721:(storms). She suffered from fear of closed spaces, such as buses, elevators, crowds, and planes, which began after a crowd trampled her in a shopping mall 12 years prior. In response to this event, she developed the specific phobia, natural environment type (storms) because the cause of the stampede was the racket of a big storm. Participant was assigned to two individual VR environments to distinguish the levels of difficulty in a "claustrophobic" environment, with one setting being a house and the other being an elevator. There was a total of eight sessions that were carried out over the span of 30 days, with each session lasting between 35 and 45 minutes. The results from this treatment proved to be successful in reducing the fear of enclosed spaces and additionally improved over the course of 3 months.
717:(i.e., claustrophobia) reported high levels of anxiety during a mock 10-min MRI procedure with no VR, and asked to terminate the scan early. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either VR or music distraction for their second scan attempt. When immersed in an illusory three-dimensional (3D) virtual world named SnowWorld, patient 1 was able to complete a 10-min mock scan with low anxiety and reported an increase in self-efficacy afterwards. Patient 2 received "music only" distraction during her second scan but was still not able to complete a 10-min scan and asked to terminate her second scan early. These results suggest that immersive VR may prove effective at temporarily reducing claustrophobia symptoms during MRI scans and music may prove less effective.
415:(MRI) can trigger claustrophobia. An MRI scan entails lying still for some time in a narrow tube. In a study involving claustrophobia and MRI, it was reported that 13% of patients experienced a panic attack during the procedure. The procedure has been linked not only to the triggering of 'preexisting' claustrophobia, but also to the onset of the condition in some people. Panic attacks experienced during the procedure can stop the person from adjusting to the situation, thereby perpetuating the fear.
419:
766:-arousing" events (i.e. claustrophobic events) to the point that they believe those events are more likely to happen. Each person was given three events—a claustrophobic event, a generally negative event, and a generally positive event—and asked to rate how likely it was that this event would happen to them. As expected, the diagnosed claustrophobics gave the claustrophobic events a significantly higher likelihood of occurring than did the
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period of time. Concerns expressed in the questions asked were separated into suffocation concerns and entrapment concerns in order to distinguish between the two perceived causes of claustrophobia. The results of this study showed that the majority of students feared entrapment far more than suffocation. Because of this difference in type of fear, it can yet again be asserted that there is a clear difference in these two symptoms.
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458:, stable, biologically significant, and probably ." 'Selective' and 'biologically significant' mean that they only relate to things that directly threaten the health, safety, or survival of an individual. 'Non-cognitive' suggests that these fears are acquired unconsciously. Both factors point to the theory that claustrophobia is a prepared phobia that is already pre-programmed into the mind of a human being.
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550:. It is also thought to be particularly effective in combating disorders where the patient doesn't actually fear a situation but, rather, fears what could result from being in such a situation. The ultimate goal of cognitive therapy is to modify distorted thoughts or misconceptions associated with whatever is being feared; the theory is that modifying these thoughts will decrease
227:. Most claustrophobic people who find themselves in a room without windows consciously know that they aren't in danger, yet these same people will be afraid, possibly terrified to the point of incapacitation, and many do not know why. However, claustrophobia may not always be the case. You could have PTSD (post-traumatic-stress-disorder) in small, enclosed spaces.
