718:
504:
643:
368:
740:
the mob, may influence the behavior of the law enforcement agent. Like the mob, these conditions make law enforcement actors more likely to imitate the behavior of each other, which can result in a chain of biased, excessive, or otherwise, dangerous, behavior in which law enforcement agents act upon mob agents as impersonal threats and not as human beings. Such action is heightened in which law enforcement agents are monolithic, across race and ethnicity, as law enforcement will become more susceptible to framing the disorder as a confrontation between "them" and "us."
482:
414:
707:
240:
697:
179:
690:...commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function.
77:
493:
36:
678:, or technique capable of causing injury or death to persons, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in furtherance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or degree obstruct, delay, or adversely affect commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function; or...
739:
Like mob members, law enforcement agents, acting as a group, can also lose their sense of individuality and develop a feeling of anonymity. Under emotional instability, individual prejudices, that any individual law enforcement agent may harbor against the mob, or against individual participants of
516:
to distracting law enforcers to building barricades. The more well-planned tactics occur, the more purposeful the disorder. For example, crowds may form human blockades to shut down roads, they may trespass on government property, they may try to force mass arrests, they may handcuff themselves to
404:
When emotional contagion prevails, raw emotion is high while self-discipline is low. Personal prejudices and unsatisfied desires – usually restrained – are unabashedly released. This incentivizes crowd membership, as the crowd provides cover for individuals to do things they want to do, but would
396:
plays a significant role in crowd behaviour by fostering a sense of unity among its members. This unity can lead the crowd to adopt a mob mentality and engage in mob behaviour. Crowd members amplify each other's emotions, creating a heightened state of collective emotion. Ideas rapidly spread among
511:
A goal of violent demonstrators is to spur law enforcers to take action that can be exploited as acts of brutality in order to generate sympathy for their cause, and/or to anger and demoralize the opposition. Crowds can use a range of tactics to evade law enforcement or to promote disorder, from
727:
Like mob participants, law enforcers are also susceptible to crowd behavior. Such tense confrontation can emotionally stimulate them, creating a highly emotional atmosphere all around. This emotional stimulation can become infectious throughout law enforcement agents, conflicting with their
428:
is the emotional needs, fears, and prejudices of the crowd members. It is driven by social factors such as the strength, or weakness, of leadership, moral perspective, or community uniformity, and also by psychological factors of suggestion e.g. imitation, anonymity, impersonality, emotional
432:
During civil disorder, any crowd can be a threat to law enforcers because it is open to manipulation. This is because the behavior of a crowd is under the direction of the majority of its members. While its members are usually inclined to obey the law, emotional stimuli, and the feeling of
405:
not dare try to do alone. This incentive can become greater for the crowd than its concern for law and authority, leading to unlawful and disruptive acts. Once the crowd engages in such acts, it effectively becomes a mob – a highly emotional, unreasonable, potentially violent crowd.
390:, to connect with potential crowd members and incite them to break the law or provoke others, all without direct personal contact. Conversely, a skilled leader can calm or divert a crowd using strategic suggestions, commands, or appeals to reason, aiming to de-escalate a situation.
633:
Mobs often implore the use of fire or hidden explosive devices e.g. strapped to animals, masked in cigarette lighters or toys, rigged to directed vehicles, etc. Not only can they be used to create confusion or diversion, but they can also be used destroy property, and mask
638:
of mob participants, or provide cover for mob participants firing weapons at law enforcement. If law enforcement engages with the mob, in returning fire, any innocent casualties resulting from the chaos usually make law enforcement look undisciplined and oppressive.
349:
Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact.
731:
When emotional tension is high among law enforcement agents, they may breach their feeling of restraint and commit acts, against people in the mob, that they normally would suppress. The emotional atmosphere can also make them highly susceptible to
353:
Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic disputes, political reasons (such as in opposition to oppressive or tyrannical government forces), religious opposition, racial oppression and social discord among various cases throughout history.
684:...transports or manufactures for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder; or...
743:
Actions by law enforcement agents, motivated by emotion and prejudice, is often used as evidence against their ill will toward a crowd, or a mob, with their behavior only further inflaming confrontation rather than reducing it.
440:
Crowds want to be directed, and can become frustrated by confusion and uncertainty; therefore, leadership can have a profound influence on the intensity and conduct of a crowd's behavior. The first person to
630:
vehicles to impede troops advancing to engage them, or vandalize law enforcement vehicles to try to spark over-reaction from law enforcement, or to incite further lawlessness from the mob.
437:. When law enforcement limits the full realization of these actions, the crowd will channel this hostility elsewhere, making the crowd a hostile and unpredictable threat to law enforcers.
