333:
keep unchanged the diphthongs ei, ai, en, an (north Baltic
Lithuanian and Latvian show varying percentages of ei, ai to ie, and en, an to ę, ą (to ē, ā) in Lithuanian, to ie, uo in Latvian). East Baltic because the Dacian word žuvete (now in Rumanian spelled juvete) has ž, not z as in west Baltic, and the Thracian word pušis (the Latin-Greek transcription shows pousis which, I believe, reflects -š-.) with zero grade puš- as in Lithuanian pušìs rather than with e-grade *peuš- as in Prussian peusē. Zero grade in this word is east Baltic, e-grade here is west Baltic, while the other word for "pine, evergreen", preidē (Prussian and Dacian), priede (Latvian), is marginal in Lithuanian matched by no *peus- in Latvian.
689:
inscriptions. Duridanov found in 1976 Phrygian completely lacking parallels in
Thracian and concluded that the Thraco-Phrygian theory is debunked. Duridanov argued that the Thraco-Illyrian theory is a mistake of the past: "In the past it was regarded that Thracian together with the Phrygian and other vanished languages belonged to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. This mistake was corrected in the 80’s of the last century, but the ambiguities still persisted: the Thracian was combined in one group with the Phrygian (P. Kretschmer), and later – with the Illyrian (the language, spoken in the modern Dalmatia and Albania)."
193:(1982), there is no significant difference between Dacian and Thracian. Rădulescu (1984) accepts that Daco-Moesian possesses a certain degree of dialectal individuality, but argues that there is no fundamental separation between Daco-Moesian and Thracian. Polomé (1982) considers that the evidence presented by Georgiev and Duridanov, although substantial, is not sufficient to determine whether Daco-Moesian and Thracian were two dialects of the same language or two distinct languages.
234:, in Thracian placenames. Georgiev argues that the distance between Dacian and Thracian was approximately the same as that between the Armenian and Persian languages. The claim of Georgiev that Albanian is a direct recent descendant of 'Daco-Moesian' is highly based on speculations that have been thoroughly dismantled by other scholars.
1370:, p. 363: "There were Thracian names in the eastern strip of Dardania, but Illyrian names dominated the rest; Katicic has shown that these belong with two other Illyrian “‘onomastic provinces’ (see his summary in Ancient Languages, pp. 179-81, and the evidence in Papazoglu, ‘Dardanska onomastika’).'"
614:
The view of a close link between
Albanian and Thracian has not gained wide acceptance among scholars and is rejected by most linguists, including Albanian ones, who mainly consider that Albanian belongs to the Illyrian branch of IE. On the basis of shared features and innovations, Albanian is grouped
1189:
Oleg N. Trubachev, "Linguistics and ethnogenesis of the Slavs: the ancient Slavs as evidenced by etymology and onomastics", Journal of Indo-European
Studies 13 (1985), pp. 203–256, here p. 215. On the other hand, certain isoglosses, particularly lexical ones, in Balkan Slavic languages have cognates
602:
There are a number of close cognates between
Thracian and Albanian, but this may indicate only that Thracian and Albanian are two Palaeo-Balkan languages related but not very closely related, belonging to their own branches of Indo-European, analogous to the situation between Albanian and the Baltic
1190:
in Baltic, but not in East Slavic languages. See D. Brozovic, "Doseljenje slavena i njihovi dodiri sa starosjediocima u svjetlu lingvistickih istraiivanja" , in
Simpozijum "Treaslavenski etnit‘lei elemenii na Balkanu u etnogenezi juinih Slovena" , 24–26 October 1968, Mostar, ed. A. Benac (Sarajevo:
679:
language family. Despite
Thracian and Armenian being Satem languages and Greek and Phrygian being Centum languages, Kortlandt identifies sound correspondences and grammatical similarities, postulating a relationship between his Thraco-Armenian family and the more established Graeco-Phrygian family.
