Social History
7029:Medical Times and Gazette
5904:TheScientificWorldJournal
5839:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.030
5653:World Health Organization
5512:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.030
5313:The Lancet. Global Health
5249:10.1007/s10552-011-9785-9
5130:Textbook of Penile Cancer
4893:TheScientificWorldJournal
4770:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0053
4752:Becker K (January 2011).
4707:TheScientificWorldJournal
4301:World Health Organization
4216:10.3390/pathogens10070806
4109:10.1016/j.bpa.2010.02.012
4081:(Report). September 2009.
4034:Annals of Family Medicine
4005:World Health Organization
3949:World Health Organization
3800:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.05.015
3709:World Health Organization
3471:Brandeis University Press
3274:World Health Organization
2988:World Health Organization
2891:10.1186/s12889-015-1967-z
2735:The Lancet. Global Health
2330:
2070:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
1806:as leading to a state of
1760:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
1562:Jews in the United States
1401:Prophylactic circumcision
977:, urethral fistulas, and
680:men who have sex with men
666:World Health Organization
529:For infant circumcision,
416:and chronic or recurrent
377:World Health Organization
332:In 2007, the WHO and the
240:men who have sex with men
203:(UTIs). The procedure is
131:
117:
103:
90:
76:
64:
54:
42:
37:
11248:Parental child abduction
10771:Oral rehydration therapy
10345:male reproductive system
10139:from National Geographic
10082:
10005:10.1177/1557988308323616
9798:World Journal of Surgery
8065:"The Conversion Process"
7601:Encyclopedia of Religion
7274:(4642): 1433–7, illust.
6700:Rowman & Littlefield
6214:10.4103/2152-7806.156634
4460:10.4103/1008-682X.175092
3550:Doyle D (October 2005).
2379:
2310:Ethical and legal issues
1918:
1835:of the Hebrew Bible, in
1812:: the extinction of the
1605:, Britain implemented a
1418:against disease was the
1309:played an important role
1217:Historical campaigns of
1167:ancient Egyptian mummies
825:Urinary tract infections
418:urinary tract infections
216:urinary tract infections
201:urinary tract infections
19:Not to be confused with
11321:Male genital procedures
11253:Parental responsibility
10766:Newborn care and safety
9193:Kreyenbroek PG (2009).
9182:. London : H. Cox.
8417:Pitts-Taylor V (2008).
8390:Oxford University Press
8036:Cohen H (20 May 2002).
7919:Oxford University Press
7280:10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433
7268:British Medical Journal
6195:Faria MA (7 May 2015).
5953:"Neonatal Circumcision"
5166:American Cancer Society
4564:10.1136/sti.2005.017442
3659:Seeth A (1 June 2018).
2404:Economic considerations
2302:for 'uncircumcised' is
2036:Christian denominations
1687:Cultures and religions
1607:National Health Service
1511:History of Circumcision
1334:Christian denominations
1003:History of circumcision
762:, and possibly genital
706:and are cleared by the
525:Removal of the foreskin
312:became the 1 millionth
286:
26:For the paintings, see
11331:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
10997:Grandparent visitation
10570:Penile plethysmography
10415:Prostate brachytherapy
10202:History and prevalence
9704:The Journal of Urology
9468:10.1542/peds.103.3.686
9157:. BRILL. p. 105.
9128:Schmidinger T (2019).
8277:. In Tanner NP (ed.).
5474:Danish Medical Journal
5195:(Practice guideline).
5054:The Journal of Urology
3752:10.1001/jama.2014.7999
3164:10.1186/1471-2490-10-2
2797:(3 Suppl 2): S11–S18.
2512:10.1542/peds.2012-1990
2394:right-wing nationalist
2338:Ethics of circumcision
2316:Ethics of circumcision
2248:Circumcision in Africa
2242:Circumcision in Africa
2126:
2049:
1961:historians of religion
1946:
1934:
1828:
1679:
1670:
1631:Modernity (since 1985)
1593:
1475:germ theory of disease
1439:
1296:
1207:
1191:describes the sun god
1145:, toward the south in
1125:Circumcision in Africa
1082:Australian Aboriginals
1057:
960:The most common acute
502:
401:
325:
11336:Religion and children
10756:Infant sleep training
9260:10.4324/9780429485817
8881:(23 September 2019).
8825:Armstrong HL (2021).
7507:Columbia Encyclopedia
7161:10.1353/jsh.2003.0047
6560:Encyclopaedia Judaica
6081:"Circumcision in men"
6039:(Systematic review).
5711:(Systematic review).
5688:30 March 2023 at the
5476:(Systematic review).
4616:10.1093/epirev/mxq010
4604:Epidemiologic Reviews
3984:30 March 2023 at the
2842:10.1093/infdis/jir523
2357:ethically-problematic
2269:Australian Aborigines
2120:
2094:Anglosphere countries
2086:Christian communities
2044:
1940:
1932:
1925:Khitan (circumcision)
1826:
1662:
1581:
1519:Union of South Africa
1413:
1372:Australian Aboriginal
1305:circumcision of Jesus
1291:
1201:
1123:Further information:
1055:
935:or difficulties with
925:premature ejaculation
921:pain with intercourse
776:chlamydia trachomatis
772:trichomonas vaginalis
488:
396:
366:prophylactic efficacy
307:
181:preventive healthcare
10914:Prenatal development
10814:Attachment parenting
10788:Shaken baby syndrome
10555:Foreskin restoration
10376:Transurethral biopsy
9670:Gressgård R (2012).
9591:. pp. 156–157.
9557:. 12 December 2012.
9483:on 29 December 2015.
8595:ABC of Sexual Health
8536:Gruenbaum E (2015).
7710:Taylor & Francis
6836:. pp. 290–298.
6702:. pp. 161–162.
5996:10.1093/pch/20.6.311
5677:on 15 January 2012.
5624:10.1093/pch/20.6.311
3973:on 15 January 2012.
2698:Rudolph's Pediatrics
2326:Circumcision and law
1746:Many societies hold
1394:Christopher Columbus
933:erectile dysfunction
696:Human papillomavirus
691:Human papillomavirus
651:Circumcision and HIV
551:preputial epithelium
224:human papillomavirus
185:religious obligation
177:electively performed
11228:Infant ear piercing
10565:Penile Frenulectomy
9755:2010PLoSO...5.9628U
9031:Brenton RB (2013).
