244:
69:
839:
2344:
31:
367:
973:
414:
928:. Cities came to occupy more-easily defended hilltop locations surrounded by deep ravines, with ditch-and-wall defences sometimes supplementing the protection provided by the natural terrain. Chichen Itza, in the north, became what was probably the largest, most powerful and most cosmopolitan of all Maya cities. One of the most important cities in the
421:
Until the 1960s, scholarly opinion was that the ruins of Maya centres were not true cities but were rather empty ceremonial centres where the priesthood performed religious rituals for the peasant farmers, who lived dispersed in the middle of the jungle. Since the 1960s, formal archaeological mapping
330:
ruled their kingdoms from palaces that were situated within the centre of their cities. Cities tended to be located in places that controlled trade routes or that could supply essential products. This allowed the elites that controlled trade to increase their wealth and status. Such cities were able
875:
was the most important Maya capital. Capital cities of Maya kingdoms could vary considerably in size, apparently related to how many vassal cities were tied to the capital. Overlords of city-states that held sway over a greater number of subordinate lords could command greater quantities of tribute
404:
The ceremonial centre of the Maya city was where the ruling elite lived, and where the administrative functions of the city were performed, together with religious ceremonies. It was also where the inhabitants of the city gathered for public activities. Elite residential complexes occupied the best
395:
linked the centre to outlying areas of the city. Some of these classes of architecture formed lesser groups in the outlying areas of the city, which served as sacred centres for non-royal lineages. The areas adjacent to these sacred compounds included residential complexes housing wealthy lineages.
810:
and altars that were erected in its plazas. El
Mirador is considered to be one of the first capital cities of the Maya civilization. The swamps of the Mirador Basin appear to have been the primary attraction for the first inhabitants of the area as evidenced by the unusual cluster of large cities
377:
Maya cities were not formally planned like the cities of highland Mexico and were subject to irregular expansion, with the haphazard addition to all of the palaces, temples and other buildings. Most Maya cities tended to grow outwards from the core, and upwards as new structures were superimposed
1676:
Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Gunn, Joel D.; Carrasco, Dominguez; del
Rosario, María; Folan, William J.; Fletcher, Laraine A.; Morales López, Abel; Glascock, Michael D. (2005). "Defining the Terminal Classic at Calakmul, Campeche". In Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S. (eds.).
822:
Maya cities, was already a significant city by around 350 BC, although it did not match El
Mirador. The Late Preclassic cultural florescence collapsed in the 1st century AD and many of the great Maya cities of the epoch were abandoned; the cause of this collapse is as yet unknown.
386:
temples and other monumental architecture dedicated to elite activities, such as basal platforms that supported administrative or elite residential complexes. Sculpted monuments were raised to record the deeds of the ruling dynasty. City centres also featured plazas, sacred
382:. Maya cities usually had a ceremonial and administrative centre surrounded by a vast irregular sprawl of residential complexes. The centres of all Maya cities featured sacred precincts, sometimes separated from nearby residential areas by walls. These precincts contained
400:
excavated from these elite residential complexes varies in quality according to the rank and prestige of the lineage that it housed. The largest and richest of these elite compounds sometimes possessed sculpture and art of craftsmanship equal to that of royal art.
331:
to construct temples for public ceremonies, thus attracting further inhabitants to the city. Those cities that had favourable conditions for food production, combined with access to trade routes, were likely to develop into the capital cities of early Maya states.
313:
worldwide. Maya cities tended to be more dispersed than cities in other societies, even within
Mesoamerica, as a result of adaptation to a lowland tropical environment that allowed food production amidst areas dedicated to other activities. They lacked the
405:
land around the city centre, while commoners had their residences dispersed further away from the ceremonial centre. Residential units were built on top of stone platforms to raise them above the level of the rain season floodwaters.
