183:
for loss of eight pilots on the
British side. Circus operations with bombers began in January and eleven had been carried out by June, the targets including docks on the French coast and airfields. More than forty sweeps without bombers had been made in the same period. While Fighter Command's priority was the German fighters, Bomber Command concentrated on destroying the ground targets. At higher levels in the RAF it was felt that the effects on the war by damage that could be inflicted by the bombers would be minimal; the commanders of Bomber and Fighter Commands held a conference in which it was agreed that the purpose of a Circus was to force German fighters into combat in circumstances that favoured the British and to that end the bombers had to do enough damage that the
54:
3998:
244:
to have destroyed 800 enemy aircraft for the loss of 462 fighter pilots; however, the actual number of German aircraft destroyed was only 183. Included in the lost RAF aircrew, killed or captured, were some of their most experienced officers; thirty flight lieutenants, twenty squadron leaders, six wing commanders and one group captain. Amongst them were some of the
Fighter Command's most vaunted aces;
179:" (initially called Mosquito), in which small patrols would cross under cover of cloudy conditions and engage any aircraft they found; and on clear weather days "Circus", in which several squadrons - possibly with a few bombers - would conduct sweeps of northern France. Circus came to mean an operation with bombers.
243:
Fighter
Command was losing pilots and aircraft on operations over Europe, but Douglas claimed that losses were lighter than during the Battle of Britain and aircraft losses were replaceable. In fact, the losses were actually higher and the results disappointing. During 1941, Fighter Command claimed
231:
directed the RAF that the purpose of
Circuses would be destruction of the ground targets with German fighters as secondary priority. It soon became clear that unescorted daylight bombing was too risky and heavy bombers should be used on night operations only. Over six weeks RAF Fighter Command flew
182:
Rhubarb patrols began in
December 1940; while the pilots were allowed to attack ground targets if any presented itself, their primary objective was to bring down German aircraft. By mid-June 1941, Fighter Command had flown 149 Rhubarb patrols (336 sorties) claiming seven enemy aircraft brought down
264:
had experienced in 1940; operating at the limits of their range and over enemy territory so that shot-down pilots were captured rather than being able to rejoin their squadrons. Additionally the German commanders were free to choose which raids to challenge and which to ignore, since the bomber
222:
in north-east France; this might draw German fighter defences towards the area leaving the defences on the flanks weaker for unescorted bombers to make daylight attacks on
Germany. At the same time night bombing operations would be made against the
143:
RAF Fighter
Command moved from defensive to offensive operations where they would engage German fighters on the other side of the Channel; the operational instructions were ready by December 1940. This was a result of the replacement of
288:, had returned to full strength by November 1941. On a broader view, the campaign kept 75 fighter squadrons equipped with the most modern aircraft in the United Kingdom, compared to a total of 34 fighter squadrons in the
4049:
4039:
304:, an American fighter deemed unfit for service in Europe. The campaign failed in its objectives and wasted resources that were badly needed elsewhere; the Germans referred to it as the "nonsense offensive".
296:
theatres. Furthermore, Spitfires were not transferred to overseas commands and the
Hurricanes supplied were of older models. The situation was worse in the Far East, where the RAF had to meet the
44:
fighters into combat. These were usually formations of 20 to 30 bombers escorted by up to 16 squadrons of escort fighters. Bomber formations of this size could not be ignored by the
268:
Besides the poor loss ratio of more than two
British aircraft to one German, another stated aim of the campaign from the summer of 1941 was to divert Luftwaffe air assets away from
4044:
2562:
2307:
1908:
3920:
1924:
2251:
1847:
1819:
963:
332:
The Short
Stirling were used in Circus operations for a brief period; a formation of a few heavies being easier to manage than several light bombers such as the
272:, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union. Although a number of experienced German pilots were transferred back to France, no major units were withdrawn from the
3899:
2571:
2258:
1385:
2874:
2237:
1539:
1164:
289:
1880:
1826:
1012:
2344:
1833:
1449:
859:
2230:
1670:
1546:
201:
1523:
903:
1960:
1272:
149:
1779:
1081:
3792:
2578:
2541:
2518:
2032:
954:
924:
313:
2293:
2671:
2527:
2511:
2483:
1724:
931:
3435:
2495:
2407:
2351:
2314:
1589:
2400:
1125:
3913:
2534:
917:
875:
3762:
1567:
1341:
1104:
970:
781:
2650:
2447:
2099:
1477:
977:
889:
825:
205:
2853:
2365:
1208:
746:
156:
of RAF Fighter Command. Douglas described his policy as "leaning forward into France" and it was enthusiastically supported by
528:
Dispatch Submitted to the Secretary of State for Air on 29 February 1948, by Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Sholto Douglas
345:
Fighter Command also made around 10,000 defensive sorties and 1,000 sorties supporting attacks on German ships in this period.