8707:Sharkey HJ (2017).
8446:Sharkey HJ (2015).
8384:Stearns PN (2008).
8071:on 27 December 2008
7938:, Yoreh De'ah, l.c.
7136:on 18 January 2016.
7046:Matthew HC (2004).
6985:on 18 January 2016.
6906:on 17 December 2010
6881:on 18 January 2016.
6763:Jewish Encyclopedia
6727:Feldheim Publishers
6671:10.2139/ssrn.201057
6483:10.2298/AOO1202028D
6471:Archive of Oncology
6407:"Male Circumcision"
6364:2017JArEn.143...10S
6275:on 18 January 2016.
5917:10.1100/2011/373829
5721:10.1038/aja.2013.47
5319:(11): e1113–e1122.
4906:10.1100/2011/373829
4720:10.1100/tsw.2011.31
4265:Springer Publishing
3410:Springer Publishing
3404:Al-Salem A (2016).
3066:Springer Publishing
2495:"Male circumcision"
2361:developed countries
2263:Australian cultures
2252:rites of initiation
2082:Christian countries
2032:Council of Florence
1857:universal moral law
1756:Coptic Christianity
1655:Society and culture
1644:confounding factors
1469:, a founder of the
1452:Jonathan Hutchinson
1434:, president of the
1424:Jonathan Hutchinson
1330:liturgical calendar
1227:Alexander the Great
1105:religious sacrifice
457:ambiguous genitalia
370:developed countries
21:female circumcision
10736:Infant food safety
10600:Scrotal ultrasound
10575:Postage stamp test
10473:Vasoepididymostomy
10463:Vasectomy reversal
10371:Transrectal biopsy
10240:Early Christianity
10193:Surgical procedure
10137:Xhosa circumcision
9678:. pp. 7, 94.
9583:Basaran O (2023).
9499:2012-05-13 at the
9319:2022-09-02 at the
9153:Deutsch N (1999).
9089:Lupieri E (2001).
9068:. pp. 94–95.
8975:Silver MM (2022).
8797:Peteet JR (2017).
8565:Hunting K (2012).
8504:DeMello M (2007).
8249:. pp. xxiii.
8063:Epstein L (2007).
7748:SN Social Sciences
7653:Drower ES (1937).
7464:(Suppl 1): 17–21.
7398:The New York Times
7080:Journal of Urology
6892:Leslie DD (1998).
6832:. United Kingdom:
6597:For sources, see:
6519:McNutt PM (1999).
6327:on 26 October 2022
6049:10.1111/jebm.12361
5288:(4): 10768–10776.
4329:. 22 August 2018.
3874:10.1002/bies.20654
3441:. pp. 28–34.
2277:penile subincision
2127:
2050:
1973:pre-Islamic Arabia
1947:
1935:
1862:Seven Laws of Noah
1837:Genesis chapter 17
1829:
1671:
1594:
1570:continental Europe
1440:
1297:
1294:Ludovico Mazzolino
1208:
1147:Sub-Saharan Africa
1058:
909:cervical dysplasia
686:is not determined.
618:general anesthesia
614:topical anesthesia
503:
432:in certain cases.
326:
173:physiologic stress
11311:Pediatric surgery
11278:
11277:
11138:
10975:Children's rights
10889:Object permanence
10711:Failure to thrive
10608:
10607:
10583:
10582:
10440:Spermatocelectomy
10310:
10309:
10228:Religious aspects
9685:978-0-85745-648-9
9656:978-3-7489-2584-2
9598:978-1-4773-2702-9
9423:978-1-139-50183-5
9338:Channel News Asia
9243:Wagner G (1949).
9229:978-1-898723-13-4
9204:978-3-447-06060-8
9178:Parry OH (1895).
9164:978-90-04-10909-4
9139:978-1-912997-15-2
9102:978-0-8028-3350-1
9075:978-1-58465-307-3
9042:978-1-61234-523-9
9017:978-1-903900-36-9
8986:978-1-7936-4943-0
8958:978-1-85828-248-0
8947:Jacobs D (1998).
8933:978-0-8156-5257-1
8861:978-0-8156-3097-5
8836:978-1-61069-875-7
8808:978-0-19-027243-2
8780:978-1-317-46109-8
8742:. 30 March 2008.
8718:978-0-521-76937-2
8690:978-1-60608-342-0
8679:Bakos GT (2011).
8632:978-1-108-43552-9
8604:978-1-118-66569-5
8593:Wylie KR (2015).
8576:978-1-4496-4875-6
8547:978-0-8122-9251-0
8519:978-0-313-33695-9
8490:978-1-4471-2857-1
8457:978-0-691-16810-4
8428:978-1-56720-691-3
8399:978-0-19-517632-2
8296:978-0-87840-490-2
8256:978-1-58465-307-3
8227:978-1-4471-2857-1
8044:on 9 October 2007
7955:on 7 October 2013
7841:978-1-4471-2857-1
7795:Hendel R (2005).
7719:978-90-265-1967-3
7704:Cherry M (2013).
7632:978-0-7876-6612-5
7582:978-92-9021-216-4
7542:978-1-118-05396-6
7532:Islam For Dummies
7458:BJU International
7373:978-1-317-48203-1
7248:978-0-520-30674-5
7194:(13): 1052–1057.
7129:978-0-465-02653-1
7061:978-0-19-861411-1
7010:978-0-226-13645-5
6978:978-0-465-02653-1
6944:978-0-8122-4237-9
6874:978-0-465-02653-1
6843:978-1-4471-2858-8
6811:978-0-8122-0651-7
6800:. United States:
6796:Jacobs A (2012).
6736:978-1-58330-592-8
6721:Rosner F (2003).
6709:978-0-7425-1669-4
6686:guerrilla warfare
6645:978-1-108-41760-0
6630:Wilson R (2018).
6619:978-1-108-75726-3
6569:978-0-02-865928-2
6538:978-0-664-22265-9
6428:978-3-319-44182-5
6268:978-0-465-02653-1
6120:978-1-4471-2858-8
5872:on 25 August 2013
5769:10.1111/jsm.12703
5763:(12): 2847–2864.
5663:(December 2009).
