Cleopatra - Knowledge

3511: 5171: 4902: 4893: 8025:, p. 70) writes the following about Caesar and his parentage of Caesarion: "The matter of parentage became so tangled in the propaganda war between Antonius and Octavian in the late 30s B.C.—it was essential for one side to prove and the other to reject Caesar's role—that it is impossible today to determine Caesar's actual response. The extant information is almost contradictory: it was said that Caesar denied parentage in his will but acknowledged it privately and allowed the use of the name Caesarion. Caesar's associate C. Oppius even wrote a pamphlet proving that Caesarion was not Caesar's child, and C. Helvius Cinna—the poet who was killed by rioters after Antonius' funeral oration—was prepared in 44 B.C. to introduce legislation to allow Caesar to marry as many wives as he wished for the purpose of having children. Although much of this talk was generated after Caesar's death, it seems that he wished to be as quiet as possible about the child but had to contend with Cleopatra's repeated assertions." 5414: 5180: 4130: 1992: 4992: 4072: 4814: 3926: 4849: 5001: 4872: 864: 5494: 4837: 3641: 2426: 3157: 2745: 2162: 5394: 4308: 2856: 2847: 8382:... The symbols on the cornucopia can indeed be read as references to the Ptolemaic royal house and specifically to Cleopatra Selene, represented in the crescent moon, and to her twin brother, Alexander Helios, whose eventual fate after the conquest of Egypt is unknown. The viper seems to be linked with the pantheress and the intervening symbols of fecundity rather than the suicide of Cleopatra VII. The elephant scalp could refer to Cleopatra Selene's status as ruler, with Juba II, of Mauretania. The visual correspondence with the veiled head from Cherchel encourages this identification, and many of the symbols used on the dish also appear on the coinage of Juba II." 49: 3097: 5441: 3917: 4710: 2660: 2311: 8300:'correct' orthography") by Peter van Minnen (p. 208), the spelling error is "much rarer and more puzzling" than the sort one would expect from the Greek papyri from Egypt (p. 210)—so rare, in fact, that it occurs only twice in the 70,000 Greek papyri between the 3rd century BC and 8th century AD in the Papyrological Navigator's database. This is especially so when considering it was added to a word "with no etymological or morphological reason for having an iota adscript" (p. 210) and was written by "the well-educated, native Greek-speaking, queen of Egypt" Cleopatra VII (p. 208). 3136:, Octavia traveled to Athens with 2,000 troops in alleged support of Antony, but most likely in a scheme devised by Octavian to embarrass him for his military losses. Antony received these troops but told Octavia not to stray east of Athens as he and Cleopatra traveled together to Antioch, only to suddenly and inexplicably abandon the military campaign and head back to Alexandria. When Octavia returned to Rome Octavian portrayed his sister as a victim wronged by Antony, although she refused to leave Antony's household. Octavian's confidence grew as he eliminated his rivals in the west, including 7769:... killed Arsinoë's small children in front of her. Now queen without a kingdom, Arsinoë fled to Egypt, where she was welcomed by her full brother Ptolemy II. Not content, however, to spend the rest of her life as a guest at the Ptolemaic court, she had Ptolemy II's wife exiled to Upper Egypt and married him herself around 275 B.C. Though such an incestuous marriage was considered scandalous by the Greeks, it was allowed by Egyptian custom. For that reason, the marriage split public opinion into two factions. The loyal side celebrated the couple as a return of the divine marriage of 2225:. Given his close relationship with the Ptolemies, Pompey ultimately decided that Egypt would be his place of refuge, where he could replenish his forces. Ptolemy XIII's advisers, however, feared the idea of Pompey using Egypt as his base in a protracted Roman civil war. In a scheme devised by Theodotus, Pompey arrived by ship near Pelousion after being invited by a written message, only to be ambushed and stabbed to death on 28 September 48 BC. Ptolemy XIII believed he had demonstrated his power and simultaneously defused the situation by having Pompey's head, severed and 2262: 3399: 3390: 4701: 1741: 1497: 4549: 6007: 1983: 5292: 5707: 5237: 3800: 2561: 1907: 3549:, Mark Antony's appointed governor of Cyrene, received word that Octavian had won the Battle of Actium before Antony's messengers could arrive at his court. Pinarius had these messengers executed and then defected to Octavian's side, surrendering to him the four legions under his command that Antony desired to obtain. Antony nearly committed suicide after hearing news of this but was stopped by his staff officers. In Alexandria he built a reclusive cottage on the island of 6252:, which would have made her a sister-wife of Ptolemy XII instead. The confused accounts in ancient primary sources have also led scholars to number Ptolemy XII's wife as either Cleopatra V or Cleopatra VI; the latter may have actually been a daughter of Ptolemy XII. Fletcher and John Whitehorne assert that this is a possible indication Cleopatra V had died in 69 BC rather than reappearing as a co-ruler with Berenice IV in 58 BC (during Ptolemy XII's exile in Rome). 27410: 27173: 27450: 3005: 8753:, p. 305) comes to a similar conclusion about native Egyptian depictions of Cleopatra: "Apart from certain temple carvings, which are anyway in a highly stylised pharaonic style and give little clue to Cleopatra's real appearance, the only certain representations of Cleopatra are those on coins. The marble head in the Vatican is one of three sculptures generally, though not universally, accepted by scholars to be depictions of Cleopatra." 3581: 27438: 8999:

record" and thus it follows that Cleopatra V had to be the mother of Cleopatra VII. He further argues that this fact alone, among others he discusses, is "sufficient to dispose" of the argument of a hypothetical Egyptian Memphite aristocrat as the mother of Cleopatra VII. Part of Burstein's and Roller's argument rests on a speculated earlier marriage between Psenptais II and a certain "Berenice", once argued to possibly be a daughter of

3367:, and it became a useful tool in the propaganda war against Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian highlighted parts of the will, such as Caesarion being named heir to Caesar, that the Donations of Alexandria were legal, that Antony should be buried alongside Cleopatra in Egypt instead of Rome, and that Alexandria would be made the new capital of the Roman Republic. In a show of loyalty to Rome, Octavian decided to begin construction of 6076: 6067: 2294:, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XII—previously possessed by Pompey—naming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. Caesar then attempted to arrange for the other two siblings, Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIV, to rule together over Cyprus, thus removing potential rival claimants to the Egyptian throne while also appeasing the Ptolemaic subjects still bitter over the loss of Cyprus to the Romans in 58 BC. 3466:, commanded 60 ships at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf, at the rear of the fleet, in what was likely a move by Antony's officers to marginalize her during the battle. Antony had ordered that their ships should have sails on board for a better chance to pursue or flee from the enemy, which Cleopatra, ever concerned about defending Egypt, used to swiftly move through the area of major combat in a strategic withdrawal to the 3311: 3613:

Egypt, offered Octavian money in the future, and immediately sent him lavish gifts. Octavian sent his diplomat Thyrsos to Cleopatra after she threatened to burn herself and vast amounts of her treasure within a tomb already under construction. Thyrsos advised her to kill Antony so that her life would be spared, but when Antony suspected foul intent, he had this diplomat flogged and sent back to Octavian without a deal.

4317: 26377: 26367: 26357: 26347: 26335: 26325: 26310: 26300: 26290: 26280: 26270: 26260: 26250: 25692: 25582: 25481: 25161: 24918: 6914:, p. 76) explains that the Alexandrians deposed Ptolemy XII and installed "his eldest daughter, Berenike IV, and as co-ruler recalled Cleopatra V Tryphaena from 10 years' exile from the court. Although later historians assumed she must have been another of Auletes' daughters and numbered her 'Cleopatra VI', it seems she was simply the fifth one returning to replace her brother and former husband Auletes." 6016: 3351:

Octavian. Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch. Cleopatra refused Antony's requests that she return to Egypt, judging that by blocking Octavian in Greece she could more easily defend Egypt. Cleopatra's insistence that she be involved in the battle for Greece led to the defections of prominent Romans, such as Ahenobarbus and

7330:. Regarding Hellenistic Egypt, Grant argues, "Cleopatra VII, looking back upon all that her ancestors had done during that time, was not likely to make the same mistake. But she and her contemporaries of the first century BC had another, peculiar, problem of their own. Could the 'Hellenistic Age' (which we ourselves often regard as coming to an end in about her time) still be said to exist at all, could 27462: 689: 612: 553: 481: 8378:, p. 312) writes the following about the raised relief on the gilded silver dish: "Conspicuously mounted on the cornucopia is a gilded crescent moon set on a pine cone. Around it are piled pomegranates and bunches of grapes. Engraved on the horn are images of Helios (the sun), in the form of a youth dressed in a short cloak, with the hairstyle of Alexander the Great, the head surrounded by rays 2201:. In perhaps their last joint decree, both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII agreed to Gnaeus Pompeius's request and sent his father 60 ships and 500 troops, including the Gabiniani, a move that helped erase some of the debt owed to Rome. Losing the fight against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Alexandria and withdraw to the region of Thebes. By the spring of 48 BC Cleopatra had traveled to 408: 297: 2645:, hosting Antony and his officers for two nights of lavish banquets on board the ship. Cleopatra managed to clear her name as a supposed supporter of Cassius, arguing she had really attempted to help Dolabella in Syria, and convinced Antony to have her exiled sister, Arsinoe IV, executed at Ephesus. Cleopatra's former rebellious governor of Cyprus was also handed over to her for execution. 2100:. The Gabiniani tortured and murdered these two, perhaps with secret encouragement by rogue senior administrators in Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra sent the Gabiniani culprits to Bibulus as prisoners awaiting his judgment, but he sent them back to Cleopatra and chastised her for interfering in their adjudication, which was the prerogative of the Roman Senate. Bibulus, siding with Pompey in 3577:, managed to burn Cleopatra's fleet in revenge for his losses in a war with Herod that Cleopatra had largely initiated. Cleopatra had no other option but to stay in Egypt and negotiate with Octavian. Although most likely later pro-Octavian propaganda, it was reported that at this time Cleopatra started testing the strengths of various poisons on prisoners and even her own servants. 3678:, a rare recording of her exact words. Octavian promised that he would keep her alive but offered no explanation about his future plans for her kingdom. When a spy informed her that Octavian planned to move her and her children to Rome in three days, she prepared for suicide as she had no intentions of being paraded in a Roman triumph like her sister Arsinoe IV. It is unclear if 5067: 27474: 8923:, pp. 127, 128) agrees to this, contending that Cleopatra, having Macedonian blood with a little Syrian, was probably not dark-skinned (as Roman propaganda never mentions it), writing "fairer skin is marginally more likely considering her ancestry," though also notes she could have had a "darker more Mediterranean complexion" because of her mixed ancestry. 4983:, round face, long aquiline nose, and large round eyes were features common in both Roman and Ptolemaic depictions of deities. Roller affirms that "there seems little doubt that this is a depiction of Cleopatra and Caesarion before the doors of the Temple of Venus in the Forum Julium and, as such, it becomes the only extant contemporary painting of the queen." 8491:, p. 205) writes the following: "Cleopatra was the only female Ptolemy to issue coins on her own behalf, some showing her as Venus-Aphrodite. Caesar now followed her example and, taking the same bold step, became the first living Roman to appear on coins, his rather haggard profile accompanied by the title 'Parens Patriae', 'Father of the Fatherland'." 2614:, Cleopatra's governor of Cyprus, defected to Cassius and provided him with ships, Cleopatra took her own fleet to Greece to personally assist Octavian and Antony. Her ships were heavily damaged in a Mediterranean storm and she arrived too late to aid in the fighting. By the autumn of 42 BC, Antony had defeated the forces of Caesar's assassins at the 7777:, whereas the other side did not refrain from profuse and obscene criticism. One of the most sarcastic commentators, a poet with a very sharp pen, had to flee Alexandria. The unfortunate poet was caught off the shore of Crete by the Ptolemaic navy, put in an iron basket, and drowned. This and similar actions seemingly slowed down vicious criticism." 3565:. Herod, who had personally advised Antony after the Battle of Actium that he should betray Cleopatra, traveled to Rhodes to meet Octavian and resign his kingship out of loyalty to Antony. Octavian was impressed by his speech and sense of loyalty, so he allowed him to maintain his position in Judea, further isolating Antony and Cleopatra. 4106:, who had access to the Ptolemaic royal palace, Cleopatra's personal physician named Olympos, and Quintus Dellius, a close confidant of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Plutarch's work included both the Augustan view of Cleopatra—which became canonical for his period—as well as sources outside of this tradition, such as eyewitness reports. 8919:, p. 42) further argues that, considering Cleopatra's ancestry, she was not dark-skinned, though notes Cleopatra was likely not among the Ptolemies with fair features, and instead would have been honey-skinned, citing as evidence that her relatives were described as such and it "would have presumably applied to her as well." 3381:, and Rome declared war on Cleopatra, not Antony. The legal argument for war was based less on Cleopatra's territorial acquisitions, with former Roman territories ruled by her children with Antony, and more on the fact that she was providing military support to a private citizen now that Antony's triumviral authority had expired. 7162:: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative, was founded at the end of the fourth century BC. The Ptolemies were not of Egyptian extraction, but stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great."For additional sources that describe the Ptolemaic dynasty as " 8279:, p. 203) notes that "he fragmentary texts of ancient Greek papyri do not often make their way into the modern public arena, but this one has, and with fascinating results, while remaining almost entirely unacknowledged is the remarkable fact that Cleopatra's one-word subscription contains a blatant spelling error: 8292:." This spelling error "has not been noted by the popular media", however, being "simply transliterated including, without comment, the superfluous iota adscript" (p. 208). Even in academic sources, the misspelling was largely unacknowledged or quietly corrected (pp. 206–208, 210).Although described as 16275: 8313:, p. 147), "politically, Octavian had to walk a fine line as he prepared to engage in open hostilities with Antony. He was careful to minimize associations with civil war, as the Roman people had already suffered through many years of civil conflict and Octavian could risk losing support if he declared war on a 5604: 8721:. They argued that it was unlikely for a Renaissance period painter to have created works with encaustic materials, conducted thorough research into Hellenistic period Egyptian clothing and jewelry as depicted in the painting, and then precariously placed it in the ruins of the Egyptian temple at Hadrian's Villa. 2717:. Cleopatra provided Antony with 200 ships for his campaign and as payment for her newly acquired territories. She would not see Antony again until 37 BC, but she maintained correspondence, and evidence suggests she kept a spy in his camp. By the end of 40 BC, Cleopatra had given birth to twins, a boy named 2143:, another tutor of Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra seems to have attempted a short-lived alliance with her brother Ptolemy XIV, but by the autumn of 50 BC Ptolemy XIII had the upper hand in their conflict and began signing documents with his name before that of his sister, followed by the establishment of his first 5070:, dated to the early 1st century AD and located in the House of Giuseppe II, contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra with her son Caesarion, both wearing royal diadems while she reclines and consumes poison in an act of suicide. The painting was originally thought to depict the Carthaginian noblewoman 4972: 4245:

asserted that she was of little importance to Caesar and that the propaganda of Octavian magnified her importance to an excessive degree. Although the common view of Cleopatra was one of a prolific seductress, she had only two known sexual partners, Caesar and Antony, the two most prominent Romans of

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Antony's enlargement of the Ptolemaic realm by relinquishing directly controlled Roman territory was exploited by his rival Octavian, who tapped into the public sentiment in Rome against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of their Republic. Octavian, fostering the narrative that Antony

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lasting for a year, until October 47 BC, providing Caesar with the legal authority to settle the dynastic dispute in Egypt. Wary of repeating the mistake of Cleopatra's sister Berenice IV in having a female monarch as sole ruler, Caesar appointed Cleopatra's 12-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIV, as joint

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Within a year Rabirius was placed under protective custody and sent back to Rome after his life was endangered for draining Egypt of its resources. Despite these problems, Ptolemy XII created a will designating Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs, oversaw major construction projects such as

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Gabinius was put on trial in Rome for abusing his authority, for which he was acquitted, but his second trial for accepting bribes led to his exile, from which he was recalled seven years later in 48 BC by Caesar. Crassus replaced him as governor of Syria and extended his provincial command to Egypt,

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represents a bust of Cleopatra in the Egyptian style. Dated to the mid-1st century BC, it is perhaps the earliest depiction of Cleopatra as both a goddess and ruling pharaoh of Egypt. The sculpture also has pronounced eyes that share similarities with Roman copies of Ptolemaic sculpted works of art.

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floats above, and Anton, the alleged ancestor of the Antonian family, looks on in despair as his descendant Antony is led to his doom. The other side of the vase perhaps contains a scene of Octavia, abandoned by her husband Antony but watched over by her brother, the emperor Augustus. The vase would

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that would wed the Armenian king's daughter to Alexander Helios, the son of Antony and Cleopatra. When this was declined, Antony marched his army into Armenia, defeated their forces and captured the king and Armenian royal family. Antony then held a military parade in Alexandria as an imitation of a

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in 36 BC, and moved his headquarters to Athens. However, Cleopatra's position in Egypt was secure. Her rival Herod was occupied with civil war in Judea that required heavy Roman military assistance, but received none from Cleopatra. Since the authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired

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on Caesar's head, but the latter refused in what was most likely a staged performance, perhaps to gauge the Roman public's mood about accepting Hellenistic-style kingship. Cicero, who was present at the festival, mockingly asked where the diadem came from, an obvious reference to the Ptolemaic queen

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wears a royal diadem over her head and is strikingly similar in appearance to the Vatican Cleopatra, which bears possible marks on the marble of its left cheek where a cupid's arm may have been torn off. The room with the painting was walled off by its owner, perhaps in reaction to the execution of

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has facial features similar to others (including the pronounced aquiline nose), but lacks a royal diadem and sports a different hairstyle. However, the British Museum head, once belonging to a full statue, could potentially represent Cleopatra at a different stage in her life and may also betray an

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at the same time. Separate messages and envoys from Antony and Cleopatra were then sent to Octavian, still stationed at Rhodes, although Octavian seems to have replied only to Cleopatra. Cleopatra requested that her children should inherit Egypt and that Antony should be allowed to live in exile in

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Cleopatra carefully chose Antony as her partner for producing further heirs, as he was deemed to be the most powerful Roman figure following Caesar's demise. With his powers as a triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to

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When Ptolemy XIII realized that his sister was in the palace consorting directly with Caesar, he attempted to rouse the populace of Alexandria into a riot, but he was arrested by Caesar, who used his oratorical skills to calm the frenzied crowd. Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before

1820:. Ptolemy XII remained publicly silent on the death of his brother, a decision which, along with ceding traditional Ptolemaic territory to the Romans, damaged his credibility among subjects already enraged by his economic policies. Ptolemy XII was then exiled from Egypt by force, traveling first to 8993:

notes that while Cleopatra could have been the daughter of the priestly family of Ptah, the other main candidate would be Cleopatra VI, maintaining the uncertainty stems from Cleopatra V/VI's "loss of favor" that "obscured the issue." He also posits that Cleopatra being the only known ruler of the

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Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra's suicide was far more famous. An asp is absent from the painting, but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. A set of double doors on the rear wall of the

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Surviving coinage of Cleopatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC. Cleopatra, the only Ptolemaic queen to issue coins on her own behalf, almost certainly inspired her partner Caesar to become the first living Roman to present his portrait on his own coins. Cleopatra

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Cleopatra hid herself in her tomb with her close attendants and sent a message to Antony that she had committed suicide. In despair, Antony responded to this by stabbing himself in the stomach and taking his own life at age 53. According to Plutarch, he was still dying when brought to Cleopatra at

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Antony summoned Cleopatra to Antioch to discuss pressing issues, such as Herod's kingdom and financial support for his Parthian campaign. Cleopatra brought her now three-year-old twins to Antioch, where Antony saw them for the first time and where they probably first received their surnames Helios

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Cleopatra invited Antony to come to Egypt before departing from Tarsos, which led Antony to visit Alexandria by November 41 BC. Antony was well received by the populace of Alexandria, both for his heroic actions in restoring Ptolemy XII to power and coming to Egypt without an occupation force like

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Judging that this agreement favored Cleopatra over Ptolemy XIII and that the latter's army of 20,000, including the Gabiniani, could most likely defeat Caesar's army of 4,000 unsupported troops, Potheinos decided to have Achillas lead their forces to Alexandria to attack both Caesar and Cleopatra.

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Ptolemy XIII arrived at Alexandria at the head of his army, in clear defiance of Caesar's demand that he disband and leave his army before his arrival. Cleopatra initially sent emissaries to Caesar, but upon allegedly hearing that Caesar was inclined to having affairs with royal women, she came to

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Ptolemy XII spent roughly up to a year there on the outskirts of Rome, ostensibly accompanied by his daughter Cleopatra, then about 11. Berenice IV sent an embassy to Rome to advocate for her rule and oppose the reinstatement of her father Ptolemy XII. Ptolemy had assassins kill the leaders of the

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in Egypt. The couple then went their separate ways, Antony to Cyrene to raise more troops and Cleopatra to the harbor at Alexandria in an attempt to mislead the oppositional party and portray the activities in Greece as a victory. She was afraid that news about the outcome of the battle of Actium

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child never appeared in Roman propaganda against her. Strabo was the only ancient historian who claimed that Ptolemy XII's children born after Berenice IV, including Cleopatra, were illegitimate. Cleopatra V (or VI) was expelled from the court of Ptolemy XII in late 69 BC, a few months after the

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as Queen of Mauretania publicly honoring the native Egyptian elite, both lend credence to the priestly class mistress hypothesis for maternity. Christopher Bennett points out that with Cleopatra VII having a birthdate of 69 BC, she was "certainly conceived before Cleopatra V disappears from the

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further: "Cleopatra's hair was maintained by her highly skilled hairdresser Eiras. Although rather artificial looking wigs set in the traditional tripartite style of long straight hair would have been required for her appearances before her Egyptian subjects, a more practical option for general

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of the Ptolemaic rulers, as seen in their portraits on various coins minted during their respective reigns. After Cleopatra's suicide, Octavian commissioned a painting to be made depicting her being bitten by a snake, parading this image in her stead during his triumphal procession in Rome. The

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Burstein writes that partisan Roman writers would later accuse Cleopatra of cowardly deserting Antony, but their original intention of keeping their sails on board may have been to break the blockade and salvage as much of their fleet as possible. Antony followed Cleopatra and boarded her ship,

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Cleopatra and Antony had the support of various allied kings, but Cleopatra had already been in conflict with Herod, and an earthquake in Judea provided him with an excuse to be absent from the campaign. They also lost the support of Malichus I, which would prove to have strategic consequences.

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Antony and Cleopatra traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where she provided him with 200 of the 800 naval ships he was able to acquire. Ahenobarbus, wary of having Octavian's propaganda confirmed to the public, attempted to persuade Antony to have Cleopatra excluded from the campaign against

4807:, Cairo, the Capitoline Museums, and in the private collection of Maurice Nahmen, while having similar facial features and hairstyles as the Berlin portrait but lacking a royal diadem, most likely represent members of the royal court or even Roman women imitating Cleopatra's popular hairstyle. 3636:

over anyone else in his entourage. It was Proculeius, however, who infiltrated her tomb using a ladder and detained the queen, denying her the ability to burn herself with her treasures. Cleopatra was then allowed to embalm and bury Antony within her tomb before she was escorted to the palace.