3456:
3361:
2881:
2627:
2502:
1581:
1555:
1412:
1118:
1035:
689:
654:
626:
607:
565:
3689:
3089:
2975:
2140:
1600:
1596:
1574:
1178:
3604:
3061:
2393:
2379:
1585:
232:
8,000 sorties in support of 376 bomber sorties and a further 800 sorties on sweeps. In August, Circuses were flown with
3813:
3682:
3560:
3131:
2846:
2797:
2555:
2110:
1355:
1194:
1042:
896:
517:
499:
478:
208:
directed Fighter and Bomber Commands to find a way to keep German fighters in western Europe rather than reinforce the
3929:
2804:
2776:
2593:
2175:
1887:
1854:
715:
584:
214:
in eastern Europe. The resulting policy was to conduct Circus operations against industrial targets in the region of
1070:
3966:
3117:
3054:
2189:
2018:
1141:
91:
1695:
3490:
3331:
3320:
3149:
2908:
2867:
2760:
2698:
2078:
1348:
1217:
1185:
153:
1865:
1433:
120:
Ranger: large fighter formation intrusion over occupied territory with aim of wearing down German fighter force.
3876:
3848:
3726:
3519:
2749:
2200:
2126:
1915:
1286:
1005:
910:
795:
176:
260:. Fighter Command found in 1941 that it was experiencing in the offensive all the same disadvantages that the
106:
3936:
3869:
3820:
3751:
3576:
3075:
3026:
2790:
2783:
2386:
2147:
1931:
984:
102:, was used with better results, although the small bomb load carried by this aircraft caused little damage.
4010:
3906:
3281:
3235:
2154:
1982:
1967:
1894:
1873:
1691:
1369:
1155:
1148:
1132:
843:
802:
774:
671:
273:
3973:
3297:
3242:
2860:
2832:
2685:
2300:
2279:
1793:
1456:
1362:
852:
297:
3771:
3260:
3179:
3124:
3012:
2968:
2618:
2244:
2168:
2063:
1940:
1812:
1805:
1765:
1738:
1470:
1403:
998:
809:
739:
523:
3673:
3590:
3375:
3228:
3200:
3033:
2938:
2728:
2161:
1228:
882:
1426:
113:
Ramrod: similar to Circus but with destroying a target being the principal aim. An example would be
3412:
3389:
2634:
2435:
2428:
2085:
1745:
1717:
1710:
1097:
1442:
1419:
539:
3834:
3778:
3648:
3508:
3186:
2839:
2735:
2641:
2209:
2070:
2040:
2004:
1989:
1861:
1753:
1731:
1677:
1663:
1645:
1309:
1090:
818:
767:
596:
British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged)
3526:
3419:
3214:
3165:
3068:
2961:
2931:
2714:
2602:
2328:
2119:
1703:
1684:
1654:
1201:
1171:
157:
124:
675:
4017:
3740:
3583:
3479:
3449:
3405:
3274:
3138:
3103:
3096:
3019:
2917:
2358:
2335:
2182:
1786:
1323:
1063:
1049:
732:
169:
1621:
3841:
3696:
3347:
3304:
3267:
3193:
3003:
2982:
1901:
1378:
1056:
269:
193:
64:
8:
3959:
3733:
3611:
3567:
3082:
2216:
1975:
1502:
1332:
1316:
1265:
114:
3952:
3785:
3710:
3664:
3634:
3542:
3382:
3040:
2924:
2818:
2769:
2707:
2463:
2414:
2223:
1840:
1495:
1293:
84:
3943:
3827:
3717:
3657:
3618:
3551:
3533:
3499:
3442:
3396:
3340:
3158:
2896:
2888:
2825:
2678:
2272:
1797:
1258:
1237:
947:
711:
685:
650:
622:
603:
580:
561:
513:
495:
474:
285:
140:
3862:
3855:
3799:
3463:
3221:
3207:
3110:
3047:
2998:
2811:
2664:
2611:
2421:
2372:
2286:
1509:
1486:
1019:
333:
301:
281:
165:
99:
76:
29:
1028:
640:
53:
3885:
3597:
3512:
3470:
3368:
3311:
3172:
2954:
2945:
2474:
2049:
2025:
1279:
489:
468:
237:
233:
25:
3997:
680:. History of the Second World War. Vol. III (pbk. repr. ed.). London:
265:
forces deployed by the RAF were rarely large enough to inflict critical damage.