5564:BMC Public Health
5444:10.5489/cuaj.5033
5284:(Meta-analysis).
5147:978-3-319-33220-8
4977:"Balanoposthitis"
4179:978-1-84628-523-3
3959:(December 2009).
3868:(11): 1147–1158.
3518:978-0-8028-2521-6
3480:978-1-58465-307-3
3448:978-1-119-38084-9
3419:978-3-319-44182-5
3381:978-0-521-17361-2
3345:978-1-4471-2857-1
3242:978-0-8213-7105-3
3214:978-0-323-67227-6
3075:978-3-319-47133-4
2965:978-3-319-47133-4
2939:978-1-317-48203-1
2878:BMC Public Health
2737:(Mata-analysis).
2708:978-0-07-149723-7
2672:978-0-07-177971-5
2628:978-0-7234-3565-5
2581:978-92-4-159616-9
2300:Tagalog profanity
2229:Guru Granth Sahib
2074:Eritrean Orthodox
2066:Coptic Christians
1965:Religious studies
1744:
1743:
1722:. Please help to
1714:This section may
1601:After the end of
1554:Benjamin Disraeli
1515:Anglophonic world
1313:Christian history
1270:. His successor,
1264:Bar Kokhba revolt
1204:Artemision Bronze
1074:ancient Egyptians
1050:
1049:
1028:. Please help to
1020:This section may
991:circumcision scar
424:Contraindications
344:, and absence of
189:cultural practice
151:that removes the
142:
141:
92:OPS-301 code
11343:
11306:Cosmetic surgery
11134:
10819:Baby-led weaning
10635:
10628:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10520:
10519:
10432:Seminal vesicles
10422:Prostate massage
10337:
10330:
10323:
10314:
10313:
10167:
10160:
10153:
10144:
10143:
10108:
10093:
10076:
10075:
10065:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10016:
9984:
9978:
9977:
9967:
9957:
9948:(11): e1001127.
9933:
9927:
9926:
9890:
9884:
9883:
9873:
9863:
9839:
9830:
9829:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9776:
9766:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9699:
9690:
9689:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9580:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9566:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9504:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9479:. Archived from
9470:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9330:
9324:
9309:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9283:
9274:
9273:
9249:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9125:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9086:
9080:
9079:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9003:
8994:
8993:
8972:
8966:
8965:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8920:Obeid A (2006).
8917:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8850:Ubayd A (2006).
8847:
8841:
8840:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8769:Ross JI (2015).
8766:
8760:
8759:
8753:
8751:
8740:Associated Press
8732:
8726:
8725:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8662:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8381:
8370:
8369:
8333:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8316:
8283:Washington, D.C.
8271:Pope Eugenius IV
8267:
8261:
8260:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8205:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8163:
8144:Medicine and Law
8136:
8130:
8129:
8119:
8102:(6): 4871–4886.
8087:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7945:
7939:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7763:
7739:
7724:
7723:
7701:
7692:
7691:
7690:on 6 March 2009.
7689:
7674:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7650:
7641:
7640:
7625:. Thomson Gale.
7617:Riggs T (2006).
7614:
7605:
7604:
7599:"Circumcision".
7596:
7587:
7586:
7562:
7551:
7550:
7526:
7515:
7514:
7499:
7490:
7489:
7453:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7393:(3 March 2009).
7387:
7381:
7380:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7332:
7323:(11): e1001127.
7308:
7302:
7301:
7291:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7132:. Archived from
7113:
7100:
7099:
7075:
7066:
7065:
7053:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7015:
7014:
6999:Darby R (2005).
6996:
6987:
6986:
6981:. Archived from
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6932:
6925:Johan E (2010).
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6877:. Archived from
6858:
6852:
6851:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6782:war of Bar Kokba
6777:
6775:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6717:
6690:
6653:
6626:
6595:
6574:
6573:
6555:
6546:
6545:
6526:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6499:
6468:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6320:. Archived from
6295:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6271:. Archived from
6252:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6216:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6163:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6007:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5929:
5919:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5868:. Archived from
5861:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5752:
5743:
5742:
5732:
5700:
5694:
5681:
5676:
5670:. Archived from
5669:
5648:
5635:
5602:
5589:
5579:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5524:
5514:
5489:
5468:
5455:
5407:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5243:(8): 1097–1110.
5228:
5217:
5216:
5193:European Urology
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5168:. 25 June 2018.
5158:
5152:
5151:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5060:(6): 2118–2124.
5049:
5043:
5042:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4972:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4940:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4824: 10809033.
4801:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4722:
4698:
4681:
4680:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4518:
4494:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4462:
4438:
4429:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4236:
4218:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4145:(4): 233a–233b.
4134:
4121:
4120:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4046:10.1370/afm.1073
4025:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3977:
3972:
3966:. Archived from
3965:
3945:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3701:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3613:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3556:
3547:
3526:
3525:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3323:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3264:
3247:
3246:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3142:
3131:
3130:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3023:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2946:
2924:
2911:
2893:
2866:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2835:(9): 1375–1390.
2820:
2807:
2806:
2786:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2741:(4): e436–e447.
2726:
2717:
2716:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2656:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2573:
2562:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2505:(3): e756–e785.
2490:
2359:intervention in
2353:cost-ineffective
2283:Filipino culture
2235:African cultures
1963:and scholars of
1959:). According to
1910:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:, the plural of
1887:
1879:
1873:
1854:
1846:
1739:
1736:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1682:
1669:
1668: 1865–1872
1666:
1611:Douglas Gairdner
1428:core Anglosphere
1380:Native Americans
1321:Paul the Apostle
1279:
1256:Maccabean Revolt
1188:Book of the Dead
1045:
1042:
1015:
1014:
1007:
879:developing world
818:Candida albicans
749:Other infections
599:low birth weight
513:that covers the
441:urethral opening
428:Circumcision is
338:informed consent
252:cultural, social
232:heterosexual men
228:HIV transmission
135:edit on Wikidata
127:
113:
86:
47:
35:
34:
28:The Circumcision
11351:
11350:
11346:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11341:
11340:
11281:
11280:
11279:
11274:
11268:Paternity fraud
11218:Closed adoption
11191:
11147:Infant clothing
11122:Haberman Feeder
11092:Car seat safety
11021:
11002:Infant swimming
10980:UN Child rights
10938:
10849:Gestational age
10802:
10645:
10639:
10609:
10604:
10579:
10546:
10509:
10479:
10444:
10426:
10366:Prostate biopsy
10347:
10341:
10311:
10306:
10290:
10259:
10223:
10197:
10181:Medical aspects
10176:
10171:
10117:
10112:
10111:
10094:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10079:
10034:
10030:
9985:
9981:
9934:
9930:
9891:
9887:
9854:(1): e1000211.