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Cleopatra perhaps started to view Antony as a liability by the late summer of 31 BC, when she prepared to leave Egypt to her son Caesarion. Cleopatra planned to relinquish her throne to him, take her fleet from the Mediterranean into the Red Sea, and then set sail to a foreign port, perhaps in

3747:, Ethiopia, or India. Caesarion, now Ptolemy XV, would reign for a mere 18 days until executed on the orders of Octavian on 29 August 30 BC, after returning to Alexandria under the false pretense that Octavian would allow him to be king. Octavian was convinced by the advice of the philosopher 3346:

became consuls. The former gave a fiery speech condemning Octavian, now a private citizen without public office, and introduced pieces of legislation against him. During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the

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In late 34 BC, Antony and Octavian engaged in a heated war of propaganda that would last for years. Antony claimed that his rival had illegally deposed Lepidus from their triumvirate and barred him from raising troops in Italy, while Octavian accused Antony of unlawfully detaining the king of

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In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture, a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. This material largely surpasses the scope and size of existent historiographic literature about her from classical

5413: 3976:, a former wife of their father, as their guardian. Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios were present in the Roman triumph of Octavian in 29 BC. The fates of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown after this point. Octavia arranged the betrothal of Cleopatra Selene II to 2205:

with her younger sister, Arsinoe IV, to gather an invasion force that would head to Egypt. She returned with an army, but her advance to Alexandria was blocked by her brother's forces, including some Gabiniani mobilized to fight against her, so she camped outside Pelousion in the eastern

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and riding into the city on a chariot to present the royal prisoners to Cleopatra, who was seated on a golden throne above a silver dais. News of this event was heavily criticized in Rome as a perversion of time-honored Roman rites and rituals to be enjoyed instead by an Egyptian queen.

8080:, a cult surrounding Isis had been spreading across the region for hundreds of years, and Cleopatra, like many of her predecessors, sought to identify herself with Isis and be venerated. In addition, some surviving coins of Cleopatra also depict her as Venus–Aphrodite, as explained by 3215:

Armenia, marrying Cleopatra despite still being married to his sister Octavia, and wrongfully claiming Caesarion as the heir of Caesar instead of Octavian. The litany of accusations and gossip associated with this propaganda war have shaped the popular perceptions about Cleopatra from

2458:. Perhaps owing to his still childless marriage with Calpurnia, Caesar remained publicly silent about Caesarion (but perhaps accepted his parentage in private). Cleopatra, on the other hand, made repeated official declarations about Caesarion's parentage, naming Caesar as the father. 5440: 4965: 7745:

indicates that Ptolemy XII could have been alive as late as May, while an ancient Egyptian source affirms he was still ruling with Cleopatra by 15 July 51 BC, although by this point Cleopatra most likely "hushed up her father's death" so that she could consolidate her control of

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against Octavian in the hopes of making her husband the undisputed leader of Rome. It has been suggested that Fulvia wanted to cleave Antony away from Cleopatra, but the conflict emerged in Italy even before Cleopatra's meeting with Antony at Tarsos. Fulvia and Antony's brother

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writes that, despite these representations in the traditional Egyptian style, Cleopatra would have dressed as a native only "perhaps for certain rites" and instead would usually dress as a Greek monarch, which would include the Greek headband seen in her Greco-Roman busts.

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and Selene as part of Antony and Cleopatra's ambitious plans for the future. In order to stabilize the east, Antony not only enlarged Cleopatra's domain, he also established new ruling dynasties and client rulers who would be loyal to him, yet would ultimately outlast him.

3078:, Lebanon) in December, engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops. Antony desired to avoid the risks involved in returning to Rome, and so he traveled with Cleopatra back to Alexandria to see his newborn son. 1903:, the husband of Berenice IV, after he was killed in battle, ensuring him a proper royal burial. Cleopatra, then 14 years of age, would have traveled with the Roman expedition into Egypt; years later, Antony would profess that he had fallen in love with her at this time. 2603:, proconsul of Syria and Caesarian loyalist, requesting military aid. She decided to write Cassius an excuse that her kingdom faced too many internal problems, while sending the four legions left by Caesar in Egypt to Dolabella. These troops were captured by Cassius in 8223:, pp. xxii, 29) says that the marriage publicly sealed Antony's alliance with Cleopatra and in defiance of Octavian he would divorce Octavia in 32 BC. Coins of Antony and Cleopatra depict them in the typical manner of a Hellenistic royal couple, as explained by 2229:, sent to Caesar, who arrived in Alexandria by early October and took up residence at the royal palace. Caesar expressed grief and outrage over the killing of Pompey and called on both Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra to disband their forces and reconcile with each other. 4848: 5267:

vase dated to the Augustan period and now in the British Museum, includes a possible depiction of Cleopatra with Antony. In this interpretation, Cleopatra can be seen grasping Antony and drawing him toward her while a serpent (i.e. the asp) rises between her legs,

4757:", located in the Vatican Museums, is damaged with a missing nose. Both the Berlin Cleopatra and Vatican Cleopatra have royal diadems, similar facial features, and perhaps once resembled the face of her bronze statue housed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix. 3206:

was declared king of Syria and Cilicia. Cleopatra Selene II was bestowed with Crete and Cyrene. Antony and Cleopatra may have been wed during this ceremony. Antony sent a report to Rome requesting ratification of these territorial claims, now known as the

4639:

of Greek coins, in addition to having the letters placed in a circular fashion along the edges of the coin instead of across it horizontally or vertically as was customary for Greek ones. These facets of their coinage represent the synthesis of Roman and

8718: 4813: 4768:. Francisco Pina Polo writes that Cleopatra's coinage present her image with certainty and asserts that the sculpted portrait of the Berlin head is confirmed as having a similar profile with her hair pulled back into a bun, a diadem, and a hooked nose. 7732:

March 51 BC marked the death of Ptolemy XII and accession of Cleopatra to the throne, although she apparently suppressed the news of his death, alerting the Roman Senate to this fact months later in a message they received on 30 June 51 BC.However,

3425:

Antony and Cleopatra had a larger fleet than Octavian, but the crews of Antony and Cleopatra's navy were not all well-trained, some of them perhaps from merchant vessels, whereas Octavian had a fully professional force. Antony wanted to cross the

3358:

During the spring of 32 BC Antony and Cleopatra traveled to Athens, where she persuaded Antony to send Octavia an official declaration of divorce. This encouraged Plancus to advise Octavian that he should seize Antony's will, invested with the

4416: 2107:

By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Cleopatra as the sole ruler, evidence that she had rejected her brother Ptolemy XIII as a co-ruler. She had probably married him, but there is no record of this. The Ptolemaic practice of

7698:

It is disputed whether Cleopatra was deliberately depicted as a male or whether a stele made under her father with his portrait was later inscribed with an inscription for Cleopatra. On this and other uncertainties regarding this stele, see

3876:

Cleopatra was directly involved in the administrative affairs of her domain, tackling crises such as famine by ordering royal granaries to distribute food to the starving populace during a drought at the beginning of her reign. Although the

1848:

embassy, an incident that was covered up by his powerful Roman supporters. When the Roman Senate denied Ptolemy XII the offer of an armed escort and provisions for a return to Egypt, he decided to leave Rome in late 57 BC and reside at the

4125:

published by the official and historian Cassius Dio in the early 3rd century AD, while failing to fully comprehend the complexities of the late Hellenistic world, nevertheless provides a continuous history of the era of Cleopatra's reign.

2367:

ruler with the 22-year-old Cleopatra in a nominal sibling marriage, but Cleopatra continued living privately with Caesar. The exact date at which Cyprus was returned to her control is not known, although she had a governor there by 42 BC.

7533:, the style had fallen from fashion for almost two centuries until revived by Cleopatra; yet as both traditionalist and innovator, she wore her version without her predecessor's fine head veil. And whereas they had both been blonde like 4413:. It was erected there by Caesar and remained in the temple at least until the 3rd century AD, its preservation perhaps owing to Caesar's patronage, although Augustus did not remove or destroy artworks in Alexandria depicting Cleopatra. 2302:

kill Achillas and take his position as commander of her army. Ganymedes then tricked Caesar into requesting the presence of the erstwhile captive Ptolemy XIII as a negotiator, only to have him join the army of Arsinoe IV. The resulting

6910:, pp. 18–19) assumes that Ptolemy XII's wife, who he numbers as Cleopatra VI, was merely absent from the court for a decade after being expelled for an unknown reason, eventually ruling jointly with her daughter Berenice IV. 6202:

asserts that there is only one known Egyptian mistress of a Ptolemy and no known Egyptian wife of a Ptolemy, further arguing that Cleopatra probably did not have any Egyptian ancestry and "would have described herself as Greek."

3049:, had been the first living Roman woman to have a statue dedicated to her. She was now followed by Octavia and Livia, whose statues were most likely erected in the Forum of Caesar to rival that of Cleopatra's, erected by Caesar. 1991: 5810:

depicted the meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on her pleasure barge in Tarsus, although Alma-Tadema revealed in a private letter that it depicts a subsequent meeting of theirs in Alexandria. Also based on Shakespeare's play was

8672: 8632: 6831:, affirms that Caesarion's reign "was essentially a fiction created by Egyptian chronographers to close the gap between death and official Roman control of Egypt (under the new pharaoh, Octavian)", citing, for instance, the 5211: 4754: 4675:. The combination of this hairstyle with a diadem is also featured in two surviving sculpted marble heads. This hairstyle, with hair braided back into a bun, is the same as that worn by her Ptolemaic ancestors Arsinoe II and 4011:, Algeria). Cleopatra Selene II imported many important scholars, artists, and advisers from her mother's royal court in Alexandria to serve her in Caesarea, now permeated in Hellenistic Greek culture. She also named her son 48: 19329:

Cleopatra's Daughter: While Antony and Cleopatra have been immortalised in history and in popular culture, their offspring have been all but forgotten. Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own

7338:

were the dominant power? This was a question never far from Cleopatra's mind. But it is quite certain that she considered the Greek epoch to be by no means finished, and intended to do everything in her power to ensure its

4779:, Algeria. This portrait features the royal diadem and similar facial features as the Berlin and Vatican heads, but has a more unique hairstyle and may actually depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra. A possible 2830:, who was executed while Herod was fleeing toward Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra attempted to provide him with a military assignment, but Herod declined and traveled to Rome, where the triumvirs Octavian and Antony named him 2539:

as the primary heir, and Octavian arrived in Italy around the same time Cleopatra decided to depart for Egypt. A few months later, Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIV killed by poisoning, elevating her son Caesarion as her co-ruler.

2358:

before being exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Cleopatra was conspicuously absent from these events and resided in the palace, most likely because she had been pregnant with Caesar's child since September 48 BC.

4117:, writing in the 1st century AD, provides valuable information on the life of Cleopatra via her diplomatic relationship with Herod the Great. However, this work relies largely on Herod's memoirs and the biased account of 8927:, p. 5) agrees to Goldsworthy's latter speculation of her skin color, that though almost certainly not Egyptian, Cleopatra had a darker complexion due to being Greek mixed with Persian and possible Syrian ancestry. 3443:

Antony and Cleopatra lost several skirmishes against Octavian around Actium during the summer of 31 BC, while defections to Octavian's camp continued, including Antony's long-time companion Dellius and the allied kings

1223:

in 41 BC, the queen had an affair with Antony which produced three children. He carried out the execution of Arsinoe at her request, and became increasingly reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during

3482:. Antony reportedly avoided Cleopatra during this three-day voyage, until her ladies in waiting at Tainaron urged him to speak with her. The Battle of Actium raged on without Cleopatra and Antony until the morning of 3 3430:

and blockade Octavian at either Tarentum or Brundisium, but Cleopatra, concerned primarily with defending Egypt, overrode the decision to attack Italy directly. Antony and Cleopatra set up their winter headquarters at

4045:, claimed descent from Cleopatra. A cult dedicated to Cleopatra still existed as late as 373 AD when Petesenufe, an Egyptian scribe of the book of Isis, explained that he "overlaid the figure of Cleopatra with gold." 8984:

dismisses the idea of Cleopatra's mother being a member of an Egyptian priestly family as "pure conjecture," adding that either Cleopatra V or a concubine "probably of Greek origin" would be Cleopatra VII's mother.

4786:

wearing a vulture headdress in Egyptian style is located at the Capitoline Museums. Discovered near a sanctuary of Isis in Rome and dated to the 1st century BC, it is either Roman or Hellenistic-Egyptian in origin.

17842: 3893:

for certain goods, fixed exchange rates for foreign currencies, and rigid laws forcing peasant farmers to stay in their villages during planting and harvesting seasons. Apparent financial troubles led Cleopatra to

8119: 4772: 5210:, Italy, dated to the 1st century AD possibly depicts Cleopatra. In it she wears a royal diadem, red or reddish-brown hair pulled back into a bun, pearl-studded hairpins, and earrings with ball-shaped pendants, 4226:, while not offering accounts as full as Plutarch, Josephus, or Dio, provided some details of her life that had not survived in other historical records. Inscriptions on contemporary Ptolemaic coinage and some 3624:, marching eastward from Cyrene, defeated Antony's forces near Paraitonion. Octavian advanced quickly to Alexandria, but Antony returned and won a small victory over Octavian's tired troops outside the city's 8907:(though conceding that "it is possible she was also partly Greek"), but almost certainly not an Egyptian because there is only one known Egyptian mistress of a Ptolemaic ruler throughout their entire dynasty. 8422:, described the Battle of Actium against Cleopatra "as a clash of civilizations in which Octavian and the Roman gods preserved Italy from conquest by Cleopatra and the barbaric animal-headed gods of Egypt." 8342:, p. 187), translating Plutarch, quotes Arius Didymus as saying to Octavian that "it is not good to have too many Caesars", which was apparently enough to convince Octavian to have Caesarion killed. 3510: 4091:

mention Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies. Despite not being a biography of Cleopatra, the

8158:, image plates between pp. 246–247) disagrees about the veiled head, arguing that it was commissioned by Cleopatra Selene II at Iol (Caesarea Mauretaniae) and was meant to depict her mother, Cleopatra. 8139: 5349:, but recent analysis has indicated that it could depict her descendant Cleopatra due to the three uraei adorning her headdress, an increase from the two used by Arsinoe II to symbolize her rule over 1630:. Ptolemy XI had his wife killed shortly after their marriage in 80 BC, and was lynched soon after in the resulting riot over the assassination. Ptolemy XI, and perhaps his uncle Ptolemy IX or father 8351:

Contrary to regular Roman provinces, Egypt was established by Octavian as territory under his personal control, barring the Roman Senate from intervening in any of its affairs and appointing his own

5839:, previously largely ignored, that Cleopatra had prostituted herself to men who paid for sex with their lives. Cleopatra also became appreciated outside the Western world and Middle East, as the 16726: 5393: 8146:, p. 242) indicates it as a possible portrait of Cleopatra, not Cleoptra Selene II, from the early 1st century AD while also arguing that its masculine features, earrings, and apparent 5214:. Her hair and facial features are similar to those in the sculpted Berlin and Vatican portraits as well as her coinage. A highly similar painted bust of a woman with a blue headband in the 26418: 5382:

contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance.

3654:

Octavian entered Alexandria, occupied the palace, and seized Cleopatra's three youngest children. When she met with Octavian, Cleopatra told him bluntly, "I will not be led in a triumph" (

26423: 5943:

Whereas myths about Cleopatra persist in popular media, important aspects of her career go largely unnoticed, such as her command of naval forces and administrative acts. Publications on

8709:, pp. 14–15), Frances Pratt and Becca Fizel rejected the idea proposed by some scholars in the 19th and early 20th centuries that the painting was perhaps done by an artist of the 6906:(while Ptolemy XII was exiled and living in Rome), whereas Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra V perhaps died as early as the winter of 69–68 BC, when she disappears from historical records. 2503:

on 25 September 46 BC, contained a golden statue of Cleopatra (which stood there at least until the 3rd century AD), associating the mother of Caesar's child directly with the goddess

9027:, pp. 57), Cleopatra and her family were "the successor to the native Pharaohs, exploiting through a highly organized bureaucracy the great natural resources of the Nile Valley." 3260:, contains the signature of Cleopatra, probably written by an official authorized to sign for her. It concerns certain tax exemptions in Egypt granted to either Quintus Caecillius or 1959:

at Dendera. Rabirius was unable to collect the entirety of Ptolemy XII's debt by the time of the latter's death, and so it was passed on to his successors Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII.

8239:, p. xiv) writes that "Octavian waged a propaganda war against Antony and Cleopatra, stressing Cleopatra's status as a woman and a foreigner who wished to share in Roman power." 5951:

by the same name writing in the late first century AD. Ingrid D. Rowland, who highlights that the "Berenice called Cleopatra" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician

4246:

the time period, who were most likely to ensure the survival of her dynasty. Plutarch described Cleopatra as having had a stronger personality and charming wit than physical beauty.

7616:

had fled both his palace and his kingdom, although he was not completely alone. For one Greek source reveals he had been accompanied 'by one of his daughters', and since his eldest

6785: 4746: 2535:(15 March 44 BC), but Cleopatra stayed in Rome until about mid-April, in the vain hope of having Caesarion recognized as Caesar's heir. However, Caesar's will named his grandnephew 54: 5540:

Chaucer highlighted Cleopatra's relationships with only two men as hardly the life of a seductress and wrote his works partly in reaction to the negative depiction of Cleopatra in

2633:

convinced her to come. The meeting would allow Cleopatra to clear up the misconception that she had supported Cassius during the civil war and address territorial exchanges in the

1047: 18058: 4648:

argues that Cleopatra, in one of her coins minted with the dual image of her husband Antony, made herself more masculine-looking than other portraits and more like an acceptable

1551:. In contrast, Cleopatra could speak multiple languages by adulthood and was the first Ptolemaic ruler known to learn the Egyptian language. Plutarch implies that she also spoke 2686:

Caesar had done. In Egypt, Antony continued to enjoy the lavish royal lifestyle he had witnessed aboard Cleopatra's ship docked at Tarsos. He also had his subordinates, such as

2396:

along its two decks, resembling a floating villa. Caesar could have had an interest in the Nile cruise owing to his fascination with geography; he was well-read in the works of

8475:

For the description of Cleopatra by Plutarch, who claimed that her beauty was not "completely incomparable" but that she had a "captivating" and "stimulating" personality, see

3070:, who defected to the Parthian side. After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near 3056:

in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire. She then returned to Egypt, perhaps due to her advanced state of pregnancy. By the summer of 36 BC, she had given birth to

18039: 12614: 3451:. While some in Antony's camp suggested abandoning the naval conflict to retreat inland, Cleopatra urged for a naval confrontation, to keep Octavian's fleet away from Egypt. 3332:

January 33 BC, Octavian accused Antony of attempting to subvert Roman freedoms and territorial integrity as a slave to his Oriental queen. Before Antony and Octavian's joint

1240:

declared their children rulers over various erstwhile territories under Antony's triumviral authority. This event, their marriage, and Antony's divorce of Octavian's sister

18940: 4237:

Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the

2997:. Although still administered by Roman officials, these territories nevertheless enriched her kingdom and led her to declare the inauguration of a new era by double-dating 2392:, which during his reign measured 90 metres (300 ft) in length and 24 metres (80 ft) in height and was complete with dining rooms, state rooms, holy shrines, and 1622:. With opposition building at the royal court against the idea of a sole reigning female monarch, Berenice III accepted joint rule and marriage with her cousin and stepson 5179: 4795: 4601:

and prominent chin as that of her husband. These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple.

16518: 3737:

argued for an ointment of some kind. No venomous snake was found with her body, but she did have tiny puncture wounds on her arm that could have been caused by a needle.

3241:

that Cleopatra once dissolved a pearl worth tens of millions of sesterces in vinegar just to win a dinner-party bet. The accusation that Antony had stolen books from the

6898:, p. 18) call her Cleopatra VI Tryphaena, due to the confusion in primary sources conflating these two figures, who may have been one and the same. As explained by 2461:

Cleopatra and her nominal joint ruler Ptolemy XIV visited Rome sometime in late 46 BC, presumably without Caesarion, and were given lodging in Caesar's villa within the

1692:. Cleopatra Tryphaena disappears from official records a few months after the birth of Cleopatra in 69 BC. The three younger children of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra's sister 16359: 5578:, was the first Italian to defend the reputation of Cleopatra and criticize the perceived moralizing and misogyny in Boccaccio's works. Works of Islamic historiography 5094:

painting, positioned very high above the people in it, suggests the described layout of Cleopatra's tomb in Alexandria. A male servant holds the mouth of an artificial

4964:

in September 46 BC, where Caesar had a gilded statue erected depicting Cleopatra. This statue likely formed the basis of her depictions in both sculpted art as well as

26774: 8863:, and Jews, each of whom were legally segregated, living in different residential quarters and forbidden to intermarry with one another in the multicultural cities of 8787:

For further information and validation of the foundation of Hellenistic Egypt by Alexander the Great and Cleopatra's ancestry stretching back to Ptolemy I Soter, see

8692:

For further information about the painting in the House of Giuseppe II (Joseph II) at Pompeii and the possible identification of Cleopatra as one of the figures, see

2702:

and Cyprus were under Cleopatra's control by 19 November 38 BC, the transfer probably occurred earlier in the winter of 41–40 BC, during her time spent with Antony.

12930: 5170: 2415:, also wanted to avoid being seen together with Cleopatra when she had their son. He left three legions in Egypt, later increased to four, under the command of the 4191:

perpetuated the negative views of Cleopatra approved by the ruling Roman regime, although Virgil established the idea of Cleopatra as a figure of romance and epic

4098:

written by Plutarch in the 1st century AD provides the most thorough surviving account of Cleopatra's life. Plutarch lived a century after Cleopatra but relied on

16488: 8064:, p. 23), Cleopatra, having read Antony's personality, boldly presented herself to him as the Egyptian goddess Isis (in the appearance of the Greek goddess 7525:' in which her natural hair was drawn back in sections resembling the lines on a melon and then pinned up in a bun at the back of the head. A trademark style of 4901: 4892: 2065:. Cleopatra faced several pressing issues and emergencies shortly after taking the throne. These included famine caused by drought and a low level of the annual 18107: 16384: 4871: 5917:

for selling Egyptian-themed products in department stores in the 1930s, targeting female moviegoers. In preparation for the film starring Taylor as Cleopatra,

5564: 16544: 8454:, pp. 2–3), this source material from Egypt dated to the reign of Cleopatra includes about 50 papyri documents in Ancient Greek, mostly from the city of 17805: 5955:

was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra. Only fragments exist of these medical and cosmetic writings, such as those preserved by

19250: 5925:. By the end of the 20th century there were forty-three films, two hundred plays and novels, forty-five operas, and five ballets associated with Cleopatra. 4644:, and perhaps also a statement to their subjects, however ambiguous to modern scholars, about the superiority of either Antony or Cleopatra over the other. 5803: 4652:

than a Hellenistic ruler. Cleopatra had actually achieved this masculine look in coinage predating her affair with Antony, such as the coins struck at the

3604:

dated 21 September 31 BC, demonstrated that Cleopatra was now grooming her son to become the sole ruler of Egypt. In a show of solidarity, Antony also had

4736:, London, that depicts a woman from Ptolemaic Egypt, either Queen Cleopatra or a member of her entourage during her 46–44 BC visit to Rome with her lover 2411:, the son of Mithridates VI of Pontus, who was stirring up trouble for Rome in Anatolia. It is possible that Caesar, married to the prominent Roman woman 1101:, to claim his throne. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. When he died in 51 BC, Cleopatra began 26458: 24351: 7310:, pp. 5–6) notes that the Hellenistic period, beginning with the reign of Alexander the Great, came to an end with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. 6221:(a hypothesis not generally accepted in scholarship), but contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. 5615:

in 1409. In the visual arts, the sculpted depiction of Cleopatra as a free-standing nude figure committing suicide began with the 16th-century sculptors

4488: 4234:

commissioned by Cleopatra's son-in-law Juba II provides a glimpse at a possible body of historiographic material that supported Cleopatra's perspective.