3892:
3428:
3354:
1392:
1251:
636:
535:
253:
95:
80:
645:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I (pbk. repr. ed.). London:
4033:
3703:
1614:
1463:
1302:
257:
249:
36:, with a mass escort of fighters, were sent over continental Europe to bring
4002:
3806:
2092:
1997:
1628:
991:
755:
464:
228:
145:
4050:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
4040:
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
3641:
3627:
3289:
1951:
1772:
1757:
1111:
293:
2989:
2742:
2721:
1607:
940:
868:
161:
3252:
2657:
2454:
2265:
2056:
2011:
245:
39:
1532:
598:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. pbk. ed.). London:
1516:
1244:
79:
light bombers but those fared no better. Heavy bombers such as the
708:
2nd Tactical Air Force: Spartan to Normandy June 1943 to June 1944
558:
RAF on the Offensive: The Rebirth of Tactical Air Power 1940–1941
470:
Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War: 1938-1941
215:
67:
were used but even with many escorts they were too vulnerable to
2133:
724:
491:
Air Force Blue: The RAF in World War Two – Spearhead of Victory
33:
123:
Rhubarb: small-scale freelance fighter sorties against ground
2321:
219:
681:
646:
599:
224:
197:
70:
16:
Codename given to operations by the RAF during World War II
710:. Vol. I. Hersham: Classic Publications (Ian Allan).
579:(2nd Faber Paperbacks ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
1386:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
541:
The Royal Air Force, 1939–45, Volume I: Fight at Odds
75:
and German fighters. The Hampdens were replaced with
621:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Al: Air University Press.
510:
The Biggin Hill Wing – 1941: From Defence to Attack
4045:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II
175:There would be two types of offensive operation: "
83:were easier to escort but after several missions
4031:
130:Roadstead: low-level attack on coastal shipping.
740:
619:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945
705:
642:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds
209:
184:
68:
45:
37:
24:was the codename given to operations by the
677:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight is Won
374:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
747:
733:
577:2 Group RAF: A Complete History 1936–1945
378:Sholto Douglas "1941: The Difficult Year"
314:Royal Air Force daylight raids, 1940–1944
670:
635:
534:
359:
52:
593:
555:
463:
4032:
2601:
2579:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
616:
574:
487:
3457:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
2882:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2528:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2484:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1582:Rape during the occupation of Germany
728:
2572:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1597:Rape during the liberation of France
63:At first medium bombers such as the
13:
2798:German invasion of the Netherlands
1071:Weather events during World War II
549:
512:. Pen & Sword Aviation, 2008.
14:
4061:
3436:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3996:
754:
701:– via Hyperwar Foundation.
666:– via Hyperwar Foundation.
252:captured in northern France and
706:Shores, C.; Thomas, C. (2004).
444:
435:
154:Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief
3683:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1379:Territorial changes of Germany
1287:Indonesian National Revolution
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
339:
326:
300:equipped with the obsolescent
189:could not ignore the attacks.
107:codenames for similar missions
1:
3076:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3027:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2791:German invasion of Luxembourg
1165:Mediterranean and Middle East
473:. London: Profile Books Ltd.
457:
196:, the German invasion of the
2983:Invasion of the Soviet Union
2672:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
1983:Independent State of Croatia
617:Murray, Williamson (1989) .
530:– via Spitfiresite.com
352:
168:, whose command covered the
7:
3974:End of World War II in Asia
3814:Western invasion of Germany
3321:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3298:Second Battle of El Alamein
2861:Hundred Regiments Offensive
2833:Battle of the Mediterranean
2686:Italian invasion of Albania
853:Air warfare of World War II
494:. London: William Collins.
