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588:. He said the dogmas of civil religion should be simple, few in number, and stated in precise words without interpretations or commentaries. Beyond that, Rousseau affirmed that individuals' religious opinions should be beyond the reach of governments. For Rousseau civil religion was to be constructed and imposed from the top down as an artificial source of civic virtue. Some scholars critiqued and accused Rousseau's civil religion of inspiring figurative "self worship" amongst citizenry.
880:. He identified an elaborate system of practices and beliefs arising from America's unique historic experience and religiosity. Civil religion in the US was originally Protestant but brought in Catholics and Jews after World War II. Having no association with any religious sect, civil religion was used in the 1960s to justify civil rights legislation. Americans ever since the colonial era talk of their obligation both collective and individual to carry out God's will on earth.
214:
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861:. In the 1967 essay "Civil Religion in America", Bellah wrote that civil religion in its priestly sense is "an institutionalized collection of sacred beliefs about the American nation". Bellah describes the prophetic role of civil religion as challenging "national self-worship" and calling for "the subordination of the nation to ethical principles that transcend it in terms of which it should be judged". Bellah identified the
372:
34:, symbols (such as the national flag), and ceremonies on sacred days and at sacred places (such as monuments, battlefields, or national cemeteries). It is distinct from churches, although church officials and ceremonies are sometimes incorporated into the practice of civil religion. Countries described as having a civil religion include France and the United States. As a concept, it originated in French
655:
834:
905:", a phrase originally intended to be maximally inclusive of the several religions practiced in the United States, assuming that these faiths all share the same values. Alvin J. Schmidt argues that since the 1700s, expressions of civil religion in the United States have shifted from a deistic to a polytheistic stance.
857:. Within this American context, Marty wrote that Americans approved of "religion in general" without being particularly concerned about the content of that faith, and attempted to distinguish "priestly" and "prophetic" roles within the practice of American civil religion, which he preferred to call the
744:
Behind the civil religion at every point lie biblical archetypes: Exodus, Chosen People, Promised Land, New
Jerusalem, and Sacrificial Death and Rebirth. But it is also genuinely American and genuinely new. It has its own prophets and its own martyrs, its own sacred events and sacred places, its own
627:
Michael
Gladwin has argued that for Australians Anzac Day "functions as a kind of alternative religion, or 'civil religion', with its own sense of the mystical, transcendent and divine", while Carolyn Holbrook has observed that after 1990 Anzac Day commemoration was "repackaged" as a protean "story
726:". Soldiers and veterans play a central role of standing ready to sacrifice their lives to preserve the nation. Bellah noted the veneration of veterans. The historian Conrad Cherry called the Memorial Day ceremonies "a modern cult of the dead" and says that it "affirms the civil religious tenets".
644:
encouraged a veritable state religion, worshiping the flag and multiplying the national holidays and commemorative monuments. ... July 14 became a national holiday in 1882; the centennial of the French
Revolution was celebrated in 1889. In Italy, the secular state multiplied the celebrations:
916:
of a national cult, while others have argued that modern punishment is a form of civil religion. Arguing against mob violence and lynching, Abraham
Lincoln declared in his 1838 Lyceum speech that the Constitution and the laws of the United States ought to become the "political religion" of each
691:
in the 21st century the memory of Stalin has been partly rehabilitated in search of a strong leader who made the nation powerful. For example, school textbooks were rewritten to portray "the mass terror of the Stalin years as essential to the country's rapid modernization in the face of growing
753:
that has shaped patriotism and the memory and meaning of the nation's birth ever since. Battles are not central (as they are for the Civil War) but rather certain events and people have been celebrated as icons of certain virtues (or vices). As historians have noted, the
Revolution produced a
900:
This assertive civil religion of the United States is an occasional cause of political friction between the US and Europe, where the literally religious form of civil religion has largely faded away in recent decades. In the United States, civil religion is often invoked under the name of
628:
of national genesis" that could flexibly accommodate a wide spectrum of
Australians. According to Gladwin, "The emphasis of Anzac Day is no longer on military skills but rather values of unpretentious courage, endurance, sacrifice in the midst of suffering, and
595:(1858–1917), the French sociologist who analysed civil religion, especially in comparative terms, and stressed that the public schools are critical in implementing civil religion. Although he never used the term he laid great stress on the concept.