3338:

expired on 31 December 33 BC, Antony declared Caesarion as the true heir of Caesar in an attempt to undermine Octavian. In 32 BC, the Antonian loyalists

2096:

of Syria, sent his two eldest sons to Egypt, most likely to negotiate with the Gabiniani and recruit them as soldiers in the desperate defense of Syria

3633: 3573:, where she could spend time recuperating. However, these plans were ultimately abandoned when Malichus I, as advised by Octavian's governor of Syria, 3164:

document dated February 33 BC granting tax exemptions to a person in Egypt and containing the signature of Cleopatra written by an official, but with "

16720: 24437: 20391: 5921:

of the early 1960s advertised how to use makeup, clothes, jewelry, and hairstyles to achieve the "Egyptian" look similar to the queens Cleopatra and

5372: 4979:

Behind her golden diadem, crowned with a red jewel, is a translucent veil with crinkles that suggest the "melon" hairstyle favored by the queen. Her

4836: 4420: 4146: 2787:

in Italy in September 40 BC. Although the agreement struck at Brundisium solidified Antony's control of the Roman Republic's territories east of the

2625:

of the Roman Republic and Antony the eastern half, with Lepidus largely marginalized. In the summer of 41 BC, Antony established his headquarters at

1638:, after the assassination of Ptolemy XI. The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing 7624:, little more than a toddler, it is generally assumed that this must have been his middle daughter and favourite child, eleven-year-old Cleopatra." 4076: 6209:

writes that Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek with some Persian ancestry, arguing that it was rare for the Ptolemies to have an Egyptian mistress.

3347:

consuls. Intimidated by this act, the consuls and over 200 senators still in support of Antony fled Rome the next day to join the side of Antony.

18831: 4604:

Her strong, almost masculine facial features in these particular coins are strikingly different from the smoother, softer, and perhaps idealized

8076:), knowing that the priests of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus had associated Antony with Dionysus shortly before this encounter. According to 5664:, largely based on Plutarch, was first performed in 1608 and provided a somewhat salacious view of Cleopatra in stark contrast to England's own 5086:. Arguments in favor of it depicting Cleopatra include the strong connection of her house with that of the Numidian royal family, Masinissa and 1417: 27212: 19259: 2834:. This act put Herod on a collision course with Cleopatra, who would desire to reclaim the former Ptolemaic territories that comprised his new 17969: 16670: 5125:

with an asp biting her bare chest. A chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the painting was composed of one-third

4991: 4799:

effort by Cleopatra to discard the use of royal insignia (i.e. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome.

20648: 4941: 4915: 4071: 3539:

would lead to a rebellion. It is uncertain whether or not, at this time, she actually executed Artavasdes II and sent his head to his rival,

3211:. Octavian wanted to publicize it for propaganda purposes, but the two consuls, both supporters of Antony, had it censored from public view. 2465:. As with their father Ptolemy XII, Caesar awarded both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV the legal status of "friend and ally of the Roman people" ( 16305: 16240: 6902:, p. 182), Cleopatra VI may have actually been a daughter of Ptolemy XII who appeared in 58 BC to rule jointly with her alleged sister 4129: 19455: 16700: 2298:

After Caesar managed to execute Potheinos, Arsinoe IV joined forces with Achillas and was declared queen, but soon afterward had her tutor

1900: 4976:

Caesarion in 30 BC by order of Octavian, when public depictions of Cleopatra's son would have been unfavorable with the new Roman regime.

1264:

invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, leading to Antony's suicide. When Cleopatra learned that Octavian planned to bring her to his

17858:

Meadows, Andrew (2001), "Sins of the fathers: the inheritance of Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.),

17232:(1933). "Ikonographische Beitrage zum Porträt der Römischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie: IV Kleopatra VII. Philopator". 7566:

Pompey and Julius Caesar, would be worth roughly £7 million or US$ 17 million, roughly the entire annual tax revenue for Ptolemaic Egypt.

4608:

of her in either the Egyptian or Hellenistic styles. Her masculine facial features on minted currency are similar to that of her father,

1431: 1375: 18072: 16972: 12940: 5827: 3719: 'spine, cheese-grater') was used to introduce the toxin by scratching, while Dio says that she injected the poison with a needle ( 27554: 6172: 5273:

thus have been created no earlier than 35 BC, when Antony sent his wife Octavia back to Italy and stayed with Cleopatra in Alexandria.

4121:, the tutor of Cleopatra's children in Alexandria before he moved to Judea to serve as an adviser and chronicler at Herod's court. The 4025:, and when Juba II died in 23/24 AD he was succeeded by his son Ptolemy. However, Ptolemy was eventually executed by the Roman emperor 3343: 2600: 9003:. However, this speculation was refuted by Egyptologist Wendy Cheshire, which was later validated by papyrologist Sandra Lippert. See 4960:

with her son Caesarion. The commission of the painting most likely coincides with the erection of the Temple of Venus Genetrix in the

4401:, Berlin. Contemporary images of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt. For instance, there was once a large 2733:(the Moon) were symbolic of a new era of societal rejuvenation, as well as an indication that Cleopatra hoped Antony would repeat the 2362:

Caesar's term as consul had expired at the end of 48 BC. However, Antony, an officer of his, helped to secure Caesar's appointment as

2104:, failed to prevent Caesar from landing a naval fleet in Greece, which ultimately allowed Caesar to reach Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. 26473: 26468: 24366: 24361: 5822: 3898:

her coinage, which included silver and bronze currencies but no gold coins like those of some of her distant Ptolemaic predecessors.

3616:

After lengthy negotiations that ultimately produced no results, Octavian set out to invade Egypt in the spring of 30 BC, stopping at

3140:

and even Lepidus, the third member of the triumvirate, who was placed under house arrest after revolting against Octavian in Sicily.

2374:, although this may be a romantic tale reflecting later well-to-do Roman proclivities and not a real historical event. The historian 2186: 27579: 1943:, to harass people in the streets of Alexandria and installed his longtime Roman financier Rabirius as his chief financial officer. 27539: 27351: 18021: 17049: 16941: 7537:, Cleopatra may well have been a redhead, judging from the portrait of a flame-haired woman wearing the royal diadem surrounded by 5701: 5697: 4255: 2768: 2286:

provides an entirely different account that alleges she was bound inside a bed sack to be smuggled into the palace to meet Caesar.

1931:

in 53 BC. Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties. He allowed Gabinius's largely

1340: 1276: 961: 6780:

The sculpture was made around the time of Cleopatra's visits to Rome in 46–44 BC and was discovered in an Italian villa along the

3759:

was established, marking the end of the Hellenistic period. In January of 27 BC Octavian was renamed Augustus ("the revered") and

3682:

on 10 August 30 BC, at age 39, took place within the palace or her tomb. It is said she was accompanied by her servants Eiras and

27514: 27048: 26804: 26656: 26530: 26448: 26443: 24446: 24341: 24336: 18930: 8931:, p. 77) agrees with Grant that, considering this ancestry, Cleopatra was "almost certainly dark-haired and olive-skinned." 5871:

films of the 20th century were influenced by earlier Victorian media, which helped to shape the character of Cleopatra played by

5515:

antiquity and has made a greater impact on the general public's view of Cleopatra than the latter. The 14th-century English poet

4110: 3969: 3375:. Octavian's legal standing was also improved by being elected consul in 31 BC. With Antony's will made public, Octavian had his 3203: 3057: 1955:, and stabilized the economy. On 31 May 52 BC, Cleopatra was made a regent of Ptolemy XII, as indicated by an inscription in the 761: 266: 263: 260: 16508: 9039:, p. 4) argues that if Cleopatra had been illegitimate, her "numerous Roman enemies would have revealed this to the world." 6233:

birth of Cleopatra, while Ptolemy XII's three younger children were all born during the absence of his wife. The high degree of

4624:. It is likely, due to political expediency, that Antony's visage was made to conform not only to hers but also to those of her 4230:

demonstrate Cleopatra's point of view, but this material is very limited in comparison to Roman literary works. The fragmentary

635: 589: 504: 458: 377: 364: 274: 257: 252: 27524: 27519: 26553: 26453: 26202: 24346: 6130: 6053: 5154:

portrait painting of Cleopatra's death was perhaps among the great number of artworks and treasures taken from Rome by Emperor

4628:

ancestors who founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, to familiarize himself to her subjects as a legitimate member of the royal house.

4458:

by Augustus, but those of Cleopatra were preserved following her death thanks to her friend Archibius paying the emperor 2,000

3925: 3246: 1634:, willed the Ptolemaic Kingdom to Rome as collateral for loans, so that the Romans had legal grounds to take over Egypt, their 666: 651: 645: 643: 633: 521: 519: 507: 502: 367: 271: 254: 16467: 8138:, p. 139) observes that it could be either Cleopatra or Cleopatra Selene II, while arguing the same ambiguity applies to 664: 510: 385: 380: 27564: 27063: 26433: 24430: 24326: 19175: 19139: 19089: 19067: 19048: 19026: 18968: 18919: 18900: 18881: 18810: 18709: 18667: 18647: 18628: 18601: 18525: 18492: 18459: 18423: 18349: 18306: 18275: 18249: 18225: 18191: 18156: 18033: 17998: 17963: 17893: 17771: 17748: 17714: 17681: 17646: 17607: 17583: 17552: 17528: 17489: 17466: 17456: 17442: 17420: 17396: 17369: 17321: 17302: 17266: 17219: 17185: 17138: 17117: 17098: 17074: 17043: 17000: 16966: 16877: 16831: 16804: 16765: 16617: 16412: 16351: 16340: 5286: 5122: 4597:. Coins dated to the period of her marriage to Antony, which also bear his image, portray the queen as having a very similar 4514:, while some of her coinage depicts her as Venus-Aphrodite. She also dressed as Aphrodite when meeting Antony at Tarsos. The 3784: 2831: 2450:, Cleopatra's alleged child with Caesar, was born 23 June 47 BC and was originally named "Pharaoh Caesar", as preserved on a 2174: 2036: 1335:, she was the subject of many works including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and theatrical dramas. She has become a 661: 659: 656: 654: 648: 647: 640: 638: 592: 530: 527: 524: 516: 513: 461: 383: 382: 374: 372: 370: 365: 335: 269: 223: 19313: 18715: 18673: 18531: 18498: 18465: 18429: 18281: 18197: 18162: 18004: 17777: 17720: 17687: 17652: 17613: 17558: 17495: 17272: 17191: 17144: 16883: 16850: 16771: 16582: 5133:. The thickness of the painting over Cleopatra's bare flesh and her drapery were reportedly similar to the paintings of the 2135:, his childhood tutor, regent, and administrator of his properties. Others involved in the cabal against Cleopatra included 1816:

and on accusations of piracy drove Ptolemy of Cyprus, Ptolemy XII's brother, to commit suicide instead of enduring exile to

187: 27549: 27328: 27091: 26463: 26438: 24356: 24331: 18553: 16376: 3117: 8466:

language. Overall this is a much smaller body of surviving native texts than those of any other period of Ptolemaic Egypt.

4033:

reserved for the Roman emperor. Ptolemy of Mauretania was the last known monarch of the Ptolemaic dynasty, although Queen

26590: 26428: 25175: 24949: 24321: 22101: 21889: 17867: 3693:. Cleopatra's physician, Olympos, did not explain her cause of death, although the popular belief is that she allowed an 3620:, where his new ally Herod provided his army with fresh supplies. Octavian moved south and swiftly took Pelousion, while 3501: 2890:

Relations between Antony and Cleopatra perhaps soured when he not only married Octavia, but also sired her two children,

2282:

records that she did so without informing her brother, dressed in an attractive manner, and charmed Caesar with her wit.

2244: 1744:

Most likely a posthumously painted portrait of Cleopatra with red hair and her distinct facial features, wearing a royal

987: 6213:

speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman from

5000: 4274: 2637:, but Antony also undoubtedly desired to form a personal, romantic relationship with the queen. Cleopatra sailed up the 863: 27529: 27205: 26413: 25783: 25368: 24463: 24310: 23071: 22787: 21655: 20915: 20889: 18987: 18856: 18791: 18768: 18749: 18135: 16441: 7291:, pp. 11–12).For further validation about Ancient Greek being the official language of the Ptolemaic dynasty, see 6761: 5964: 5596: 5498: 5493: 4794:, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. The woman in 4776: 3943: 3760: 3216: 2881: 1110: 17743:, Ann Arbor: Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, pp. 67–90, 16565: 16484: 7240: 7198:, p. 9) describe the Ptolemies as "Greco-Macedonian", or rather Macedonians who possessed a Greek culture, as in 6159:

was the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty known for certain to have introduced some non-Greek ancestry. Her mother

1256:

to flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC

27281: 27273: 26893: 18093: 17019: 7039: 6983: 6237:

among the Ptolemies is also illustrated by Cleopatra's immediate ancestry, of which a reconstruction is shown below.

5817: 5327: 3861:

polytheistic faiths. She oversaw the construction of various temples to Egyptian and Greek gods, a synagogue for the

3448: 2922:

In this arrangement Cleopatra gained significant former Ptolemaic territories in the Levant, including nearly all of

2346:. Ptolemy XIII tried to flee by boat, but it capsized, and he drowned. Ganymedes may have been killed in the battle. 8679:, p. 40) directly compares to the painted red jewel in the diadem worn by Venus, most likely Cleopatra, in the 7351:

offers an alternative rendering of the title Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator as "Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess".

3722: 1895:

was under Gabinius's command. He distinguished himself by preventing Ptolemy XII from massacring the inhabitants of

27509: 27323: 27309: 27304: 27299: 26483: 25551: 24423: 24376: 19448: 16268:"It is possible that Mark Antony met the young Cleopatra when he served under the Roman general Gabinius in 55 BCE" 8513:

There is academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered "heads" or "busts". For instance,

6823:, pp. 99–100) explain the nominal short-lived reign of Caesarion as lasting 18 days in 30 August BC. However, 3991:

The emperor Augustus installed Juba II and Cleopatra Selene II, after their wedding in 25 BC, as the new rulers of

3689:

Octavian was said to have been angered by this outcome but had Cleopatra buried in royal fashion next to Antony in

3640: 3540: 17794: 4498:

wrapped around the base. Detractors of this theory argue that the face in this statue is thinner than the face on

3946:, AlgeriaRight: A likely depiction of Cleopatra Selene II, wearing an elephant skin cap, raised relief image on a 3156: 27544: 27356: 26109: 23563: 17905: 4227: 3683: 3220: 2744: 2588: 2266: 1802:

in 59 BC. However, Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, and he was forced to acquire loans from the

1261: 427: 178: 17292: 16534: 7275:, but various other ethnic groups resided there, especially the Jews, as well as native Egyptians, Syrians, and 5446:

Possible sculpted head of Cleopatra VII wearing an Egyptian-style vulture headdress, discovered in Rome, either

4499: 2045:

Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to

1704:, were born in the absence of his wife. Cleopatra's childhood tutor was Philostratos, from whom she learned the 27058: 26580: 25826: 24773: 23613: 23340: 23196: 20572: 20464: 16639: 5795:

offered satirical depictions of the queen connecting her and the environment she lived in with the modern age.

3133: 3120:. The reverse features Cleopatra, with the inscription "CLEOPATR REGINAE REGVM FILIORVM REGVM" (For Cleopatra, 3113: 2783:

in Greece while attempting to reach Antony. Her sudden death led to a reconciliation of Octavian and Antony at

2528: 1233: 914: 909: 20653: 17088: 5322:, near Dendera, Egypt, contains Egyptian-style carved relief images along the exterior walls of the Temple of 1192:, followed shortly afterwards by that of Ptolemy XIV (on Cleopatra's orders), she named Caesarion co-ruler as 27574: 27414: 27198: 26714: 26160: 26152: 26066: 25902: 25884: 25798: 24518: 23909: 23699: 23631: 23496: 23363: 23273: 23086: 21204: 20713: 20699: 20567: 20552: 19707: 7646:

For further information on Roman financier Rabirius, as well as the Gabiniani left in Egypt by Gabinius, see

7612:, pp. 76–77) expresses little doubt about this: "deposed in late summer 58 BC and fearing for his life, 5551: 4307: 3664: 3278: 2855: 2846: 2371: 2331: 1697: 1397: 1383: 720: 17: 8610:), a less aquiline nose would have diminished her chances of becoming ruler of Egypt and attract men of the 7237:"Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone" 3486:

September, and was followed by massive defections of officers, troops, and allied kings to Octavian's side.

3268:. A subscript in a different handwriting at the bottom of the papyrus reads "make it happen" or "so be it" ( 26849: 26051: 25992: 25294: 23481: 23418: 22701: 20857: 20562: 20547: 20522: 20499: 20479: 18364: 17207: 16716: 9760: 9758: 5763: 5507: 5282: 4664:

explains as her attempt to appear like her father and as a legitimate successor to a male Ptolemaic ruler.

4029:

in 40 AD, perhaps under the pretense that Ptolemy had unlawfully minted his own royal coinage and utilized

3740:

Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to

3690: 3505: 2865: 1764: 1437: 956: 827: 16561:

Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone

3628:. However, on 1 August 30 BC, Antony's naval fleet surrendered to Octavian, followed by Antony's cavalry. 2425: 2161: 938: 27599: 27569: 27147: 26899: 26842: 26729: 26523: 26099: 25614: 25438: 25258: 25198: 25190: 23842: 22951: 22863: 22348: 22125: 22116: 20761: 20746: 20557: 20542: 20527: 20512: 20469: 20441: 19652: 19441: 16463: 16323: 8602:(1670): "Cleopatra's nose: had it been shorter, the whole aspect of the world would have been altered." ( 7415: 6849:, p. 187), wrote in vague terms that "Octavian had Caesarion killed later, after Cleopatra's death." 5938: 5855: 4671:

minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a

4042: 2826:

of the long-established Hasmonean dynasty. The latter had imprisoned Herod's brother and fellow tetrarch

2734: 2304: 2248: 1705: 1161: 1083: 897: 9755: 8655:, p. 153) has suggested the lump on top of this marble head perhaps contained a broken-off uraeus, 7562:, the price of Ptolemy XII's fee for receiving the title "friend and ally of the Roman people" from the 27589: 27428: 27053: 27022: 27006: 26734: 25714: 25276: 23671: 23004: 22741: 22568: 22500: 21082: 20577: 20532: 20507: 20484: 20454: 20275: 19272: 19221: 18783: 17452: 16296: 9056:

is called Cleopatra V Selene. Dotted lines in the chart below indicate possible but disputed parentage.

8986: 8976:

claims that strong circumstantial evidence suggests Cleopatra's mother could have been a member of the

8122:

and its ambiguities, noting that it could represent Cleopatra, but that it is more likely her daughter

7742: 7555: 7311: 7131: 6199: 6194:

wife of Seleucus I Nicator. It is generally believed that the Ptolemies did not intermarry with native

5432: 5146: 3187: 2412: 2343: 2252: 2198: 1600: 1165: 902: 31: 27190: 18821: 16899:

Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies".

16695: 9023:, pp. 2) concurs with this, concluding that Cleopatra "upheld the family tradition." As noted by 8935:, p. 14) contends that it is "reasonable to infer" Cleopatra had dark hair and "pale olive skin." 7372:, pp. 43–61).For further validation about the founding of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, see 4175:, who knew her personally, provide an unflattering portrait of Cleopatra. The Augustan-period authors 3363:. Although a violation of sacred and legal rights, Octavian forcefully acquired the document from the 2131:

Despite Cleopatra's rejection of him, Ptolemy XIII still retained powerful allies, notably the eunuch

1268:

procession, she killed herself by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an

27559: 27083: 26996: 26935: 26598: 26315: 25811: 25019: 24192: 21963: 20489: 20474: 20377: 20334: 20160: 19913: 19557: 19386: 19321: 9053: 7360:

For a thorough explanation about the foundation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great and its largely

6484: 5868: 5753: 5503: 5248:

being lured by Cleopatra, straddling a serpent, while Anton, Antony's alleged ancestor, looks on and

4783: 4649: 2659: 2629:

in Anatolia and summoned Cleopatra there in several letters, which she rebuffed until Antony's envoy

2622: 2419: 2330:

Sometime between January and March of 47 BC, Caesar's reinforcements arrived, including those led by

2089: 2062: 1639: 1520: 1189: 8903:, p. 5) argues that Cleopatra's grandmother, i.e. the mother of Ptolemy XII, might have been a 4195:. Horace also viewed Cleopatra's suicide as a positive choice, an idea that found acceptance by the 3096: 2404:, and perhaps wanted to discover the source of the river, but turned back before reaching Ethiopia. 27594: 27534: 27001: 26930: 26626: 25521: 25082: 22037: 21808: 21670: 20804: 20736: 20722: 20717: 20708: 20694: 20680: 20670: 20537: 20459: 20387: 20372: 20339: 20329: 20205: 19918: 17953: 16656: 14929: 8256: 6164: 5934: 5711: 5521: 4478: 4406: 3988:

had been turned into a Roman province in 46 BC by Julius Caesar due to Juba I's support of Pompey.

3838: 3605: 3558: 3455: 3261: 3067: 3063: 2691: 2687: 2592: 2555: 2496: 2128:. By the reign of Cleopatra, however, it was considered a normal arrangement for Ptolemaic rulers. 1791: 1709: 1225: 1200: 921: 19278: 15376: 8980:, but that historians generally assume her mother was Cleopatra V Tryphaena, wife of Ptolemy XII. 8255:, p. 33) provides the name Quintus Cascellius as the recipient of the tax exemption, not the 6248:. This would make her a cousin of her husband, Ptolemy XII, but she could have been a daughter of 4709: 4409:

in Rome, the first time that a living person had their statue placed next to that of a deity in a

3751:

that there was room for only one Caesar in the world. With the fall of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the

3219:

through to various media in modern times. Cleopatra was said to have brainwashed Mark Antony with

2271: 1859:

The Roman financiers of Ptolemy XII remained determined to restore him to power. Pompey persuaded

577: 446: 27316: 25806: 25769: 25506: 25151: 25004: 24945: 24886: 24682: 24603: 23877: 23792: 23769: 22086: 21948: 21885: 21674: 21474: 21290: 20784: 20751: 20704: 20690: 20582: 20449: 20396: 20362: 20354: 20303: 20298: 19984: 19808: 19687: 19621: 19529: 19496: 19328: 18084: 18067: 17903:

Newman, Robert (1990). "A Dialogue of Power in the Coinage of Antony and Octavian (44–30 B.C.)".