445:. As Erin Gersley says in "Phobias: Causes and Treatments", humans are genetically predisposed to become afraid of things that are dangerous to them. Claustrophobia may fall under this category because of its "wide distribution… early onset and seeming easy acquisition, and its non-cognitive features". The acquisition of claustrophobia may be part of a
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However, because this study only applied to people who were able to finish their MRI, those who were unable to complete the MRI were not included in the study. It is likely that many of these people dropped out because of a severe case of claustrophobia. Therefore, the absence of those who suffer the
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This method was developed in 1979 by interpreting the files of patients diagnosed with claustrophobia and by reading various scientific articles about the diagnosis of the disorder. Once an initial scale was developed, it was tested and sharpened by several experts in the field. Today, it consists of
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Claustrophobia results as the mind comes to connect confinement with danger. It often comes as a consequence of a traumatic childhood experience, although the onset can come at any point in an individual's life. Such an experience can occur multiple times, or only once, to make a permanent impression
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Another case study investigated the effectiveness of virtual reality subjection in the case of a patient who was diagnosed with two particular phobias (claustrophobia and storms). Participant met DSM-IV criteria for two specific phobias, situational type (claustrophobia) and natural environment type
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during the scan and 3 were unable to complete the scan at all. When asked a month after their scan, 30% of patients (these numbers are taken of the 48 that responded a month later) reported that their claustrophobic feelings had elevated since the scan. The majority of these patients claimed to have
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evolutionary survival mechanism, a dormant fear of entrapment and/or suffocation that was once important for the survival of humanity and could be easily awakened at any time. Hostile environments in the past would have made this kind of pre-programmed fear necessary, and so the human mind developed
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The term 'past experiences', according to one author, can extend to the moment of birth. In John A. Speyrer's "Claustrophobia and the Fear of Death and Dying", the reader is brought to the conclusion that claustrophobia's high frequency is due to birth trauma, about which he says is "one of the most
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Other forms of treatment that have also been shown to be reasonably effective are psychoeducation, counter-conditioning, regressive hypnotherapy and breathing re-training. Medications often prescribed to help treat claustrophobia include anti-depressants and beta-blockers, which help to relieve the
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S.J. Rachman tells of an extreme example, citing the experience of 21 miners. These miners were trapped underground for 14 days, during which six of the miners died of suffocation. After their rescue, ten of the miners were studied for ten years. All but one were greatly affected by the experience,
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were first given an initial diagnostic and then given a score between 1 and 5 based on their potential to have claustrophobia. Those who scored a 3 or higher were used in the study. The students were then asked how well they felt they could cope if forced to stay in a small chamber for an extended
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The data was compiled into a "fear scale" of sorts with separate subscales for suffocation and confinement. Theoretically, these subscales would be different if the contributing factors are indeed separate. The study was successful in proving that the symptoms are separate. Therefore, according to
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Rachman provides an argument for this theory in his article: "Phobias". He agrees with the statement that phobias generally concern objects that constitute a direct threat to human survival, and that many of these phobias are quickly acquired because of an "inherited biological preparedness". This
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Another factor that could cause the onset of claustrophobia is "information received." As Aureau
Walding states in "Causes of Claustrophobia", many people, especially children, learn who and what to fear by watching parents or peers. This method does not only apply to observing a teacher, but also
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observing victims. Vicarious classical conditioning also includes when a person sees another person exposed directly to an especially unpleasant situation. This would be analogous to observing someone getting stuck in a tight space, suffocated, or any of the other examples that were listed above.
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Being enclosed or thinking about being enclosed in a confined space can trigger fears of not being able to breathe properly, and running out of oxygen. It is not always the small space that triggers these emotions, but it's more the fear of the possibilities of what could happen while confined to
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Claustrophobia is classified as an anxiety disorder. Symptoms generally develop during childhood or adolescence. Claustrophobia is typically thought to have one key symptom: fear of suffocation. In at least one, if not several, of the following areas: small rooms, MRI or CAT scan apparatus, cars,
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This method forces patients to face their fears by complete exposure to whatever fear they are experiencing. This is usually done in a progressive manner starting with lesser exposures and moving upward towards severe exposures. For example, a claustrophobic patient would start by going into an
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and avoidance of certain situations. For example, cognitive therapy would attempt to convince a claustrophobic patient that elevators are not dangerous but are, in fact, very useful in getting you where you would like to go faster. A study conducted by S.J. Rachman shows that cognitive therapy
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A study done by Fumi Hayano found that the right amygdala was smaller in patients who suffered from panic disorders. The reduction of size occurred in a structure known as the corticomedial nuclear group which the CE nucleus belongs to. This causes interference, which in turn causes abnormal
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exposure. This was the final method of treatment tested by S.J. Rachman in his 1992 study. It lowered fear and negative thoughts/connotations by about 25%. These numbers did not quite match those of in vivo exposure or cognitive therapy, but still resulted in significant reductions.