307:
298:Japanese invasion of Malaya
10:
4066:
3900:Naval bombardment of Japan
3261:First Battle of El Alamein
3180:Battle of Christmas Island
3125:Japanese invasion of Burma
2889:Italian invasion of Greece
2805:German invasion of Belgium
2777:German invasion of Denmark
2750:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
2619:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
876:Comparative military ranks
575:Bowyer, M. J. F. (1979) .
560:. Stroud: Fonthill Media.
524:"1941: The Difficult Year"
432:Richards 1953, pp. 383-387
134:
3989:
3821:Bratislava–Brno offensive
3761:
3752:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3489:
3376:Allied invasion of Sicily
3330:
3229:Aleutian Islands campaign
3201:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3148:
3139:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3034:Second Battle of Changsha
2939:German invasion of Greece
2907:
2784:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
2759:
2697:
2592:
2473:
2199:
2109:
1950:
1653:
1644:
1402:
1227:
1119:North and Central Pacific
1080:
842:
835:
762:
488:Bishop, Patrcick (2017).
139:Following the end of the
3413:Allied invasion of Italy
3390:Solomon Islands campaign
3132:Third Battle of Changsha
2729:First Battle of Changsha
2635:Second Sino-Japanese War
1568:German military brothels
1434:United States war crimes
594:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) .
441:Bishop 2017, pp. 188-189
414:Bishop 2017, pp. 193-195
319:
3835:Second Guangxi campaign
3690:Philippines (1944–1945)
3187:Battle of the Coral Sea
3090:Fall of the Philippines
2736:Battle of South Guangxi
2642:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2041:Italian Social Republic
280:in the Western Europe,
248:killed in the Channel,
227:industrial region. The
148:by the more aggressive
3420:Armistice of Cassibile
3215:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3166:Battle of the Java Sea
3069:Attack on Pearl Harbor
2969:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2962:Battle of South Shanxi
2932:Invasion of Yugoslavia
2715:Battle of the Atlantic
2329:Korean Liberation Army
2035:(until September 1943)
1992:(until September 1944)
1970:(until September 1944)
210:
206:Chief of the Air Staff
185:
158:Trafford Leigh-Mallory
125:targets of opportunity
69:
60:
46:
38:
3584:Second Battle of Guam
3480:Bengal famine of 1943
3450:Second Battle of Kiev
3406:Battle of the Dnieper
3275:Kokoda Track campaign
3104:Battle of Wake Island
2976:East African campaign
2918:Battle of South Henan
2563:atrocities by Germans
2336:Korean Volunteer Army
1310:Occupation of Germany
1064:Music in World War II
396:Richards 1953, p. 387
387:Richards 1953, p. 383
170:South East of England
56:
3870:Surrender of Germany
3348:Battle of West Hubei
3305:Guadalcanal campaign
3268:Battle of Stalingrad
3194:Battle of Madagascar
1961:Albania protectorate
1748:(formerly Swaziland)
1457:Wehrmacht war crimes
1273:Expulsion of Germans
1057:Art and World War II
955:British contribution
904:Governments in exile
556:Baughen, G. (2018).
450:Allport 2020, p. 443
423:Allport 2020, p. 442
405:Allport 2020, p. 443
276:and the two fighter
270:Operation Barbarossa
200:, Air Chief Marshal
194:Operation Barbarossa
65:Handley Page Hampden
58:Handley Page Hampden
3960:Potsdam Declaration
3849:Italy (Spring 1945)
3612:Liberation of Paris
3062:Siege of Sevastopol
2073:(until August 1944)
1976:Wang Jingwei regime
1798:from September 1943
1758:from September 1944
1696:from September 1944
1556:Romanian war crimes
1547:Persecution of Jews
1533:Croatian war crimes
1503:Japanese war crimes
1317:Occupation of Japan
1266:First Indochina War
978:Military production
890:Declarations of war
240:, Bomber Command.
115:Operation Ramrod 16
98:development of the
3953:Surrender of Japan
3786:Battle of Iwo Jima
3635:Belgrade offensive
3041:Siege of Leningrad
2925:Battle of Shanggao
2854:British Somaliland
2819:Dunkirk evacuation
2770:Norwegian campaign
2708:Invasion of Poland
2535:Japanese prisoners
1496:Italian war crimes
1427:British war crimes
1342:Soviet occupations
1126:South-West Pacific
1013:Allied cooperation
971:Military equipment
672:Saunders, H. St G.
202:Sir Charles Portal
87:needed them back.