1599:
See C. Brixhe – Ancient languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge
University Press, 2008 We will dismiss, at least temporarily, the idea of a Thraco-Phrygian unity. Thraco-Dacian (or Thracian and Daco-Mysian) seems to belong to the eastern (satem) group of Indo-European languages and its (their) phonetic
319:
The
American linguist Harvey Mayer refers to both Dacian and Thracian as Baltic languages and refers to them as Southern or Eastern Baltic. He claims to have sufficient evidence for classifying them as Baltoidic or at least "Baltic-like", if not exactly, Baltic dialects or languages and classifies
332:
Finally, I label
Thracian and Dacian as East Baltic ... The fitting of special Dacian and Thracian features (which I identified from Duridanov's listings) into Baltic isogloss patterns so that I identified Dacian and Thracian as southeast Baltic. South Baltic because, like Old Prussian, they
688:
Older textbooks grouped Phrygian and Armenian with Thracian, but the belief is no longer popular and is mostly discarded. Today, Phrygian is not widely seen as linked to Thracian. Georgiev claimed that Thracian is different from Phrygian "as much as Greek from Albanian", comparing 150 Phrygian
663:. By extension of identifying Phrygians with Proto-Armenians, a Thraco-Phrygian branch of Indo-European was postulated with Thracian, Phrygian and Armenian and constituent languages. The evidence for this seems to have been mostly based on interpretations of history and identifying the eastern
280:
Of about 200 reconstructed Thracian words by Duridanov, most cognates (138) appear in the Baltic languages, mostly in Lithuanian, followed by Germanic (61), Indo-Aryan (41), Greek (36), Bulgarian (23), Latin (10) and Albanian (8). The use of toponyms is suggested to determine the extent of a
547:, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other." Other linguists argue that Illyrian and Thracian were different Indo-European branches which later converged through contact. It is also of significance that Illyrian languages still have not been classified whether they were
184:) in light of toponymic evidence: only a percent of place names north of the Danube betray "pan-Thracian" roots. The hypothesis of a Thraco-Dacian or Daco-Thracian branch of IE, indicating a close link between the Thracian and Dacian languages, has numerous adherents, including Russu 1967,
188:
1980, Vraciu 1980, Crossland, Trask (2000), McHenry (1993), Mihailov (2008). Crossland (1982) considers that the divergence of a presumed original Thraco-Dacian language into northern and southern groups of dialects is not so significant as to rank them as separate languages. According to
285:, to decipher the meanings of several Dacian and Thracian placenames with, they claim, a high degree of probability. Of 300 attested Thracian geographic names, most parallels were found between Thracian and Baltic geographic names in the study of Duridanov. According to Duridanov,
566:
The linguistic hypothesis of a Thraco-Illyrian branch was seriously called into question in the 1960s. New publications argued that no strong evidence for Thraco-Illyrian exists, and that the two language-areas show more differences than correspondences. The place of
276:' languages. More distant were its relations with the other Indo-European languages, and especially with Greek, the Italic and Celtic languages, which exhibit only isolated phonetic similarities with Thracian; the Tokharian and the Hittite were also distant."
1640:Συνεχῆ λόγο δυστυχῶς στὴ Θρακικὴ γλῶσσα δὲν ἔχουμε, λέγει ὁ Μ. ̓Αποστολίδης, γιὰ νὰ γνωρίσουμε καὶ τὸ τυπικὸ καὶ τὴν σύνταξή της, τὰ δὲ καταληκτικὰ φαινόμενα καὶ στὶς λέξεις καὶ στὰ κύρια ὀνόματα καὶ τὰ τοπωνύμια, εἶναι ὅλα σχεδὸν Ἑλληνικά.
226:) being thought of as a transitional language between Dacian and Thracian. Georgiev argued that Dacian and Thracian are different languages, with different phonetic systems, his idea being supported by the placenames, which end in
2018:
Mërkuri, Nexhip (2015). "Gjuhësia e përgjithshme dhe këndvështrimet bashkëkohore për Epirin dhe mesapët" [General Linguistics and Contemporary Perspectives on Epirus and the Messapians]. In Ibrahimi, Zeqirija (ed.).
920:, though some hypothesize that the Mysians are directly descended from the Balkan Moesi. Georgiev claimed that Thracian is related to Daco-Moesian but distinct from Illyrian. This is hypothesized mostly on the basis of
932:; Thracologists often see this as a corruption. Thracologists have noted a Thracian element in Mysia, but the Mysians are more often viewed as a non-Thraco-Dacic people akin to the Phrygians, not the Thracians.
684:
is by itself a common hypothesized subgrouping of Indo-European languages. Kortlandt groups Albanian with Dacian, considering Daco-Albanian as belonging to a separate language complex than Thraco-Armenian.