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scans often prove difficult for claustrophobic patients. In fact, estimates say that anywhere from 4–20% of patients refuse to go through with the scan for precisely this reason. One study estimates that this percentage could be as high as 37% of all MRI recipients. The average
86:, especially when crowded to capacity, windowless rooms, and hotel rooms with closed doors and sealed windows. Even bedrooms with a lock on the outside, small cars, and tight-necked clothing can induce a response in those with claustrophobia. It is typically classified as an
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on the mind. The majority of claustrophobic participants in an experiment done by Lars-Göran Öst reported that their phobia had been "acquired as a result of a conditioning experience." In most cases, claustrophobia seems to be the result of past experiences.
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Garcia-Palacios, Azucena; Hoffman, Hunter G.; Richards, Todd R.; Seibel, Eric J.; Sharar, Sam R. (2007). "Use of
Virtual Reality Distraction to Reduce Claustrophobia Symptoms during a Mock Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Scan: A Case Report".
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and fear of restriction. In an effort to fully prove this assertion, a study was conducted by three experts in order to clearly prove a difference. The study was conducted by issuing a questionnaire to 78 patients who received
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One study indicates that anywhere from five to ten percent of the world population is affected by severe claustrophobia, but only a small percentage of these people receive some kind of treatment for the disorder.
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brings about a prepared phobia, which is not quite innate, but is widely and easily learned. As
Rachman explains in the article: "The main features of prepared phobias are that they are very easily acquired,
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reactions to aversive stimuli in those with panic disorders. In claustrophobic people, this translates as panicking or overreacting to a situation in which the person finds themselves physically confined.
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Diagnosis of claustrophobia usually transpires from a consultation about other anxiety-related conditions. Certain criteria have to be met to be diagnosed with specific phobias. These criteria include:
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Claustrophobia is the fear of being closed into a small space. It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in a rather severe panic attack. It is also sometimes confused with
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Botella, C.; Villa, H.; Baños, R.; Perpiñá, C.; GarcĂa-Palacios, A. (1999). "The treatment of claustrophobia with virtual reality: Changes in other phobic behaviors not specifically treated".
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There is research that suggests that claustrophobia is not entirely a classically conditioned or learned phobia. It is not necessarily an inborn fear, but it is very likely what is called a
770:. There was no noticeable difference in either the positive or negative events. However, this study is also potentially flawed because the claustrophobic people had already been diagnosed.
332:, blood pressure, heart rate, behavioral fear response, and defensive responses, which may include freezing up. These reactions constitute an 'autonomic failure' in a panic attack.
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and negative thoughts/connotations by an average of nearly 75% in his patients. Of the methods he tested in this particular study, this was by far the most significant reduction.
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Valentiner, David P., and
Michael J. Telch. "Cognitive Mechanisms in Claustrophobia: An Examination of Reiss and McNally's Expectancy Model and Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory."
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decreased fear and negative thoughts/connotations by an average of around 30% in claustrophobic patients tested, proving it to be a reasonably effective method.
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This method was developed by
Rachman and Taylor, two experts in the field, in 1993. This method is effective in distinguishing symptoms stemming from fear of
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and six developed phobias to "confining or limiting situations". The only miner who did not develop any noticeable symptoms was the one who acted as leader.
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This study was conducted on 98 people, 49 diagnosed claustrophobics and 49 "community controls" to find out if claustrophobics' minds are distorted by "
530:. In 2001, it was modified from 36 to 24 items by another group of field experts. This study has also been proven very effective by various studies.
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661:; none of these patients had previously been diagnosed with claustrophobia. They were also subjected to several of the same tests after their
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associated with fear each other. Nuclei send out impulses to other nuclei, which influence respiratory rate, physical arousal, the release of
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never had claustrophobic sensations up to that point. This study concludes that the
Claustrophobic Questionnaire (or an equivalent method of
575:, claustrophobia included. S.J. Rachman has also tested the effectiveness of this method in treating claustrophobia and found it to decrease
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This method attempts to recreate internal physical sensations within a patient in a controlled environment and is a less intense version of
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A child is in a crowded area with no windows (a classroom, basement, etc.) and has run-ins with other people, or is put there as a means of
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anxiety response when stimulus is exhibited; can result in panic attacks in adults or, for children, an outburst, clinging, crying, etc.