1393:
349:. In France, secular ceremonies are separated from religious observances to a greater degree than in most countries. In the United States, a president being inaugurated is told by the Constitution to choose between saying
154:
and a relatively fixed and formal relationship with the government that establishes them. Civil religion is usually practiced by political leaders who are laypeople and whose leadership is not specifically spiritual.
674:
Stalin personally supervised the cult of Lenin and his own cult, which took advantage of the historic semi-religious adulation
Russian peasants had shown toward the tsars. The Lenin icons were put into storage when
63:(1762), to describe what he regarded as the moral and spiritual foundation essential for any modern society. For Rousseau, civil religion was intended simply as a form of social cement, helping to unify the
325:
expressions of solidarity with people perceived as being national kindred but residing in a foreign country or a foreign country perceived as being similar enough to the nation to warrant admiration and/or
632:. Anzac Day provides universally recognised symbols and rituals to enshrine transcendent elements of Australia's historical experience, making it a quasi-religion, or at least a 'civil religion'."
353:(customarily followed by "so help me God", although those words are not Constitutionally required) and saying "I do solemnly affirm..." (in which latter case no mention of God would be expected).
329:
expressions of hatred towards another country or foreign ethnic group perceived as either currently being an enemy of the state and/or as having wronged and slighted the nation in the past;
456:, the tribe being an extension of its surrounding nature and the leaders having roles and symbols derived from the animal hierarchy and significant natural phenomena (such as storm).
580:
as a group of religious beliefs he believed to be universal, and which he believed governments had a right to uphold and maintain: belief in a deity; belief in an afterlife in which
546:
told tales of early Romans as morally improving stories of military prowess and civic virtue. The Roman civil religion later became centered on the person of the
Emperor through the
1444:
475:
deliberated on matters of religion. Atheism and the introduction of foreign gods were forbidden in Athens and punishable by death. For example, the
Athenian ecclesia charged that
853:
studied civil religion as a cultural phenomenon, attempting to identify the actual tenets of civil religion in the United States, or to study civil religion as a phenomenon of
1002:
640:
Secular states in Europe by the late 19th century were building civil religion based on their recent histories. In France's case, Baylac argues, the French government
745:
solemn rituals and symbols. It is concerned that
America be a society as perfectly in accord with the will of God as men can make it, and a light to all nations.
345:
substantially overlap. In Britain, where church and state are constitutionally joined, the monarch's coronation is an elaborate religious rite celebrated by the
616:
noted: "Two generations of Australians have had it drummed in from rostrum and pulpit that we became a nation on 25 April 1915 or at least during the
740:
The American Revolution was the main source of the civil religion that has shaped patriotism ever since. According to the sociologist Robert Bellah:
142:
in its social and political status, since by definition it suffuses an entire society, or at least a segment of a society; and is often practiced by
841:
displayed alongside the flag of the United States next to the pulpit in a church in California. Note the eagle and cross finials on the flag poles.
888:
have been treated as almost sacred texts. With the Civil War, says Bellah, came a new theme of death, sacrifice and rebirth, as expressed through
814:
106:
has studied the roots and development of the concept and proposed a division of two types of religions of politics: a civil religion and a
281:
1463:
2115:
Davis, Amos Prosser (2011). "International Civil Religion: Respecting Religious Diversity while Promoting International Cooperation",
1232:
The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars Through the Third Reich
822:
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State holidays, King and Queen's birthdays, pilgrimage of 1884 to the tomb of Victor-Emmanuel II. A patriotic ideology was created.
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Civil religion is an important component of public life in America, especially at the national level for its celebration of
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for the state, the predominant national racial/ethnic group, the national constitution, or the monarch or head of state;
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Professional commentators on political and social matters writing in newspapers and magazines sometimes use the term
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Practically all the ancient and prehistoric reigns suffused politics with religion. Often the leaders, such as the
302:
and other great leaders or great events (e.g., battles, mass migrations) in the past (in this connection, see also
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as three decisive historical events that impacted the content and imagery of civil religion in the United States.