61:
4027:
4026:
3985:
3984:
3828:Battle of Okinawa
3727:Burma (1944–1945)
3561:Mariana and Palau
3341:Tunisian campaign
3159:Fall of Singapore
3083:Fall of Hong Kong
2826:Battle of Britain
2679:Operation Himmler
2588:
2587:
2252:Dutch East Indies
1888:Southern Rhodesia
1640:
1639:
1540:Genocide of Serbs
1443:German war crimes
1420:Soviet war crimes
1413:Allied war crimes
1259:Division of Korea
1238:Chinese Civil War
1036:Strategic bombing
948:Manhattan Project
691:978-0-11-771594-3
656:978-0-11-771592-9
628:978-0-933852-45-7
609:978-0-11-630961-7
567:978-1-52673-515-7
286:Jagdgeschwader 26
160:who had replaced
141:Battle of Britain
105:There were other
28:(RAF) during the
4057:
4020:
4013:
4006:
4003:World portal
4001:
4000:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3863:Prague offensive
3858:
3856:Battle of Berlin
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3800:Vienna offensive
3795:
3788:
3781:
3779:Battle of Manila
3774:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3522:
3520:Korsun–Cherkassy
3515:
3504:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3362:Bombing of Gorky
3357:
3350:
3343:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3222:Battle of Midway
3217:
3210:
3208:Battle of Gazala
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3118:Battle of Borneo
3113:
3111:Malayan campaign
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3055:Bombing of Gorky
3050:
3048:Battle of Moscow
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2900:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2812:Battle of France
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2665:Munich Agreement
2660:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2599:
2598:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2550:Soviet prisoners
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2490:German prisoners
2486:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2019:French Indochina
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1866:from August 1944
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1510:Nanjing Massacre
1505:
1498:
1489:
1487:Nuremberg trials
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1091:Asia and Pacific
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1020:Mulberry harbour
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
957:
950:
943:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
862:
855:
840:
839:
828:
821:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
749:
742:
735:
726:
725:
721:
702:
700:
698:
667:
665:
663:
632:
613:
590:
571:
545:
531:
508:Caygill, Peter.
505:
484:
451:
448:
442:
439:
433:
430:
424:
421:
415:
412:
406:
403:
397:
394:
388:
385:
379:
376:
346:
343:
337:
334:Bristol Blenheim
330:
302:Brewster Buffalo
282:Jagdgeschwader 2
213:
188:
166:No. 11 Group RAF
100:Hawker Hurricane
77:Bristol Blenheim
74:
49:
43:
30:Second World War
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3995:
3993:
3981:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3914:Atomic bombings
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3757:
3750:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3617:
3610:
3605:Eastern Romania
3603:
3598:Warsaw Uprising
3596:
3591:Tannenberg Line
3589:
3582:
3577:Western Ukraine
3575:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3507:
3498:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3369:Battle of Kursk
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3173:St Nazaire Raid
3171:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
2997:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2955:Anglo-Iraqi War
2953:
2946:Battle of Crete
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2903:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2875:Eastern Romania
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2610:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2436:Western Ukraine
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2380:Northeast China
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2079:Slovak Republic
2077:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2050:Empire of Japan
2048:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1595:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1562:Sexual violence
1561:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1280:Greek Civil War
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1105:South-East Asia
1103:
1096:
1089:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
964:Military awards
962:
953:
946:
939:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
858:
851:
831:
824:
817:
808:
801:
794:
789:
780:
773:
766:
758:
753:
718:
696:
694:
692:
661:
659:
657:
637:Richards, Denis
629:
610:
587:
568:
552:
550:Further reading
544:. London: HMSO.