267:
The Bulgarian linguist Ivan Duridanov, in his first publication claimed that Thracian and Dacian are genetically linked to the Baltic languages and in the next one he made the following classification:
594:
In 1977 Georgiev claimed that "Daco-Mysian" was closely related to the Thracian branch of Indo-European and that Illyrian was different from Thracian "as much as Iranian from Latin" for example.
366:, or as a shorthand way of saying that it is not determined whether a subject is to be considered as pertaining to Thracian or Illyrian. The Thracian and Illyrian languages are placed among the
1997:
Matzinger, Joachim (2012). "Herkunft des Albanischen: Argumente gegen die thrakische Hypothese" [Origin of Albanian: Arguments Against the Thracian Hypothesis]. In Rugova, Bardh (ed.).
643:
which in Albanian was present well before Roman times, while the IE labiovelars clearly did not palatalize in the pre-Roman period in 'Thracian' or in the area where it was spoken.
150:
734:
675:
dialect, thus, the two languages forming a Thraco-Armenian branch of Indo-European. Kortlandt has also postulated a link between Thraco-Armenian and the hypothetical
571:
remains unclear. Modern linguists are uncertain on the classification of Paeonian, due to the extreme scarcity of materials we have on this language. On one side are
631:
of Albanian and Thracian clearly indicates a very different sound development that cannot be considered as the result of the same language. A clear and remarkable
770:. There are also substratum words in the Romanian language that are cited as evidence of the genetic relationship of the Thracian language to ancient Greek. The
729:
389:
are generally taken as the rough line of demarcation between the Illyrian sphere on the west and Thracian on the east, which overlapped in the eastern strip of
1191:
328:
as "Balts by extension". Mayer claims that he extracted an unambiguous evidence for regarding Dacian and Thracian as more tied to Lithuanian than to Latvian.
1908:
1826:
Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.).
305:
and explicitly not in any similar way with Slavic onomastics, including cognates and parallels of lexical isoglosses, which implies a recent common ancestor.
301:
and found parallels mostly in the Baltic languages, followed by Albanian. Other Slavic authors noted that Dacian and Thracian have much in common with Baltic
143:
308:
After creating a list of names of rivers and personal names with a high number of parallels, the Romanian linguist Mircea M. Radulescu classified the
261:
1968:
Majer, Marek (2019). "Parahistoria indoevropiane e fjalës shqipe për 'motrën'" [Indo-European Prehistory of the Albanian Word for 'Sister'].
808:
584:
136:
256:
and was the first to investigate similarities in vocal traditions between Lithuanians and Bulgarians. He also theoretically included Dacian and
252:, referred to as "Patriarch of Lithuania", who insisted this is the most important work of his life and listed 600 identical words of Balts and
1092:
289:"the similarity of these parallels stretching frequently on the main element and the suffix simultaneously, which makes a strong impression".
1703:
As an effect of the aforementioned association, Thracians used to speak the Greek language with particular idioms, barbarisms and solecisms.
404:
I.I. Russu argue that there should have been major similarities between Illyrian and Thracian, and a common linguistic branch (not merely a
1879:
Actes du IIe Congrès international de thracologie: Linguistique, ethnologie (ethnographie, folkloristique et art populaire), anthropologie
1753:
The Thracian language is a branch of the Indo-European linguistic trunk... It was related to the Greek language but was later alienated
671:
has argued, on linguistic grounds, such as a common treatment of Proto-Indo-European glottal stops, that Thracian can be considered a
667:
with Armenians and assuming they had branched off from western Mushki (whom have been conclusively identified as Phrygians). However,
1854:
Crossland, R.A.; Boardman, John (1982). "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period".
1578:
I. M. Diakonoff ”The Pre-History of the Armenian People” Erevan, 1968, English Translation by Lori Jennings (Delmar, New York, 1984)
378:. Due to the fragmentary attestation of both Illyrian and Thracian, the existence of a Thraco-Illyrian branch remains controversial.
1938:] (in Albanian). Prishtinë: Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts, special editions CLII, Section of Linguistics and Literature.