1039:
in 1525, followed by a number of missionaries at the beginning of the 17th century. The city was finally razed when it was conquered in 1697. Juan
Galindo, governor of Petén, described the ruins of the Postclassic city of
846:
During the
Classic Period (AD 250-900), the Maya civilization achieved its greatest florescence. During the Early Classic (AD 250-300), cities throughout the Maya region were influenced by the great metropolis of
1717:
855:. At its height during the Late Classic, Tikal had expanded to have a population of well over 100,000. Tikal's great rival was Calakmul, another powerful city in the Petén Basin. In the southeast,
920:
in the Valley of
Guatemala was abandoned after a period of continuous occupation that spanned almost two thousand years. This was symptomatic of changes that were sweeping across the
1910:; Balcárcel, Beatriz; Suyuc, Edgar; Mejía, Héctor E.; Hernández, Enrique; Valle, Gendry; Guenter, Stanley P.; Novak, Shannon (2006). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía (eds.).
422:
projects have revealed that the ceremonial centres in fact formed the centres of dispersed cities that possessed populations that at some sites could reach tens of thousands.
892:, marked by the abandonment of cities, the ending of dynasties and a northward shift of population. During this period, known as the Terminal Classic, the northern cities of
916:
The
Postclassic Period (AD 900-c.1524) was marked by a series of changes that distinguished its cities from those of the preceding Classic Period. The once-great city of
1626:
Arroyo, Bárbara (July–August 2001). Enrique Vela (ed.). "El Poslclásico Tardío en los Altos de
Guatemala" [The Late Postclassic in the Guatemalan Highlands].
778:
is the earliest well-documented city in the Maya lowlands, where large structures have been dated to around 750 BC. Nakbe already featured the monumental masonry
2101:
1725:
1060:
in the same year. The number of known cities grew enormously during the course of the 20th century; 24 cities in Petén alone had been described by 1938.
1911:
1366:
274:
2142:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala: CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra".
2744:
763:
758:(1000-400 BC), small villages began to grow to form cities. By 500 BC these cities possessed large temple structures decorated with
1869:
1044:
in 1834. Modesto Méndez, a later governor of Petén, published a description of the ruins of the once great city of Tikal in 1848.
2427:
924:
and neighbouring
Pacific coast, with long-occupied cities in exposed locations relocated, apparently due to a proliferation of
1966:
Jones, Grant D. (2000). "The Lowland Maya, from the Conquest to the Present". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
2169:
1813:
1786:
1755:
1844:
937:
17:
2207:
2082:
2055:
2019:
1979:
1956:
1698:
1283:
352:, although whether the exact function of these roads was commercial, political or religious has not been determined.
2112:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. pp. 381–390. Archived from
2417:
2291:
2226:
2077:. Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (National Council for Culture and the Arts). pp. 9–99.
744:
182:
1004:
Maya. Good relations did not last and the city was abandoned a few months later. This was followed by the fall of
2994:
2984:
2553:
2113:
267:
3009:
39:
2272:
2331:
955:
214:
2321:
959:
224:
1923:
802:
grew to cover approximately 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi). It possessed paved avenues, massive
3019:
2969:
2311:
1686:
949:
205:
2326:
963:
229:
2316:
2037:
967:
219:
3085:
2974:
2733:
2422:
2378:
2104:[The Maya cities in Northeastern Peten: Potential platform for launching regional development]
1971:
1675:
302:
260:
148:
50:
2989:
2649:
2548:
2531:
2521:
2199:
108:
2102:"Las ciudades Mayas del Noreste de Petén: Potencial plataforma para impulsar un desarrollo regional"
1922:(in Spanish). Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. pp. 739–751. Archived from
1053:
908:
continued to be inhabited long after the cities of the southern lowlands ceased to raise monuments.
2954:
564:
3090:
2449:
2233:. Orlando, Florida, US: Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida. Archived from
1997:
1946:
838:
819:
795:
755:
1906:
1690:
1647:
Becker, Marshall Joseph (2004). "Maya Heterarchy as Inferred from Classic-Period Plaza Plans".