17354:"197 Marble portrait, perhaps of Cleopatra VII's daughter, Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania" 17255:"HRH Cleopatra: the Last of the Ptolemies and the Egyptian Paintings of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema" 16950: 16514: 16291: 16250: 8180: 7580: 7575:

For political background information on the Roman annexation of Cyprus, a move pushed for in the

6180: 6110: 5948: 5674: 5569: 5488: 5145:

in 1885 depicting the painting as described in the archaeological report shows Cleopatra wearing

4687:, but it was abandoned for a more modest, austere look during the conservative rule of Augustus. 4605: 3916: 3866: 3352: 3237: 3208: 3125: 3087: 3025: 2959: 2823: 2580: 2484: 2256: 1968: 1806: 1760: 1729: 1668: 1623: 1596: 1595:. Aside from Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, these languages reflected Cleopatra's desire to restore 1469: 1237: 1216: 1126: 980: 926: 879: 793: 18620: 18612: 18593: 18585: 17885: 17877: 17520: 17512: 17388: 17380: 17361: 17353: 16823: 16815: 16796: 16788: 16690: 16436: 5913:, mixed with dangerous and overt female sexuality. Colbert's character of Cleopatra served as a 1153:. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, 1145:. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court 1004: 27584: 27178: 27111: 26862: 26828: 26791: 26516: 26488: 26478: 26212: 25697: 25129: 24838: 24760: 24647: 24533: 24381: 24371: 23919: 23898: 23817: 22731: 22591: 22201: 21835: 21795: 21589: 21531: 21415: 21219: 20882: 20819: 20685: 20517: 20406: 20401: 20367: 20324: 20293: 20165: 20090: 20027: 20004: 19923: 19908: 19898: 19893: 19878: 19818: 19813: 19798: 19667: 19572: 19562: 19524: 18319: 8741:, image plates and captions between pp. 246–247), likewise describes her as a red-haired woman. 8130:, pp. 155–156) argues in favor of its depicting Cleopatra rather than her daughter, while 7135: 6153:, the sister-wife of Ptolemy XII who had previously given birth to their daughter Berenice IV. 5996: 5944: 5720: 5669: 5643: 5616: 5600: 5484: 5319: 4765: 4750: 3655: 3648: 3617: 3269: 3066:

in 36 BC turned into a complete debacle for a number of reasons, in particular the betrayal of

2596: 2408: 2335: 2291: 1956: 1884: 1778:

in 63 BC were rejected. Ptolemy XII responded to the threat of possible annexation by offering

1689: 1685: 1548: 1445: 1360: 1292: 874: 17739:(1996), "Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives", in Kennedy, David L.; Braund, David (eds.), 16540: 16332: 8659:, p. 187) offered the explanation that it once held a sculpted representation of a jewel. 8330:, pp. 194–195) writes that the implement used to puncture Cleopatra's skin was a hairpin. 6093: 4957: 4923: 4576:

neotera – Queen Cleopatra younger goddess), ANTωNIOC AYTOKPATωP TPITON TPIωN ANΔPωN (Antonios

2307:, with Caesar and Cleopatra trapped together inside, lasted into the following year of 47 BC. 27504: 27499: 27454: 27385: 27377: 26691: 26641: 26568: 26493: 26174: 25996: 25114: 24391: 23867: 23832: 23812: 23802: 23764: 22364: 22268: 21622: 20845: 20840: 20824: 20794: 20660: 20426: 20382: 20319: 20115: 20105: 20052: 20047: 19903: 19883: 19873: 19868: 19853: 19843: 19803: 19682: 19677: 19657: 19647: 19631: 19626: 19491: 19297: 19282: 18359: 17945:

Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus

16954: 14015: 8830: 8355: 7758:, p. 34) writes the following about the sibling marriage of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II: " 7522: 7190:, p. 3) describes them as a "Macedonian, Greek-speaking" dynasty. Other sources such as 7063: 6838: 6828: 6661: 6577: 6342: 6241: 6150: 6085: 5897: 5887: 5877: 5134: 4745:

Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra, the sculpture known as the "

4672: 4543: 4012: 3939: 3794: 3368: 2877: 2101: 1787: 1717: 1681: 1631: 1184:. Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she stayed at Caesar's 1142: 783: 7434:, p. 3) states that Cleopatra could have been born in either late 70 BC or early 69 BC. 3435:

in Greece, and by the spring of 31 BC they had moved to Actium, on the southern side of the

2475:), in effect client rulers loyal to Rome. Cleopatra's visitors at Caesar's villa across the 2422:, to secure Cleopatra's tenuous position, but also perhaps to keep her activities in check. 2310: 27442: 27226: 27152: 26681: 26661: 26573: 26265: 26255: 26079: 25423: 25364: 24632: 24386: 23892: 23847: 23220: 22848: 22783: 22636: 22631: 22338: 22333: 22186: 21612: 21400: 21279: 20830: 20809: 20612: 20431: 20283: 19858: 19838: 19755: 19745: 19712: 19662: 19567: 19539: 19519: 19481: 9052:, pp. 268–281). Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton refer to Cleopatra V as Cleopatra VI and 7559: 7538: 6390: 6225:

writes that Cleopatra challenged Rome not as an Egyptian woman "but as a civilized Greek."

6149:

can be traced, the identity of her mother is uncertain. She was presumably the daughter of

5918: 5906: 5807: 5744: 5684: 5660: 5608: 5592:, although his work erroneously claimed that Octavian died soon after Cleopatra's suicide. 5561: 5543: 5404: 5326:

depicting Cleopatra and her young son Caesarion as a grown adult and ruling pharaoh making

5314: 5215: 5090:

having been associates, and Cleopatra's own daughter marrying the Numidian prince Juba II.

5087: 4519: 4459: 4441: 4374: 4270: 4166: 4157: 4118: 4103: 4088: 4058: 4054: 4004: 3132:

As Antony prepared for another Parthian expedition in 35 BC, this time aimed at their ally

2752: 2706: 2611: 2351: 2261: 2221:

August 48 BC, leading to the destruction of most of Pompey's army and his forced flight to

2194: 2066: 1868: 1280: 5758: 3632:

her tomb, telling her he had died honorably and that she could trust Octavian's companion

8: 27466: 27254: 27221: 26719: 26704: 26646: 26636: 26631: 26235: 25737: 23882: 23857: 23822: 23759: 23134: 23109: 22313: 22308: 21732: 21163: 20779: 20731: 20726: 20617: 20421: 20314: 20308: 20170: 19888: 19823: 19765: 19692: 19672: 19636: 19582: 19577: 19486: 19186: 18956: 17084: 16245: 8995: 8977: 8973: 8880: 8714: 8710: 8455: 8248: 8176: 8123: 7613: 7534: 7272: 7163: 6887: 6672: 6491: 6262: 6249: 6168: 6126: 6118: 6102: 6045: 5850: 5802:

was considered canonical by the Victorian era. Its popularity led to the perception that

5784: 5780: 5655: 5620: 5476: 4641: 4609: 3973: 3961: 3951: 3935: 3881:

that she managed was more of an ideal than a reality, the government attempted to impose

3715: 3398: 3289: 3242: 3178: 2873: 2804: 2722: 2564: 2455: 2214: 2097: 2025: 1651: 1615: 1591:, although her Roman contemporaries would have preferred to speak with her in her native 1540: 1524: 1504: 1461: 1441: 1288: 1122: 1090: 1051: 1043: 756: 158: 95: 17033: 8219:, p. 100) says that it is unclear if Antony and Cleopatra were ever truly married. 7992:, pp. 64–65) states that at this point (47 BC) Ptolemy XIV was 12 years old, while 7471:, pp. 15, 18, 166). For a comparison of arguments about Cleopatra's maternity, see 4760:

Both heads are dated to the mid-1st century BC and were found in Roman villas along the

4753:

collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the "

3124:

and of the children of kings). The mention of her children on the reverse refers to the

2487:, one of the members of Cleopatra's court, aided Caesar in the calculations for the new 27494: 26956: 26699: 26671: 26651: 26621: 26616: 25496: 25456: 25307: 25284: 25140: 24172: 24159: 23736: 22746: 22318: 22293: 21360: 21135: 20799: 20230: 20082: 19793: 19783: 19750: 19587: 19506: 19464: 18873: 18693: 18572: 18397: 18389: 18239: 18218:

The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier

17947:. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. 17914: 17430: 16924: 16513:, translated by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press ( 8981: 8615: 8172: 7361: 7315: 6138: 6037: 5976: 5557: 5537:, has been interpreted in modern times as being either playful or misogynistic satire. 5459: 5383: 5377: 5114: 5106: 5030: 5018: 4700: 4585: 4484: 4425: 4364: 4172: 4151: 3985: 3854: 3853:

in her realm, presiding over religious ceremonies dedicated to the deities of both the

3679: 3495: 3444: 3389: 3305: 3245:

to restock the Library of Alexandria later turned out to be an admitted fabrication by

3091: 3021: 2819: 2705:

By the spring of 40 BC, Antony left Egypt due to troubles in Syria, where his governor

2654: 2615: 2604: 2584: 2549: 2370:

Caesar is alleged to have joined Cleopatra for a cruise of the Nile and sightseeing of

2347: 2299: 2238: 2156: 2140: 1972: 1611: 1572: 1204: 1102: 1094: 1075: 1063: 973: 951: 891: 811: 19104: 17958:, Getty Museum Studies on Art, Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust), 17331:

Elia, Olga (1956) , "La tradizione della morte di Cleopatra nella pittura pompeiana",

7376:, p. 6).For further validation of Ptolemaic rulers being crowned at Memphis, see 5972: 5646:

in 1603, and the German publication in 1606 of alleged letters of Cleopatra, inspired

3143:

Dellius was sent as Antony's envoy to Artavasdes II in 34 BC to negotiate a potential

27101: 26951: 26810: 26756: 26746: 26558: 26230: 26222: 24227: 24206: 24100: 24067: 23779: 23114: 22736: 22616: 22238: 22166: 21824: 21627: 21617: 21549: 20875: 20835: 20814: 20769: 20416: 20344: 20190: 19828: 19788: 19603: 19549: 19534: 19350: 19254: 19243: 19192: 19171: 19154: 19135: 19128: 19111: 19085: 19063: 19044: 19022: 19005: 18983: 18964: 18915: 18896: 18877: 18867: 18852: 18806: 18787: 18764: 18745: 18705: 18663: 18643: 18624: 18619:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 18597: 18592:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 18586:"324 Gilded silver dish, decorated with a bust perhaps representing Cleopatra Selene" 18521: 18488: 18455: 18419: 18401: 18381: 18345: 18325: 18302: 18271: 18259: 18245: 18221: 18187: 18152: 18131: 18099: 18029: 17994: 17959: 17889: 17863: 17834: 17767: 17744: 17710: 17677: 17642: 17603: 17579: 17548: 17524: 17519:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 17485: 17462: 17438: 17416: 17410: 17392: 17365: 17340: 17317: 17298: 17262: 17241: 17215: 17181: 17134: 17113: 17094: 17070: 17039: 17015: 16996: 16962: 16916: 16873: 16827: 16800: 16761: 16631: 16623: 16613: 16336: 12256: 8876: 8872: 8611: 8314: 7563: 5882: 5832: 5732: 5679: 5579: 5451: 5400: 5309: 5300: 4722: 4535: 4503: 4455: 4356: 4352: 4285: 4238: 4081: 3846: 3790: 3144: 3042: 2998: 2966: 2891: 2504: 2430: 2315: 2189:

arrived, seeking military aid on behalf of his father. After returning to Italy from

2028: 1928: 1849: 1833: 1735: 1674: 1643: 1604: 1584: 1552: 1532: 1473: 1457: 1316: 1296: 1059: 1035: 1027: 839: 801: 87: 19310: 17884:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 17387:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 17360:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 16959:

Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods

16822:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 16795:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. 7402:

For the list of languages spoken by Cleopatra as mentioned by the ancient historian

5767:(1838) depicted the queen as a sensual and mystic Easterner, while the Egyptologist 4679:

in their own coinage. After her visit to Rome in 46–44 BC it became fashionable for

3701:

to bite and poison her. Plutarch relates this tale, but then suggests an implement (

3264:, a former Roman consul and Antony's confidant who would command his land forces at 3182: "make it happen" or "so be it") added in Greek, likely by the queen's own hand 1496: 27478: 27096: 26886: 26751: 26709: 26676: 26275: 25859: 25854: 25727: 25461: 25451: 25446: 24901: 24740: 24406: 24233: 24061: 23827: 23581: 23164: 22461: 22357: 22298: 21722: 21702: 20592: 20411: 20062: 19946: 19848: 19641: 19616: 19036: 18823:

Who Was Cleopatra? Mythology, propaganda, Liz Taylor and the real Queen of the Nile

18562: 18373: 17736: 16908: 16662: 16457: 16328: 8619: 8463: 7759: 7365: 7323: 7215: 6998: 6942: 6269: 6176: 6156: 5892: 5776: 5748: 5736: 5624: 5612: 5516: 5342: 5338: 5075: 5050: 4684: 4386: 4338: 4330: 4297: 4215: 4200: 4196: 4062: 4038: 3996: 3965: 3890: 3842: 3621: 3570: 3459: 3301: 3046: 2943: 2835: 2814:

in Alexandria as an unexpected guest and refugee who fled a turbulent situation in

2718: 2710: 2109: 2032: 1932: 1775: 1647: 1465: 1336: 1257: 933: 751: 17544:

Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia

16404: 5739:

and her image was used to market various household products, including oil lamps,

4548: 2522:

festival a month before Caesar's assassination. Antony attempted to place a royal

1176:

for her role in carrying out the siege. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother

27393: 27334: 27157: 26915: 26761: 26724: 25652: 25576: 24906: 24861: 24725: 24178: 24148: 24107: 24043: 23787: 23717: 23587: 22926: 22581: 22303: 21697: 21335: 21303: 21142: 20288: 20245: 20180: 20140: 19956: 19833: 19775: 19740: 19732: 19611: 19317: 19123: 18697: 18657: 18515: 18482: 18449: 18413: 18263: 18235: 18213: 18179: 18146: 18062: 18054: 17986: 17761: 17704: 17669: 17634: 17630: 17597: 17542: 17477: 17254: 17175: 17128: 17029: 16867: 16842: 16755: 16751: 16686: 16588: 14531: 14529: 8990: 8260: 8171:, pp. 91–92), these client state rulers installed by Antony included Herod, 8150:(the veil being a component of it) could likely mean it was intended to depict a 8094: 7411: 7159: 6824: 6210: 6191: 6142: 6134: 6114: 6041: 6029: 6025: 5968: 5836: 5584: 5480: 5189: 5159: 5138: 5083: 5022: 5010: 4961: 4949: 4911: 4828: 4804: 4800: 4719: 4632: 4467: 4447: 4394: 4378: 4343: 4293: 4289: 4266: 4219: 4134: 3878: 3858: 3546: 3412: 3364: 3232: 3137: 2958:

in Palestine, but she leased this territory back to Herod. At the expense of the

2869: 2811: 2738: 2714: 2679: 2664: 2630: 2500: 2488: 2441: 2082: 1924: 1915: 1888: 1876: 1740: 1580: 1576: 1560: 1500: 1453: 1328: 1304: 1229: 1180:

joint rulers but maintained a private affair with Cleopatra that produced a son,

1164:. Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the 1039: 58: 24944: 21884: 16666: 16431: 8671:, p. 187) wrote that the damaged lump along the hairline and diadem of the 3190:

soon after the triumph, Cleopatra dressed as Isis and declared that she was the

2911:

granted by Octavian and a thousand soldiers lent by Octavia, Antony traveled to

27116: 26976: 26925: 26879: 26741: 26189: 26094: 26074: 25466: 25091: 24856: 24274: 24072: 24033: 23751: 23707: 23576: 22660: 22586: 22416: 22288: 22248: 21996: 21848: 21813: 21803: 21737: 21692: 21574: 21569: 21149: 21128: 21094: 20665: 20235: 20175: 19863: 19473: 18876:" series. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 18484:

Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture

18451:

Antony and Cleopatra: The Doomed Love Affair That United Ancient Rome and Egypt

18123: 17406: 17229: 16988: 16400: 8969: 8884: 8636: 7335: 7327: 7058: 6222: 6214: 6122: 6006: 5980: 5291: 5203: 5095: 4791: 4733: 4661: 4594: 4539: 4495: 4472: 4099: 4094: 3882: 3752: 3698: 3588: 3574: 3515: 3436: 3372: 3199: 3191: 3121: 2935: 2758:

Mark Antony's Parthian campaign in the east was disrupted by the events of the

2568: 2512: 2467: 2462: 2393: 2385: 2363: 2182: 2078: 1982: 1948: 1911: 1860: 1825: 1528: 1249: 1158: 1134: 19268: 19211: 18567: 18548: 17931: 14756: 14754: 14752: 14526: 8887:, was Cleopatra's half-cousin, speculation which has been recently refuted by 5905:" queen, Bara's Cleopatra also incorporated tropes familiar from 19th-century 5236: 5017:

in 1885 (left) depicting the now lost painted death portrait of Cleopatra, an

4854:

Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, showing Cleopatra with a "melon" hairstyle and

4397:, such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the 3288:); this is likely the autograph of the queen, as it was Ptolemaic practice to 3004: 27488: 27242: 26539: 26295: 25950: 25677: 25327: 25228: 25109: 25067: 25062: 24818: 24788: 24720: 24715: 24661: 24655: 24612: 23953: 23852: 23684: 23654: 23330: 23185: 23042: 22911: 22751: 22726: 22676: 22283: 22278: 22273: 22263: 22070: 22001: 21991: 21853: 21607: 21355: 21298: 21251: 21088: 21047: 20633: 20622: 20120: 20110: 20067: 20032: 19760: 19334: 19196: 19158: 19009: 18385: 17938:. Translated by William Finlayson Trotter. New York: P. F. Collier & Son. 17926: 17838: 17824: 17757: 17344: 17245: 16920: 16635: 16301: 8859:, pp. 47–50), the main ethnic groups of Ptolemaic Egypt were Egyptians, 8593: 8431:

For further information and extracts of Strabo's account of Cleopatra in his

8401: 8196: 7725: 7231: 7223: 7219: 6399: 6146: 5984: 5914: 5812: 5788: 5724: 5647: 5455: 5257: 5245: 5231: 5150: 5118: 5046: 5034: 4780: 4737: 4645: 4636: 4598: 3870: 3862: 3764: 3748: 3694: 3475: 3360: 3228: 3195: 3038: 2982: 2970: 2951: 2927: 2895: 2532: 2355: 2319: 2222: 2185:

were still fighting against Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria when Pompey's son

2050: 1803: 1795: 1364: 1344: 1320: 1308: 1265: 1245: 1241: 1130: 1079: 1031: 19217: 17828: 16559: 13707: 9326: 8093:

For further information about Publius Ventidius Bassus and his victory over

7236: 7230:) was used along with Late Egyptian on official court documents such as the 3799: 3112:, which bears the inscription reading "ANTONI ARMENIA DEVICTA" (For Antony, 2518:

Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the

2173:(27 BC – 14 AD), a copy of an original from 70 to 60 BC, and located in the 1347:, and in modern times, Cleopatra has appeared in the applied and fine arts, 27371: 26961: 26341: 26320: 26305: 26285: 26207: 25960: 25935: 25920: 25874: 25849: 25752: 25722: 25627: 25587: 25486: 25363: 25266: 25223: 24871: 24828: 24808: 24783: 24735: 24710: 24690: 24038: 23872: 23862: 23837: 23689: 23639: 23598: 23324: 23236: 23124: 23037: 23017: 22936: 22901: 22896: 22782: 22721: 22431: 22253: 22243: 22206: 22161: 22075: 22065: 22055: 21971: 21687: 21564: 21373: 21314: 21174: 21121: 21026: 20675: 20638: 20602: 20255: 20240: 20155: 20095: 20057: 20037: 20022: 19697: 19402: 19302: 19290: 19233: 19077: 18997: 18659:

All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music

18445: 18409: 18337: 18329: 18315: 17288: 16912: 16427: 14749: 9000: 7576: 7485: 7319: 6584: 6498: 6349: 6245: 6229: 6206: 6089: 5960: 5840: 5716: 5632: 5534: 5472: 5142: 5078:(218–201 BC) drank poison and committed suicide at the behest of her lover 5014: 4863: 4502:

and assert that it was unlikely she would be depicted as the naked goddess

4410: 4398: 4066: 3772: 3522:, early 1st century AD, most likely depicting Cleopatra, wearing her royal 3427: 3339: 2939: 2908: 2759: 2668: 2638: 2560: 2507:, mother of the Romans. The statue also subtly linked the Egyptian goddess 2397: 2012:, but honouring a queen Cleopatra (probably Cleopatra VII), located in the 1813: 1799: 1779: 1757: 1635: 1619: 1284: 1253: 1138: 1114: 1106: 1071: 129: 66: 24415: 19115: 18103: 17795:"What's New in Demotic Studies? An Overview of the Publications 2010–2013" 5330:. Augustus had his name inscribed there following the death of Cleopatra. 2077:

to garrison Egypt. Inheriting her father's debts, Cleopatra also owed the

606: 475: 323: 211: 27366: 27137: 26920: 26856: 26608: 26563: 26352: 26330: 25945: 25892: 25763: 25742: 25703: 25238: 25156: 25146: 25134: 25042: 25037: 25032: 24876: 24768: 24695: 24672: 24667: 24142: 24087: 23938: 23887: 23807: 23679: 23571: 23553: 23511: 23422: 23313: 23308: 23303: 23257: 23241: 23214: 23179: 23169: 23104: 23057: 23047: 23032: 23022: 22969: 22931: 22906: 22886: 22876: 22642: 22626: 22601: 22596: 22396: 22323: 22233: 22216: 22171: 22146: 22080: 22060: 22045: 22027: 21757: 21752: 21559: 21386: 21366: 21180: 21114: 21105: 20989: 20215: 20210: 20150: 20135: 20072: 20017: 19994: 19989: 19964: 19702: 19425: 19409: 19395: 19379: 19099: 18936: 18827: 9048:

The family tree and short discussions of the individuals can be found in

8433: 7617: 7530: 7517: 7493: 7489: 7227: 6903: 6160: 6049: 5864: 5768: 5665: 5526: 5354: 5350: 5264: 5261: 5241: 5207: 4855: 4820: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4561: 4553: 4242: 3850: 3808: 3756: 3562: 3535: 3467: 3408: 3377: 3105: 3013: 2994: 2947: 2792: 2675: 2572: 2279: 2213:

In Greece, Caesar and Pompey's forces engaged each other at the decisive

2202: 2190: 2144: 2121: 1906: 1892: 1880: 1864: 1837: 1829: 1749: 1701: 1677: 1592: 1556: 1544: 1332: 1312: 1269: 1252:. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the 1212: 1185: 1177: 1098: 1067: 1055: 817: 730: 725: 135: 123: 18576: 17918: 17478:"Dying Like a Queen: the Story of Cleopatra and the Asp(s) in Antiquity" 17234:

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung

16928: 5212:

the white skin of her face and neck set against a stark black background

1891:, furnish the Roman-led army with supplies. As a young cavalry officer, 1026:; 70/69 BC – 10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the 27361: 27220: 27132: 26966: 26798: 26372: 26245: 25869: 25844: 25839: 25834: 25757: 25642: 25632: 25603: 25597: 25476: 25337: 25332: 25208: 25203: 25097: 24778: 24578: 24563: 24541: 24459: 24458: 24259: 24213: 24166: 24121: 24093: 23914: 23797: 23722: 23649: 23538: 23353: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23263: 23251: 23231: 23204: 23174: 23154: 23099: 23052: 23027: 22959: 22921: 22891: 22881: 22621: 22421: 22411: 22181: 22176: 22141: 22050: 22022: 21843: 21747: 21742: 21727: 21712: 21520: 21514: 21428: 21156: 20974: 20911: 20774: 20741: 20607: 20265: 20125: 20012: 19979: 19941: 19933: 19416: 18689: 17766:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 17593: 17538: 16612:, Mundelein, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, pp. 201–220, 15834: 15774: 8864: 7950:, p. 19) states that Caesar's reinforcements came in January, but 7621: 7526: 7368:, along with a survey of the various ethnic groups residing there, see 7303: 7301: 7264: 6234: 5872: 5740: 5365:), which can be seen on coins of both Arsinoe II and Cleopatra. In his 5358: 5346: 5071: 4980: 4617: 4613: 4577: 4573: 4433: 4326: 4184: 4171:, the memoirs of an unknown staff officer who served under Caesar. The 4142: 3992: 3812: 3768: 3625: 3328:

In a speech to the Roman Senate on the first day of his consulship on 1

2962: 2800: 2788: 2784: 2519: 2389: 2380: 2207: 2117: 2113: 2046: 1768: 1693: 1568: 1536: 1193: 1169: 1150: 797: 168: 141: 18761:

Orientalism and the Reception of Powerful Women from the Ancient World

18393: 17130:

Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies

15699: 15687: 15504: 13323: 9384: 8598: 8400:, written in Latin prose sometime between 46 and 43 BC, was a certain 5867:

horror film, was the first film to depict the character of Cleopatra.