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The application of the concept of civil religion to the United States was in large part the work of sociologist
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1745:
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123:
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807:
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of a sort practiced in all countries, not always including religion in the conventional sense of the word.
2127:
Hostetler, Michael J. (2002). "Joe Lieberman at Fellowship Chapel: Civil Religion Meets Self-Disclosure".
2268:
803:
798:) and a holy scripture whose every sentence is carefully studied and applied in current law cases (the
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German and Japanese military threats, and amid the inaction or duplicity of the Western democracies."
909:
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rituals. Unlike France, the American civil religion was never anticlerical or militantly secular.
389:
750:
701:
2097:
Religious Rhetoric and American Politics; The Endurance of Civil Religion in Electoral Campaigns
1963:
SpearIt (2013). "Legal Punishment as Civil Ritual: Making Cultural Sense of Harsh Punishment".
902:
687:
in the 1950s and mention of him was erased from encyclopedias and history books. However under
1976:
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attempted to unite its disparate territories by inculcating an ideal of Roman piety, and by a
1072:
870:
854:
783:
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96:
54:
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1695:
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Albanese argues that the American Revolution was the main source of the non-denominational
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and was celebrated in the civic festivals. Religion was a matter of state and the Athenian
319:
303:
1334:
Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism: Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur Le Nationalisme
8:
1887:
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and his family worshiping the gods. He also encouraged the publication of works such as
291:
ceremonies concomitant to the inauguration of a president or the coronation of a monarch;
59:
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2145:
2018:
1815:
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866:
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1972:
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1801:
1800:. Translated by Staunton, George. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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35:
1235:. The Collected Works of George L. Mosse. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 3.
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worshiped gods other than those sanctioned by the polis and condemned him to death.
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Southern Civil Religions: Imagining the Good Society in the Post-Reconstruction Era
2002:
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by providing it with sacred authority. In his book, Rousseau outlines the simple
1761:
1584:
Address Before the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois January 27, 1838
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103:
64:
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American Exceptionalism and Civil Religion: Reassessing the History of an Idea
1623:
1610:
Beiner, Ronald (1993). "Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Rousseau on Civil Religion".
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Sociological classifications of religious movements § Church and ecclesia
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2014:
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43:
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The Anonymous God: The Church Confronts Civil Religion and American Society
1368:
Serle, Geoffrey (1965). "The Digger Tradition and Australian Nationalism".
967:
962:
889:
779:
763:
719:
715:
499:
262:
1993:
Wallace, Ruth A. (1977). "Emile Durkheim and the Civil Religion Concept".
1324:
1102:
Middle Tennessee State University | Middle Tennessee State University
506:
identifying of the gods of conquered territories with the Greek and Roman
2171:"Remarks at the Baptist Fundamentalism Annual Convention, April 13, 1984"
1899:
1839:
History Lessons: How Textbooks from Around the World Portray U.S. History
771:
707:
39:
1892:
The Desire of the Nations: Rediscovering the Roots of Political Theology
2120:
2022:
1870:
European Culture in a Changing World: Between Nationalism and Globalism
1777:
1639:
992:
503:
464:
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213:
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1822:(3rd ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
1922:. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 193–217.
621:
512:
453:
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public display of the coffin of a recently deceased political leader.
295:
118:
80:
2006:
1912:
982:
928:
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487:
483:
476:
449:
309:
1750:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1603:
Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the American Revolution
1445:"Confronting the Stalinist Past: The Politics of Memory in Russia"
1330:
1269:. Critical concepts in political science. Routledge. p. 145.
942:
542:, as a role model for Roman religiosity. Roman historians such as
1370:
486:
officially attempted to revive the dutiful practice of classical
441:
315:
monuments to dead soldiers or annual ceremonies to remember them;
167:
the invocation of God in political speeches and public monuments;
131:
1820:
Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence
258:
crowds singing the national anthem at certain public gatherings;
581:
535:
531:
526:
521:
272:(like the pledges of allegiance found in countries such as the
244:
151:
86:
31:
27:
654:
977:
913:
659:
460:
224:
183:
the veneration of veterans and casualties of a nation's wars;
75:
68:
2057:. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. pp. 94–96.