388:
2719:
1273:
2944:
2852:
2526:
2439:
2390:
2306:
889:
383:
196:
2979:
1831:
Fox, John W. (September 1989). "On the Rise and Fall of Tuláns and Maya Segmentary States".
2822:
2712:
2674:
2407:
2373:
1840:
1013:
929:
921:
417:
Map of the Maya region showing locations of some of the principal cities. Click to enlarge.
3004:
2964:
1049:
905:
618:
578:
8:
2924:
2681:
2622:
2565:
1968:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2
985:
648:
343:
1275:
Maya Forest Garden: Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands
1028:
771:
469:
68:
2959:
2787:
2726:
2558:
2486:
2265:
2047:
2011:
1876:
1856:
1664:
1036:
248:
675:
2827:
2358:
2281:
2213:
2203:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2143:
2088:
2078:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2025:
2015:
2007:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
2005:
1985:
1975:
1952:
1907:
1819:
1809:
1792:
1782:
1761:
1751:
1704:
1694:
1679:
1668:
1635:
1279:
993:
779:
599:
379:
361:
294:
291:
118:
58:
2999:
2131:
3029:
2802:
2385:
1848:
1681:
The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation
1656:
1001:
868:
852:
653:
339:
138:
2343:
2192:
1852:
980:
The cities of the Postclassic highland Maya kingdoms fell to the invading Spanish
346:. Some cities were linked to each other by straight limestone causeways, known as
3054:
2909:
2782:
2767:
2577:
2543:
2434:
2368:
2301:
1743:
803:
191:
88:
2705:
3049:
2817:
2471:
2100:
Quintana, Oscar (2003). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Escobedo; H. Mejía (eds.).
1045:
1027:
By the 19th century, the existence of five former Maya cities was known in the
876:
in the form of goods and labour. The most notable forms of tribute pictured on
123:
103:
3059:
1660:
319:
3080:
3074:
3039:
3034:
2667:
2587:
2538:
2496:
2476:
2461:
2397:
2258:
2187:
2147:
2001:
1823:
1796:
1639:
885:
877:
510:
306:
163:
143:
128:
98:
2217:
2179:
2092:
2065:
2029:
1989:
1765:
1708:
2919:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2662:
2656:
2511:
2501:
2481:
2155:
981:
925:
893:
450:
323:
310:
173:
168:
83:
78:
989:
933:
888:
and feathers. During the 9th century AD, the central Maya region suffered
864:
613:
2894:
2812:
2688:
2491:
2444:
1724:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. Archived from
1057:
1017:
917:
848:
827:
807:
721:
559:
327:
298:
133:
93:
2627:
2234:
2073:
Olmedo Vera, Bertina (1997). A. Arellano Hernández; et al. (eds.).
632:
594:
2466:
2412:
1775:
The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period
1720:[Zaculeu: Postclassic City in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala]
1009:
881:
799:
335:
158:
153:
2807:
1860:
30:
2777:
2698:
2402:
1914:[Archaeological investigations at the site of Tintal, Peten]
1778:
1718:"Zaculeu: Ciudad Postclásica en las Tierras Altas Mayas de Guatemala"
1543:
Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.764-765. Recinos 1952, 1986, pp.68, 74.
1032:
996:
in 1524. Shortly afterwards, the Spanish were invited as allies into
775:
315:
113:
2612:
2250:
842:
Chichén Itzá was the most important city in the northern Maya region
3044:
2904:
2889:
2872:
2867:
2456:
1231:
1229:
1227:
860:
830:
in the Valley of Guatemala was already a sprawling city by AD 300.
543:
491:
486:
473:
397:
371:
2607:
1024:
and the last remaining independent Maya city fell to the Spanish.
856:
464:
2934:
2899:
2792:
2363:
1041:
1021:
1005:
997:
505:
2617:
2110:
XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2002
1920:
XIX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2005
1902:] (in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala.