657:. Eighty patients were randomly chosen for this study and subjected to several diagnostic tests to rate their level of claustrophobic
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horrendous experiences we can have during our lifetime", and it is in this helpless moment that the infant develops claustrophobia.
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levels and desire to avoid certain situations. Several studies have proved this scale to be effective in claustrophobia diagnosis.
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Harris, Lynne M., and John
Robinson. "Evidence for Fear of Restriction and Fear of Suffocation as Components of Claustrophobia."
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engaging in procedures to evade dreaded object or situation, or proneness to face the situation but with discomfort or anxiety
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A few examples of common experiences that could result in the onset of claustrophobia in children (or adults) are as follows:
317:. A fight-or-flight response is created when a stimulus is associated with a grievous situation. Cheng believes that a
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this study, in order to effectively combat claustrophobia, it is necessary to attack both of these underlying causes.
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A child (or, less commonly, an adult) is shut into a pitch-black room and cannot find the door or the light-switch.
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an interminable obstructive or excessive fear caused by the existence or anticipation of a specific situation
94:. The onset of claustrophobia has been attributed to many factors, including a reduction in the size of the
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Thorpe, Susan, Salkovis, Paul M., & Dittner, Antonia. "Claustrophobia in MRI: the Role of
Cognitions".
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In generating a fight-or-flight response, the amygdala acts in the following way: The amygdala's anterior
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Ost, Lars-Goran, and Peter
Csatlos. "Probability Ratings in Claustrophobic Patients and Normal Controls."
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Many experts who have studied claustrophobia claim that it consists of two separable components: fear of
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that area. When anxiety levels start to reach a certain level, the person may start to experience:
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This assertion stems from the high
Claustrophobic Questionnaire results of those who reported
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Cheng, Dominic T., et al. "Human Amygdala Activity During the Expression of Fear Responses".
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the person's evasion of the object or situation impedes with everyday life and relationships
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acknowledgment by adult patients that their fear stems from the anticipated threat or danger
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McIsaac, Heather K., et al. "Claustrophobia and the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Procedure."
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Choy, Yujuan, Abby J. Fyer, and Josh D. Lipsitz. "Treatment of Specific Phobia in Adults."
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the capacity for "efficient fear conditioning to certain classes of dangerous stimuli".
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during the scan. Almost 25% of the patients reported at least moderate feelings of
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A child sticks their head between the bars of a fence and then cannot get back out.
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571:. Several studies have proven this to be an effective method in combating various
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John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, England. 1997.
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levels had elevated. This experiment concludes that the primary component of
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Vol. 63, Issue 3. Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology 14 May 2009.
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Smaller Amygdala Is Associated With Anxiety in Patients With Panic Disorder
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symptoms cannot be ascribed to other underlying mental conditions, such as
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one's belief that claustrophobic events are more likely to occur to them.
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A child crawls into a hole and gets stuck, or cannot find their way back.
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A child gets separated from their parents in a large crowd and gets lost.
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NorthShore University HealthSystem. 11 June 2009. Web. 9 September 2010.
1254:Öst, Lars-Göran. "The Claustrophobia Scale: A Psychometric Evaluation".
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This study was conducted with three goals: 1. To discover the extent of
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takes around 50 minutes; this is more than enough time to evoke extreme
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Being trapped in a confined space can develop a case of claustrophobia.
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Probability ratings in claustrophobic patients and non-claustrophobics
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experienced by patients was most closely connected to claustrophobia.
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705:(VR) distraction could reduce claustrophobia symptoms during a mock
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is a fear of confined spaces. It is triggered by many situations or
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shaking or trembling and a sense of "butterflies" in the stomach
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heart-pounding symptoms often associated with anxiety attacks.