1210:
1120:
1118:
510:. In this campaign, Augustus erected monuments such as the
180:
the use of the lives of these leaders to teach moral ideals;
1706:
Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial
1554:"Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Revisiting Civil Religion"
1256:
1188:
1186:
1063:
Haberski, Raymond Jr. (2018). "Civil Religion in America".
833:
543:
539:
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commemorating great leaders of the past or historic events;
90:
2226:(1). Seabeck, Washington: Scriptorium Novum Press: 25–36.
1021:
2213:"Prayers That Hurt: Public Prayer in Interfaith Settings"
1222:
1115:
1183:
608:
Writing in 1965 on the fiftieth anniversary of the 1915
722:. Its rituals include salutes to the flag and singing "
336:
2117:
U.C. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
1946:
God and Modernity: A New and Better Way to Do Theology
1710:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1290:
436:, conducts a public sacrifice at the Temple of Jupiter
341:
These two conceptions (sociological and political) of
2049:
Wimberley, Ronald C.; Swatos, William H. Jr. (1998).
1913:"Polytheism: The New Face of American Civil Religion"
1500:
1498:
1496:
392:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
361:
16:
Manifestation of religious values inherent to nations
1522:
1510:
1481:
1412:
1173:
1171:
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924:
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was a sort of high priest, and the documents of the
482:
Rome also had a civil religion, whose first Emperor
205:
and similar religious or quasi-religious practices.
1566:
1534:
1424:
1349:
261:parades or display of the national flag on certain
2144:
2094:
1703:
1493:
1198:
1154:
1894:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
1166:
294:retelling exaggerated, one-sided, and simplified
208:
189:the use of religious symbols on public buildings;
186:religious gatherings called by political leaders;
146:within that society. It is somewhat less than an
2250:
1904:The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power
1861:Religion and Republic: The American Circumstance
1748:(1985). "Civil Religion in an Uncivil Society".
1743:
1394:"Anzac Day as Australia's alternative religion?"
1303:. Path in Psychology. Springer US. p. 202.
1216:
710:. Sociologists report that its "feast days" are
163:Such civil religion encompasses such things as:
2048:
2034:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
1867:
1337:(in French). University of Prince Edward Island
1144:
1027:
1262:
1228:
1038:
1036:
1886:
1814:
1192:
1140:
670:into a civil religion, with sacred texts and
662:, Russia, built in 1937; it is 25 metres tall
584:is rewarded and vice punished; and belief in
227:commemorates those who died in France's wars.
1986:Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia
1836:
1724:
1124:
1050:
815:Constitution of the United States of America
1331:University of Prince Edward Island (1978).
1033:
150:, since established churches have official
1918:. In Adams, David L.; Schurb, Ken (eds.).
1296:
2207:
2188:
2126:
1374:. Vol. 24, no. 2. p. 149.
845:In the 1960s and 1970s, scholars such as
498:were essentially local in character; the
412:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:the veneration of past political leaders;
174:on public occasions by political leaders;
2151:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1983:
1600:
1516:
1454:. Vol. 34, no. 2. p. 97.
1442:
1418:
1065:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
1062:
1047:(in French). Paris: Bordas. p. 134.
832:
736:Commemoration of the American Revolution
672:many statues of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin.
653:
559:
423:
388:Relevant discussion may be found on the
254:Among such practices are the following:
212:
192:the use of public buildings for worship;
117:
113:
57:coined the term in chapter 8, book 4 of
26:, is the implicit religious values of a
1992:
1962:
1910:
1898:
1837:Lindaman, Dana; Ward, Kyle Roy (2013).
1792:
1572:
1540:
1430:
1355:
1300:The Mass Psychology of Ethnonationalism
1160:
2251:
2029:
1943:
1725:Bruce, Steve; Yearley, Steven (2006).