1367:"Archeologists Wonder at a City That Survived the Maya Collapse"
1224:
2884:
2832:
2797:
2602:
2186:
2161:
The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs
901:
759:
689:
657:
514:
366:
2929:
2914:
2862:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2632:
897:
815:
783:
767:
705:
670:
527:
392:
348:
338:
has been likened to the relationships between city-states in
35:
391:
and buildings used for marketplaces and schools. Frequently
2597:
2570:
1715:
1278:. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. p. 116.
972:
872:
445:
2154:
1996:
413:
1928:
1912:"Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio Tintal, Petén"
1808:. Gainesville, Florida, US: University Press of Florida.
1951:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press.
1772:
1748:
Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Forest Civilization
1570:
Recinos 1952, 1986, p.110. del Águila Flores 2007, p.38.
1646:
936:, also known as Utatlán, the capital of the aggressive
301:. They served the specialised roles of administration,
1870:"Maya cities and the character of a tropical urbanism"
1552:
Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Guillemín 1965, p.9.
1521:
1519:
1517:
1408:
1406:
1217:
1215:
786:
that characterised later cities in the Maya lowlands.
2136:
Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala
1875:. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University. Archived from
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
2140:
Pedro de Alvarado: Conqueror of Mexico and Guatemala
2072:
1351:
1349:
1171:
1169:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1074:
1072:
1035:. Nojpetén had been visited by Spanish conquistador
1893:
1528:
1514:
1438:
1403:
1328:
1212:
548:Cayo District, Belize; Petén Department, Guatemala
27:
Centres of ancient Maya civilization in Mesoamerica
2191:
2036:
1678:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1205:
1203:
1178:
1122:
1120:
1118:
318:of the highland cities of central Mexico, such as
1867:
1803:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1346:
1166:
1099:
1069:
3072:
2224:
1900:Iximche: Capital of the Former Kaqchikel Kingdom
1742:
1484:
334:The political relationship between Classic Maya
2130:
2099:
1965:
1944:
1625:
1456:
1389:
1200:
1115:
1090:
818:, later to be one of the most important of the
2198:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
1582:
1507:
1505:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1382:
1380:
2266:
1896:Iximché: Capital del Antiguo Reino Cakchiquel
1750:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1150:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1132:
355:
268:
1830:
1502:
1470:
1415:
1377:
984:in the first half of the 16th century. The
943:
749:
2273:
2259:
1143:
1129:
275:
261:
900:show increased activity. Major cities in
789:
1271:
971:
837:
798:(400 BC - 250 AD), the enormous city of
412:
365:
29:
1655:. Cambridge University Press: 127–138.
1364:
871:region. In the north of the Maya area,
408:
14:
3073:
1365:Wilford, John Noble (5 October 1993).
806:complexes dated to around 150 BC, and
290:were the centres of population of the
2280:
2254:
1948:The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom
911:
867:were the most powerful cities in the
1845:American Anthropological Association
1716:del Águila Flores, Patricia (2007).
1272:Ford, Anabel; Nigh, Ronald (2018).
1048:described the ruins of the city of
976:Zaculeu fell to the Spanish in 1525
24:
2164:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1777:. Abingdon, UK and New York, USA:
1444:Martin & Grube 2000, pp.25-26.
25:
3102:
1773:Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2011).
1561:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.298.
1534:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.559.
1525:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.618.
1412:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.214.
1343:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.545.
1334:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.615.
1235:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
1221:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.554.
833:
2342:
1325:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 326.
1197:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.24.
1175:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.23.
1112:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.85.
1078:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.71.
1012:Maya capital, in 1525. In 1697,
745:History of the Maya civilization
242:
67:
2075:The Mayas of the Classic Period
1806:Ancient Maya Political Dynamics
1634:(50). Editorial Raíces: 38–43.
1606:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1493:
1447:
1429:
1358:
1355:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.1.