23:
has long been a matter of contention and uncertainty, and there are widely varying hypotheses regarding its position among other
1011:
393:. It appears that Thracian and Illyrian do not have a clear-cut frontier. Similarities found between the Illyrian and Thracian
1863:
1746:
1590:
Frederik Kortlandt ”Phrygian Between Greek and Armenian” Academie Bulgare des Sciences Linguistique Balkanique LV (2016), 2–3
966:
870:
837:, when he states that "all attempts to relate Thracian to Phrygian, Illyrian, or Dacian...are...purely speculative." (p. 90).
539:
states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like
1888:
1678:
1635:
1234:
535:
Not many Thraco-Illyrian correspondences are definite, and a number may be incorrect, even from the list above. However,
1218:
924:'s claim that some Moesians had migrated to Mysia, becoming the Mysians of Anatolia. Also in some classical sources the
260:
in the related group, but a part of this inclusion was unsupported by other authors, such as the linguistic analysis of
2111:
375:
294:
180:
as either the same language or different from Thracian was widely held until the 1950s, but is untenable (according to
1308:
1271:
1203:
M. Radulescu, "The Indo-European position of lllirian, Daco-Mysian and Thracian: a historic Methodological Approach",
2068:
2034:
2008:
1958:
1920:
1837:
1816:
1797:
1021:
994:
312:
and Thracian as Baltic languages, result of Baltic expansion to the south and also proposed such classification for
2121:
1723:Η γλώσσα που μιλούσαν οι αρχαίοι Θράκες ήταν, όπως είπαμε, ένδοευρωπαϊκή, αδελφή της Ελληνικής, όχι όμως ελληνική.
766:
features over time. One of the arguments for this idea is that there are many close cognates between Thracian and
636:
620:
298:
2029:] (in Albanian). Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve – Shkup. p. 57.
1106:
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of the few surviving Thracian words betray Greek linguistic features. Indeed, nearly all known Thracian
2101:
1230:
640:
243:
747:
considered that the Thracian language was related to Greek as well, but that it was later alienated.
272:"The Thracian language formed a close group with the Baltic (resp. Balto-Slavic), the Dacian and the '
93:
1718:
Anticharisma ston Kathēgētē Nikolao P. Andriōtē: anatypōsē 88 ergasiōn toy me tē phrontida epitropēs
2116:
2106:
1981:
672:
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367:
347:
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47:
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63:
28:
24:
2054:
1040:
Relationships between Lithuanian and Balkan Schwebungs-Diaphonie: interdisciplinary search key
124:
1600:
system is far less conservative than that of Phrygian (see Brixhe and Panayotou 1994, §§3ff.
1438:
408:) is probable. Among the Thraco-Illyrian correspondences Russu considers are the following:
264:, which found Phrygian completely lacking parallels in either Thracian or Baltic languages.
249:
201:
8:
1944:
868:
Mallory, J. P. (1997). "Thracian language". In Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.).
847:
560:
248:
The Baltic classification of Dacian and Thracian was proposed by the Lithuanian polymath
2044:
Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian)".
1829:
Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia
1086:
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580:
1400:
Paliga, S. (2001–2002). "Pre-Slavic and Pre-Romance Place-Names in Southeast Europe".
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2004:
1985:
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Archaeometry in South Eastern Europe: Second Conference in Delphi, 19–21st April 1991
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205:
20:
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languages: Albanian and Baltic share many close cognates, while according to Mayer,
1889:"The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View"
1779:
1657:. Vol. 7–8. Department of Archeology, University of Sydney. 1994. p. 20.
1124:
851:
814:
717:
1342:
1013:
Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies
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2020:
1998:
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359:
343:
177:
98:
88:
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68:
1675:
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For a long time a Thraco-Phrygian hypothesis grouping Thracian with the extinct
1579:
771:
763:
710:
540:
355:
354:. "Thraco-Illyrian" is also used as a term merely implying a Thracian-Illyrian
281:
culture's influence. Parallels have enabled linguists, using the techniques of
720:
and Gregory N. Tsokas, the Thracians spoke the Greek language with particular
2095:
1989:
1450:
1246:
1242:
767:
702:
181:
73:
2063:. De Gruyter Reference. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 337–.
1873:
1783:
1320:
1283:
755:
744:
628:
536:
435:
386:
309:
119:
114:
83:
713:. There are also many close cognates between Thracian and ancient Greek.