1694:
1654:
1609:
1504:
1487:
1204:
1177:
1148:
1136:
1073:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.441
1042:
729:
2139:
2129:Journal of Communication and Religion
2092:
2071:from the original on 1 September 2006
1855:
1528:
1367:
813:Although God is not mentioned in the
138:Civil religion stands somewhat above
2121:http://works.bepress.com/amos_davis/
2055:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society
1872:. London: Cambridge Scholars Press.
1095:
620:." This date is now commemorated as
448:were considered manifestations of a
365:
337:Relation between the two conceptions
2053:. In Swatos, William H. Jr. (ed.).
1229:Mosse, G.L.; de Grazia, V. (2023).
1096:Fait, Stefano (11 September 2001).
908:Some scholars have argued that the
817:, mention is specifically made of "
568:was first discussed extensively by
13:
2165:
2085:
516:, the Altar of Peace, showing the
362:Prehistory and classical antiquity
38:and became a major topic for U.S.
14:
2290:
1263:Griffin, R.; Feldman, M. (2004).
895:
828:
821:" in the opening sentence of the
49:
1868:Meyer-Dinkgrafe, Daniel (2004).
1727:The SAGE Dictionary of Sociology
941:
927:
695:
370:
2193:. University of Georgia Press.
2175:The American Presidency Project
1601:Albanese, Catherine L. (1977).
1578:
1546:
1436:
1386:
1361:
649:
2093:Chapp, Christopher B. (2012).
2079:– via Hartford Seminary.
1266:Fascism: The nature of fascism
1089:
1056:
452:. Tribal world-view was often
209:Practical political philosophy
30:, as expressed through public
1:
1729:. London: SAGE Publications.
1009:
598:
459:The religion of the Athenian
124:Washington National Cathedral
2101:. Cornell University Press.
1995:Review of Religious Research
1744:Demerath, Nicholas Jay III;
1217:Demerath & Williams 1985
1014:
603:
7:
1988:. Harvard University Press.
1762:10.1177/0002716285480001013
1660:"Civil Religion in America"
1028:Wimberley & Swatos 1998
920:
823:Declaration of Independence
800:Declaration of Independence
158:
10:
2295:
2189:Remillard, Arthur (2011).
1911:Schmidt, Alvin J. (2004).
1593:
733:
699:
356:
130:, is often used for state
1624:10.1017/S0034670500018027
1552:Marvin and Ingle (1996).
1443:Sherlock, Thomas (2011).
635:
148:establishment of religion
2030:Wilsey, John D. (2015).
1452:The Washington Quarterly
1398:Charles Sturt University
1125:Bruce & Yearley 2006
1051:Lindaman & Ward 2013
530:, which depicted "pious
351:"I do solemnly swear..."
347:Archbishop of Canterbury
22:, also referred to as a
1984:Tumarkin, Nina (1983).
1965:Mississippi Law Journal
1944:Shanks, Andrew (2000).
1297:Kecmanovic, D. (2013).
751:American civil religion
702:American civil religion
612:, Australian historian
71:of the civil religion:
2274:Ancient Roman religion
1612:The Review of Politics
1559:28 August 2005 at the
1043:Baylac, M.-H. (1997).
912:can be seen as a main
903:Judeo-Christian ethics
842:
774:), as well as devils (
747:
677:communism fell in 1991
666:The Soviet Union made
663:
647:
437:
228:
135:
134:for political leaders.
102:The Italian historian
89:and the punishment of
2279:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2264:Sociology of religion
2259:Religion and politics
1948:. London: Routledge.
871:Civil Rights Movement
855:cultural anthropology
836:
742:
734:Further information:
657:
642:
610:Landing at Anzac Cove
572:in his 1762 treatise
570:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
560:Rousseau and Durkheim
550:, the worship of the
434:head ritually covered
427:
216:
121:
114:Sociology of religion
97:religious intolerance
55:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2209:Resnicoff, Arnold E.