9840:
9833:
9794:
9790:
9735:
9731:
9700:
9693:
9686:
9668:
9664:
9657:
9643:
9639:
9629:
9627:
9614:
9613:
9609:
9599:
9581:
9574:
9564:
9562:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9534:
9532:
9528:
9521:
9517:
9516:
9507:
9501:Wayback Machine
9492:
9488:
9447:
9443:
9433:
9431:
9424:
9408:
9404:
9361:
9357:
9347:
9345:
9344:on 20 June 2019
9332:
9331:
9327:
9321:Wayback Machine
9310:
9306:
9296:
9294:
9285:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9230:
9216:
9212:
9205:
9191:
9187:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9151:
9147:
9140:
9126:
9122:
9112:
9110:
9103:
9087:
9083:
9076:
9060:Mark E (2003).
9058:
9054:
9043:
9029:
9025:
9018:
9006:Dana N (2003).
9004:
8997:
8987:
8973:
8969:
8959:
8945:
8941:
8934:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8902:
8895:British Library
8876:
8872:
8862:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8823:
8819:
8809:
8795:
8791:
8781:
8767:
8763:
8749:
8747:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8719:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8677:
8673:
8660:
8658:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8563:
8559:
8548:
8534:
8530:
8520:
8502:
8498:
8491:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8444:
8440:
8429:
8415:
8411:
8400:
8392:. p. 179.
8382:
8373:
8334:
8327:
8314:
8312:
8297:
8268:
8264:
8257:
8241:Mark E (2003).
8239:
8235:
8228:
8206:
8199:
8189:
8187:
8137:
8133:
8088:
8084:
8074:
8072:
8061:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8034:
8030:
8020:
8018:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7987:
7972:
7968:
7958:
7956:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7933:
7929:
7921:. p. 673.
7904:
7900:
7890:
7888:
7853:
7849:
7842:
7820:
7816:
7809:
7793:
7789:
7740:
7727:
7720:
7712:. p. 213.
7702:
7695:
7687:
7672:
7666:
7662:
7651:
7644:
7633:
7615:
7608:
7598:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7563:
7554:
7543:
7527:
7518:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7454:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7362:Bell K (2016).
7360:
7356:
7309:
7305:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7241:. p. 263.
7231:
7227:
7217:
7215:
7180:
7176:
7145:
7141:
7130:
7114:
7103:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7044:
7040:
7025:
7018:
7011:
6997:
6990:
6979:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6890:
6886:
6875:
6859:
6855:
6844:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6794:
6790:
6773:
6771:
6754:
6750:
6737:
6729:. p. 196.
6710:
6646:
6638:. p. 174.
6620:
6596:
6577:
6570:
6556:
6549:
6539:
6517:
6513:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6466:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6429:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6293:
6287:
6280:
6269:
6253:
6240:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6107:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6029:
6025:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5896:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5862:
5855:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5753:
5746:
5701:
5697:
5690:Wayback Machine
5674:
5667:
5545:
5543:
5408:
5399:
5354:
5350:
5305:
5301:
5278:
5274:
5229:
5220:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5126:
5119:
5098:(5): CD009129.
5088:
5081:
5050:
5046:
5007:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4973:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4941:
4932:
4885:
4878:
4841:
4837:
4812:(1): CD008973.
4802:
4795:
4750:
4746:
4699:
4684:
4645:
4641:
4596:
4589:
4544:
4540:
4495:
4486:
4439:
4432:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4267:. p. 379.
4257:
4253:
4195:
4191:
4180:
4162:
4158:
4135:
4124:
4093:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3986:Wayback Machine
3970:
3963:
3946:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3854:
3850:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3815:
3784:
3777:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3703:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3674:
3657:
3653:
3614:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3554:
3548:
3529:
3519:
3511:. p. 473.
3498:
3491:
3481:
3473:. p. 141.
3463:
3456:
3449:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:. p. 481.
3402:
3393:
3382:
3366:
3357:
3346:
3324:
3297:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3265:
3250:
3243:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3201:
3190:
3143:
3134:
3095:
3086:
3076:
3068:. p. 379.
3058:
3051:
3030:(2): CD003362.
3024:
3011:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2958:. p. 379.
2940:
2928:Bell K (2016).
2867:
2858:
2821:
2810:
2787:
2772:
2727:
2720:
2709:
2693:
2684:
2673:
2657:
2636:
2629:
2615:
2604:
2596:
2582:
2571:
2563:
2532:
2491:
2442:
2437:
2406:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2312:
2291:
2285:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2245:
2237:
2215:
2198:
2190:Mandaean priest
2174:
2162:
2147:ethnic religion
2115:
2062:rite of passage
2028:Catholic Church
2011:
2005:
1927:
1921:
1790:
1784:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1689:
1667:
1657:
1633:
1599:
1543:mainland Europe
1539:interwar period
1535:
1408:
1403:
1368:
1236:Seleucid Empire
1183:rite of passage
1139:Bubaline Period
1127:
1121:
1109:rite of passage
1062:Paleolithic art
1046:
1040:
1037:
1016:
1012:
1005:
999:
979:meatal stenosis
955:
953:Adverse effects
917:
905:
897:prostate cancer
875:developed world
863:
827:
801:balanoposthitis
788:
751:
716:cervical cancer
693:
688:
687:
684:developed world
654:
646:
640:
635:
630:
583:pharmacological
575:
573:Pain management
569:are available.
527:
483:
477:
430:contraindicated
426:
414:balanoposthitis
406:
362:
342:confidentiality
324:, South Africa.