190:
185:
405:
371:
363:
302:
197:
2000:
Studime për nder të Rexhep Ismajlit: me rastin e 65vjetorit të lindjes
1943:
Kortlandt, Frederik (2003). "The Thraco-Armenian consonant shift". In
1423:
751:
656:
619:
in the same branch in the current phylogenetic classification of the
325:
273:
253:
2088:. Other. Verlag der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sofia.
2022:
Shaban Demiraj – figurë e shquar e albanologjisë dhe ballkanologjisë
1811:. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5. Hieronymus Verlag.
758:, proposed that the Thracian (as well as the Dacian) language was a
1974:
International Seminar for Albanian Language, Literature and Culture
1792:. Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics. Routledge. pp. 385–403.
1038:
917:
855:
725:
706:
632:
514:
2027:
Shaban Demiraj – prominent figure of Albanianology and Balkanology
1970:
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1882:. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. pp. 57–60.
1876:(1980). "Thracian, Dacian and Albanian–Romanian Correspondences".
791:
909:
469:
390:
321:
27:. It is not contested, however, that the Thracian languages were
646:
1634:] (in Greek). Vol. 32–33. Εταιρέια Θρακικών Μελετών –
1526:
1524:
921:
901:
878:
698:
664:
660:
548:
443:
382:
213:
1413:
The satem nature of proto-Thracian is disputed (Olteanu 2002).
913:
833:
This is confirmed among others by Benjamin W. Fortson in his
721:
556:
552:
448:
222:
32:
1521:
1659:
Thracian personal and place names are inscribed in Greek...
394:
1603:
1107:"Dėl žynio Žalmokšio vardo kilmės | Vydos Vartai Yogi.lt"
611:
and escaped any heavy Baltic influence of Daco-Thracian.
1936:
Studies on the History of Albanian in the Balkan context
1173:
1171:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
2086:
Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen
1536:
1081:] (in Bulgarian). Vol. XIII. Sofia. p. 2.
1010:
Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (13 March 2015).
846:
Ilija Casule even links Thracian and Phrygian with the
655:
was considered, largely based on Greek historians like
16:
Attempts to classify the extinct Indo-European language
1509:
1361:
1192:
Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
782:, both of which have been grouped with Thracian (see:
1932:
Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik
1560:
1455:
A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian language
1168:
1047:
996:
Balts and Goths: the missing link in European history
555:
language, while it is undisputed that Thracian was a
1422:
See works by Vladimir Georgiev, Ivan Duridanov, and
983:
Apie trakų prygų tautystę ir jų atsikėlimą Lietuvon
1548:
1125:"Thracian vocabulary: Thracian-English Dictionary"
943:Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană
220:derives from the Daco-Thracian tribe known as the
1853:
884:
635:that distinguishes Albanian from Thracian is the
2093:
1009:
204:published his work which argued that Dacian and
2055:"The Pre-Roman Peoples of Apulia (1000-100 BC)"
1906:
1475:
208:should be assigned to a language branch termed
35:characteristics by the time they are attested.
1856:The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 1
1778:Friedman, Victor A. (2020). "The Balkans". In
1695:Liritzis, Ioannis; Tsokas, Gregory N. (1995).
1694:
1741:. Idea Advertising-Marketing SA. p. 49.
1434:
1432:
1302:
1300:
792:Thraco-Phrygian or Thraco-Armenian hypothesis
647:Thraco-Phrygian or Thraco-Armenian hypothesis
144:
19:The linguistic classification of the ancient
1580:http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph10.htm
945:, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58.
1930:Ismajli, Rexhep (2015). Eqrem Basha (ed.).
1219:"Dacian and Thracian as southern Baltoidic"
244:Baltic languages § Thracian hypothesis
1907:Hyllested, Adam; Joseph, Brian D. (2022).
1887:Hamp, Eric; Adams, Douglas (August 2013).
1789:The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact
1676:Sorin Mihai Olteanu – The Thracian Palatal
1671:
1669:
1667:
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1263:
1091:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
434:is an element taken from certain Thracian
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1542:
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1503:
1197:
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346:" is a hypothesis that posits a distinct
2057:. In Gary D. Farney, Guy Bradley (ed.).