2147:A Nation of Behavers
1798:Politics as Religion
1145:Meyer-Dinkgrafe 2004
794:), sacred holidays (
381:factual accuracy is
304:romantic nationalism
1816:Juergensmeyer, Mark
1469:on 25 February 2018
863:American Revolution
754:Moses-like leader (
730:American Revolution
658:Statue of Lenin at
586:religious tolerance
576:. Rousseau defined
574:The Social Contract
270:oaths of allegiance
60:The Social Contract
1141:Juergensmeyer 2003
843:
778:), sacred places (
664:
438:
263:patriotic holidays
229:
136:
108:political religion
2269:Religious studies
2200:978-0-8203-4139-2
2158:978-0-226-50892-4
2108:978-0-8014-5126-3
2064:978-0-7619-8956-1
2041:978-0-8308-9929-6
1955:978-0-415-22188-7
1929:978-0-7586-0819-2
1888:O'Donovan, Oliver
1879:978-1-904303-33-6
1848:978-1-59558-575-2
1841:. The New Press.
1829:978-0-520-24011-7
1807:978-0-691-11393-7
1746:Williams, Rhys H.
1736:978-1-4462-3854-7
1717:978-0-226-04199-5
1656:Bellah, Robert N.
1310:978-1-4899-0188-0
1276:978-0-415-29016-6
1242:978-0-299-34204-3
1082:978-0-19-934037-8
882:George Washington
756:George Washington
724:God Bless America
422:
421:
414:
300:national founders
170:the quotation of
95:the exclusion of
42:since its use by
36:political thought
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2141:Marty, Martin E.
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2051:"Civil Religion"
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1857:Marty, Martin E.
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1811:
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1098:"Civil Religion"
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1025:
973:Flag desecration
958:Ceremonial deism
951:
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937:
932:
931:
886:Founding Fathers
847:Robert N. Bellah
788:Boston Tea Party
760:Thomas Jefferson
668:Marxism–Leninism
591:Wallace studies
556:of the Emperor.
417:
410:
406:
403:
397:
394:reliably sourced
374:
373:
366:
2294:
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2086:Further reading
2083:
2074:
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2007:10.2307/3510218
1956:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1880:
1849:
1830:
1808:
1794:Gentile, Emilio
1737:
1718:
1697:
1685:
1683:
1682:on 6 March 2005
1596:
1591:
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1571:
1567:
1561:Wayback Machine
1551:
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1400:. 21 April 2016
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1143:, p. 245;
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935:Religion portal
933:
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859:public theology
851:Martin E. Marty
831:
776:Benedict Arnold
768:Boston Massacre
766:) and martyrs (
738:
732:
704:
698:
652:
638:
618:First World War
606:
601:
562:
467:focused on the
446:Chinese Emperor
430:Marcus Aurelius
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387:
379:This section's
375:
371:
364:
359:
339:
318:expressions of
282:the Philippines
247:expressions of
220:Arc de Triomphe
211:
172:religious texts
161:
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2107:
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2087:
2084:
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2001:(3): 287–290.
1990:
1981:
1960:
1954:
1941:
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1618:(4): 617–638.
1607:
1597:
1595:
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1589:
1588:
1577:
1565:
1545:
1533:
1531:, p. 295.
1521:
1509:
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1480:
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1385:
1360:
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1197:
1193:O'Donovan 1996
1182:
1165:
1153:
1147:, p. 30;
1129:
1114:
1088:
1081:
1055:
1053:, p. 148.
1032:
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1016:
1013:
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1005:
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949:Society portal
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839:Christian flag
830:
829:Historiography
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808:Bill of Rights
731:
728:
700:Main article:
697:
694:
689:Vladimir Putin
681:Stalin statues
651:
648:
637:
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614:Geoffrey Serle
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593:Émile Durkheim
578:civil religion
566:civil religion
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463:was a secular
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402:September 2011
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24:civic religion
20:Civil religion
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1517:Albanese 1977
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1490:, p. 24.