1337:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
560:Mixco Viejo (Jilotepeque Viejo)
370:Classic Period royal palace at
2231:Caracol Archaeological Project
1490:Martin & Grube 2000, p.19.
1157:
1126:Martin & Grube 2000, p.21.
1096:Martin & Grube 2000, p.15.
1081:
13:
1:
1853:10.1525/aa.1989.91.3.02a00080
1618:
1467:Martin & Grube 2000, p.9.
1400:Martin & Grube 2000, p.8.
1209:Martin & Grube 2000, p.6.
1016:launched an assault upon the
960:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
859:was the most important city.
1894:Guillemín, Jorge F. (1965).
1687:University Press of Colorado
1244:Braswell et al. 2005, p.171.
950:Spanish conquest of the Maya
710:Petén Department, Guatemala
694:Petén Department, Guatemala
637:Petén Department, Guatemala
583:Petén Department, Guatemala
532:Petén Department, Guatemala
206:Spanish conquest of the Maya
7:
1839:(3). Oxford/Arlington, VA:
1804:Foias, Antonia E. (2014) .
968:Spanish conquest of Chiapas
956:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
424:
38:, one of the most powerful
10:
3107:
2995:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1972:Cambridge University Press
1868:Graham, Elizabeth (2005).
1435:Hansen et al. 2006, p.740.
1000:, the capital city of the
953:
947:
742:
738:
359:
356:Architectural organization
3018:
2943:
2743:
2650:Annals of the Cakchiquels
2641:
2586:
2510:
2351:
2340:
2290:
2225:UCF Anthropology (2014).
2200:Stanford University Press
2190:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
2043:Maya Art and Architecture
1661:10.1017/S0956536104151079
1262:Estrada-Belli 2011, p.77.
964:Spanish conquest of Petén
782:, sculpted monuments and
2227:"History: Site Overview"
2158:; Peter Mathews (1999).
1945:Jones, Grant D. (1998).
1063:
944:Conquest and rediscovery
890:major political collapse
756:Middle Preclassic Period
750:Middle Preclassic Period
565:Chimaltenango Department
49:This article is part of
3010:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
2970:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
2046:. London and New York:
2010:. London and New York:
1833:American Anthropologist
1481:Olmedo Vera 1997, p.36.
1426:Olmedo Vera 1997, p.28.
1386:Olmedo Vera 1997, p.26.
1154:Olmedo Vera 1997, p.34.
1140:Olmedo Vera 1997, p.35.
1253:UCF Anthropology 2014.
977:
843:
796:Late Preclassic Period
790:Late Preclassic Period
726:Cayo District, Belize
426:Estimated populations
418:
374:
249:Mesoamerica portal
43:
2985:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
2975:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2734:Título de Totonicapán
2307:Classic Maya collapse
1603:Quintana 2003, p.381.
1453:Demarest 2004, p. 75.
975:
841:
416:
369:
197:Classic Maya collapse
33:
2990:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
2713:Ritual of the Bacabs
2374:Twin-pyramid complex
1974:. pp. 346–391.
1841:Blackwell Publishing
1628:Arqueología Mexicana
938:Kʼicheʼ Maya kingdom
930:Guatemalan Highlands
409:Population estimates
305:, manufacturing and
2955:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2925:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
2720:Songs of Dzitbalché
2048:Thames & Hudson
2012:Thames & Hudson
1931:online publication)
1649:Ancient Mesoamerica
1612:Jones 2000, p. 358.
1579:Jones 1998, p. xix.
1499:Becker 2004, p.135.
1316:Fox 1989, p.673.n2.
762:masks representing
649:Santa Rita, Corozal
427:
309:that characterised
2980:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2788:Howler monkey gods
2038:Miller, Mary Ellen
1908:Hansen, Richard D.
1511:Arroyo 2001, p.38.
1371:The New York Times
1307:Foias 2014, p. 90.