1777:
1479:
1439:Траките и техният език (1977 В Георгиев)
1194:, 1969), 1313: 129–140, here pp. 151–152
809:Romanian words of possible Dacian origin
2017:
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1967:
1832:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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1306:
1269:
1216:
1148:
1036:
871:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
762:in its earlier period, and developed
38:
2048:. Vol. III.1. pp. 866–888.
1872:
1721:(in Greek). Altintzēs. p. 213.
1636:Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
1566:
1554:
1343:"Dr. Harvey E. Mayer, February 1999"
874:. Taylor & Francis. p. 576.
811:(and comparison with Albanian words)
230:in Dacian and Mysian, as opposed to
1235:United States Department of Defense
861:
697:Scholars have pointed out that the
627:evidence shows that the individual
350:branch constituted by Thracian and
13:
2078:
1615:
835:Indo-European Language and Culture
337:
14:
2133:
1913:The Indo-European Language Family
1356:Encyclopædia Britannica – Balkans
1205:Journal of Indo-European Studies
941:Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev),
904:are not to be confused with the
692:
163:
1847:
1728:
1715:Andriōtēs, Nikolaos P. (1976).
1708:
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1151:"The Language of the Thracians"
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774:itself may be grouped with the
579:, who claim it belonged to the
237:
1915:. Cambridge University Press.
1858:. Cambridge University Press.
1762:
1685:(Accessed: February 26, 2009).
1113:(in Lithuanian). 3 April 2012.
987:
975:
948:
935:
890:
840:
827:
1:
885:Crossland & Boardman 1982
820:
621:Indo-European language family
587:, who claims affinities with
2060:The Peoples of Ancient Italy
1950:Armeniaca: Comparative Notes
743:to ancient Greek. Historian
739:considered Thracian to be a
716:According to archaeologists
7:
1476:Hyllested & Joseph 2022
999:. Vydūnas Youth Fund. 2004.
797:
597:
583:, and on the other side is
397:can thus be seen as merely
10:
2138:
2003:. Koha. pp. 635–649.
1638:. 1966. pp. 275–276.
1231:Defense Language Institute
295:reconstructed Dacian words
241:
2112:Indo-European linguistics
2046:Cambridge Ancient History
1654:Mediterranean Archaeology
961:. Macmillan. p. 33.
728:and barbarisms. Linguist
2084:Duridanov, Ivan (1969).
1807:Duridanov, Ivan (1985).
1073:Duridanov, Ivan (1969).
2122:Language classification
1982:University of Prishtina
1809:Die Sprache der Thraker
1441:, p. 132, 183, 192, 204
1309:"BALTS AND CARPATHIANS"
1207:15 (3–4), 239–271, 1987
981:Dras. J. Basanavičius.
958:Kosovo: A Short History
750:Sorin Mihai Olteanu, a
399:linguistic interference
368:Palaeo-Balkan languages
283:comparative linguistics
29:Indo-European languages
2053:Yntema, Douwe (2017).
1769:Duridanov, I. (1976).
1735:Avramea, Anna (1994).
1404:(Sofia) 11–12: 85–132.
335:
291:
278:
25:Paleo-Balkan languages
1976:] (in Albanian).
1701:. Council of Europe.
1504:Hamp & Adams 2013
1075:Балканско езикознание
928:of Moesia are called
730:Nikolaos P. Andriotes
625:historical linguistic
623:. On the other hand,
474:Dardanos, Darda-para
330:
287:
270:
1945:Beekes, Robert S. P.
1896:Sino-Platonic Papers
1341:Mayer, H.E. (1999).
1307:Mayer, H.E. (1997).
1270:Mayer, H.E. (1996).
1217:Mayer, H.E. (1992).
955:Malcolm, N. (1998).
376:genetic relationship
202:Vladimir I. Georgiev
1612:, pp. 887–888.
1533:, pp. 643–644.
1319:(2). Archived from
1282:(2). Archived from
854:spoken in northern
848:Burushaski language
607:is a descendant of
51:phylogenetic clades
31:which had acquired
1681:2009-04-15 at the
1498:, pp. 65–67;
1466:Lloshi, 1999, p283
1079:Balkan linguistics
1037:Vyčinienė, Daiva.
669:Frederik Kortlandt
451:, Appulus, Apulum
250:Jonas Basanavičius
196:In the 1950s, the
39:Hypothesized links
2102:Thracian language
1953:. Caravan Books.