536:Richards, Denis
522:
502:
481:
460:
455:
454:
449:
445:
440:
436:
431:
427:
422:
418:
413:
409:
404:
400:
395:
391:
386:
382:
377:
360:
355:
350:
349:
344:
340:
331:
327:
322:
310:
137:
59:
26:Royal Air Force
17:
12:
11:
5:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3933:
3930:South Sakhalin
3926:
3925:
3924:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3730:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3355:Battle of Attu
3351:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3097:Battle of Guam
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3020:Battle of Kiev
3016:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:United Kingdom
2515:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:British Empire
1909:United Kingdom
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1725:Czechoslovakia
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1622:Rape of Manila
1618:
1611:
1604:
1593:
1578:
1571:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:United Nations
1389:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1252:Decolonization
1248:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
959:
958:
944:
937:
936:
935:
928:
925:United Kingdom
921:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
864:
863:
848:
846:
837:
833:
832:
830:
829:
822:
815:
814:
813:
806:
799:
787:
786:
785:
771:
763:
760:
759:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
723:
722:
716:
703:
690:
668:
655:
633:
627:
614:
608:
591:
585:
572:
566:
551:
548:
547:
546:
532:
520:
518:978-1844157464
506:
501:978-0007433131
500:
485:
480:978-1781257814
479:
459:
456:
453:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
398:
389:
380:
357:
356:
354:
351:
348:
347:
338:
324:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
309:
306:
256:killed in the
254:Paddy Finucane
150:Sholto Douglas
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
121:
118:
96:fighter-bomber
85:Bomber Command
81:Short Stirling
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4062:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:Kuril Islands
3934:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:Syrmian Front
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:Market Garden
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:Monte Cassino
3506:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3286:
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2868:Baltic states
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2512:United States
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2448:Quốc dân Đảng
2445:
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2166:
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2159:
2156:
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2149:
2148:Liechtenstein
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
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2100:Collaboration
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
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2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
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2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:United States
1922:
1917:
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1906:
1903:
1899:
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1643:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:Comfort women
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599: /
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588: /
1587:
1584: /
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:Camp brothels
1572:
1569:
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1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
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1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:The Holocaust
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:forced labour
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
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1428:
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1336:
1335:
1330:
1327:
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1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:Marshall Plan
1300:
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1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:Eastern Front
1153:
1150:
1149:Western Front
1146:
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1123:
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1083:
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1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:Puppet states
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
986:
985:Naval history
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
956:
952:
951:
949:
945:
942:
938:
933:
932:United States
929:
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827:
823:
820:
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811:
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797:
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783:
779:
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769:
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764:
761:
757:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
727:
719:
717:1-903223-40-7
713:
709:
704:
693:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
669:
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648:
644:
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638:
634:
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624:
620:
615:
611:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
586:0-571-11460-1
582:
578:
573:
569:
563:
559:
554:
553:
543:
542:
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529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
493:
492:
486:
482:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:Allport, Alan
462:
461:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
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342:
335:
329:
325:
315:
312:
311:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Eastern Front
271:
266:
263:
259:
258:Pas de Calais
255:
251:
250:Douglas Bader
247:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
221:
217:
212:
207:
203:
199:
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187:
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142:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
111:
110:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
92:"Hurribomber"
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
72:
66:
55:
51:
48:
42:
41:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
4011:Bibliography
3994:
3807:Project Hula
3772:Vistula–Oder
3741:
3674:
3665:
3649:
3619:
3568:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3500:
3397:
3312:
3288:
3251:
3002:
2895:
2840:North Africa
2542:Soviet Union
2496:Soviet Union
2422:Soviet Union
2190:Vatican City
2093:Vichy France
1998:German Reich
1895:Soviet Union
1881:South Africa
1874:Sierra Leone
1827:Newfoundland
1646:Participants
1629:Marocchinate
1333:
1324:
1294:
1172:North Africa
1133:Indian Ocean
992:Nazi plunder
883:Cryptography
756:World War II
707:
695:. Retrieved
676:
660:. Retrieved
641:
618:
595:
576:
557:
540:
527:
509:
490:
469:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
341:
328:
277:
267:
261:
242:
229:Air Ministry
191:
181:
174:
146:Hugh Dowding
138:
104:
89:
62:
21:
20:
18:
3742:Bodenplatte
3628:Gothic Line
2847:West Africa
2394:Philippines
2373:Netherlands
2238:Czech lands
2176:Switzerland
2120:Afghanistan
2064:Philippines
1932:Puerto Rico
1848:Philippines
1834:New Zealand
1820:Netherlands
1773:Free France
1524:Prosecution
1325:Osoaviakhim
1195:West Africa
1179:East Africa
826:Conferences
164:as head of
4034:Categories
3842:West Hunan
3675:Pointblank
3004:Silver Fox
2990:Summer War
2743:Winter War
2722:Phoney War
2503:Azerbaijan
2464:Yugoslavia
2359:Luxembourg
2201:Resistance
1941:Yugoslavia
1806:Luxembourg
1608:Sook Ching
1404:War crimes
1006:Technology
999:Opposition
941:Lend-Lease
918:Australian
911:Home front
869:Blitzkrieg
819:Casualties
810:Commanders
782:Operations
458:References
278:Geschwader
162:Keith Park
3907:Manchuria
3793:Indochina
3569:Bagration
3013:Lithuania
2658:Anschluss
2455:Viet Minh
2352:Lithuania
2294:Hong Kong
2057:Manchukuo
2012:Azad Hind
1671:Australia
1471:Aftermath
1334:Paperclip
1229:Aftermath
1029:Total war
897:Diplomacy
860:In Europe
674:(1975) .