717:
554:, bricks, bottles, etc. If violence is pre-arranged, the crowd can hide their weapons, or vandalism tools, well before the crowd formation, catching law enforcement by surprise.
503:
642:
782:
517:
things or to each other, or they may lock arms, making it more difficult to separate them, or they might create confusion or diversions through the use of
542:
If a crowd turns violent, effectively becoming a "mob," it may execute physical attacks on people and property, such as by throwing homemade weapons like
342:
Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances,
199:
367:
981:
991:
250:
593:
452:
Panic, which is extremely and quickly contagious, also affects crowd behavior by influencing their ability to reason, lending to frantic,
539:
Participants have been known to use scanners to monitor police frequencies, or transmitters to sabotage law enforcement communications.
456:
behavior that cannot only endanger the crowd, but also others. During civil disorder, panic can set in when a crowd member realizes –
472:
When they have not dispersed the scene quickly enough, that their life, or freedom, is at risk from encroaching law enforcement agents
529:
acts, giving leeway to law enforcers to be forceful or excessive while trying to remove them. Also, sometimes, terrorist elements.
721:
433:
fearlessness that arises from being in a crowd, can cause crowd members to indulge in impulses, act on aggressions, and unleash
449:
to take charge of a group to emerge when no authoritative voice emerges, and the crowd becomes frustrated without direction.
141:
113:
346:, social discord, but historically have been the result of long-standing oppression by a group of people towards another.
618:, chains, rope, or vehicles, to breach gates or fences. They may use sticks or poles to limit law enforcement's use of
120:
957:
302:
284:
221:
160:
63:
532:
Most participants of civil disorder engage on foot. However, organized efforts, often implore the use vehicles and
614:
A mob may erect barricades to impede, or prevent, the effectiveness of law enforcement. For example, they may use
418:
934:
747:
Under such situations, law enforcement agents are rarely held accountable for all their actions against a crowd.
188:
94:
49:
127:
674:"...teaches or demonstrates to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or
98:
376:
109:
17:
935:"18 U.S.C. § 231 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 18. Crimes and Criminal Procedure § 231. Civil disorders"
547:
497:
895:
266:
1006:
619:
598:
87:
566:
533:
518:
379:
a crowd, using skillful agitation to coax the crowd's capacity for violence and turn it into a
192:
134:
757:
481:
203:
8:
700:
393:
343:
262:
55:
334:, are situations when law enforcement struggle to maintain public order or tranquility.
258:
807:
762:
665:
486:
675:
710:
647:
588:
543:
425:
383:, directing the crowd's aggression and resentment at the agitator's chosen target.
985:
608:
615:
603:
446:
434:
413:
1000:
777:
767:
551:
513:
387:
787:
706:
583:
802:
772:
453:
398:
696:
797:
526:
442:
460:
They are in danger and fleeing is necessary to escape arrest or harm
76:
627:
561:
492:
635:
623:
577:
571:
380:
978:
792:
550:. If the violence is not pre-arranged, a crowd may resort to
988:- Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
733:
522:
249:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
485:
Firemen dousing a building burnt down by rioters during the
958:"What Can the U.S. Do to Improve Police Accountability?"
445:
direct a crowd will likely be followed. Opportunity for
668:, a person is engaged in civil disorder if he or she -
507:
Protesters with
Molotov cocktails in Kyiv, Ukraine 2014
375:
Exploiting a crowd's mood, radicals can manipulate and
783:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
992:
Brazil uprising points to rise of leaderless networks
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
937:. the Code of Laws of the United States of America
386:Tactical agitators can leverage media, including
998:
466:The few escape routes are congested with traffic
955:
371:Tear gas used on students in Altamira, Caracas.
949:
247:The examples and perspective in this article
896:"Field Manual No. 19-15: Civil Disturbances"
722:2008 Republican National Convention Protests
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
27:Forms of unrest caused by a group of people
429:release, emotional contagion, panic, etc.
202:. Please do not remove this message until
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
303:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
716:
705:
695:
641:
502:
491:
480:
469:Their actions have caused harm to others
412:
366:
14:
999:
923:. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
927:
821:
650:in Kyiv, Ukraine, on 18 February 2014
233:
198:Relevant discussion may be found on
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
913:
659:
24:
546:, firing small arms, and planting
496:Protesters occupy the roof of the
25:
1018:
972:
45:This article has multiple issues.
956:David A. Graham (8 March 2016).
654:
557:Crowds may arm themselves with:
397:the group and to bystanders and
238:
177:
75:
34:
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
13:
1:
814:
548:improvised explosive devices
362:
7:
979:Revolution '67 Film website
921:Glossary: Civil Disturbance
750:
498:National Congress of Brazil
408:
261:, discuss the issue on the
204:conditions to do so are met
10:
1023:
476:
337:
357:
463:Few escape routes exist
728:disciplined training.