5775:(1894) was more grounded in historical accuracy. The French dramatist 5098:(possibly an elaborate tray handle), while another man standing by is 27106: 27027: 26240: 26142: 26122: 26089: 25747: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25647: 25637: 25570: 25565: 25556: 25541: 25531: 25471: 25322: 25317: 25119: 25047: 24881: 24803: 24705: 24618: 24199: 24114: 24077: 24003: 23997: 23924: 23621: 23603: 23548: 23528: 23391: 23226: 23209: 23159: 23012: 22979: 22974: 22916: 22715: 22536: 22489: 22441: 22401: 22378: 22151: 22017: 21986: 21640: 21554: 21380: 21261: 20998: 20643: 20627: 20260: 20250: 20225: 20195: 20100: 20042: 19974: 19969: 19722: 19592: 19514: 19433: 19238: 18914:. Vol. 1–3 (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 18321:

On the Antique Painting in Encaustic of Cleopatra: Discovered in 1818

17461:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; Richard Clay (the Chaucer Press), 16199: 15716: 15714: 14343: 8868: 8762:

For further information on Cleopatra's Macedonian Greek lineage, see

8151: 8065: 6781: 6195: 6106: 5952: 5922: 5910: 5589: 5447: 5420: 5296: 5079: 5054: 4956:

near massive temple doors is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra as

4927: 4761: 4621: 4581: 4569: 4523: 4507: 4382: 4360: 4348: 4316: 4192: 4008: 3728: 3708: 3580: 3527: 3171: 3053: 3033:

was neglecting his virtuous Roman wife Octavia, granted both her and

2923: 2447: 2407:

Caesar departed from Egypt around April 47 BC, allegedly to confront

2375: 2132: 2093: 2070: 2021: 2017: 1940: 1896: 1872: 1841: 1477: 1423: 1409: 1403: 1389: 1367: 1348: 1300: 1181: 1154: 746: 105: 18148:

Cleopatra and Antony: Power, Love, and Politics in the Ancient World

17133:, translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 16605: 7298: 7267:) separate from the country of Egypt, with citizenship reserved for 6240:

The family tree given below also lists Cleopatra V as a daughter of

5337:

statue measuring 104 centimetres (41 in) in height, now in the

5149:

and jewelry of Egypt in the late Hellenistic period, as well as the

4631:

The inscriptions on the coins are written in Greek, but also in the

4568:

mint in 36 BC, with Greek legends: BACIΛΙCCA KΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑ ΘΕΑ ΝΕωΤΕΡΑ (

4141:

and 'melon' hairstyle similar to coinage portraits, found along the

3020:(right), issued in 41 BC to celebrate the establishment of the 2197:

in January of 49 BC, Caesar had forced Pompey and his supporters to

1287:

produced a generally critical view of the queen that pervaded later

1149:, had Pompey ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied 27032: 26991: 26835: 26666: 26137: 26132: 25965: 25955: 25930: 25910: 25816: 25312: 25302: 25248: 25233: 25218: 25057: 25027: 24912: 24896: 24866: 24813: 24793: 24745: 24730: 24700: 24588: 24573: 24558: 24552: 24269: 24264: 24253: 24220: 24135: 24128: 24082: 24054: 24048: 24013: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23593: 23533: 23376: 23348: 22941: 22871: 22683: 22669: 22649: 22611: 22523: 22468: 22426: 22258: 22228: 22191: 22136: 21981: 21858: 21763: 21707: 21602: 21509: 21503: 21492: 21458: 21342: 21328: 21321: 21308: 21272: 21012: 20220: 20145: 20130: 18377: 17160:

Cheshire, Wendy (2011), "The Phantom Sister of Ptolemy Alexander",

16504: 15480: 12595: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12342: 11198: 8944:

For further information on the identity of Cleopatra's mother, see

8842:

For the Sogdian ancestry of Apama, wife of Seleucus I Nicator, see

8635:

once had a cupid's hand that was broken off was first suggested by

8289: 8073: 7737:, p. 30) claims that the Senate was informed of his death on 1 7403: 6833: 5042: 4790:

Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the

4211: 4114: 4026: 3841:, Cleopatra ruled Egypt and other territories such as Cyprus as an 3830: 3479: 3334: 3315: 3149: 3101: 3017: 2907:, where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC. With two 2796: 2672: 2536: 2416: 2283: 2170: 2136: 2074: 1449: 1351:

satire, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.

1208: 83: 25991: 18780:

When the Greeks Ruled Egypt: From Alexander the Great to Cleopatra

16627: 15993: 15870: 15858: 15846: 15738: 15711: 14367: 14319: 11749: 8989:

contends that Cleopatra V was most likely Cleopatra VII's mother.

5218:

at Pompeii features Egyptian-style imagery, such as a Greek-style

4510:). However, she was depicted in an Egyptian statue as the goddess 3310: 1408:, "father"). The masculine form would have been written either as 1034:

from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the

26084: 25940: 25687: 25672: 25546: 25511: 25124: 25103: 25052: 24891: 24798: 24750: 24593: 24568: 24546: 24246: 24185: 24028: 23712: 23523: 23517: 23505: 23386: 23381: 23318: 23297: 23142: 23094: 22994: 22984: 22709: 22606: 22576: 22558: 22547: 22530: 22482: 22475: 22406: 22328: 21976: 21784: 21770: 21682: 21633: 21539: 21482: 21433: 21266: 21256: 21236: 21169: 21019: 20898: 20789: 20185: 19263: 17112:, London: British Museum Press (Trustees of the British Museum), 16017: 14255: 14253: 13762: 13541: 13539: 12195: 11625: 11348: 9898: 9896: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9287: 8352: 7763: 7283:, p. 3).For the multiple languages spoken by Cleopatra, see 7276: 6075: 6066: 5902: 5706: 5636: 5628: 5193: 5155: 5110: 5045:'s description of her wearing the robes of Isis), as well as the 5026: 4945: 4919: 4803:

speculates that the British Museum head, along with those in the

4653: 4625: 4565: 4557: 4034: 4030: 3977: 3816: 3741: 3519: 3416: 3253: 3161: 3109: 3071: 2974: 2955: 2912: 2904: 2827: 2776: 2772: 2699: 2401: 2378:

provided considerable details about the voyage, including use of

2009: 1952: 1853: 1772: 1713: 1564: 1516: 1173: 75: 26508: 20910: 17991:

Seduction and Power: Antiquity in the Visual and Performing Arts

15155: 15126: 15124: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13127: 13125: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12339: 11930: 11520: 11169: 9156: 7322:

as having declined and diminished in greatness since the age of

6217:

in northern Egypt belonging to a family of priests dedicated to

2779:, Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at 1058:, and she is the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned the 26376: 26366: 26356: 26346: 26334: 26324: 26309: 26299: 26289: 26279: 26269: 26259: 26249: 26197: 26127: 26117: 25925: 25915: 25691: 25682: 25581: 25491: 25480: 25243: 25160: 25072: 24917: 24823: 24153: 24023: 23660: 23543: 23148: 23119: 22989: 22964: 22756: 22690: 22516: 22509: 22436: 22391: 22385: 22211: 22131: 21717: 21544: 21497: 21451: 21423: 21349: 21227: 21186: 21068: 21033: 21005: 20200: 18362:(1953). "The Last Days of Cleopatra: A Chronological Problem". 17862:, Princeton, New Jersey: British Museum Press, pp. 14–31, 17513:"Searching for Cleopatra's image: classical portraits in stone" 16610:

Ab Omni Parte Beatus: Classical Essays in Honor of James M. May

15337: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15294: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15196: 15194: 15145: 15143: 15141: 15139: 14793: 14069: 13375: 11864: 11862: 11823: 11784: 11691: 11689: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11430: 11428: 11234: 10825: 10823: 10781: 10730: 10728: 8904: 8860: 8680: 8459: 8418: 8069: 7484:

Due to discrepancies in academic works, in which some consider

7326:, an attitude that has continued even into the works of modern 7268: 6922: 6920: 6188: 6033: 5844: 5735:, Cleopatra was highly associated with many aspects of ancient 5627:

depicting Cleopatra include designs by the Renaissance artists

5530: 5428: 5424: 5334: 5323: 5287:

Reign of Cleopatra § Egypt under the monarchy of Cleopatra

5219: 5192:

possibly depicting Cleopatra, from the House of the Orchard at

5058: 4859: 4824: 4657: 4492: 4402: 4390: 4373:

Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the

4334: 4223: 4207: 4180: 4176: 4138: 3981: 3947: 3895: 3886: 3820: 3804: 3785:

Reign of Cleopatra § Egypt under the monarchy of Cleopatra

3734: 3601: 3596: 3550: 3534:

While Octavian occupied Athens, Antony and Cleopatra landed at

3523: 3432: 3265: 3075: 3009: 2986: 2965:(a cousin of Herod), Cleopatra was also given a portion of the 2780: 2763: 2730: 2726: 2634: 2626: 2523: 2480: 2226: 2166: 2125: 2054: 2013: 2005: 1867:, to invade Egypt and restore Ptolemy XII, offering him 10,000 1821: 1817: 1783: 1745: 1508: 1324: 1220: 1146: 1118: 62: 18704:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 172–194, 18270:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 132–149, 18186:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 195–207, 17333:

Rendiconti dell'Accademia di Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti

17261:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 150–171, 16321:

Fischer-Bovet, Christelle (2015). "Cleopatra VII, 69–30 BCE".

16148: 16090: 16088: 16005: 15957: 15750: 15651: 14516: 14514: 14250: 14199: 14197: 14195: 13912: 13536: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10520: 10341: 10210: 10171: 9893: 9782: 9732: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 8825:, pp. 69, 74, 76). Contrary to other sources cited here, 8737:, p. 87) describes her as a flame-haired redhead and, in 8733:, pp. 314–315) describe her hair as reddish brown, while 8134:, p. 20) mentions only Cleopatra as a possible likeness. 7500:, p. 28) states that Ptolemy XII had six children, while 7010: 6954: 6015: 5357:. The woman in the basalt statue also holds a divided, double 2621:

By the end of 42 BC, Octavian had gained control over much of

2354:, and executed. Arsinoe IV was forcefully paraded in Caesar's 171:(disputed, Cleopatra later usurped her from power), Ptolemy XV 25864: 25622: 25526: 25501: 24851: 24583: 24239: 24018: 24008: 23986: 23644: 22553: 22541: 22454: 22371: 22222: 22156: 21818: 21487: 21445: 21439: 21231: 21190: 21061: 21054: 21040: 16789:"194 Marble head of a Ptolemaic queen with vulture headdress" 15762: 15327: 15325: 15167: 15121: 15111: 15109: 15107: 15105: 14930:"Online Scholarly Catalogues at the Art Institute of Chicago" 14910: 14270: 14268: 14182: 14180: 13996: 13972: 13863: 13861: 13821: 13819: 13452: 13450: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13294: 13292: 13256: 13254: 13173: 13122: 13010: 12884: 12882: 12810: 12798: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12705: 12649: 12647: 12583: 12556: 12117: 11957: 11615: 11613: 11508: 11287: 11285: 10808: 10700: 10698: 10370: 10368: 10188: 10186: 9806: 9420: 8994:

Ptolemaic Dynasty to speak Egyptian, along with her daughter

8675:

likely contained a sculpted representation of a jewel, which

8358:, the first of whom was Gallus. For further information, see 8280: 7259: 7097: 7071: 7022: 6184: 5956: 5130: 4953: 4931: 4764:

in Italy, the Vatican Cleopatra having been unearthed in the

3824: 3744: 3720: 3702: 3257: 3224: 3165: 3034: 2990: 2978: 2931: 2815: 2476: 2451: 2323: 2058: 2001: 1627: 1588: 1483: 1429: 1415: 1395: 1381: 1373: 17484:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 54–77, 16044: 15945: 15354: 15352: 15291: 15233: 15191: 15136: 14873: 14871: 14781: 14081: 13806: 13804: 13639: 13603: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13269: 13039: 13037: 13035: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13000: 12998: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12002: 11859: 11737: 11713: 11701: 11686: 11654: 11598: 11559: 11532: 11496: 11455: 11425: 11092: 11080: 10988: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10820: 10725: 10715: 10713: 9937: 9935: 9396: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 7996:, p. 19) claims that he was still only 10 years of age. 6917: 4819:

Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, with a "melon" hairstyle and

3778: 2915:, where he made preparations for war against the Parthians. 2073:, the now unemployed and assimilated Roman soldiers left by 25732: 25560: 25536: 25516: 25213: 24846: 23991: 23981: 23371: 23246: 22447: 21777: 21597: 21579: 21464: 21246: 21241: 21075: 20867: 16187: 16085: 16056: 15923: 15921: 15906: 15675: 15581: 15579: 15080: 15078: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15003: 15001: 14900: 14898: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14511: 14501: 14499: 14440: 14307: 14192: 13697: 13695: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13161: 12634: 12632: 12502: 12500: 12229: 12227: 12055: 12053: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11314: 11312: 11027: 10884: 10882: 10798: 10796: 10769: 10685: 10683: 10559: 10510: 10508: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10400: 10398: 10288: 10264: 10161: 10159: 9248: 9212: 9096: 8286: 8147: 7774: 7770: 7031: 7013: 6975: 6957: 6845:, pp. 149, 214, footnote 103).Plutarch, translated by 6218: 5678:, which portrayed the love affair of Caesar and Cleopatra; 5269: 5249: 5099: 5038: 4616:(316–260 BC) and even depictions of earlier queens such as 4511: 4337:

from the second half of the 1st century BC, located in the

4188: 3675: 3669: 3283: 2508: 2339: 2338:. Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV withdrew their forces to the 1936: 1871:

for the proposed mission. Although it put him at odds with

617: 486: 348: 236: 17930: 16211: 16124: 15981: 15933: 15798: 15603: 15591: 15540: 15492: 15416: 15414: 15412: 15322: 15221: 15211: 15209: 15102: 15013: 14988: 14986: 14947: 14720: 14647: 14645: 14632: 14630: 14593: 14591: 14467: 14403: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14331: 14280: 14265: 14221: 14209: 14177: 14165: 14153: 14141: 14129: 14117: 14105: 14093: 14057: 13948: 13900: 13858: 13836: 13834: 13816: 13791: 13789: 13750: 13551: 13512: 13500: 13447: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13335: 13289: 13251: 13205: 13149: 13097: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13089: 13049: 12918: 12906: 12879: 12867: 12857: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12749: 12729: 12717: 12644: 12573: 12571: 12485: 12444: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12268: 12246: 12244: 12242: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11947: 11945: 11903: 11901: 11811: 11801: 11799: 11610: 11588: 11586: 11571: 11282: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11039: 10899: 10897: 10695: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10639: 10591: 10532: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10442: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10365: 10300: 10242: 10240: 10198: 10183: 10099: 10077: 10075: 10048: 10024: 9908: 9650: 9648: 9485: 9483: 9374: 9372: 9202: 9200: 9198: 8972:

finds this hypothesis to be dubious and lacking evidence.

8199:

provided Antony with 1,200 troops, not 2,000 as stated in

5835:

popularized the claims of the 4th-century Roman historian

5525:, contextualized Cleopatra for the Christian world of the 4275:

Death of Cleopatra § Depictions in art and literature

3454:

On 2 September 31 BC the naval forces of Octavian, led by

3415:, SyriaRight: A silver tetradrachm of Cleopatra minted at 1875:, Gabinius invaded Egypt in the spring of 55 BC by way of 25592: 22196: 19227: 18656:

Woodstra, Chris; Brennan, Gerald; Schrott, Allen (2005),

18520:, British Museum Objects in Focus, British Museum Press, 16961:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–99, 16177: 16175: 16034: 16032: 15894: 15786: 15627: 15516: 15470: 15468: 15399: 15397: 15395: 15393: 15391: 15364: 15349: 15250: 15042: 15040: 14868: 14858: 14856: 14854: 14852: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14844: 14842: 14840: 14771: 14769: 14674: 14672: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14546: 14544: 14430: 14428: 14384: 14382: 14297: 14295: 14240: 14238: 14236: 13960: 13878: 13876: 13801: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13680: 13670: 13668: 13666: 13651: 13576: 13574: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13473: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13465: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13266: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13195: 13193: 13112: 13110: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13022: 12995: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12832: 12830: 12786: 12769: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12065: 11222: 11128: 11000: 10909: 10835: 10710: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10329: 10146: 10144: 9959: 9932: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9847: 9845: 9818: 9660: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9618: 9616: 9586: 9470: 9468: 9338: 9304: 9302: 9224: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 8717:

of the painting as preserved in textual descriptions and

7954:, p. 63) says that his reinforcements came in March. 7257:, pp. 43–54), Ptolemaic Alexandria was considered a 6966: 5582:

covered the reign of Cleopatra, such as the 10th-century

5126: 4465:

Since the 1950s scholars have debated whether or not the

4000: 3960:

After her suicide, Cleopatra's three surviving children,

3526:

and consuming poison in an act of suicide, while her son

2618:

in Greece, leading to the suicide of Cassius and Brutus.

2591:

for five-year terms to restore order in the Republic and

2543: 23417: 19153:. Translated by T. J. Cadoux. New York: Sagamore Press. 17989:, in Knippschild, Silke; García Morcillo, Marta (eds.), 16136: 15918: 15576: 15443: 15441: 15426: 15279: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15075: 15052: 14998: 14971: 14895: 14810: 14808: 14732: 14657: 14615: 14603: 14496: 13924: 13692: 13615: 13586: 13387: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12664: 12662: 12629: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12529: 12527: 12512: 12497: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12432: 12420: 12410: 12408: 12393: 12362: 12329: 12327: 12312: 12302: 12300: 12224: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12183: 12173: 12171: 12156: 12134: 12132: 12105: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12050: 12038: 11969: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11886: 11847: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11725: 11676: 11674: 11637: 11549: 11547: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11445: 11443: 11413: 11389: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11324: 11309: 11297: 11258: 11246: 11210: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11157: 11116: 11104: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11017: 11015: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10957: 10879: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10793: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10680: 10615: 10581: 10579: 10549: 10547: 10505: 10454: 10432: 10430: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10353: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10252: 10227: 10225: 10156: 7946:, pp. 119–120).As part of the siege of Alexandria, 7410:, pp. 33–34), who also mentions that the rulers of 5158:

to decorate his private villa, where it was found in an

4775:

accepted by scholars as being authentic survives at the

4593:

was the first foreign queen to have her image appear on

2942:), a city that was established by Ptolemy II. Given her 19041:

Women in Hellenistic Egypt: from Alexander to Cleopatra

16160: 15969: 15663: 15639: 15528: 15409: 15206: 15179: 15090: 14983: 14696: 14642: 14627: 14588: 14576: 14564: 14486: 14484: 14482: 14457: 14455: 14394: 14045: 13888: 13831: 13786: 13420: 13365: 13363: 13086: 12842: 12746: 12693: 12568: 12374: 12239: 12144: 11981: 11942: 11898: 11796: 11583: 11401: 11377: 11140: 10945: 10921: 10894: 10757: 10663: 10627: 10603: 10488: 10410: 10237: 10116: 10114: 10072: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9971: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9794: 9767:, p. 87, image plates and captions between pp. 246–247. 9696: 9645: 9603: 9601: 9480: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9408: 9369: 9314: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9195: 4656:

mint during her brief period of exile to Syria and the

4363:) that may be a depiction of Cleopatra, located in the 3934:

Left: A Roman head of either Cleopatra or her daughter

3256:

document dated to February 33 BC, later used to wrap a

3198:, while Alexander Helios was declared king of Armenia, 1712:. During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the 1680:

and an uncertain mother, presumably Ptolemy XII's wife

1089:

In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father,

18740:

Bianchi, Robert S.; Fazzini, Richard A., eds. (1988).

18655: 18026:

Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology

17038:, translated by W. J. Smyth, Cambridge: Polity Press, 16172: 16112: 16075: 16073: 16071: 16029: 15780: 15705: 15693: 15615: 15564: 15552: 15465: 15388: 15310: 15037: 15025: 14959: 14837: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14766: 14669: 14541: 14425: 14379: 14355: 14292: 14233: 13936: 13873: 13846: 13731: 13663: 13563: 13524: 13483: 13462: 13399: 13304: 13234: 13217: 13190: 13107: 13061: 12970: 12958: 12946: 12894: 12827: 12280: 12026: 10471: 10141: 10131: 10129: 10087: 10036: 9983: 9920: 9857: 9842: 9720: 9684: 9628: 9613: 9519: 9507: 9465: 9299: 9236: 9069: 8833:

as a possible cousin or sister of Ptolemy XII Auletes.

8326:

For the translated accounts of both Plutarch and Dio,

8140:

the other sculpted head from Cherchel featuring a veil

7882: 7880: 5691: 5466: 4612:, and perhaps also to those of her Ptolemaic ancestor 4522:

of a 1st-century BC Greek original from the school of

4048: 1782:

and lavish gifts to powerful Roman statesmen, such as

1093:, during his exile to Rome after a revolt in Egypt (a 27426: 17833:(in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 16581:

Raia, Ann R.; Sebesta, Judith Lynn (September 2017),

15882: 15822: 15726: 15453: 15438: 15262: 14883: 14805: 14033: 13984: 13774: 13719: 13627: 13137: 12674: 12659: 12539: 12524: 12468: 12456: 12405: 12324: 12297: 12207: 12168: 12129: 12088: 11913: 11874: 11835: 11761: 11671: 11544: 11484: 11467: 11440: 11360: 11336: 11270: 11181: 11068: 11051: 11012: 10969: 10933: 10860: 10740: 10651: 10576: 10544: 10427: 10380: 10312: 10276: 10222: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9432: 9168: 7828: 7826: 7040: 7004: 7001: 6984: 6948: 6945: 5529:. His depiction of Cleopatra and Antony, her shining 5021:

discovered in 1818 in the ancient Roman ruins of the

1618:

died in late 81 BC, he was succeeded by his daughter

1295:. In the visual arts, her ancient depictions include 18613:"325 Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile" 17987:"The Great Seducer: Cleopatra, Queen and Sex Symbol" 17951: 15810: 14708: 14684: 14479: 14452: 14413: 13360: 12014: 10111: 10007: 9947: 9874: 9830: 9770: 9708: 9672: 9598: 9543: 9444: 9357: 9260: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 8394:, p. 60) offers speculation that the author of 8118:, p. 219) provides a detailed discussion about 7755: 7199: 7195: 7056:, p. 44) respectively. Her name was pronounced 7028: 7025: 7019: 7007: 6972: 6969: 6963: 6951: 6812: 6810: 4491:, apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the 4487:—is a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the statue's 3833:

Kleopatras) with an eagle standing on a thunderbolt.