1865:978-0-521-22496-3
1771:Ezikyt na Trakite
1748:978-960-85609-1-8
1569:, pp. 59–60.
1149:Duridanov, Ivan.
968:978-0-333-66612-8
804:Balkan sprachbund
790:and the section "
780:Armenian language
776:Phrygian language
653:Phrygian language
573:Wilhelm Tomaschek
569:Paeonian language
533:
532:
370:, either through
299:Dacian placenames
161:
160:
21:Thracian language
2129:
2074:
2049:
2040:
2014:
1993:
1964:
1939:
1926:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1869:
1843:
1822:
1803:
1780:Evangelia Adamou
1774:
1756:
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1712:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1673:
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1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:Thracian archive
1622:
1613:
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1597:
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1398:
1392:
1388:Hemp, Georgiev,
1386:
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1346:
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1329:
1328:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1214:
1208:
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1195:
1187:
1181:
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1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1140:
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1007:
1001:
1000:
991:
985:
979:
973:
972:
952:
946:
939:
933:
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:
865:
859:
852:language isolate
844:
838:
831:
815:Venetic language
738:
718:Ioannis Liritzis
629:phonetic history
561:Classical Period
559:language by the
411:
410:
176:) grouping with
153:
146:
139:
43:
42:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2117:Thraco-Illyrian
2107:Dacian language
2092:
2091:
2081:
2079:Further reading
2071:
2037:
2011:
1961:
1923:
1891:
1866:
1850:
1840:
1819:
1800:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1683:Wayback Machine
1674:
1665:
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1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1494:, p. 337;
1490:, p. 385;
1486:, p. 258;
1482:, p. 388;
1478:, p. 235;
1474:
1470:
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1461:
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976:
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953:
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936:
895:
891:
883:
879:
866:
862:
845:
841:
832:
828:
823:
800:
788:Graeco-Armenian
784:Graeco-Phrygian
760:centum language
741:sister language
732:
695:
682:Graeco-Armenian
677:Graeco-Phrygian
649:
600:
581:Illyrian family
577:Paul Kretschmer
344:Thraco-Illyrian
340:
338:Thraco-Illyrian
246:
240:
166:
157:
99:Thraco-Illyrian
94:Armeno-Phrygian
89:Graeco-Phrygian
79:Graeco-Armenian
69:Graeco-Albanian
50:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2015:
2009:
1994:
1965:
1959:
1940:
1927:
1921:
1904:
1884:
1870:
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1747:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1663:
1644:
1627:Αρχείον Θράκης
1614:
1602:
1592:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1543:Kortlandt 2003
1535:
1531:Matzinger 2012
1520:
1518:, p. 113.
1508:
1502:, p. 45;
1468:
1459:
1443:
1428:
1415:
1406:
1393:
1381:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1333:
1296:
1272:"SOUTH BALTIC"
1259:
1209:
1196:
1182:
1178:Duridanov 1985
1167:
1141:
1116:
1098:
1065:
1061:Duridanov 1976
1046:
1029:
1022:
1002:
986:
974:
967:
947:
934:
889:
887:, p. 838.
877:
860:
839:
825:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
806:
799:
796:
772:Greek language
703:personal names
694:
691:
673:Proto-Armenian
648:
645:
637:palatilization
615:together with
599:
596:
585:Dimiter Dechev
531:
530:
528:
525:
521:
520:
518:
512:
508:
507:
505:
502:
498:
497:
495:
492:
488:
487:
485:
482:
478:
477:
475:
472:
465:
464:
462:
459:
458:Bilia, Bilios
455:
454:
452:
446:
442:Aploi, Aplus,
439:
438:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
417:Daco-Thracian
415:
339:
336:
262:Ivan Duridanov
239:
236:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
155:
148:
141:
133:
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66:
58:
57:
53:
52:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2070:9781614513001
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2036:9786084653240
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2010:9789951417761
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1960:9780882061061
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1922:9781108499798
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:Hamp, Eric P.
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1839:9789027263179
1835:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1818:3-88893-031-6
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1799:9781351109147
1795:
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1619:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1557:, p. 60.
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 86.
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Friedman 2020
1477:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1451:Vladimir Orel
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:Russu (1969).