1298:Arroyo 2001, p.42.
1163:Miller 1999, p.25.
978:
912:Postclassic Period
844:
826:In the highlands,
437:Maximum population
425:
419:
375:
44:
18:Cities of the Maya
3086:Maya civilization
3068:
3067:
3005:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
2965:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
2283:Maya civilization
2188:Sharer, Robert J.
2171:978-0-684-85209-6
1970:. Cambridge, UK:
1843:on behalf of the
1815:978-0-8130-6089-7
1788:978-0-415-42994-8
1757:978-0-521-53390-4
1087:Graham 2005, p.4.
1056:was described by
1050:Motul de San José
994:Pedro de Alvarado
932:at this time was
906:Yucatán Peninsula
736:
735:
732:Terminal Classic
684:Terminal Classic
665:Late Postclassic
627:Late Postclassic
619:Quiché Department
600:Izabal Department
579:Motul de San José
573:Late Postclassic
362:Maya architecture
344:Renaissance Italy
295:Maya civilization
285:
284:
60:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
3098:
3030:Lady Eveningstar
3022:
2947:
2747:
2590:
2514:
2346:
2312:Spanish conquest
2294:
2284:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2221:
2197:
2194:The Ancient Maya
2183:
2151:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2096:
2069:
2033:
1993:
1962:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1917:
1903:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1827:
1800:
1769:
1744:Demarest, Arthur
1739:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1712:
1684:
1672:
1643:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
853:Valley of Mexico
772:Petén Department
700:Late Preclassic
654:Corozal District
538:Late Preclassic
470:Copán Department
428:
340:Classical Greece
277:
270:
263:
247:
246:
245:
71:
61:
46:
45:
21:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3055:Wak Chanil Ajaw
3020:
3014:
2945:
2939:
2745:
2739:
2637:
2588:
2582:
2554:Human sacrifice
2512:
2506:
2369:Triadic pyramid
2347:
2338:
2302:Preclassic Maya
2292:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2210:
2172:
2132:Recinos, Adrian
2122:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2085:
2058:
2022:
1982:
1959:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1915:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1816:
1789:
1758:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1701:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1014:Martín de Ursúa
970:
952:
946:
914:
851:in the distant
836:
804:triadic pyramid
792:
752:
747:
741:
411:
378:upon preceding
364:
358:
281:
243:
241:
234:
192:Preclassic Maya
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3091:Ancient cities
3088:
3083:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Yoʼnal Ahk III
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2566:Social classes
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:Maritime trade
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2222:
2208:
2184:
2170:
2152:
2128:
2097:
2083:
2070:
2056:
2034:
2020:
1994:
1980:
1963:
1957:
1942:
1904:
1891:
1865:
1835:. New Series.
1828:
1814:
1801:
1787:
1770:
1756:
1740:
1713:
1699:
1673:
1644:
1630:(in Spanish).
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1513:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1414:
1402:
1388:
1376:
1357:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1177:
1165:
1156:
1142:
1128:
1114:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1046:Teoberto Maler
948:Main article:
945:
942:
913:
910:
835:
834:Classic Period
832:
820:Classic Period
791:
788:
751:
748:
740:
737:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
686:
685:
682:
679:
673:
667:
666:
663:
660:
651:
645:
644:
643:Early Classic
641:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
622:
616:
610:
609:
606:
603:
597:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
575:
574:
571:
568:
562:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
524:
523:
520:
517:
508:
502:
501:
498:
495:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:15,000-21,000
476:
467:
461:
460:
457:
454:
448:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
410:
407:
357:
354:
311:ancient cities
283:
282:
280:
279:
272:
265:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
209:
208:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
186:
185:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
73:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
40:Classic Period
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3103:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Lady of Tikal
3038:
3036:
3035:Lady of Itzan
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:Título Cʼoyoi
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:Death rituals
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2237:on 2014-05-03
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:0-8047-4817-9
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:Schele, Linda
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2119:on 2011-07-07
2115:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:970-18-3005-9
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2057:0-500-20327-X
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:0-500-05103-8
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:Nikolai Grube
1999:
1998:Martin, Simon
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1981:0-521-65204-9
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1958:9780804735223
1954:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1933:on 2011-08-13
1930:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1882:on 2016-03-05
1878:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1731:on 2011-07-21
1727:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:0-87081-822-8
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1285:9781611329988
1281:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:Hernán Cortés
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:conquistadors
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Maya ceramics
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
840:
831:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
811:around them.