302:
294:
289:
248:meatal stenosis
236:developed world
205:contraindicated
138:
123:
109:
82:
50:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11349:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11260:
11258:Parenting plan
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11142:Infant carrier
11139:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11082:Baby transport
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11040:
11035:
11029:
11027:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10983:
10982:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10746:Infant massage
10743:
10741:Infant formula
10738:
10733:
10731:Infant feeding
10728:
10726:Infant bathing
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10691:Bottle feeding
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10657:
10655:
10647:
10646:
10644:and their care
10638:
10637:
10630:
10623:
10615:
10606:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10595:Semen analysis
10591:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10544:
10542:Preputioplasty
10539:
10537:Penile implant
10534:
10529:
10523:
10517:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10507:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10489:
10487:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10460:
10454:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10436:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10373:
10363:
10357:
10355:
10349:
10348:
10340:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10317:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10298:
10296:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10177:
10170:
10169:
10162:
10155:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10133:
10116:
10115:External links
10113:
10110:
10109:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10028:
9979:
9928:
9901:(6): 515–519.
9885:
9831:
9804:(1): 252–263.
9788:
9729:
9691:
9684:
9676:Berghahn Books
9662:
9655:
9637:
9620:KNMG Viewpoint
9607:
9597:
9572:
9555:Deutsche Welle
9542:
9505:
9486:
9441:
9422:
9402:
9355:
9325:
9304:
9289:. 6 May 2011.
9275:
9268:
9235:
9228:
9210:
9203:
9185:
9170:
9163:
9145:
9138:
9120:
9101:
9081:
9074:
9052:
9041:
9023:
9016:
8995:
8985:
8967:
8957:
8939:
8932:
8912:
8870:
8860:
8842:
8835:
8817:
8807:
8789:
8779:
8761:
8727:
8717:
8699:
8689:
8671:
8653:. Africanews.
8641:
8631:
8613:
8603:
8585:
8575:
8557:
8546:
8528:
8518:
8512:. p. 66.
8496:
8489:
8463:
8456:
8438:
8427:
8409:
8398:
8371:
8325:
8295:
8262:
8255:
8233:
8226:
8197:
8140:Abu-Sahlieh SA
8131:
8082:
8055:
8028:
8011:Reform Judaism
7997:
7966:
7940:
7936:Shulkhan Arukh
7927:
7911:Zvi Brettler M
7898:
7867:(1): 105–132.
7847:
7840:
7814:
7807:
7787:
7725:
7718:
7693:
7660:
7642:
7631:
7606:
7588:
7581:
7552:
7541:
7516:
7503:"Circumcision"
7491:
7445:
7415:
7400:. p. D6.
7382:
7372:
7354:
7303:
7254:
7247:
7225:
7174:
7155:(3): 737–757.
7139:
7128:
7101:
7067:
7060:
7038:
7016:
7009:
6988:
6977:
6957:
6943:
6917:
6884:
6873:
6853:
6842:
6817:
6810:
6788:
6758:"Circumcision"
6748:
6746:
6745:
6735:
6718:
6708:
6691:
6654:
6644:
6627:
6618:
6612:. p. 87.
6575:
6568:
6547:
6537:
6511:
6454:
6427:
6397:
6338:
6278:
6267:
6238:
6187:
6161:10400.26/23819
6126:
6119:
6098:
6072:
6043:(4): 263–290.
6023:
5990:(6): 311–320.
5970:
5941:
5883:
5866:"Circumcision"
5853:
5832:(9): 768–774.
5812:
5782:
5744:
5715:(5): 662–666.
5695:
5693:
5692:
5649:
5618:(6): 311–320.
5603:
5555:
5525:
5505:(9): 768–774.
5490:
5469:
5438:(2): E76–E99.
5397:
5368:(2): 139–148.
5348:
5299:
5272:
5218:
5199:(1): 142–150.
5183:
5153:
5146:
5117:
5079:
5044:
5017:(3): 237–244.
4998:
4962:
4930:
4876:
4835:
4793:
4744:
4682:
4639:
4610:(1): 121–136.
4587:
4538:
4509:(2): 104–113.
4484:
4453:(1): 125–131.
4430:
4413:
4387:
4354:Curr Opin Urol
4344:
4314:
4283:
4273:
4251:
4189:
4178:
4166:"Circumcision"
4156:
4122:
4103:(3): 309–321.
4084:
4069:
4017:
3989:
3929:
3912:stacks.cdc.gov
3899:
3848:
3827:Mosaic Science
3813:
3794:(4): 977–986.
3775:
3746:(4): 390–409.
3726:
3687:
3651:
3624:(5): 379–395.
3591:
3565:(3): 279–285.
3527:
3517:
3489:
3479:
3454:
3447:
3425:
3418:
3391:
3380:
3355:
3344:
3295:
3248:
3241:
3220:
3213:
3188:
3132:
3084:
3074:
3049:
3009:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2947:
2938:
2925:
2856:
2808:
2770:
2718:
2707:
2682:
2671:
2634:
2627:
2602:
2580:
2530:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2405:
2402:
2381:
2378:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2287:Main article:
2284:
2281:
2264:
2261:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2214:
2211:
2197:
2194:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2114:
2111:
2007:Main article:
2004:
2001:
1923:Main article:
1920:
1917:
1899:, feminine of
1786:Main article:
1783:
1780:
1754:faiths and in
1742:
1741:
1726:. Discuss and
1713:
1711:
1704:
1688:
1685:
1677:is from Latin
1656:
1653:
1632:
1629:
1618:Benjamin Spock
1598:
1595:
1584:Benjamin Spock
1558:Prime Minister
1534:
1531:
1526:David Gollaher
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1367:
1364:
1301:Gospel of Luke
1272:Antoninus Pius
1202:Detail of the
1120:
1117:
1048:
1047:
1032:. Discuss and
1019:
1017:
1010:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
954:
951:
916:
915:Sexual effects
913:
904:
903:Women's health
901:
862:
859:
855:urinary meatus
847:ideal evidence
833:including the
831:urinary system
826:
823:
787:
784:
750:
747:
692:
689:
655:
647:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
574:
571:
526:
523:
519:urinary meatus
479:Main article:
476:
473:
425:
422:
405:
402:
361:
358:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
220:cancer-causing
140:
139:
132:
129:
128:
121:
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
94:
88:
87:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11348:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11288:
11286:
11269:
11266:
11265:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11233:Open adoption
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11213:Child neglect
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11194:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11137:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11047:Hidden camera
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10970:Child custody
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10884:Nursery rhyme
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10874:Kangaroo care
10872:
10870:
10869:Infant crying
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10783:Preterm birth
10781:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10676:Breastfeeding
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10636:
10631:
10629:
10624:
10622:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10524:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10506:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10468:Vasovasostomy
10466:
10465:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10412:
10411:
10410:Brachytherapy
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10384:
10383:Prostatectomy
10381:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10338:
10333:
10331:
10326:
10324:
10319:
10318:
10315:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10271:Controversies
10269:
10268:
10266:
10262:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10168:
10163:
10161:
10156:
10154:
10149:
10148:
10145:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10092:
10088:
10073:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9983:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9942:PLOS Medicine
9939:
9932:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9889:
9881:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9848:PLOS Medicine
9845:
9838:
9836:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9792:
9784:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9733:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9698:
9696:
9687:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9658:
9652:
9648:
9641:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9611:
9604:
9600:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9579:
9577:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9527:
9520:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9490:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9461:(3): 686–93.