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1323:on 2021-05-13
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1286:on 2021-05-13
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1249:on 2017-12-16
1248:
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1200:
1193:
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1062:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1023:9789004290365
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
998:
997:
990:
984:
978:
970:
964:
960:
959:
951:
944:
938:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
886:
881:
873:
872:
864:
857:
853:
849:
843:
836:
830:
826:
816:
813:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:Ancient Greek
765:
761:
757:
754:linguist and
753:
748:
746:
742:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:Ancient Greek
690:
686:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
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606:
595:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
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562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
529:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
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489:
486:
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416:
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409:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
372:areal contact
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Indo-European
345:
334:
329:
327:
323:
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
290:
286:
284:
277:
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263:
259:
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245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
187:
183:
182:J. P. Mallory
179:
175:
174:Thraco-Dacian
171:
170:Daco-Thracian
164:Daco-Thracian
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
74:Daco-Thracian
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
55:
54:
49:
48:Indo-European
46:Hypothetical
45:
44:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2085:
2059:
2045:
2026:
2021:
1999:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1878:
1855:
1848:Bibliography
1828:
1808:
1788:
1784:Yaron Matras
1770:
1752:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1605:
1595:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1516:Ismajli 2015
1511:
1506:, p. 8.
1500:Ismajli 2015
1496:Mërkuri 2015
1488:Trumper 2018
1471:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1418:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1368:Malcolm 1998
1363:
1351:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1316:
1312:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1279:
1275:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1226:
1222:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1185:
1158:. Retrieved
1155:kroraina.com
1154:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1039:
1032:
1012:
1005:
995:
989:
982:
977:
957:
950:
942:
937:
929:
925:
905:
897:
892:
880:
869:
863:
842:
834:
829:
756:Thracologist
749:
745:Anna Avramea
715:
696:
687:
650:
613:
601:
593:
565:
537:Sorin Paliga
534:
504:Sita, Seita
436:anthroponyms
431:
403:
380:
356:interference
341:
331:
318:
310:Daco-Moesian
307:
292:
288:
279:
271:
266:
247:
238:Balto-Slavic
231:
227:
221:
217:
209:
195:
173:
169:
167:
120:Indo-Hittite
115:Italo-Celtic
84:Graeco-Aryan
64:Paleo-Balkan
18:
1984:: 252–266.
1763:Works cited
1610:Polomé 1982
1492:Yntema 2017
1129:lexicons.ru
1111:www.yogi.lt
916:in ancient
733: [
641:labiovelars
527:Zar-, Zur-
517:, Tribanta
484:Sapri-sara
381:The rivers
210:Daco-Mysian
191:Georg Solta
186:Georg Solta
125:Indo-Uralic
2096:Categories
1909:"Albanian"
1484:Majer 2019
1327:2017-06-03
1290:2017-06-04
1253:2017-06-04
821:References
639:of the IE
511:Tribulium
406:Sprachbund
364:sprachbund
303:onomastics
242:See also:
216:(the term
1990:2521-3687
1567:Hamp 1980
1555:Hamp 1980
1424:Eric Hamp
1243:0024-5089
1087:cite book
1016:. BRILL.
794:" above.
726:solecisms
657:Herodotus
481:Saprinus
414:Illyrian
326:Thracians
274:Pelasgian
254:Thracians
200:linguist
198:Bulgarian
1679:Archived
1457:; et al.
1313:Lituanus
1276:Lituanus
1223:Lituanus
918:Anatolia
856:Pakistan
798:See also
752:Romanian
707:toponyms
699:suffixes
633:isogloss
617:Messapic
609:Illyrian
605:Albanian
598:Albanian
589:Thracian
515:Triballi
494:Sapaioi
420:Remarks
391:Dardania
352:Illyrian
314:Illyrian
293:He also
258:Phrygian
206:Albanian
1947:(ed.).
1786:(ed.).
1402:Orpheus
910:Mysians
524:Zorada
491:Separi
470:Dardani
468:Dardi,
360:mixture
322:Dacians
2067:
2033:
2007:
1988:
1980:(38).
1957:
1919:
1862:
1836:
1815:
1796:
1745:
1738:Thrace
1390:et al.
1241:
1160:5 June
1134:5 June
1020:
965:
922:Strabo
902:Moesia
722:idioms
665:Mushki
661:Strabo
549:centum
545:Slovak
444:Apulia
428:Abre-
425:Abroi
387:Morava
383:Vardar
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