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
746:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:Late Classic
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
608:Late Classic
607:
604:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:Late Classic
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:Late Classic
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
516:
512:
511:Cayo District
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:Late Classic
499:
496:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:Late Classic
480:
477:
475:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:Late Classic
458:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
423:
415:
406:
402:
399:
394:
390:
385:
381:
373:
368:
363:
353:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
292:pre-Columbian
289:
278:
273:
271:
266:
264:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
240:
239:
238:
237:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
184:
181:
180:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
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34:The heart of
32:
19:
2920:Vucub Caquix
2879:
2848:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2839:Post-Classic
2828:Moon goddess
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2706:Rabinal Achí
2704:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2657:Chilam Balam
2655:
2648:
2359:Architecture
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2230:
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2139:
2135:
2121:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2109:
2074:
2042:
2006:
1967:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
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1919:
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1895:
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1054:San Clemente
1026:
979:
915:
894:Chichen Itza
845:
825:
814:The city of
813:
793:
780:architecture
753:
621:, Guatemala
605:1,200–1,600
602:, Guatemala
586:1,200-2,000
567:, Guatemala
535:2,000-5,000
451:Quintana Roo
420:
403:
380:architecture
376:
347:
333:
324:Tenochtitlan
287:
286:
119:Architecture
3060:Yohl Ikʼnal
2895:Hun Hunahpu
2813:Kinich Ahau
2803:Jaguar gods
2241:19 February
1847:: 656–681.
1689:. pp.
1685:. Boulder:
1058:Karl Sapper
918:Kaminaljuyu
849:Teotihuacan
828:Kaminaljuyu
754:During the
722:Xunantunich
336:city-states
320:Teotihuacán
299:Mesoamerica
288:Maya cities
42:Maya cities
3075:Categories
2910:Qʼuqʼumatz
2783:Hero Twins
2768:Death gods
2642:Literature
2578:Households
2544:Priesthood
2123:2011-02-23
1937:2011-08-19
1886:2011-03-01
1735:2011-02-25
1619:References
1031:region of
992:, fell to
954:See also:
869:Usumacinta
800:El Mirador
743:See also:
389:ballcourts
360:See also:
328:Maya kings
316:grid plans
3050:Sak Kʼukʼ
2880:Popol Vuh
2818:Maize god
2778:Goddess I
2699:Popol Vuh
2549:Sacrifice
2532:Midwifery
2522:Childhood
2472:Mythology
2435:Languages
2322:Guatemala
2148:243309954
2134:(1986) .
1824:878111565
1797:614990197
1779:Routledge
1669:162497874
1640:0188-8218
1052:in 1895.
1033:Guatemala
1002:Kaqchikel
990:Qʼumarkaj
988:capital,
934:Qʼumarkaj
922:highlands
865:Yaxchilán
784:causeways
776:Guatemala
678:, Mexico
614:Qʼumarkaj
494:, Mexico
453:, Mexico
431:Site name
393:causeways
225:Guatemala
124:Astronomy
109:Sacrifice
104:Mythology
89:Languages
3045:Lady Xoc
2905:Jacawitz
2890:Camazotz
2873:Yum Kaax
2868:Kukulkan
2628:Tzolkʼin
2589:Calendar
2539:Religion
2497:Textiles
2477:Numerals
2462:Medicine
2457:Mayanist
2398:Ceramics
2391:Graffiti
2218:57577446
2180:41423034
2093:42213077
2066:41659173
2040:(1999).