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dizziness, fainting spells, lightheadedness and frozen in fear
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buses, airplanes, trains, tunnels, underwater caves, cellars,
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most from claustrophobia could have skewed these statistics.
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Livestrong Foundation. 11 June 2010. Web. 18 September 2010.
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The present case series with two patients explored whether
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Use of virtual reality distraction to reduce claustrophobia
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AllPsych Online. 17 November 2001. Web. 18 September 2010.
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Separating the fear of restriction and fear of suffocation
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tightness in the chest/chest pain and difficulty breathing
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the phobia is continuous, usually for 6 months or longer
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Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment.
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Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment.
653:. 3. To observe psychological factors of undergoing an
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Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Treatment
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A child is left in their parent's car, truck, or van.
261:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
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689:) should be used before allowing someone to have an
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accelerated heart rate and a rise in blood pressure
833:"Claustrophobia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments"
408:In an MRI, the patient is inserted into the tube.
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1287:N.p. 3 October 1995. Web. 9 September 2010.
546:is a widely accepted form of treatment for most
377:A child falls into a deep pool and cannot swim.
321:'s roots are in this fight-or-flight response.
1281:Claustrophobia and the Fear of Death and Dying
215:Symptoms depend on how severe your phobia is.
1276:The Gale Group. 2009. Web. 19 September 2010.
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257:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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709:(MRI) brain scan. Two patients who met
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1261:Rachman, S.J. "Claustrophobia", in
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223:The fear of enclosed spaces is an
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1227:Phobias: Causes and Treatments
1123:Cyberpsychology & Behavior
1088:Cyberpsychology & Behavior
1057:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
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774:of the disorder could likely
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498:obsessive-compulsive disorder
470:(the fear of being trapped).
371:A child gets shut into a box.
645:. 2. To find predictors for
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514:20 questions that determine
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422:The conditions inside a mine
124:"a shut in place" and Greek
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1310:What Causes Claustrophobia?
1292:Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
1243:Hayano, Fumi PhD., et al. "
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609:Because they can produce a
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1202:Behavioral Neuroscience.
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163:sweating and/or chills
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1059:21.3 (1998): 255–68.
1018:27.3 (2007): 266–86.
250:factual accuracy is
30:For other uses, see
27:Fear of small spaces
1394:Situational phobias
1180:38.11 (2000): 1107.
193:a choking sensation
1314:Neuroscience Blog.
1297:Walding, Aureau. "
1279:Speyrer, John A. "
1232:2011-03-08 at the
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959:Rachman, "Phobias"
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911:Thorpe 1082
902:Thorpe 1081
788:Agoraphobia
731:suffocation
615:suffocation
528:suffocation
178:hot flashes
1383:Categories
1220:About.com.
843:2019-04-25
814:References
649:during an
641:during an
394:punishment
330:adrenaline
138:, "fear".
68:Psychiatry
979:about.com
859:Fritscher
772:Diagnosis
687:diagnosis
534:Treatment
500:(OCD) or
462:Diagnosis
456:selective
447:vestigial
259:talk page
211:dizziness
172:dry mouth
149:elevators
122:claustrum
113:The term
84:elevators
63:Specialty
1230:Archived
1212:Archived
1151:18106235
1143:19178249
1108:17594277
972:Archived
782:See also
613:of both
562:exposure
303:amygdala
252:disputed
231:Amygdala
190:numbness
187:headache
96:amygdala
1389:Phobias
1270:Phobias
950:Gersley
893:Speyrer
868:Walding
764:anxiety
682:anxiety
678:anxiety
671:anxiety
667:anxiety
647:anxiety
639:anxiety
632:anxiety
600:Studies
589:in vivo
573:phobias
560:In vivo
552:anxiety
516:anxiety
341:synapse
102:, or a
80:stimuli
1367:300.29
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339:Brain
326:nuclei
319:phobia
219:Causes
184:nausea
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1352:F40.2
1147:S2CID
509:Scale
307:brain
153:caves
128:φόβος
119:Latin
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1139:PMID
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776:bias
736:MRIs
659:fear
630:and
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