3594:

Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the

3478:

sails, as the two escaped the battle and headed for

2725:, both of whom Antony acknowledged as his children. 2713:, a former officer under Cassius who now served the 1673:

Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling

18849:

The Reception of Cleopatra in the Age of Mass Media

18662:, Ann Arbor, MI: All Media Guide (Backbeat Books), 18264:"The Amazing Afterlife of Cleopatra's Love Potions" 16100: 16068: 14820: 10126: 9995: 9495: 9185: 9183: 8639:in 1933. Kleiner concurs with this assessment. See 7877: 7016: 6960: 6859: 6857: 6855: 2934:, which remained in Roman hands. She also received 575:The goddess Cleopatra who is beloved of her father 206:The great Lady of perfection, excellent in counsel 19212:Ancient Roman depictions of Cleopatra VII of Egypt 19127: 19103: 17578:, translated by Tina Saavedra, London: Routledge, 16955:"The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids" 16658:Cat. 22 Tetradrachm Portraying Queen Cleopatra VII 9555: 9531: 7823: 5947:attributed to her are, likely to be the work of a 5037:; she is seen here wearing the knotted garment of 2232: 1275:Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern 1157:, viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so 18759:Carlà-Uhink, Filippo; Weiber, Anja, eds. (2020). 18299:Becoming Cleopatra: The Shifting Image of an Icon 17993:, London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 183–197, 17437:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 14016:"CoinArchives.com Search Results : drachmai" 10060: 9125: 8111: 8109: 8107: 6807: 6137:, founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and 5668:. Cleopatra was also featured in operas, such as 4015:, in honor of their Ptolemaic dynastic heritage. 2903:January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at 1723: 27486: 18932:Cleopatra: What Kind of a Woman Was She, Anyway? 18454:, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 17674:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 17639:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 17412:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 16654: 16606:"Cleopatra Couldn't Spell (And Neither Can We!)" 15385:, image plates and captions between pp. 246–247. 9180: 9119: 6852: 6092:), 1st century BC, from Lower Egypt, now in the 5222:, and may have been created by the same artist. 4518:is generally thought to be a mid-1st-century AD 4077:Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners 3543:, in an attempt to strike an alliance with him. 3530:, also wearing a royal diadem, stands behind her 2648: 1767:that Rome should annex Ptolemaic Egypt, but his 1109:, but a falling-out between them led to an open 19279:How History and Hollywood Got 'Cleopatra' Wrong 19188:The Life and Times of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt 18053: 17952:Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001), 17381:"262 Veiled head from a marble portrait statue" 16533: 16483:Perry, David; Williams, Tom (5 December 2019). 15951: 12936: 5963:, baldness, and dandruff, along with a list of 5556:, Latin works by the 14th-century Italian poet 5423:inscribed on the upper right arm and wearing a 3942:, from the late 1st century BC, located in the 2057:bull, worshiped as an intermediary for the god 1531:, but resided in the multicultural and largely 18688: 17177:A Dictionary of American English Pronunciation 15876: 15864: 15852: 15840: 15756: 15744: 15720: 8875:. It had been speculated in some circles that 8104: 7463:, p. 23). For alternate speculation, see 5639:in illustrated editions of Boccaccio's works. 5345:, is thought to represent Arsinoe II, wife of 4690: 4454:, said that the public statues of Antony were 3052:In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the 2822:there by Antony, but he was soon at odds with 27206: 26524: 24431: 20883: 19449: 19151:Cleopatra: a Study in Politics and Propaganda 17875: 17252: 16482: 16320: 15768: 14916: 8607: 7418:. For further information and validation see 7119: 6926:12 August 30 BC in the later Julian calendar 4952:wall painting of the goddess Venus holding a 4476: 4439: 3823:, and on the reverse an inscription reading " 981: 18961:Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams and Distortions 17294:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 17287: 16655:Sabino, Rachel; Gross-Diaz, Theresa (2016), 16205: 16050: 9049: 9042: 8826: 8555:For further information and validation, see 8530:For further information and validation, see 8034:For further information and validation, see 8005:For further information and validation, see 7980:For further information and validation, see 7963:For further information and validation, see 7550:For further information and validation, see 7210: 7208: 6891: 5821:(1966), commissioned for the opening of the 5366: 4417:A life-sized Roman-style statue of Cleopatra 4260: 3600:, which, along with reliefs on a stele from 3037:, his own wife, extraordinary privileges of 2981:, Jordan). To the west Cleopatra was handed 2954:. She was even given the region surrounding 2762:(41–40 BC), initiated by his ambitious wife 2278:Alexandria to see him personally. Historian 1626:, an arrangement made by the Roman dictator 1610:Roman interventionism in Egypt predated the 1203:of 43–42 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman 884: 24445: 18610: 17876:Meadows, Andrew; Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001), 17429: 16715: 16580: 16536:Portrait féminin (mère de Cléopâtre ?) 15522: 15069: 9749: 9090: 8953: 8920: 8730: 8631:The observation that the left cheek of the 8581: 8539: 8514: 8501: 8395: 7443:For further information and validation see 7103: 7077: 5983:preserved alleged instructions of hers for 5901:(1963). In addition to her portrayal as a " 5549: 5541: 4431: 4164: 3972:, were sent to Rome with Octavian's sister 3714: 3458:, met those of Antony and Cleopatra at the 3177: 1688:), the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, 1011: 27213: 27199: 26531: 26517: 24438: 24424: 20890: 20876: 19456: 19442: 18869:Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh 18698:"Glamour Girls: Cleomania in Mass Culture" 18637: 18091: 17378: 17351: 17093:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 16459:A Poetic Etymology of Pietas in the Aeneid 16217: 15370: 15358: 15304: 14186: 12274: 8706: 8404:, a military officer serving under Caesar. 8143: 8115: 7724:, pp. 85–86) states that the partial 7516:, p. 87) describes the painting from 7048:in both British and American English, see 6899: 3906: 3081: 2150: 1962: 988: 974: 317:The great one, sacred image of her father 47: 18615:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 18588:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 18566: 18324:, Philadelphia: George Gebbie & Co., 17984: 17880:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 17515:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 17383:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 17356:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 17214:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17028: 16939:Bianchi, Steven (2005). "Cleopatra VII". 16818:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 16791:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 16685: 16587:, College of New Rochelle, archived from 16399: 16290: 16118: 15510: 15173: 15130: 14760: 14002: 13283: 13184: 13043: 13016: 13004: 12804: 12082: 10854: 10814: 10719: 8416:, p. 30) writes that Virgil, in his 8192: 7348: 7205: 7049: 6789: 5295:A carved relief of Cleopatra and her son 4385:styles. Surviving works include statues, 3779:Cleopatra's kingdom and role as a monarch 3116:having been vanquished), alluding to his 2069:, and lawless behavior instigated by the 1543:. They spoke Greek and governed Egypt as 27352:List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra 26403: 24300: 18617:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 18590:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 18444: 18408: 17942: 17882:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 17860:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 17830:Die Skulpturen des Vaticanischen Museums 17709:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 17628: 17517:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 17405: 17385:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 17358:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 17206: 17159: 17126: 17083: 17009: 16987: 16942:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 16820:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 16793:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 16750: 16503: 16193: 16166: 16130: 16094: 16062: 16011: 15999: 15987: 15975: 15939: 15657: 15645: 15609: 15597: 15546: 15382: 15316: 15200: 15149: 15096: 15084: 15007: 14904: 14787: 14726: 14702: 14663: 14651: 14636: 14597: 14570: 14446: 14407: 14373: 14349: 14325: 14313: 14259: 14159: 14135: 14123: 14099: 14087: 14063: 14051: 13978: 13918: 13894: 13867: 13840: 13795: 13768: 13701: 13645: 13621: 13609: 13597: 13545: 13441: 13393: 13381: 13329: 13298: 13131: 13101: 13055: 12912: 12861: 12821: 12763: 12723: 12711: 12699: 12653: 12589: 12577: 12562: 12491: 12387: 12356: 12262: 12250: 12201: 12150: 12123: 11996: 11963: 11951: 11936: 11907: 11868: 11829: 11817: 11805: 11790: 11743: 11719: 11707: 11695: 11665: 11631: 11604: 11592: 11565: 11538: 11526: 11502: 11461: 11434: 11395: 11383: 11354: 11330: 11303: 11291: 11252: 11240: 11216: 11204: 11175: 11151: 11110: 11098: 11086: 11045: 11033: 10994: 10903: 10888: 10829: 10787: 10763: 10734: 10704: 10674: 10645: 10633: 10609: 10597: 10570: 10538: 10526: 10482: 10448: 10421: 10374: 10347: 10306: 10294: 10270: 10246: 10216: 10204: 10192: 10177: 10150: 10105: 10093: 10054: 10030: 9989: 9965: 9941: 9914: 9902: 9868: 9851: 9824: 9812: 9788: 9764: 9726: 9690: 9666: 9639: 9622: 9525: 9513: 9489: 9426: 9390: 9351: 9332: 9308: 9293: 9254: 9242: 9230: 9162: 9004: 8949: 8945: 8932: 8888: 8856: 8822: 8809: 8771: 8738: 8734: 8488: 8451: 8413: 8359: 8296:'normal' orthography" (in contrast with 8252: 8220: 8204: 8155: 8081: 8061: 8048: 8010: 8006: 7993: 7981: 7968: 7964: 7947: 7943: 7930: 7926: 7913: 7900: 7887: 7871: 7867: 7850: 7833: 7800: 7787: 7721: 7713: 7700: 7609: 7541:which has been identified as Cleopatra." 7513: 7464: 7377: 7369: 7288: 7254: 7191: 7179: 7155: 7143: 6911: 6883: 6867: 6175:who had a mixed Greek-Persian heritage. 5705: 5702:Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination 5698:List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra 5492: 5290: 5235: 4547: 4256:List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra 4128: 4070: 3798: 3639: 3579: 3509: 3309: 3155: 3095: 3003: 2771:were eventually besieged by Octavian at 2743: 2658: 2595:. Cleopatra received messages from both 2559: 2424: 2322:located in the Archaeological Museum of 2309: 2260: 2160: 1905: 1739: 1495: 1488:) means "goddess who loves her father". 1207:formed by Caesar's grandnephew and heir 26775:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire 19277:Eubanks, W. Ralph. (1 November 2010). " 18742:Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies 18314: 18296: 18258: 18144: 17857: 17823: 17792: 17756: 17735: 17667: 17641:, London: Routledge, pp. 488–490, 17602:, New York: Columbia University Press, 17228: 17107: 17064: 16938: 16898: 16813: 16786: 16333:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1672 15912: 15681: 15669: 15621: 15534: 15474: 15420: 15331: 15215: 15185: 15161: 14992: 14535: 14520: 14203: 12032: 11407: 9580: 9174: 9008: 8965: 8928: 8775: 8750: 8668: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8573: 8531: 8127: 8098: 7810: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7183: 7175: 6875: 4560:and reverse, respectively, of a silver 4393:, and minted coins, as well as ancient 3873:of her patron and lover Julius Caesar. 2868:possibly depicting either Cleopatra of 2698:Cleopatra. While it is clear that both 1748:and pearl-studded hairpins, from Roman 1380:), meaning "glory of her father", from 345: 233: 14: 27487: 26021: 25393: 24974: 24488: 23447: 22812: 21914: 20940: 19463: 18982:. American University in Cairo Press. 18583: 18546: 18513: 18480: 18336: 18234: 18212: 17925: 17902: 17670:"Late and Ptolemaic periods, overview" 17475: 17311: 17173: 16865: 16840: 16547:from the original on 20 September 2015 16426: 16374: 16349: 16181: 16154: 16142: 16106: 16023: 15927: 15781:Woodstra, Brennan & Schrott (2005) 15706:Woodstra, Brennan & Schrott (2005) 15694:Woodstra, Brennan & Schrott (2005) 15585: 15570: 15558: 15498: 15486: 15459: 15447: 15432: 15403: 15343: 15285: 15273: 15256: 15244: 15227: 15115: 15046: 15031: 15019: 14965: 14953: 14889: 14862: 14831: 14814: 14799: 14775: 14743: 14714: 14690: 14678: 14621: 14609: 14558: 14538:, pp. 184 ff. Abb. 3 Taf. 25–27.. 14505: 14490: 14473: 14434: 14419: 14388: 14361: 14337: 14301: 14286: 14274: 14244: 14227: 14215: 14171: 14147: 14111: 14075: 13954: 13942: 13906: 13882: 13852: 13825: 13756: 13744: 13725: 13713: 13674: 13580: 13557: 13530: 13518: 13506: 13494: 13477: 13456: 13414: 13354: 13317: 13260: 13245: 13228: 13211: 13199: 13167: 13155: 13116: 13080: 12989: 12964: 12952: 12924: 12900: 12888: 12873: 12836: 12792: 12740: 12687: 12668: 12638: 12601: 12550: 12533: 12518: 12506: 12479: 12462: 12450: 12438: 12426: 12414: 12399: 12368: 12333: 12318: 12306: 12291: 12233: 12218: 12189: 12177: 12162: 12138: 12111: 12099: 12059: 12044: 12008: 11975: 11924: 11892: 11880: 11853: 11841: 11778: 11755: 11731: 11680: 11648: 11619: 11577: 11553: 11514: 11490: 11449: 11419: 11371: 11342: 11318: 11276: 11264: 11228: 11192: 11163: 11122: 11062: 11021: 11006: 10963: 10873: 10802: 10751: 10689: 10657: 10621: 10585: 10553: 10514: 10465: 10436: 10404: 10389: 10359: 10335: 10282: 10258: 10231: 10165: 10120: 10081: 10018: 9977: 9953: 9887: 9836: 9800: 9776: 9714: 9702: 9678: 9654: 9607: 9549: 9459: 9414: 9402: 9378: 9363: 9320: 9281: 9269: 9218: 9206: 9150: 9024: 9020: 8961: 8916: 8676: 8644: 8603: 8577: 8560: 8556: 8543: 8535: 8518: 8375: 8363: 8264: 8224: 8216: 8200: 8168: 8135: 8131: 8022: 7989: 7951: 7501: 7468: 7444: 7419: 7284: 7167: 7139: 7053: 6907: 6895: 6879: 6842: 6816: 6793: 6141:, the Macedonian Greek founder of the 6054:National Archaeological Museum, Naples 5783:produced plays about Cleopatra, while 5419:A marble statue of Cleopatra with her 5276: 4462:to dissuade him from destroying hers. 4405:bronze statue of Cleopatra inside the 4249: 3561:, who was famous for his cynicism and 3462:. Cleopatra, aboard her flagship, the 2944:ancestral relations with the Seleucids 2544:Cleopatra in the Liberators' civil war 2181:In the summer of 49 BC, Cleopatra and 2139:, a prominent military commander, and 1684:(who may have been the same person as 1603:territories that once belonged to the 1587:, and she could apparently also speak 1547:Greek monarchs, refusing to learn the 1082:, a period which had lasted since the 1038:, she was a descendant of its founder 27194: 26512: 26402: 25990: 25362: 24943: 24479: 24457: 24419: 24299: 23416: 22781: 21883: 20909: 20871: 20388:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 19437: 19311:The Timeline of the Life of Cleopatra 18358: 18177: 18122: 18092:Pratt, Frances; Fizel, Becca (1949), 18019: 17723:from the original on 24 December 2019 17702: 17676:, London: Routledge, pp. 66–72, 17573: 17510: 17451: 17253:DeMaria Smith, Margaret Mary (2011), 16975:from the original on 16 February 2020 16949: 16816:"163 Limestone head of Cleopatra VII" 16603: 16362:from the original on 13 February 2021 16265: 16238: 16079: 16038: 15963: 15900: 15888: 15828: 15804: 15792: 15732: 15633: 14977: 14877: 14582: 14461: 14039: 13990: 13966: 13930: 13810: 13780: 13716:, pp. 146–147, 213, footnote 83. 13686: 13657: 13633: 13143: 12780: 12020: 11478: 11134: 11074: 10982: 10951: 10939: 10927: 10915: 10775: 10499: 10323: 10135: 10066: 10042: 10001: 9926: 9592: 9568: 9537: 9501: 9474: 9438: 9036: 8957: 8924: 8900: 8805: 8792: 8788: 8774:, pp. 3, 34, 36, 43, 63–64) and 8767: 8763: 8693: 8476: 8438: 8391: 8339: 8327: 8310: 8276: 8236: 8097:at the Battle of Mount Gindarus, see 8077: 8035: 7985: 7854: 7837: 7817: 7804: 7734: 7717: 7686: 7673: 7660: 7647: 7634: 7597: 7584: 7551: 7521:day-to-day wear was the no-nonsense ' 7497: 7472: 7431: 7407: 7390: 7373: 7307: 7292: 7280: 7187: 7171: 7059:[kleoˈpatratʰeˈapʰiloˈpato̞r] 7057: 6927: 6871: 6863: 6846: 6820: 6801: 6797: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6516: 6510: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6443: 6413: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6348: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6283: 6281: 6268: 6261: 6259: 6257: 5847:wrote an extensive biography of her. 5825:. In his unfinished 1825 short story 5650:to alter and republish his 1594 play 5642:In the performing arts, the death of 5123:depicted Cleopatra committing suicide 4842:Profile view of the Vatican Cleopatra 3819:is a portrait of Cleopatra wearing a 3489: 2810:In December 40 BC Cleopatra received 2791:, it also stipulated that he concede 2175:Venice National Archaeological Museum 2037:Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology 2008:man named Onnophris depicting a male 1162:besieged her and Caesar at the palace 1121:fled to Egypt after losing the 48 BC 27092:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar 23952: 20856:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 19185:Weigall, Arthur E. P. Brome (1914). 18778:Roberta Casagrande-Kim, ed. (2014). 18611:Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), 18554:Papers of the British School at Rome 17690:from the original on 1 November 2017 17655:from the original on 1 November 2017 17592: 17537: 17330: 17069:, London & New York: Routledge, 16455: 16444:from the original on 2 November 2020 15816: 13369: 9335:, pp. 1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106. 9189: 8843: 4877:Profile view of the Berlin Cleopatra 4529: 4087:Although almost 50 ancient works of 2318:, a contemporary Roman sculpture of 18702:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 18418:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 18268:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 18244:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 18184:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 17561:from the original on 7 October 2019 17482:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 17259:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 16886:from the original on 12 August 2020 16843:"Identifying the ROM's 'Cleopatra'" 16774:from the original on 7 October 2019 16415:from the original on 1 October 2020 12615:"Coin shows Cleopatra's ugly truth" 12265:, image plates between pp. 246–247. 8517:exclusively uses the former, while 7062:in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see 6784:. For further validation about the 5692:Modern depictions and brand imaging 5467:Medieval and Early Modern reception 5057:(pictured to the right in a golden 4325:Left: An Egyptian statue of either 4049:Roman literature and historiography 3954:, dated to the early 1st century AD 3502:Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus) 3295: 2985:along the Libyan coast, as well as 2807:, a potential rival for Cleopatra. 2749:The Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra 2593:bring Caesar's assassins to justice 2245:Military campaigns of Julius Caesar 24: 18943:from the original on 29 April 2023 18929:Holland, Barbara (February 1997), 18834:from the original on 29 April 2023 18732: 18718:from the original on 24 March 2023 18501:from the original on 26 April 2017 18284:from the original on 24 March 2023 18200:from the original on 24 March 2023 18071:. Leipzig: Teubner. Archived from 18042:from the original on 24 March 2023 17878:"186 Bronze coin of Cleopatra VII" 17845:from the original on 24 March 2023 17802:The Journal of Juristic Papyrology 17498:from the original on 24 March 2023 17316:, New York: New American Library, 17275:from the original on 24 March 2023 8829:, pp. 268–269, 273) refer to 8713:. Pratt and Fizel highlighted the 8622:, and subsequent European history. 8606:, sec. II, no. 162) According to ( 7492:or his wife, identical to that of 6762:List of female hereditary monarchs 4777:Archaeological Museum of Cherchell 3944:Archaeological Museum of Cherchell 3763:that established him as the first 3108:in 34 BC with his portrait on the 2882:Archaeological Museum of Cherchell 2587:in 43 BC, in which they were each 2571:, Turkey), the site where she met 2350:was found years later in Asia, by 1662: 1507:, the father of Cleopatra, in the 1097:) allowed his daughter and rival, 25: 27611: 27555:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty 26894:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus 26538: 19205: 18022:"39. Cleopatra (fl. after AD 64)" 18007:from the original on 23 June 2019 17972:from the original on 22 June 2018 17955:Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt 17576:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire 17052:from the original on 12 June 2018 16841:Ashton, Sally-Ann (Spring 2002), 16729:from the original on 6 March 2018 16703:from the original on 30 June 2019 16673:from the original on 6 March 2018 16521:from the original on 7 March 2018 16491:from the original on 21 June 2023 16470:from the original on 9 April 2018 16387:from the original on 30 June 2012 16278:from the original on 28 June 2023 14763:, pp. 186, 194, footnote 10. 8696:, pp. 206–207, footnote 27). 8142:. In regards to the latter head, 7756:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 7620:, was monarch, and the youngest, 7504:, p. 16) mentions only five. 7393:, pp. 20, 256, footnote 42). 7200:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 7196:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 6939:The name Cleopatra is pronounced 4163:Cleopatra is barely mentioned in 3995:, where they transformed the old 3686:, who also took their own lives. 