9460:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9359:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9322:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9308:
9292:
9288:
9282:
9280:
9271:
9269:9780429485817
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9246:
9239:
9231:
9225:
9221:
9214:
9206:
9200:
9196:
9189:
9181:
9174:
9166:
9160:
9156:
9149:
9141:
9135:
9131:
9124:
9108:
9104:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9085:
9077:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9056:
9049:
9044:
9038:
9034:
9027:
9019:
9013:
9009:
9002:
9000:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8943:
8935:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8916:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8874:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8675:
8668:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8634:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8606:
8600:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8492:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8424:
8420:
8413:
8406:
8401:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8330:
8322:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8237:
8229:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8202:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8086:
8070:
8066:
8059:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7937:
7931:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7810:
7808:9780199784622
7804:
7800:
7799:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7721:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7700:
7698:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7649:
7647:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7613:
7611:
7602:
7595:
7593:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7548:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7450:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7317:PLOS Medicine
7314:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7074:
7072:
7063:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7021:
7012:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6993:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6961:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6921:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6822:
6813:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6783:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6752:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6652:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6515:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6342:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6304:: 85, 90–91.
6303:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6103:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5910:: 2458–2468.
5909:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5858:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5749:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
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5699:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5673:
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5650:
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5643:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
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5496:
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5475:
5470:
5467:
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5437:
5433:
5429:
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5340:
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5330:
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5264:
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5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
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5225:
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5214:
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5131:
5124:
5122:
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5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5003:
4986:
4983:. EMedicine.
4982:
4978:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4950:
4947:. EMedicine.
4946:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4899:: 2458–2468.
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4798:
4789:
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4767:
4763:
4759:
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4748:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
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4678:
4674:
4670:
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4650:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4274:9783319471334
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
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4181:
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4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4022:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
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3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
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3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3706:
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3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2398:ethnocentrism
2395:
2390:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:scarification
2270:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:For example,
2221:
2219:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2109:Philippines.
2107:
2106:South America
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:New Testament
2016:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:world to come
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1735:November 2023
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:ancient Egypt
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1044:
1041:November 2023
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
962:complications
958:
950:
947:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
912:
910:
900:
898:
893:
889:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:penile cancer
868:
858:
856:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
806:
802:
798:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
728:
723:
721:
720:penile cancer
717:
713:
712:genital warts
709:
708:immune system
705:
701:
697:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
664:In 2020, the
662:
660:
652:
645:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
492:
487:
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343:
339:
335:
330:
323:
322:KwaZulu-Natal
319:
315:
311:
306:
297:
284:
282:
281:ancient Egypt
278:
274:
270:
265:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:penile cancer
241:
237:
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11326:Men's rights
11291:Circumcision
11196:Other topics
11135:
11102:Cradle board
11097:Cloth diaper
11057:Baby shampoo
11043:Baby monitor
11033:Baby bouncer
10987:Circumcision
10986:
10834:Birth defect
10716:Immunization
10666:Birth weight
10527:Circumcision
10526:
10450:Vas deferens
10302:Circumcision
10219:Perspectives
10174:Circumcision
10173:
10097:circumcision
10096:
10091:
10045:
10041:
10031:
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9707:
9703:
9671:
9665:
9646:
9640:
9628:. Retrieved
9619:
9610:
9602:
9584:
9565:11 September
9563:. Retrieved
9554:
9545:
9535:11 September
9533:. Retrieved
9489:
9481:the original
9458:
9454:
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9432:. Retrieved
9412:
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9342:the original
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9251:
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9091:
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8886:
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8730:
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8278:
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8175:
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8069:the original
8058:
8046:. Retrieved
8042:the original
8031:
8019:. Retrieved
8000:
7988:. Retrieved
7979:
7969:
7957:. Retrieved
7953:the original
7943:
7930:
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7864:
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7680:
7676:
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7600:
7567:
7531:
7506:
7461:
7457:
7436:. Retrieved
7430:. May 2015.
7427:
7418:
7406:. Retrieved
7397:
7391:McNeil Jr DG
7385:
7377:
7363:
7357:
7320:
7316:
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7191:
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7118:
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7083:
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6967:
6960:
6948:. Retrieved
6928:
6920:
6908:. Retrieved
6901:the original
6887:
6879:the original
6863:
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6779:
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6761:
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6602:Livingston M
6559:
6542:
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6514:
6502:. Retrieved
6474:
6470:
6457:
6445:. Retrieved
6410:
6400:
6388:. Retrieved
6355:
6351:
6341:
6329:. Retrieved
6322:the original
6301:
6297:
6273:the original
6257:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6178:. Retrieved
6146:(1): 10–14.
6143:
6139:
6129:
6110:
6089:. Retrieved
6075:
6040:
6036:
6026:
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5983:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5907:
5903:
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5870:the original
5829:
5825:
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5794:
5785:
5760:
5756:
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5672:the original
5645:
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5533:
5502:
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5477:
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5465:
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5156:
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5010:
4989:. Retrieved
4980:
4953:. Retrieved
4896:
4892:
4855:(1): 34–39.
4852:
4848:
4838:
4809:
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4764:(4): 53–58.
4761:
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4502:
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4421:
4420:See: Larke
4416:
4406:12 September
4404:. Retrieved
4390:
4360:(6): 515–9.