2030:47358325
2004:(2000).
1990:33359444
1766:51438896
1746:(2004).
1709:61719499
1022:Nojpetén
1020:capital
886:textiles
861:Palenque
713:100,000
633:Río Azul
595:Quiriguá
551:180,000
544:El Pilar
522:Classic
519:140,000
492:Campeche
487:Calakmul
474:Honduras
434:Location
372:Palenque
307:religion
303:commerce
164:Medicine
144:Textiles
129:Calendar
99:Religion
51:a series
2935:Zipacna
2900:Huracan
2808:Kʼawiil
2793:Itzamna
2754:Classic
2746:Deities
2676:Grolier
2669:Dresden
2663:Codices
2513:Society
2502:Warfare
2440:Classic
2418:Economy
2408:Cuisine
2379:Revival
2364:E-Group
2332:Yucatán
2317:Chiapas
2293:History
1042:Topoxte
1006:Zaculeu
998:Iximche
986:Kʼicheʼ
926:warfare
794:In the
770:in the
739:History
729:10,000
697:10,000
681:10,000
676:Yucatán
624:15,000
506:Caracol
497:50,000
456:50,000
440:Period
384:pyramid
349:sacbeob
220:Chiapas
215:Yucatán
183:History
174:Warfare
169:Cuisine
94:Writing
84:Society
3021:Queens
2885:Awilix
2833:Yopaat
2798:Ixchel
2683:Madrid
2613:Kʼatun
2603:Baktun
2492:Stelae
2482:People
2445:Script
2403:Cities
2352:Topics
2216:
2206:
2178:
2168:
2146:
2091:
2081:
2064:
2054:
2028:
2018:
1988:
1978:
1955:
1861:680872
1859:
1822:
1812:
1795:
1785:
1764:
1754:
1707:
1697:
1693:–194.
1667:
1638:
1282:
1008:, the
966:, and
902:Mexico
808:stelae
760:stucco
690:Seibal
662:7,000
658:Belize
640:3,500
570:1,500
515:Belize
134:Stelae
114:Cities
79:People
53:on the
2946:Kings
2930:Xquic
2915:Tohil
2863:Ixtab
2773:God L
2763:Chaac
2758:Bacab
2690:Paris
2633:Winal
2608:Haabʼ
2527:Women
2487:Sites
2467:Music
2423:Trade
2413:Dance
2327:Petén
2138:[
2117:(PDF)
2106:(PDF)
1916:(PDF)
1898:[
1880:(PDF)
1873:(PDF)
1857:JSTOR
1729:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1665:S2CID
1064:Notes
1029:Petén
898:Uxmal
882:cacao
857:Copán
816:Tikal
768:Nakbe
706:Tikal
671:Sayil
528:Cival
465:Copán
230:Petén
159:Dance
154:Music
149:Trade
36:Tikal
3081:City
2858:Chin
2853:Akna
2843:Acat
2618:Kʼin
2598:Ajaw
2571:Ajaw
2450:List
2243:2014
2214:OCLC
2204:ISBN
2176:OCLC
2166:ISBN
2144:OCLC
2089:OCLC
2079:ISBN
2062:OCLC
2052:ISBN
2026:OCLC
2016:ISBN
1986:OCLC
1976:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1820:OCLC
1810:ISBN
1793:OCLC
1783:ISBN
1762:OCLC
1752:ISBN
1705:OCLC
1695:ISBN
1636:ISSN
1280:ISBN
1018:Itza
896:and
880:are
873:Coba
863:and
764:gods
446:Coba
342:and
322:and
2823:Mam
2623:Tun
2386:Art
1929:PDF
1849:doi
1691:162
1657:doi
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1703:.
1663:.
1653:15
1651:.
1632:IX
1584:^
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