1489:
1484:
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1427:
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1419:Tumarkin 1983
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45:
44:Robert Bellah
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2223:
2219:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2146:
2132:
2128:
2116:
2096:
2073:. Retrieved
2054:
2031:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1968:
1964:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1919:
1903:
1900:Plamper, Jan
1891:
1869:
1860:
1838:
1819:
1797:
1753:
1749:
1726:
1705:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1667:
1663:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1580:
1573:SpearIt 2013
1568:
1548:
1541:Schmidt 2004
1536:
1524:
1512:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1451:
1438:
1431:Plamper 2012
1426:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1388:
1369:
1363:
1356:Wallace 1977
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1333:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1299:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1265:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1231:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1161:Gentile 2006
1156:
1132:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1091:
1064:
1058:
1044:
1023:
968:Deep England
963:Civic virtue
907:
899:
890:Memorial Day
875:
858:
844:
819:Nature's God
812:
804:Constitution
792:the new flag
790:), emblems (
786:), rituals (
780:Valley Forge
764:Thomas Paine
748:
743:
739:
720:Memorial Day
716:Veterans Day
712:Thanksgiving
705:
665:
650:Soviet Union
643:
639:
626:
607:
590:
577:
573:
565:
563:
551:
538:ancestor of
525:
511:
504:syncretistic
500:Roman Empire
481:
458:
439:
428:The emperor
408:
399:
380:
342:
340:
296:mythologized
253:
243:to refer to
239:
238:
233:
232:
230:
218:
204:
162:
137:
101:
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40:sociologists
23:
19:
18:
2237:25 February
2180:25 February
2075:25 February
1935:25 February
1756:: 154–166.
1670:(1): 1–21.
1505:Bellah 1967
1488:Wilsey 2015
1473:25 February
1341:26 February
1316:26 February
1282:26 February
1248:26 February
1205:Beiner 1993
1178:Bellah 1992
1149:Shanks 2000
1137:Bellah 1967
784:Bunker Hill
772:Nathan Hale
708:nationalism
564:The phrase
454:Pantheistic
286:South Korea
2253:Categories
1686:25 October
1529:Marty 1989
1107:16 October
1049:Quoted in
1010:References
993:Secularism
917:American.
869:, and the
806:, and the
465:polytheism
249:patriotism
198:and other
46:in 1960.
2232:2150-5853
2015:0034-673X
1796:(2006) .
1786:146221858
1770:0002-7162
1676:0011-5266
1648:153604264
1632:1748-6858
1460:1530-9177
1380:0025-6293
1015:Citations
867:Civil War
683:had been
622:Anzac Day
604:Australia
536:legendary
513:Ara Pacis
390:talk page
320:reverence
310:monuments
298:tales of
268:reciting
81:afterlife
2211:(2009).
2143:(1976).
2069:Archived
1902:(2012).
1890:(1996).
1859:(1989).
1818:(2003).
1702:(1992).
1658:(1967).
1557:Archived
983:Marianne
921:See also
630:mateship
599:Examples
508:pantheon
488:paganism
484:Augustus
477:Socrates
473:Ecclesia
450:Divinity
383:disputed
326:loyalty;
159:Examples
132:funerals
2220:Curtana
2023:3510218
1977:2232897
1778:1045342
1664:Dædalus
1640:1407609
1594:Sources
1404:25 June
1371:Meanjin
685:removed
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518:Emperor
444:or the
442:Pharaoh
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284:, and
245:ritual
152:clergy
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69:dogmas
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2216:(PDF)
2123:>.
2019:JSTOR
1971:(1).
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1782:S2CID
1774:JSTOR
1644:S2CID
1636:JSTOR
1467:(PDF)
1448:(PDF)
978:Juche
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660:Dubna
532:Æneas
527:Æneid
492:Greek
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225:Paris
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2239:2018
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2182:2018
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2103:ISBN
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2059:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2011:ISSN
1973:SSRN
1950:ISBN
1937:2018
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1843:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1802:ISBN
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1731:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1688:2004
1672:ISSN
1628:ISSN
1475:2018
1456:ISSN
1406:2020
1376:ISSN
1343:2023
1318:2023
1305:ISBN
1284:2023
1271:ISBN
1250:2023
1237:ISBN
1109:2019
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849:and
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540:Rome
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