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was built on the hill in 1951. Though the fortification walls enclose the heart of the site, the ancient periods of occupation covered large areas. Historic structures, tombs, arches, walls and stairs have no modern borders, and therefore there is considerable archaeological potential at this site,
524:
The first permanent settlement in the southern Syrian provinces, Transjordan, appeared in Amman in 1878. Up until that point, there was no permanent settlement in Amman, the site of the ancient Roman city of
Philadelphia. Some of the ancient buildings, such as the amphitheatre, provided occasional
562:
The historic development of Amman from a ruin, abandoned for centuries, to the capital city of the
Emirate of Transjordan, later the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. a combination of natural disasters (believed to be earthquakes) and environmental degradation reduced it to a pile of ruins. The
525:
temporary shelter for the few farmers from the
Ottoman capital of Salt who regularly cultivated patches of land in the area around Amman. This largely abandoned site was important, however, to Bedouin tribes for both its pasture and its good access to water.
244:
as well as in surrounding lands, and throughout Amman. Archaeologists have been working at the site since the 1920s, including
Italian, British, French, Spanish, and Jordanian projects, but a great part of the Citadel remains unexcavated.
276:, there were not many architectural changes, but pottery provides evidence for their occupation. The site became Roman around 30 BCE, and eventually came under Muslim rule in 661 CE. The Citadel declined in importance under
563:
abandonment of Amman was compounded because the basin of its river became infested with malaria, causing the local population to keep at a safe distance. Amman was brought back to life in the late 19th century....
46:
601:
For a thousand years it has no history. In the 15th cent. it is referred to as a pile of ruins. In 1878 it was resettled with
Circassians by Sultan Abdul Hamid and took on a new life.
220:(7th century CE). After the Umayyads, came a period of decline and for much of the time until 1878, the former city became an abandoned pile of ruins only sporadically used by
349:. The palace may have been built on top of an existing Byzantine structure in this shape. There is a huge water reservoir dug into the ground adjacent to the palace.
383:
341:), was built at the Citadel. The Umayyad Palace was probably used as an administrative building or the residence of an Umayyad official. The palace draws on
672:
256:(1650–1550 BCE) in the form of a tomb that held pottery and scarab seals. During the Iron Age, the Citadel was the site of the capital of the
231:
Most of the structures still visible at the site are from the Roman, Byzantine, and
Umayyad periods. The major remains at the site are the
225:
884:
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Umayyad
Building Techniques and the Merging Of Roman-Byzantine and Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity and Change
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510:
391:
735:
Milwright, Marcus. "Central and
Southern Jordan in the Ayyubid Period: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives."
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868:
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The
Citadel has a long history of occupation by many great civilizations. Evidence of inhabitance since the
899:
398:
240:
73:
294:
232:
51:
670:
Atiat, Taysir M. (2003). "An
Egyptianizing Cult at the Citadel Hill (Jabal al-Qal'a) of Amman, Jordan".
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began several projects to conserve and restore this site to benefit tourists and the local community.
261:
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and seasonal farmers. Despite this gap, the Citadel of Amman is considered to be among the world's
401:, which is home to a collection of artifacts from the Citadel and other Jordanian historic sites.
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Starting in 1995–96, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of Jordan in partnership with
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hall, characterized by a "forest of columns"; these mosques are normally found only in
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comes from this period, and is considered to be the oldest known inscription in the
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architectural patterns. For example, the entrance hall is built in the shape of a
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142:
88:
706:
640:
Bennett, C-M. (1978). "Excavations at the Citadel (El Qal'ah), Amman, Jordan".
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236:
92:
62:
685:
458:
Najjar, M. "Amman Citadel Temple of Hercules Excavations Preliminary Report."
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Excavations have uncovered signs of human occupation from as far back as the
192:
sometime after 1200 BCE. It later came under the sway of empires such as the
124:
111:
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Arce, Ignacio (2008). Luke Lavan; Enrico Zanini; Alexander Sarantis (eds.).
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653:
209:
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The Amman Citadel Mosque is an example of early mosques that imitated the
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367:
346:
38:
756:. Adnan Hadidi, ed. Amman: Department of Antiquities, 1982. pp. 305-321.
543:. Cahiers de l'Ifpo Nr. 6. Beirut: Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 256–271.
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The Temple of Hercules dates to the Roman period in the 2nd century CE.
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
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Kassay, Ali (2011). Myriam Ababsa; Rami Farouk Daher (eds.).