3608:, his son with Fulvia, enter the 3518:from the House of Giuseppe II in 2709:was killed and his army taken by 2599:, one of Caesar's assassins, and 2124:, it was loathed by contemporary 2122:long-held royal Egyptian practice 65:, mid-1st century BC, now in the 27472: 27460: 27448: 27436: 27409: 27408: 27172: 27171: 26375: 26365: 26355: 26345: 26333: 26323: 26308: 26298: 26288: 26278: 26268: 26258: 26248: 25690: 25580: 25479: 25159: 24916: 19298:Cleopatra: Facts & Biography 18676:from the original on 19 May 2020 18534:from the original on 19 May 2020 18468:from the original on 19 May 2020 18432:from the original on 19 May 2020 18301:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 18165:from the original on 19 May 2020 18151:, New York: Walker and Company, 18128:Cleopatra: Her History, Her Myth 18110:from the original on 19 May 2020 17811:from the original on 4 June 2023 17780:from the original on 11 May 2020 17616:from the original on 19 May 2020 17194:from the original on 21 May 2023 17147:from the original on 19 May 2020 16853:from the original on 19 May 2020 16642:from the original on 9 July 2021 16608:, in Groton, Anne Harmar (ed.), 16568:from the original on 23 May 2010 16485:"Causation and Cleopatra's nose" 14922: 14008: 12607: 9030: 9014: 8938: 8910: 8894: 8849: 8836: 8815: 8798: 8781: 8756: 8744: 8724: 8699: 8686: 8662: 8625: 8587: 8566: 8549: 8524: 8507: 8494: 8482: 8469: 8444: 8425: 8407: 8385: 8369: 8345: 8333: 8320: 8303: 8270: 8242: 8230: 8210: 8186: 8161: 8087: 8054: 8041: 8028: 8016: 7999: 7974: 7957: 7936: 7919: 7906: 7893: 7860: 7843: 7793: 7780: 7749: 7706: 7692: 7679: 7666: 7653: 7640: 7243:from the original on 23 May 2010 6997: 6941: 6890:as Cleopatra V Tryphaena, while 6886:, p. 11) label the wife of 6145:of West Asia. While Cleopatra's 6074: 6065: 6014: 6005: 5928: 5576:Libretto apologetico delle donne 5439: 5412: 5392: 5225: 5178: 5169: 5109:was discovered in the Temple of 4999: 4990: 4922:, Italy, depicting Cleopatra as 4900: 4891: 4870: 4847: 4835: 4812: 4708: 4699: 4667:Various coins, such as a silver 4315: 4306: 4003:into their new capital, renamed 3924: 3915: 3541:Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene 3397: 3388: 3202:, and Parthia, and two-year-old 2946:, she was granted the region of 2854: 2845: 2818:. Herod had been installed as a 1990: 1981: 862: 687: 610: 551: 479: 406: 295: 203:Wer(et)-neb(et)-neferu-achet-seh 27540:Female Shakespearean characters 27357:Cultural depictions of Augustus 19426:Egypt annexed by Roman Republic 19327:Draycott, Jane (22 May 2018). " 19251:"Mysterious Death of Cleopatra" 18820:Crawford, Amy (31 March 2007), 18700:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 18266:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 18182:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 18095:Encaustic Materials and Methods 17906:American Journal of Numismatics 17599:C.T. Hsia on Chinese Literature 17480:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 17297:, London: Thames & Hudson, 17257:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 17110:Treasures of the British Museum 17035:A History of the Roman Republic 16308:from the original on 1 May 2021 8846:, pp. 64–65, footnote 63). 8618:, which would have changed the 7762:, who wanted to become king of 7627: 7603: 7590: 7569: 7544: 7507: 7478: 7437: 7425: 7396: 7383: 7354: 7342: 7149: 7124: 5188:An ancient Roman fresco in the 4862:worn over the head, now in the 4827:worn over her head, now in the 4635:of Roman coins rather than the 4156:, Rome, and now located in the 2735:exploits of Alexander the Great 2233:Relationship with Julius Caesar 1899:, and for rescuing the body of 1021:Cleopatra father-loving goddess 572:Cleopatra netjeret mer(et) ites 27:Queen of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC 27515:1st-century BC Egyptian people 19296:Jarus, Owen (13 March 2014). " 19130:Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt 18847:Daugherty, Gregory N. (2022). 18297:Royster, Francesca T. (2003), 18063:Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff 16375:Grout, James (1 April 2017b), 16350:Grout, James (1 April 2017a), 9393:, pp. 5, 82, 88, 105–106. 9120:Sabino & Gross-Diaz (2016) 8072:(in the form of the Greek god 7218:to speak the native language, 7186:, p. 69). Alternatively, 6933: 6774: 6121:, she was a descendant of two 6044:of a Greek original, from the 5688:on a similar subject in 1789. 4948:, Italy, a mid-1st century BC 4773:sculpted portrait of Cleopatra 4241:. For instance, the historian 3811:) from 51 to 30 BC, minted at 3060:, her second son with Antony. 2803:, and marry Octavian's sister 2472:socius et amicus populi Romani 1923:but Crassus was killed by the 1724:Reign and exile of Ptolemy XII 1074:, marking the end of the last 13: 1: 27525:1st-century BC queens regnant 27520:1st-century BC Egyptian women 23910:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 20860:in most of their territories. 19658:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 19247:, a Victorian children's book 18098:, New York: Lear Publishers, 18028:, Equinox, pp. 135–144, 17985:Pina Polo, Francisco (2013), 17672:, in Bard, Kathryn A. (ed.), 17067:The Persians: An Introduction 16957:, in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), 13332:, pp. xxii–xxiii, 30–31. 9063: 8821:For further information, see 8804:For further information, see 8572:For further information, see 8500:For further information, see 8458:, and only a few papyri from 8068:) meeting her divine husband 8047:For further information, see 7942:For further information, see 7925:For further information, see 7912:For further information, see 7899:For further information, see 7886:For further information, see 7866:For further information, see 7849:For further information, see 7832:For further information, see 7816:For further information, see 7799:For further information, see 7786:For further information, see 7712:For further information, see 7685:For further information, see 7672:For further information, see 7659:For further information, see 7633:For further information, see 7596:For further information, see 7389:For further information, see 7279:.For further validation, see 7178:, pp. 9, 19, 106, 183), 6894:, pp. 268–269, 273) and 6228:Claims that Cleopatra was an 5552:De Casibus Virorum Illustrium 5068:Another painting from Pompeii 4726: 4580:triton trion andron – Antony 4489:hairstyle and facial features 4341:, Saint PetersburgRight: The 4019: 3761:amassed constitutional powers 3319: 3318:as a younger Octavian, dated 2649:Relationship with Mark Antony 2434: 1698:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 1491: 1001:Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator 721:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 434: 194: 61:of Cleopatra wearing a royal 27580:People of Caesar's civil war 27565:1st-century BC women writers 27049:Gaius Julius Caesar (father) 26850:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 20897: 19043:. New York: Schocken Books. 18805:. Cornell University Press. 18365:The Journal of Roman Studies 17212:The Roman Republican Coinage 16661:, Art Institute of Chicago, 16352:"Basalt Statue of Cleopatra" 15877:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15865:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15853:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15841:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15757:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15745:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15721:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 15489:, pp. 113–114, 176–177. 14352:, pp. xxiii, 32, 77–78. 12604:, pp. 50, 51 (note 29). 7554:, pp. 12–13). In 1972, 7318:were viewed by contemporary 6163:was a daughter born to King 5743:, postcards and cigarettes. 5654:in 1607. He was followed by 5508:National Gallery of Victoria 5283:Portraiture in ancient Egypt 5074:, who toward the end of the 4942:House of Marcus Fabius Rufus 4916:House of Marcus Fabius Rufus 4882: 3849:of her kingdom. She was the 3729: 3709: 3670: 3506:Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra 3292:documents to avoid forgery. 3284: 3231:in destroying civilization. 3172: 2024:on a limestone stele of the 1657: 1478: 1476:. Cleopatra's adopted title 1424: 1410: 1404: 1390: 1368: 1354: 7: 27550:Mistresses of Julius Caesar 26843:Commentarii de Bello Civili 23843:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 19653:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 19168:Cleopatra: Fact and Fiction 19166:Watterson, Barbara (2020). 19110:. Oxford University Press. 19004:. New York: Coward-McCann. 18980:Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh 18978:Jones, Prudence J. (2006). 18020:Plant, Ian Michael (2004), 17703:Jones, Prudence J. (2006), 17379:Ferroukhi, Mafoud (2001b), 17352:Ferroukhi, Mafoud (2001a), 17010:Brambach, Joachim (1996) , 16814:Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001b), 16787:Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001a), 16691:"Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt" 16667:10.13140/RG.2.2.23475.22560 16464:Center for Hellenic Studies 16324:Oxford Classical Dictionary 15513:, p. 194, footnote 11. 14917:Meadows & Ashton (2001) 11758:, pp. 77–79, Figure 6. 8651:, pp. 182–192). While 8643:, p. 153), as well as 8195:, p. 301) claims that 7488:to be either a daughter of 7416:Ancient Macedonian language 7158:, p. 43) writes about 6755: 5990: 5939:Ancient Egyptian literature 5605:depiction of her and Antony 5458:, 1st century BC, from the 5196:, Italy, mid-1st century AD 4691:Greco-Roman busts and heads 4471:—discovered in 1874 on the 4438:, and is now housed in the 4043:Crisis of the Third Century 3837:Following the tradition of 3344:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 2977:, including Ailana (modern 2601:Publius Cornelius Dolabella 2433:queen, possibly Cleopatra, 2249:Siege of Alexandria (47 BC) 945: 199:Wr(.t)-nb(.t)-nfrw-ꜣḫ(t)-sḥ 10: 27616: 24950:Second Intermediate Period 22742:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 22126:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 21890:Second Intermediate Period 19273:World History Encyclopedia 18803:Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth 18784:Princeton University Press 17741:The Roman Army in the East 17668:Johnson, Janet H. (1999), 17476:Gurval, Robert A. (2011), 17174:Cordry, Harold V. (1998). 17127:Chauveau, Michel (2000) , 17108:Caygill, Marjorie (2009), 16945:. Oxford University Press. 16866:Ashton, Sally-Ann (2008), 16377:"Was Cleopatra Beautiful?" 16297:Collins English Dictionary 16266:Carey, Jean Marie (n.d.). 16241:"The Search for Cleopatra" 16226: 16206:Dodson & Hilton (2004) 16051:Dodson & Hilton (2004) 16026:, pp. 15–16, 164–166. 11207:, pp. xxi, 19–21, 76. 8281: 7174:, pp. xiii, 3, 279), 7098: 7072: 7066:). She was also styled as 6183:was a descendant of Queen 6101:Cleopatra belonged to the 5994: 5932: 5695: 5635:, as well as 15th-century 5470: 5433:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5368:Kleopatra und die Caesaren 5280: 5229: 4533: 4475:in Rome and housed in the 4283: 4279: 4264: 4253: 4228:Egyptian papyrus documents 4052: 3825: 3803:Cleopatra on a coin of 40 3788: 3782: 3721: 3703: 3659: 3499: 3493: 3314:A reconstructed statue of 3299: 3273: 3217:Augustan-period literature 3166: 3148:Roman triumph, dressed as 3085: 3064:Antony's Parthian campaign 2652: 2553: 2547: 2483:, who found her arrogant. 2429:An Egyptian portrait of a 2344:where Caesar attacked them 2253:Battle of the Nile (47 BC) 2242: 2236: 2154: 2053:, to install a new sacred 1966: 1733: 1727: 1666: 1484: 1460:. Through the marriage of 1430: 1416: 1396: 1382: 1374: 1168:; Cleopatra's half-sister 1008: 678: 625: 620: 581: 542: 494: 489: 450: 397: 356: 351: 327: 286: 244: 239: 215: 32:Cleopatra (disambiguation) 29: 27530:Deaths due to snake bites 27404: 27344: 27292: 27265: 27234: 27166: 27125: 27076: 27041: 27015: 26984: 26975: 26944: 26908: 26871: 26820: 26783: 26690: 26607: 26589: 26546: 26409: 26398: 26221: 26188: 26173: 26151: 26108: 26065: 26050: 26012: 26008: 25986: 25901: 25883: 25825: 25797: 25782: 25713: 25613: 25437: 25422: 25384: 25380: 25369:Third Intermediate Period 25358: 25293: 25275: 25257: 25189: 25174: 25081: 25018: 25003: 24965: 24961: 24939: 24837: 24759: 24681: 24646: 24631: 24602: 24532: 24517: 24475: 24464:First Intermediate Period 24453: 24404: 24306: 24295: 24193:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 23937: 23883:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 23778: 23750: 23735: 23698: 23670: 23630: 23612: 23562: 23495: 23480: 23438: 23434: 23412: 23362: 23339: 23272: 23195: 23133: 23085: 23070: 23003: 22950: 22862: 22847: 22803: 22799: 22788:Third Intermediate Period 22777: 22700: 22659: 22567: 22499: 22347: 22115: 22100: 22036: 22010: 21962: 21947: 21905: 21901: 21879: 21834: 21794: 21669: 21654: 21588: 21530: 21473: 21414: 21399: 21289: 21218: 21203: 21104: 20988: 20973: 20931: 20927: 20916:First Intermediate Period 20905: 20854: 20760: 20591: 20498: 20440: 20353: 20274: 20081: 20003: 19955: 19932: 19774: 19731: 19602: 19558:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 19548: 19505: 19472: 19384: 19376: 19371: 19344: 19322:San Jose State University 19060:Nefertiti & Cleopatra 18866:Flamarion, Edith (1997). 18801:Chauveau, Michel (2004). 18638:Whitehorne, John (1994), 18568:10.1017/S0068246200000404 18130:. Yale University Press. 17943:Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). 17431:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 17180:. Austin & Winfield. 16383:, University of Chicago, 16358:, University of Chicago, 16239:Brown, Chip (July 2011), 16231: 16002:, pp. 3, 34, 36, 51. 15070:Walker & Higgs (2017) 14376:, pp. 32, 69, 77–78. 14328:, pp. xxiii, 32, 77. 9750:Walker & Higgs (2001) 9296:, pp. 1, 3, 11, 129. 9165:, pp. xx–xxiii, 155. 9091:Raia & Sebesta (2017) 9054:Cleopatra Selene of Syria 9050:Dodson & Hilton (2004 8827:Dodson & Hilton (2004 8608:Perry & Williams 2019 8582:Raia & Sebesta (2017) 8540:Raia & Sebesta (2017) 8515:Raia & Sebesta (2017) 8502:Raia & Sebesta (2017) 8013:, pp. 154, 161–162). 7840:, pp. 39–43, 53–55). 7676:, pp. 19–20, 27–29). 7130:She was also a diplomat, 6892:Dodson & Hilton (2004 6796:, pp. 54, 174–175), 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6581: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6488: 6485:Cleopatra Selene of Syria 6481: 6479: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6409: 6396: 6394: 6379: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6346: 6337: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6266: 5979:soap to Cleopatra, while 5959:, including remedies for 5764:One of Cleopatra's Nights 5504:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 4261:Depictions in ancient art 4018:Cleopatra Selene II died 3901: 3851:chief religious authority 3012:bearing the portraits of 2169:made during the reign of 2090:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus 2063:Ancient Egyptian religion 1448:, as well as the wife of 1219:. After their meeting at 1172:was eventually exiled to 1054:. Her first language was 835: 823: 807: 794:Early 69 BC or Late 70 BC 789: 778: 770: 739: 713: 624: 493: 433: 426: 355: 243: 193: 186: 175: 164: 154: 104: 94: 81: 74: 46: 41: 26931:Temple of Venus Genetrix 24468: (<3150–2040 BC) 23905:Cleopatra VII Philopator 22162:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 20920: (<3150–2040 BC) 19919:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 19718:Cleopatra VII Philopator 19285:(NPR) (a book review of 19191:. Edinburgh: Blackwood. 19062:. Stacey International. 18893:The Search for Cleopatra 18481:Varner, Eric R. (2004), 18178:Pucci, Giuseppe (2011), 17793:Lippert, Sandra (2013), 17629:Jeffreys, David (1999), 17574:Hölbl, Günther (2001) , 17314:The Civilization of Rome 16760:, Melbourne: Macmillan, 16743: 16719:; Higgs, Peter (2017) , 16208:, pp. 268–269, 273. 15966:, pp. xiii, 3, 279. 15843:, pp. 172–173, 178. 15371:Pratt & Fizel (1949) 15359:Pratt & Fizel (1949) 15346:, pp. 148, 178–179. 15305:Pratt & Fizel (1949) 15164:, pp. 151–153, 155. 14802:, pp. 72, 151, 175. 14078:, pp. 104, 110–113. 13771:, pp. xxiii, 31–32. 12204:, pp. xxii, 25, 73. 11634:, pp. 195–196, 201. 11357:, pp. 108, 149–150. 8964:, pp. 165–166) and 8731:Walker & Higgs (2001 8257:Publius Canidius Crassus 7929:, pp. xxi, 19) and 7414:gradually abandoned the 6870:, pp. 69, 74, 76), 6767: 6165:Mithridates II of Pontus 6036:, ParisRight: A bust of 5975:attributed a recipe for 5935:Ancient Greek literature 5856:Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb 5823:Metropolitan Opera House 5712:The Triumph of Cleopatra 5522:The Legend of Good Women 5499:The Banquet of Cleopatra 5333:A large Ptolemaic black 5240:A possible depiction of 4966:this painting at Pompeii 4479:Palazzo dei Conservatori 4407:Temple of Venus Genetrix 3606:Marcus Antonius Antyllus 3557:, after the philosopher 3456:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 3449:Deiotaros of Paphlagonia 3262:Publius Canidius Crassus 3223:and was as dangerous as 3194:with her son Caesarion, 3186:In an event held at the 3068:Artavasdes II of Armenia 3041:. Some 50 years before, 3024:by Octavian, Antony and 2688:Publius Ventidius Bassus 2497:Temple of Venus Genetrix 1792:Mithridates VI of Pontus 1771:and the similar bill of 1549:native Egyptian language 1472:), the name entered the 100:51–30 BC (21 years) 27510:1st-century BC pharaohs 27317:The Spread of the Eagle 25507:Menhet, Menwi and Merti 25152:Khenemetneferhedjet III 24447:Queens of Ancient Egypt 23878:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 23793:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 22087:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 20716:'s attempted rule with 20397:Mithridates V Euergetes 19809:Antiochus III the Great 19622:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 19563:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 19487:Alexander III the Great 19170:. Amberley Publishing. 19149:Volkmann, Hans (1958). 18851:. Bloomsbury Academic. 18763:. Bloomsbury Academic. 18549:"Cleopatra in Pompeii?" 18487:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 18220:, New York: Routledge, 18180:"Every Man's Cleopatra" 18145:Preston, Diana (2009), 18085:Perseus Digital Library 17706:Cleopatra: a sourcebook 17547:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 17312:Dudley, Donald (1960), 17291:; Hilton, Dyan (2004), 17065:Brosius, Maria (2006), 16934:(registration required) 16696:Encyclopædia Britannica 16515:Perseus Digital Library 16157:, pp. 15, 18, 166. 12359:, pp. xxii, 25–26. 11939:, pp. xxi, 24, 76. 11529:, pp. xxi, 20, 64. 11178:, pp. xxi, 19, 76. 8978:priestly family of Ptah 8707:Pratt & Fizel (1949 8181:Archelaus of Cappadocia 7853:, pp. 98–100) and 7581:Publius Clodius Pulcher 6181:Antiochus III the Great 5985:dyeing and curling hair 5675:Giulio Cesare in Egitto 5601:illuminated manuscripts 5489:Early Modern literature 5303:, Egypt, 1st century BC 4137:of Cleopatra wearing a 3907:Children and successors 3867:Caesareum of Alexandria 3411:of Cleopatra minted at 3353:Lucius Munatius Plancus 3247:Gaius Calvisius Sabinus 3209:Donations of Alexandria 3126:Donations of Alexandria 3088:Donations of Alexandria 3082:Donations of Alexandria 3026:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 2824:Antigonus II Mattathias 2694:of Anatolia and Syria. 2692:drive the Parthians out 2678:, late 1st century AD, 2581:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 2529:Caesar was assassinated 2485:Sosigenes of Alexandria 2332:Mithridates of Pergamon 2257:Caesareum of Alexandria 2151:Assassination of Pompey 2031:in Egypt, dated to the 1969:Early life of Cleopatra 1963:Accession to the throne 1865:Roman governor of Syria 1807:Gaius Rabirius Postumus 1761:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1752:, Italy, 1st century AD 1730:Early life of Cleopatra 1669:Early life of Cleopatra 1624:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 1555:, the language of the " 1238:Donations of Alexandria 1217:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 1009:Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Φιλοπάτωρ 927:Donations of Alexandria 915:Assassination of Pompey 27545:Hellenistic-era people 27112:Julio-Claudian dynasty 26936:Caesar's Rhine bridges 26863:Poems by Julius Caesar 26829:Laudatio Iuliae amitae 26805:Constitutional reforms 26792:Lex Julia de maiestate 26213:Eurydice II of Macedon 25130:Khenemetneferhedjet II 23920:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 23899:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 23893:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 23848:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 23818:Arsinoe III Philopator 22732:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 22202:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 22142:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 21733:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 20500:Monarchs of Cappadocia 20402:Mithridates VI Eupator 19924:Philip II Philoromaeus 19909:Antiochus XII Dionysus 19899:Demetrius III Eucaerus 19894:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 19879:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 19819:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 19814:Seleucus IV Philopator 19799:Seleucus II Callinicus 19698:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 19573:Demetrius II Aetolicus 19316:13 August 2021 at the 19058:Samson, Julia (1990). 18910:Fraser, P. M. (1985). 18891:Foss, Michael (1999). 18584:Walker, Susan (2001), 18547:Walker, Susan (2008). 18514:Walker, Susan (2004), 18241:Cleopatra: a biography 17090:The Reign of Cleopatra 17014:, Munich: Diederichs, 16913:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068 16466:, Harvard University, 14934:publications.artic.edu 13384:, pp. xxii–xxiii. 12937:Pliny the Elder (1906) 11832:, pp. xxi, 22–23. 11793:, pp. xxi, 21–22. 11517:, pp. 21, 57, 72. 11243:, pp. xxi, 19–20. 10790:, pp. xxi, 17–18. 9905:, pp. xx, 13, 75. 9791:, pp. xix, 12–13. 9405:, pp. 46–48, 100. 9007:, pp. 20–30) and 8956:, pp. 127, 128), 8396: 8203:, pp. 97–98) and 7803:, pp. 96–97) and 7720:, pp. 31, 34–35). 