4357:
4353:
4347:
4335:. Retrieved
4317:
4305:. Retrieved
4278:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4169:
4159:
4142:
4138:
4100:
4096:
4078:
4072:
4040:(1): 64–72.
4037:
4033:
4004:
3992:
3974:
3968:the original
3920:. Retrieved
3911:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3865:
3861:
3851:
3842:
3835:. Retrieved
3826:
3816:
3791:
3787:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3682:
3675:. Retrieved
3664:
3654:
3621:
3617:
3582:. Retrieved
3562:
3558:
3522:
3504:
3484:
3466:
3434:
3428:
3405:
3370:
3349:
3327:
3289:
3282:. Retrieved
3268:
3232:
3204:
3154:
3150:
3102:
3098:
3079:
3061:
3027:
3003:
2996:. Retrieved
2982:
2976:
2951:
2943:
2929:
2921:
2881:
2877:
2832:
2828:
2794:
2790:
2738:
2734:
2697:
2661:
2618:
2567:
2502:
2498:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2345:bioethicists
2303:
2292:
2266:
2225:Bhagat Kabir
2222:
2216:
2199:
2175:
2166:Samaritanism
2163:
2160:Samaritanism
2155:
2139:monotheistic
2128:
2079:
2051:
2012:
2003:Christianity
1997:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1913:
1866:
1830:
1807:
1793:
1791:
1745:
1732:
1718:undue weight
1715:
1680:circumcidere
1675:circumcision
1672:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1621:
1615:
1603:World War II
1600:
1587:
1574:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1495:masturbation
1464:
1443:
1441:
1415:
1392:
1384:
1369:
1355:
1347:Genghis Khan
1345:
1338:
1298:
1244:Roman Empire
1240:Antiochus IV
1216:
1212:Hebrew Bible
1209:
1186:
1171:
1128:
1098:
1070:
1059:
1038:
1024:undue weight
1021:
987:
975:skin bridges
973:, phimosis,
967:buried penis
959:
956:
948:
941:
918:
906:
894:
890:
885:
883:
864:
852:
828:
816:
810:
789:
752:
740:
724:
704:asymptomatic
694:
663:
656:
622:masturbation
603:
576:
533:such as the
528:
504:
434:
427:
407:
397:
393:
374:
363:
354:
331:
327:
295:
261:
209:
145:Circumcision
144:
143:
38:Circumcision
32:
11296:Human penis
11208:Babywearing
11203:Baby shower
11177:Swim diaper
11067:Baby walker
11052:Baby powder
10992:Foster care
10960:Child abuse
10955:Babysitting
10807:Development
10793:Soy formula
10671:Breast pump
10588:Other tests
10493:Orchiectomy
10130:Mogen clamp
10126:Gomco clamp
10101:dorsal slit
10048:: 293–306.
8879:Abulafia AS
8190:13 February
8154:: 575–622.
7891:22 December
7218:19 December
6910:30 November
6665:: 497–585.
6477:(1–2): 29.
4991:20 November
4945:"Balanitis"
4713:: 289–301.
3892:26 December
3151:BMC Urology
2349:theologians
2289:Tuli (rite)
2151:Druze faith
2113:Druze faith
2017:, with the
1537:During the
1467:Lewis Sayre
1444:prophylaxis
1432:Lewis Sayre
1416:prophylaxis
1376:Polynesians
1326:a feast day
1153:. Based on
1131:Oued Djerat
1086:Polynesians
1066:trepanation
867:risk factor
676:vaginal sex
555:dorsal slit
543:Mogen clamp
535:Gomco clamp
511:human penis
469:coagulation
445:hypospadias
404:Pathologies
310:Melusi Yeni
197:pathologies
157:human penis
105:MedlinePlus
11285:Categories
11187:Travel cot
11132:Infant bed
11127:High chair
11117:Baby wipes
11112:Diaper bag
11077:Baby swing
10965:Child care
10950:Attachment
10839:Childbirth
10701:Cradle cap
10652:Pediatrics
10505:Orchiopexy
10498:Castration
10214:Prevalence
10122:Plastibell
9455:Pediatrics
9434:3 February
9375:: 100519.
9297:6 December
8661:8 November
8553:Christians
8405:countries.
8182:: 73–101.
8075:3 November
8048:3 November
7990:3 November
7408:1 February
7035:: 542–543.
6180:7 February
6091:30 October
5876:2 November
5570:(1): 349.
5176:25 January
4955:14 October
4325:(Report).
4209:(7): 806.
3922:12 October
3837:3 February
3584:16 January
3501:Hamilton V
3272:. Geneva:
3101:(Review).
2986:. Geneva:
2884:(1): 603.
2499:Pediatrics
2435:References
2320:See also:
2250:, and the
1843:brit milah
1788:Brit milah
1691:See also:
1556:—a Jew—as
1524:Historian
1503:alcoholism
1460:knighthood
1450:physician
1422:physician
1388:eucalyptus
1359:reconquest
1282:Hellenized
1277:Brit Milah
1268:castration
1101:castration
727:prevalence
642:See also:
587:ring block
567:Shang ring
539:Plastibell
465:hemophilia
449:epispadias
187:, or as a
169:anesthesia
56:ICD-10-PCS
11263:Paternity
11172:Swaddling
11038:Baby gate
11017:Wet nurse
11007:Milk bank
10899:Parenting
10824:Baby talk
10776:Pedialyte
10706:Esotropia
10661:Baby food
10532:Penectomy
10458:Vasectomy
9397:225629172
9389:2352-5525
8887:www.bl.uk
8273:(1990) .
7881:1869-3296
7778:228911544
7770:2662-9283
6651:practice.
6504:27 August
6447:27 August
6390:27 August
6380:132225521
6331:27 August
6318:191103812
6310:1120-5679
4225:2076-0817
4203:Pathogens
3862:BioEssays
3127:231877615
3105:(1): 11.