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period (AD 661–750), a palace structure, known in Arabic as
371:
188:(1800 BCE). The hill became the capital of the Kingdom of
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Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
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The Exclusion of Amman from Jordanian National Identity
827:"Restoration of the Umayyad Alcazar in Amman (Jordan)"
260:, which was known as "Rabbah" or "Rabbath Ammon". The
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has been found and the hill was fortified during the
599:. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press. p. 64.
501:. The Contemporary Middle East (Book 5). Cambridge:
156:
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772:. Late Antique Archaeology, Vol. 4. p. 497.
72:Collection of Roman sculptures on display at the
876:
754:Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan
306:The Byzantine church (ESE of the Umayyad mosque)
42:Reconstructed eastern gate of the Umayyad mosque
173:. The L-shaped hill is one of the seven hills (
824:
750:"A New Umayyad Palace at the Citadel of Amman"
491:
324:
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284:was added to the site during this period.
711:The American Schools of Oriental Research
825:Almagro Gorbea, Antonio (2 April 2024).
748:Almagro, Antonio, and Olavarri, Emilio.
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613:French, Carole (19 December 2011).
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709:"The Amman Citadel Inscription."
177:) that originally made up Amman.
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280:rule in the 13th century, but a
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226:oldest continuously inhabited
895:Tourist attractions in Amman
399:Jordan Archaeological Museum
241:Jordan Archaeological Museum
74:Jordan Archaeological Museum
27:Archaeological site in Amman
7:
595:Franciscan fathers (1978).
303:, mosque, and water cistern
157:
10:
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503:Cambridge University Press
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165:at the center of downtown
686:10.1179/lev.2003.35.1.117
325:Umayyad palace and mosque
262:Amman Citadel Inscription
216:(3rd century CE) and the
846:10.4995/loggia.2001.5225
726:5.4 (1988). pp. 318-325.
473:"Citadel, Amman, Jordan"
654:10.1179/lev.1978.10.1.1
619:. Bradt Travel Guides.
462:70 (1993). pp. 220-225.
95:area seen from the hill
739:16.1 (2006). pp. 1-27.
200:(6th century BC), the
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50:The uncompleted Roman
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713:193 (1969). pp. 2-13.
198:Neo-Babylonian Empire
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871:at Wikimedia Commons
505:. pp. 116–117.
900:Tells (archaeology)
270:Phoenician Alphabet
212:(1st century BCE),
208:(3rd century BCE),
196:(8th century BCE),
194:Neo-Assyrian Empire
125:31.9547°N 35.9343°E
121: /
34:Amman Citadel ruins
18:Citadel Hill, Amman
707:Horn, Siegfried H.
317:Temple of Hercules
311:Ayyubid watchtower
295:Temple of Hercules
274:Hellenistic Period
233:Temple of Hercules
163:archeological site
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867:Media related to
779:978-90-04-16549-6
268:, written in the
266:Ammonite language
254:Middle Bronze Age
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836:(in Spanish).
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803:|work=
785:3 September
680:: 117–122.
578:|work=
556:25 December
518:25 December
368:Mesopotamia
347:Greek cross
329:During the
272:. From the
128: /
879:Categories
478:2008-05-31
439:References
293:The Roman
282:watchtower
214:Byzantines
186:Bronze Age
147:جبل القلعة
116:35°56′03″E
113:31°57′17″N
840:: 44–59.
805:ignored (
795:cite book
694:162028926
580:ignored (
570:cite book
343:Byzantine
258:Ammonites
206:Seleucids
202:Ptolemies
152:romanized
495:(2010).
228:places.
222:Bedouins
218:Umayyads
161:) is an
103:Site map
93:downtown
91:and the
648:: 1–9.
405:Gallery
378:Tourism
359:apadana
356:-style
354:Persian
335:al-Qasr
331:Umayyad
278:Ayyubid
248:History
154::
834:Loggia
776:
724:Cities
692:
673:Levant
642:Levant
623:
616:Jordan
547:
509:
364:Persia
239:. The
210:Romans
204:, the
171:Jordan
143:Arabic
830:(PDF)
690:S2CID
460:Syria
388:AECID
384:USAID
339:القصر
190:Ammon
175:jebal
167:Amman
813:here
807:help
787:2022
774:ISBN
621:ISBN
582:help
558:2015
545:ISBN
520:2015
507:ISBN
392:CSIC
390:and
372:Iraq
366:and
309:The
299:The
137:The
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842:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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