639:(1974) .
353:Footnotes
262:Luftwaffe
246:Eric Lock
211:Luftwaffe
192:Prior to
186:Luftwaffe
47:Luftwaffe
40:Luftwaffe
4018:Category
3967:document
3877:document
3734:Ardennes
3718:Budapest
3666:Crossbow
3544:Overlord
3383:Smolensk
2594:Timeline
2429:Slovakia
2415:Thailand
2266:Ethiopia
2231:Bulgaria
2155:Portugal
2086:Thailand
1968:Bulgaria
1746:Eswatini
1739:Ethiopia
1692:Bulgaria
1517:Unit 731
1478:Response
1295:Keelhaul
1245:Cold War
1218:Americas
1209:timeline
1202:Atlantic
1082:Theaters
538:(1953).
467:(2020).
308:See also
294:Far East
3944:Shumshu
3711:Hungary
3658:Estonia
3642:Lapland
3620:Dragoon
3553:Neptune
3535:Ichi-Go
3501:Tempest
3443:Changde
3398:Cottage
3290:Jubilee
2999:Finland
2897:Compass
2603:Prelude
2556:Finland
2442:Vietnam
2408:Romania
2280:Germany
2259:Estonia
2245:Denmark
2224:Belgium
2217:Austria
2210:Albania
2141:Ireland
2127:Andorra
2111:Neutral
2071:Romania
2005:Hungary
1990:Finland
1862:Romania
1754:Finland
1732:Denmark
1678:Belgium
1664:Algeria
1370:Romania
1356:Hungary
1112:Pacific
836:General
790:Leaders
775:Battles
768:Outline
697:12 June
238:5 Group
234:2 Group
216:Bethune
177:Rhubarb
135:History
34:bombers
3921:Debate
3893:Taipei
3886:Borneo
3464:Tarawa
2651:Europe
2612:Africa
2401:Poland
2387:Norway
2366:Malaya
2345:Latvia
2287:Greece
2273:France
2169:Sweden
2134:Bhutan
1855:Poland
1841:Norway
1813:Mexico
1780:Greece
1766:France
1704:Canada
1685:Brazil
1655:Allies
1601:Serbia
1590:Poland
1363:Poland
1349:Baltic
1142:Europe
844:Topics
796:Allied
714:
688:
662:19 May
653:
625:
606:
583:
564:
516:
498:
477:
290:Middle
32:where
22:Circus
3697:Leyte
3527:Narva
3513:Anzio
3471:Makin
3429:Burma
3313:Torch
3282:Rzhev
3236:Kiska
2322:Korea
2308:Japan
2301:Italy
2183:Tibet
2162:Spain
2033:Italy
1794:Italy
1787:India
1711:China
1586:Japan
1186:Italy
1098:China
1050:Women
320:Notes
220:Lille
3763:1945
3491:1944
3332:1943
3253:Blue
3243:Attu
3150:1942
2909:1941
2761:1940
2699:1939
2628:Asia
2475:POWs
2315:Jews
2026:Iraq
1952:Axis
1902:Tuva
1718:Cuba
803:Axis
712:ISBN
699:2020
686:ISBN
682:HMSO
664:2020
651:ISBN
647:HMSO
623:ISBN
604:ISBN
600:HMSO
581:ISBN
562:ISBN
514:ISBN
496:ISBN
475:ISBN
292:and
284:and
236:and
225:Ruhr
204:the
198:USSR
94:, a
90:The
71:flak
152:as
4036::
3511:/
684:.
649:.
602:.
526:,
361:^
218:,
172:.
109:.
50:.
3007:)
3001:(
1868:)
1864:(
1800:)
1796:(
1760:)
1756:(
1698:)
1694:(
748:e
741:t
734:v
720:.
631:.
612:.
589:.
570:.
504:.
483:.
336:.
127:.
117:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