724:
714:
703:
694:
651:
534:wireless communication
508:
500:
489:
422:
372:
720:
709:
699:
670:
645:
626:. They may overturn
506:
495:
484:
416:
370:
901:. United States Army
758:Contentious politics
344:economic disparities
267:create a new article
259:improve this article
95:improve this article
646:A protester with a
394:Emotional contagion
200:Talk:Civil disorder
191:of this article is
984:2020-05-29 at the
808:Sectarian violence
763:Civil disobedience
725:
715:
704:
652:
509:
501:
490:
487:2011 England riots
423:
373:
701:Harlem riot, 1964
676:incendiary device
664:According to the
589:Molotov cocktails
544:Molotov cocktails
320:civil disturbance
313:
312:
305:
295:
294:
287:
269:, as appropriate.
232:
231:
224:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
1014:
966:
965:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
931:
925:
924:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
900:
892:
711:Portland, Oregon
660:Legal definition
648:Molotov cocktail
318:, also known as
308:
301:
290:
283:
279:
276:
270:
242:
241:
234:
227:
220:
216:
213:
207:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
110:"Civil disorder"
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1011:
997:
996:
986:Wayback Machine
975:
970:
969:
954:
950:
940:
938:
933:
932:
928:
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:
822:
817:
812:
753:
662:
657:
616:grappling hooks
479:
443:authoritatively
411:
365:
360:
340:
309:
298:
297:
296:
291:
280:
274:
271:
256:
243:
239:
228:
217:
211:
208:
197:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1007:Civil disorder
995:
994:
989:
974:
973:External links
971:
968:
967:
948:
926:
912:
819:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
752:
749:
661:
658:
656:
653:
612:
611:
606:
604:Safety goggles
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
574:
569:
564:
552:throwing rocks
514:verbal assault
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
426:Crowd behavior
410:
407:
364:
361:
359:
356:
339:
336:
316:Civil disorder
311:
310:
293:
292:
253:of the subject
251:worldwide view
246:
244:
237:
230:
229:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
993:
990:
987:
983:
980:
977:
976:
963:
959:
952:
936:
930:
922:
916:
897:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
820:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:List of riots
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Direct action
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
748:
745:
741:
737:
735:
729:
723:
719:
712:
708:
702:
698:
693:
691:
686:
685:
680:
679:
677:
669:
667:
655:United States
649:
644:
640:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
581:
579:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
537:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:rock throwing
515:
505:
499:
494:
488:
483:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:
457:
455:
450:
448:
444:
438:
436:
430:
427:
420:
415:
406:
402:
400:
395:
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
369:
355:
351:
347:
345:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
304:
289:
286:
278:
275:December 2020
268:
264:
260:
254:
252:
245:
236:
235:
226:
223:
215:
205:
201:
195:
194:
190:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
962:The Atlantic
961:
951:
939:. Retrieved
929:
920:
915:
903:. Retrieved
746:
742:
738:
730:
726:
689:
687:
683:
681:
673:
671:
663:
632:
613:
609:Wire cutters
584:picket signs
556:
541:
538:
531:
510:
451:
439:
431:
424:
419:G-20 Toronto
417:Riot during
403:
392:
388:social media
385:
381:vengeful mob
374:
352:
348:
341:
331:
328:civil strife
327:
324:civil unrest
323:
319:
315:
314:
299:
281:
272:
248:
218:
209:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
18:Civil unrest
788:Martial law
713:Riot police
620:billy clubs
594:Paint bombs
582:Improvised
421:, June 2010
941:3 February
905:3 February
815:References
803:Revolution
773:Insurgency
736:and fear.
454:irrational
399:mass media
189:neutrality
121:newspapers
50:improve it
798:Rebellion
666:U.S. Code
576:Homemade
562:Gas masks
527:terrorist
377:weaponize
363:Formation
263:talk page
212:July 2019
151:June 2019
56:talk page
1001:Category
982:Archived
751:See also
628:civilian
624:bayonets
447:radicals
409:Behavior
257:You may
193:disputed
636:looting
578:shields
572:Helmets
477:Tactics
332:turmoil
135:scholar
793:Pogrom
734:rumors
338:Causes
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
899:(PDF)
599:Pipes
567:Rocks
525:, or
523:arson
358:Crowd
330:, or
265:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
943:2018
907:2018
622:and
435:rage
186:The
114:news
688:(3)
682:(2)
672:(1)
97:by
1003::
960:.
823:^
536:.
521:,
401:.
326:,
322:,
59:.
964:.
945:.
909:.
692:"
306:)
300:(
288:)
282:(
277:)
273:(
255:.
225:)
219:(
214:)
210:(
206:.
196:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.