2900:1471-2458
2590:425961131
2186:Mandaeans
2178:Mandaeism
2172:Mandaeism
2143:syncretic
2135:Abrahamic
1886:מוֹהֲלוֹת
1874:, called
1768:Mandaeism
1673:The word
1374:peoples,
1174:Sumerians
1113:adulthood
983:meatotomy
813:balanitis
792:adhesions
780:gonorrhea
760:chancroid
736:clearance
731:oncogenic
579:analgesia
559:amputated
475:Technique
461:premature
238:or among
222:forms of
155:from the
149:procedure
119:eMedicine
11223:Cry room
11162:Stroller
11152:Pacifier
11087:Bassinet
11062:Baby toy
10924:Teething
10904:Peekaboo
10844:Crawling
10829:Babbling
10650:Health (
10353:Prostate
10295:Category
10072:24111891
10023:19430583
9974:22140362
9915:20844437
9880:20098721
9818:24101020
9783:20224784
9743:PLOS ONE
9724:19913816
9624:Archived
9559:Archived
9526:Archived
9497:Archived
9477:10049981
9428:Archived
9317:Archived
9291:Archived
9113:6 August
9107:Archived
9048:children
8899:Archived
8757:passage.
8750:2 August
8744:Archived
8655:Archived
8510:ABC-Clio
8434:puberty.
8366:38064474
8358:12859824
8315:25 April
8309:Archived
8305:90003209
8184:Archived
8126:36006531
8021:11 March
8015:Archived
7984:Archived
7913:(2017).
7907:Levine A
7885:Archived
7754:(1): 8.
7637:Archived
7547:Archived
7511:Archived
7478:10349410
7438:11 March
7432:Archived
7402:Archived
7349:22140362
7298:15408299
7212:Archived
7169:72536074
6834:Springer
6768:Archived
6604:(2021).
6495:Archived
6491:53008076
6441:Archived
6437:79015190
6384:Archived
6233:25984386
6174:Archived
6170:19395004
6085:Archived
6067:31496128
6018:Archived
6014:26435672
5963:3 August
5957:Archived
5936:22235177
5848:27497811
5805:10 April
5799:Archived
5777:25284631
5739:23749001
5686:Archived
5642:26435672
5596:36797696
5546:21 March
5540:Archived
5521:27497811
5486:27399981
5462:29381458
5392:32994555
5343:29025633
5294:34378513
5267:21695385
5213:25457021
5170:Archived
5112:23152269
5074:23201382
5039:31957918
5031:21668404
4985:Archived
4949:Archived
4925:22235177
4871:24295833
4830:38269441
4788:21307992
4739:21298220
4677:43878584
4669:19935420
4634:20519264
4582:16581731
4533:26859788
4525:22249298
4479:26975489
4400:Archived
4374:20844437
4331:Archived
4243:34201976
4184:Archived
4151:21472156
4117:21033009
4064:20065281
4009:Archived
4007:. 2012.
3982:Archived
3916:Archived
3886:Archived
3882:17935209
3831:Archived
3808:22857844
3770:25038358
3713:Archived
3711:. 2020.
3671:Archived
3646:25226185
3638:15097799
3575:Archived
3571:16402509
3503:(1990).
3386:Archived
3284:14 April
3278:Archived
3276:. 2010.
3183:20158883
3119:33574340
3044:19370585
2998:14 April
2992:Archived
2990:. 2010.
2918:26133368
2851:21965090
2803:21415373
2765:30879508
2713:Archived
2677:Archived
2594:Archived
2525:Archived
2521:22926175
2428:Medicaid
2411:HIV/AIDS
2369:religion
2202:Yazidism
2196:Yazidism
2021:chapter
1981:Muhammad
1891:מוֹהֶלֶת
1772:Hinduism
1762:and the
1758:and the
1499:clubfoot
1491:headache
1483:epilepsy
1456:syphilis
1332:of many
1317:theology
1242:and the
1155:engraved
1076:and the
756:syphilis
517:and the
507:foreskin
491:phimosis
420:(UTIs).
410:phimosis
346:coercion
318:province
292:Elective
195:, other
193:phimosis
153:foreskin
66:ICD-9-CM
11182:Teether
11157:Playpen
10934:Weaning
10929:Walking
10642:Infants
10245:Judaism
10209:History
10063:4539243
10014:2678848
9965:3226452
9923:2158164
9871:2808207
9826:2166354
9774:2835757
9751:Bibcode
9630:7 March
9348:20 June
8905:9 March
8160:7731348
8150:(7–8).
8117:9569283
7980:Reuters
7959:20 July
7486:2888024
7340:3226452
7289:2051968
7208:9091693
6950:28 June
6774:8 March
6360:Bibcode
6224:4427816
6140:Urology
6058:6899915
6005:4578472
5927:3253617
5730:3881635
5683:Alt URL
5661:Jhpiego
5633:4578472
5587:9933013
5528:Staff.
5453:5937400
5383:7985026
5334:5728090
5258:3139859
4916:3253617
4779:3036008
4730:5719994
4625:2912604
4573:2653870
4470:5227661
4398:. CDC.
4382:2158164
4234:8308621
4055:2807391
3979:Alt URL
3761:6309682
3174:2835667
2909:4489047
2756:7779827
2373:culture
2218:Sikhism
2213:Sikhism
2206:Yazidis
2182:Abraham
2098:Oceania
2092:, some
2054:African
2023:Acts 15
2015:Baptism
1908:mohelet
1896:mohelet
1877:mohalot
1804:Judaism
1795:mitzvah
1782:Judaism
1776:Sikhism
1728:resolve
1448:British
1420:British
1390:smoke.
1328:in the
1260:Hadrian
1248:Hadrian
1179:Saqqara
1165:. Some
1159:mummies
1135:Algeria
1078:Semites
1034:resolve
997:History
971:chordee
886:in situ
861:Cancers
843:kidneys
839:bladder
835:urethra
805:Steroid
628:Effects
606:sucrose
595:placebo
565:or the
563:Unicirc
547:orifice
531:devices
499:flaccid
453:chordee
443:(as in
437:genital
379:(WHO),
316:in the
269:Judaism
264:England
256:ethical
183:, as a
165:excised
161:forceps
125:1015820
84:D002944
11107:Diaper
10894:Parent
10879:Mother
10485:Testes
10281:Forced
10276:Ethics
10128:and a
10099:but a
10070:
10060:
10021:
10011:
9972:
9962:
9921:
9913:
9878:
9868:
9824:
9816:
9781:
9771:
9722:
9682:
9653:
9595:
9475:
9420:
9395:
9387:
9266:
9226:
9201:
9161:
9136:
9099:
9072:
9039:
9014:
8983:
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