7716:, pp. 88–92) and 7558:calculated that 6,000 7287:, pp. 46–48) and 6117:. Through her father, 6084:A likely sculpture of 5997:Ethnicity of Cleopatra 5945:ancient Greek medicine 5860: 5728: 5721:Lady Lever Art Gallery 5670:George Frideric Handel 5644:Elizabeth I of England 5617:Bartolommeo Bandinelli 5595:Cleopatra appeared in 5550: 5542: 5511: 5485:Renaissance literature 5367: 5320:Dendera Temple complex 5304: 5253: 5061:minted in 204–203 BC). 4784:sculpture of Cleopatra 4766:Villa of the Quintilii 4751:Antikensammlung Berlin 4683:to adopt it as one of 4589: 4477: 4440: 4432: 4165: 4160: 4133:A restructured marble 4084: 3984:, whose North African 3834: 3651: 3649:Jean-Baptiste Regnault 3645:The Death of Cleopatra 3618:Ptolemais in Phoenicia 3591: 3585:The Death of Cleopatra 3553:that he nicknamed the 3531: 3325: 3221:witchcraft and sorcery 3183: 3129: 3029: 2755: 2682: 2597:Gaius Cassius Longinus 2579:Octavian, Antony, and 2576: 2471: 2444: 2409:Pharnaces II of Pontus 2336:Antipater the Idumaean 2327: 2292:assembly of Alexandria 2274: 2270:(1866), a painting by 2178: 1919: 1885:Antipater the Idumaean 1753: 1690:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 1686:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 1512: 1446:Cleopatra of Macedonia 1293:Renaissance literature 1190:Caesar's assassination 1105:alongside her brother 568:Qlwpdrt nṯrt mr(t) jts 26554:Early life and career 25115:Khenemetneferhedjet I 23868:Ptolemy X Alexander I 23833:Ptolemy VI Philometor 23813:Ptolemy IV Philopator 23808:Berenice II Euergetes 23803:Ptolemy III Euergetes 23765:Philip III Arrhidaeus 22274:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 22269:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 21623:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 20442:Monarchs of Commagene 20363:Mithridates I Ctistes 19904:Philip I Philadelphus 19884:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 19874:Antiochus VIII Grypus 19869:Seleucus V Philometor 19854:Antiochus VII Sidetes 19844:Antiochus VI Dionysus 19804:Seleucus III Ceraunus 19703:Berenice IV Epiphanea 19648:Ptolemy VI Philometor 19632:Ptolemy IV Philopator 19627:Ptolemy III Euergetes 19492:Philip III Arrhidaeus 19283:National Public Radio 18895:. Arcade Publishing. 18642:, London: Routledge, 17511:Higgs, Peter (2001), 16872:, Oxford: Blackwell, 16604:Reece, Steve (2017), 16517:, Tufts University), 16430:(20 September 2016), 16272:italianartsociety.org 16014:, pp. 23, 37–42. 15660:, pp. 51, 60–62. 15247:, pp. 35, 42–44. 14262:, pp. 32, 76–77. 13921:, pp. xxiii, 32. 13548:, pp. xxiii, 31. 12011:, pp. 77–79, 82. 10778:, pp. 39–43, 53. 10529:, pp. 73, 92–93. 10350:, pp. xx, 15–16. 10219:, pp. 11–12, 80. 10180:, pp. 13–14, 76. 9815:, pp. xx, 12–13. 9429:, pp. xviii, 10. 9221:, pp. 15–16, 39. 8831:Cleopatra V Tryphaena 8576:, pp. 182–192), 8534:, pp. 182–192), 8285:, with a superfluous 7202:, pp. 9–11, 20). 7064:Koine Greek phonology 6866:, pp. 3–4, 17), 6839:Clement of Alexandria 6829:Theodore Cressy Skeat 6792:, pp. 184–186), 6662:Cleopatra V Tryphaena 6578:Ptolemy X Alexander I 6343:Ptolemy VI Philometor 6242:Ptolemy X Alexander I 6151:Cleopatra V Tryphaena 6086:Cleopatra V Tryphaena 5933:Further information: 5779:and Irish playwright 5709: 5696:Further information: 5496: 5471:Further information: 5328:offerings to the gods 5294: 5281:Further information: 5239: 5230:Further information: 5135:Fayum mummy portraits 4973:woman in the painting 4732:, now located in the 4551: 4544:Ancient Greek coinage 4534:Further information: 4284:Further information: 4265:Further information: 4254:Further information: 4132: 4074: 4053:Further information: 4037:, of the short-lived 4013:Ptolemy of Mauretania 3950:silver dish from the 3865:, and even built the 3826:ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ 3802: 3795:Ancient Greek coinage 3789:Further information: 3643: 3583: 3513: 3500:Further information: 3313: 3159: 3099: 3007: 2747: 2662: 2563: 2556:Liberators' civil war 2554:Further information: 2499:, established in the 2479:included the senator 2428: 2313: 2264: 2243:Further information: 2164: 2098:against the Parthians 2035:, and located in the 1909: 1743: 1734:Further information: 1718:Library of Alexandria 1682:Cleopatra V Tryphaena 1632:Ptolemy X Alexander I 1499: 1201:Liberators' civil war 922:Liberators' civil war 784:Cleopatra V Tryphaena 27575:Wives of Mark Antony 27282:Antony and Cleopatra 27274:Antony and Cleopatra 27227:Antony and Cleopatra 27153:Marcus Junius Brutus 27064:Julia Minor (sister) 27059:Julia Major (sister) 26657:Invasions of Britain 26574:Crossing the Rubicon 26404:Dynastic genealogies 26080:Khedebneithirbinet I 24954: (2040–1550 BC) 24460:Protodynastic Period 24301:Dynastic genealogies 23925:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 23221:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 23135:High Priests of Amun 22637:Merankhre Mentuhotep 22339:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 22334:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 22187:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 21894: (2040–1550 BC) 21613:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 20276:Monarchs of Bithynia 19859:Alexander II Zabinas 19839:Demetrius II Nicator 19756:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 19723:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 19688:Ptolemy XI Alexander 19663:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 19568:Antigonus II Gonatas 19106:The Roman Revolution 18957:Hughes-Hallett, Lucy 18912:Ptolemaic Alexandria 18344:, UK: Random House, 17758:Kleiner, Diana E. E. 17435:Antony and Cleopatra 17415:, New York: Harper, 17085:Burstein, Stanley M. 16437:Encyclopædia Iranica 16381:Encyclopaedia Romana 16356:Encyclopaedia Romana 15807:, pp. 198, 201. 15769:DeMaria Smith (2011) 14020:www.coinarchives.com 13981:, pp. xxiii, 1. 13170:, pp. 137, 139. 13134:, pp. xxii, 30. 12824:, pp. xxii, 29. 12714:, pp. xxii, 28. 12592:, pp. 102, 539. 12565:, pp. xxii, 27. 12126:, pp. xxii, 25. 11966:, pp. xxii, 24. 9595:, pp. xiii, 28. 8808:, pp. 3–4) and 8791:, pp. 7–8) and 8563:, pp. 174–175). 8397:De Bello Alexandrino 8051:, pp. 214–215). 8038:, pp. xiv, 78). 7933:, pp. 118–120). 7874:, pp. 101–103). 7703:, pp. 177–181). 7334:Greek age, now that 7120:Fischer-Bovet (2015) 6391:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 6123:prominent companions 5965:weights and measures 5907:Orientalist painting 5818:Antony and Cleopatra 5808:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 5800:Antony and Cleopatra 5793:Antony and Cleopatra 5661:Antony and Cleopatra 5565:Bernardino Cacciante 5562:Renaissance humanist 5544:De Mulieribus Claris 5452:Hellenistic Egyptian 5407:, mid-1st century BC 5405:Royal Ontario Museum 5315:Royal Ontario Museum 5216:House of the Orchard 5190:Pompeian Third Style 5088:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 5041:(corresponding with 4934:, mid-1st century BC 4442:Museo Pio-Clementino 4353:Hellenistic-Egyptian 4271:Art of ancient Egypt 4167:De Bello Alexandrino 4158:Museo Pio-Clementino 4119:Nicolaus of Damascus 4104:Philotas of Amphissa 4089:Roman historiography 4059:Greek historiography 4055:Roman historiography 4005:Caesarea Mauretaniae 3970:Ptolemy Philadelphus 3204:Ptolemy Philadelphus 3058:Ptolemy Philadelphus 2753:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 2707:Lucius Decidius Saxa 2438: 51–30 BC 2352:Marcus Junius Brutus 2267:Cleopatra and Caesar 2195:crossing the Rubicon 2165:A Roman portrait of 2067:flooding of the Nile 1939:Roman garrison, the 1812:In 58 BC the Romans 1281:Roman historiography 812:10 August 30 BC 762:Ptolemy Philadelphus 30:For other uses, see 27222:William Shakespeare 26992:Cossutia (disputed) 25373: (1550–664 BC) 23823:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 23760:Alexander the Great 22792: (1550–664 BC) 22314:Mershepsesre Ini II 22309:Merkawre Sobekhotep 21703:Neferkare IV Khendu 20858:Hellenistic satraps 19889:Antiochus X Eusebes 19824:Antiochus V Eupator 19766:Cleopatra Selene II 19693:Ptolemy XII Auletes 19678:Ptolemy X Alexander 19673:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 19637:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 19578:Antigonus III Doson 19017:Nardo, Don (1994). 18744:. Brooklyn Museum. 18694:Montserrat, Dominic 17240:. Berlin: 182–243. 16869:Cleopatra and Egypt 16757:Tiepolo's Cleopatra 16689:(6 December 2017), 16541:Musée Saint-Raymond 16456:Muellner, Leonard, 16246:National Geographic 15952:Musée Saint-Raymond 15915:, pp. 141–142. 15903:, pp. 135–144. 15879:, pp. 172–173. 15867:, pp. 181–183. 15855:, pp. 178–180. 15795:, pp. 260–263. 15747:, pp. 173–177. 15723:, pp. 173–174. 15684:, pp. 232–233. 15636:, pp. 271–274. 15501:, pp. 113–114. 15230:, pp. 175–176. 15203:, pp. 199–200. 15176:, pp. 184–186. 15152:, pp. 198–199. 15133:, pp. 185–186. 15118:, pp. 174–175. 15022:, pp. 18, 182. 14956:, pp. 182–186. 14880:, pp. 208–209. 14790:, pp. 195–196. 14523:, pp. 169–171. 14476:, pp. 7–8, 44. 14340:, pp. 155–156. 14289:, pp. 154–155. 14277:, pp. 153–154. 14230:, pp. 312–313. 14218:, pp. 141–142. 14206:, pp. 155–156. 14174:, pp. 106–107. 14150:, pp. 104–105. 14114:, pp. 103–104. 14090:, pp. 216–217. 14005:, pp. 304–307. 13969:, pp. 197–198. 13957:, pp. 150–151. 13909:, pp. 149–150. 13828:, pp. 148–149. 13813:, pp. 194–195. 13759:, pp. 147–148. 13689:, pp. 185–186. 13660:, pp. 184–185. 13648:, pp. 154–155. 13612:, pp. 153–154. 13560:, pp. 144–145. 13521:, pp. 143–144. 13509:, pp. 142–143. 13459:, pp. 141–142. 13357:, pp. 178–179. 13263:, pp. 139–140. 13214:, pp. 137–138. 13187:, pp. 303–304. 13158:, pp. 136–137. 13019:, pp. 302–303. 12927:, pp. 130–131. 12891:, pp. 129–130. 12876:, pp. 100–101. 12807:, pp. 301–302. 12783:, pp. 201–202. 12743:, pp. 133–134. 12453:, pp. 94, 142. 11871:, pp. xxi, 23. 11746:, pp. xxi, 22. 11722:, pp. 213–214. 11710:, pp. 207–213. 11698:, pp. xxi, 21. 11668:, pp. 205–206. 11622:, pp. 72, 175. 11607:, pp. 201–202. 11580:, pp. 72, 126. 11568:, pp. 194–195. 11541:, pp. 181–182. 11505:, pp. 179–182. 11464:, pp. 162–163. 11437:, pp. xxi, 20. 11137:, pp. 235–236. 11101:, pp. xxi, 76. 11089:, pp. 118–119. 10997:, pp. 112–113. 10918:, pp. 234–235. 10832:, pp. xxi, 18. 10817:, pp. 259–260. 10737:, pp. xxi, 17. 9752:, pp. 314–315. 9257:, pp. 84, 215. 8996:Cleopatra Selene II 8974:Stanley M. Burstein 8968:, pp. 39–66). 8881:High Priest of Ptah 8719:the steel engraving 8711:Italian Renaissance 8580:, p. 348) and 8521:prefers the latter. 8362:, p. 185) and 8249:Stanley M. Burstein 8177:Polemon I of Pontus 8124:Cleopatra Selene II 7984:, p. 121) and 7455:, pp. 60–63), 7273:Ancient Macedonians 7182:, p. 488) and 7170:, pp. 15–16), 7087:the younger goddess 6930:, pp. 98–100). 6888:Ptolemy XII Auletes 6819:, p. 149) and 6800:, p. 33), and 6673:Ptolemy XII Auletes 6492:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 6263:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 6250:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 6169:Mithridatic dynasty 6167:, a Persian of the 6127:Alexander the Great 6119:Ptolemy XII Auletes 6094:Musée Saint-Raymond 6046:Villa of the Papyri 5828:The Egyptian Nights 5781:George Bernard Shaw 5656:William Shakespeare 5621:Alessandro Vittoria 5477:Medieval literature 5399:A granite Egyptian 5277:Native Egyptian art 5105:In 1818 a now lost 4642:Hellenistic culture 4610:Ptolemy XII Auletes 4584:for the third time 4500:the Berlin portrait 4450:. Plutarch, in his 4419:was found near the 4329:or Cleopatra as an 4250:Cultural depictions 3974:Octavia the Younger 3962:Cleopatra Selene II 3952:Boscoreale Treasure 3936:Cleopatra Selene II 3869:, dedicated to the 3767:, inaugurating the 3680:Cleopatra's suicide 3243:Library of Pergamum 2874:Cleopatra Selene II 2872:, or her daughter, 2805:Octavia the Younger 2723:Cleopatra Selene II 2495:January 45 BC. The 2491:, put into effect 1 2456:Serapeum of Saqqara 2305:siege of the palace 2215:Battle of Pharsalus 2026:High Priest of Ptah 1652:Ptolemy XII Auletes 1616:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 1541:Alexander the Great 1525:high priest of Ptah 1505:Ptolemy XII Auletes 1462:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 1442:Alexander the Great 1359:The Latinized form 1123:Battle of Pharsalus 1091:Ptolemy XII Auletes 1052:Alexander the Great 962:Cultural depictions 898:Siege of Alexandria 850:Part of a series on 831:(probably in Egypt) 774:Ptolemy XII Auletes 757:Cleopatra Selene II 159:Ptolemy XII Auletes 27600:Suicides by poison 27570:Hellenistic Cyprus 27033:Augustus (adopted) 26957:Chiaramonti Caesar 26735:Battle of the Nile 26591:Military campaigns 26569:Caesar's civil war 25997:Hellenistic Period 25497:Merytre-Hatshepsut 25457:Ahmose-Henuttamehu 24160:Trebonianus Gallus 22747:Senakhtenre Ahmose 22365:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 22319:Sewahenre Senebmiu 22294:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 21723:Neferkare V Tereru 21693:Neferkare III Neby 21361:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 20762:Monarchs of Epirus 20595:Cimmerian Bosporus 20355:Monarchs of Pontus 19914:Cleopatra Selene I 19794:Antiochus II Theos 19784:Seleucus I Nicator 19751:Demetrius the Fair 19733:Monarchs of Cyrene 19309:Watkins, Thayer. " 18874:Abrams Discoveries 18561:: 35–46, 345–348. 18446:Southern, Patricia 18410:Southern, Patricia 18260:Rowland, Ingrid D. 17763:Cleopatra and Rome 16725:, British Museum, 16584:The World of State 16403:(10 August 2020), 16196:, pp. 11, 69. 16097:, pp. 56, 73. 16065:, pp. 11, 75. 15523:Goldsworthy (2010) 15334:, pp. 41, 44. 15259:, pp. 35, 44. 14980:, pp. 31, 34. 14449:, pp. 67, 93. 14316:, pp. 32, 77. 13933:, pp. 99–100. 12795:, pp. 99–100. 12617:. 14 February 2007 11231:, pp. 64, 69. 11036:, pp. 18, 76. 11009:, pp. 26, 62. 10573:, pp. xx, 17. 10338:, pp. 53, 56. 10297:, pp. xx, 14. 10273:, pp. 80, 85. 10108:, pp. 23, 73. 10057:, pp. 13, 76. 10033:, pp. xx, 13. 9917:, pp. 13, 75. 9011:, pp. 33–48). 8982:Adrian Goldsworthy 8891:, pp. 20–30). 8778:, pp. 47–49). 8647:, p. 40) and 8616:Second Triumvirate 8479:, pp. 32–33). 8441:, pp. 28–30). 8356:governors of Egypt 8207:, pp. 27–28). 8173:Amyntas of Galatia 8101:, pp. 80–81). 8009:, p. 39) and 7967:, p. 39) and 7870:, p. 18) and 7857:, pp. 53–55). 7836:, p. 98) and 7820:, pp. 39–41). 7790:, pp. 92–93). 7689:, pp. 28–30). 7650:, pp. 18–19). 7600:, pp. 15–16). 7587:, pp. 13–14). 7467:, p. 11) and 7364:nature during the 7316:Hellenistic Greeks 7314:stresses that the 7253:).As explained by 7194:, p. 64) and 7113:loving her country 6882:, p. 28) and 6139:Seleucus I Nicator 6038:Seleucus I Nicator 5863:), an 1899 French 5729: 5558:Giovanni Boccaccio 5512: 5460:Capitoline Museums 5384:Adrian Goldsworthy 5305: 5254: 5147:authentic clothing 5107:encaustic painting 5100:dressed as a Roman 5096:Egyptian crocodile 5019:encaustic painting 4749:", located in the 4650:Roman client queen 4590: 4485:Capitoline Museums 4430:, Rome, along the 4365:Capitoline Museums 4173:writings of Cicero 4161: 4085: 3986:kingdom of Numidia 3835: 3652: 3592: 3532: 3496:Death of Cleopatra 3490:Downfall and death 3476:distinctive purple 3474:identified by its 3445:Amyntas of Galatia 3326: 3306:Reign of Cleopatra 3184: 3130: 3092:Reign of Cleopatra 3030: 3022:Second Triumvirate 2756: 2737:by conquering the 2683: 2655:Reign of Cleopatra 2616:Battle of Philippi 2585:Second Triumvirate 2577: 2550:Reign of Cleopatra 2527:whom he abhorred. 2445: 2372:Egyptian monuments 2328: 2275: 2239:Reign of Cleopatra 2179: 2157:Reign of Cleopatra 2141:Theodotus of Chios 2112:was introduced by 2102:Caesar's Civil War 2081:17.5 million 2016:, ParisRight: The 2000:Left: A limestone 1973:Reign of Cleopatra 1920: 1828:, and finally the 1763:argued before the 1754: 1612:reign of Cleopatra 1513: 1234:Kingdom of Armenia 1205:Second Triumvirate 1166:Battle of the Nile 1143:Caesar's civil war 1129:against his rival 1095:Roman client state 1084:reign of Alexander 1076:Hellenistic-period 903:Battle of the Nile 565:epithet to nomen: 314:Weret-tut-en-it-es 27590:Suicides in Egypt 27424: 27423: 27235:Stage adaptations 27188: 27187: 27072: 27071: 26952:Tusculum portrait 26811:Dictator perpetuo 26770: 26769: 26662:Ambiorix's revolt 26559:First Triumvirate 26547:Major life events 26506: 26505: 26502: 26501: 26394: 26393: 26390: 26389: 26386: 26385: 26169: 26168: 26046: 26045: 26001: (664–30 BC) 25982: 25981: 25978: 25977: 25974: 25973: 25778: 25777: 25418: 25417: 25354: 25353: 25350: 25349: 25346: 25345: 25170: 25169: 24999: 24998: 24935: 24934: 24931: 24930: 24927: 24926: 24627: 24626: 24513: 24512: 24413: 24412: 24400: 24399: 24291: 24290: 24287: 24286: 24283: 24282: 24207:Claudius Gothicus 24101:Severus Alexander 24068:Septimius Severus 23933: 23932: 23731: 23730: 23476: 23475: 23408: 23407: 23404: 23403: 23400: 23399: 23115:Osorkon the Elder 23066: 23065: 22843: 22842: 22773: 22772: 22769: 22768: 22765: 22764: 22737:Nubkheperre Intef 22617:Sekhemre Shedwast 22239:Sehetepkare Intef 22167:Semenkare Nebnuni 22096: 22095: 21943: 21942: 21875: 21874: 21871: 21870: 21867: 21866: 21650: 21649: 21628:Netjerkare Siptah 21550:Neferirkare Kakai 21395: 21394: 21199: 21198: 20969: 20968: 20865: 20864: 20345:Socrates Chrestus 19834:Alexander I Balas 19829:Demetrius I Soter 19789:Antiochus I Soter 19535:Antipater Etesias 19432: 19431: 19351:Ptolemaic dynasty 19287:Cleopatra: A Life 19255:Discovery Channel 19244:Project Gutenberg 19177:978-1-445-66965-6 19141:978-0-465-01892-5 19091:978-0-7524-1494-2 19069:978-0-948695-18-6 19050:978-0-8052-3911-9 19037:Pomeroy, Sarah B. 19028:978-1-56006-023-9 18970:978-0-060-92093-7 18963:. HarperCollins. 18921:978-0-19-814278-2 18902:978-1-55970-503-5 18883:978-0-8109-2805-3 18812:978-0-8014-8953-2 18711:978-0-520-24367-5 18669:978-0-87930-865-0 18649:978-0-415-05806-3 18630:978-0-691-08835-8 18603:978-0-691-08835-8 18527:978-0-7141-5022-2 18517:The Portland Vase 18494:978-90-04-13577-2 18461:978-1-84868-324-2 18425:978-0-415-62838-9 18351:978-0-7535-3956-9 18342:Cleopatra: A Life 18308:978-1-4039-6109-9 18277:978-0-520-24367-5 18251:978-0-19-536553-5 18227:978-0-415-30596-9 18193:978-0-520-24367-5 18158:978-0-8027-1738-2 18035:978-1-904768-02-9 18000:978-1-4411-9065-9 17965:978-0-89236-633-0 17895:978-0-691-08835-8 17773:978-0-674-01905-8 17750:978-1-887829-18-2 17737:Kennedy, David L. 17716:978-0-8061-3741-4 17683:978-0-415-18589-9 17648:978-0-415-18589-9 17609:978-0-231-12990-9 17585:978-0-415-20145-2 17554:978-90-04-08612-8 17530:978-0-691-08835-8 17491:978-0-520-24367-5 17468:978-0-297-99502-9 17444:978-0-300-16534-0 17422:978-0-06-058558-7 17398:978-0-691-08835-8 17371:978-0-691-08835-8 17323:978-1-258-45054-0 17304:978-0-500-05128-3 17268:978-0-520-24367-5 17221:978-0-521-07492-6 17208:Crawford, Michael 17187:978-1-57292-055-2 17140:978-0-8014-8576-3 17119:978-0-7141-5062-8 17100:978-0-313-32527-4 17076:978-0-415-32089-4 17045:978-0-7456-3371-8 17002:978-0-14-139014-7 16995:, Penguin Group, 16968:978-0-521-20092-9 16879:978-1-4051-1390-8 16833:978-0-691-08835-8 16806:978-0-691-08835-8 16767:978-1-876832-44-5 16619:978-0-86516-843-5 16342:978-0-19-938113-5 16218:Whitehorne (1994) 16145:, pp. 2, 42. 16133:, pp. 69–70. 15990:, pp. 1, 23. 15942:, pp. 81–82. 15930:, pp. 50–51. 15612:, pp. 54–55. 15600:, pp. 51–54. 15588:, pp. 73–74. 15549:, pp. 11–36. 15435:, pp. 41–59. 15307:, pp. 14–15. 15288:, pp. 43–44. 14746:, pp. 83–85. 14729:, pp. 37–38. 14624:, pp. 65–66. 14612:, pp. 66–70. 14585:, pp. 60–62. 14508:, pp. 57–58. 14187:Ferroukhi (2001a) 14162:, pp. 37–38. 14138:, pp. 78–80. 14126:, pp. 39–41. 14102:, pp. 33–34. 14066:, pp. 69–71. 13870:, pp. 31–32. 13301:, pp. 30–31. 13058:, pp. 29–30. 12915:, pp. 65–66. 12726:, pp. 28–29. 12656:, pp. 27–28. 12641:, pp. 97–98. 12521:, pp. 95–96. 12509:, pp. 94–95. 12494:, pp. 26–27. 12441:, pp. 93–94. 12429:, pp. 92–93. 12402:, pp. 91–92. 12371:, pp. 90–91. 12321:, pp. 89–90. 12275:Ferroukhi (2001b) 12236:, pp. 86–87. 12192:, pp. 85–86. 12165:, pp. 84–85. 12114:, pp. 83–84. 12062:, pp. 82–83. 12047:, pp. 81–82. 11978:, pp. 79–80. 11895:, pp. 77–79. 11856:, pp. 76–77. 11820:, pp. 22–23. 11734:, pp. 74–75. 11651:, pp. 72–74. 11422:, pp. 69–70. 11321:, pp. 65–66. 11294:, pp. 19–20. 11267:, pp. 64–65. 11166:, pp. 63–64. 11125:, pp. 62–63. 11048:, pp. 18–19. 10966:, pp. 61–62. 10954:, pp. 57–58. 10930:, pp. 56–57. 10805:, pp. 60–61. 10707:, pp. 97–98. 10692:, pp. 59–60. 10648:, pp. 95–96. 10624:, pp. 58–59. 10600:, pp. 94–95. 10541:, pp. 92–93. 10517:, pp. 56–57. 10502:, pp. 26–27. 10468:, pp. 36–37. 10451:, pp. 91–92. 10407:, pp. 54–56. 10377:, pp. 16–17. 10362:, pp. 53–54. 10309:, pp. 84–85. 10261:, pp. 26–27. 10207:, pp. 13–14. 10195:, pp. 11–12. 10168:, pp. 25–26. 10084:, pp. 24–25. 10045:, pp. 16–17. 9980:, pp. 23–24. 9968:, pp. 77–78. 9944:, pp. 76–77. 9929:, pp. 14–15. 9827:, pp. 74–76. 9803:, pp. 20–21. 9705:, pp. 45–46. 9669:, pp. 68–69. 9657:, pp. 18–19. 9477:, pp. 10–11. 9417:, pp. 38–42. 9381:, pp. 46–48. 9354:, pp. 11–12. 9323:, pp. 29–33. 9284:, pp. 32–33. 9233:, pp. 55–57. 9209:, pp. 15–16. 8954:Goldsworthy (2010 8921:Goldsworthy (2010 8877:Pasherienptah III 8873:Ptolemais Hermiou 8770:, pp. 3–5), 8673:Vatican Cleopatra 8633:Vatican Cleopatra 8462:, written in the 7362:Hellenistic Greek 7142:, p. 1) and 6874:, p. xiii), 6753: 6752: 6052:, and now in the 5919:women's magazines 5911:despotic behavior 5883:Claudette Colbert 5833:Alexander Pushkin 5804:the 1885 painting 5759:Théophile Gautier 5733:Victorian Britain 5680:Domenico Cimarosa 5580:written in Arabic 5401:bust of Cleopatra 5310:Bust of Cleopatra 5301:Temple of Dendera 4755:Vatican Cleopatra 4673:'melon' hairstyle 4536:Ptolemaic coinage 4530:Coinage portraits 4379:Hellenistic-Greek 4286:Roman portraiture 4239:Greco-Roman world 4082:Alexandre Cabanel 3845:, serving as the 3839:Macedonian rulers 3791:Ptolemaic coinage 3671:ou thriambéusomai 3668: 3369:his own mausoleum 3282: 3145:marriage alliance 3118:Armenian campaign 3043:Cornelia Africana 2967:Nabataean Kingdom 2892:Antonia the Elder 2880:, located in the 2721:and a girl named 2665:Roman marble bust 2440:, located in the 2316:Tusculum portrait 2029:Pasherienptah III 2020:of Cleopatra and 1929:Battle of Carrhae 1918:(yellow) in 40 BC 1850:Temple of Artemis 1794:, and eventually 1736:First Triumvirate 1675:Ptolemaic pharaoh 1644:Ptolemy of Cyprus 1605:Ptolemaic Kingdom 1539:, established by 1479:Theā́ Philopátōra 1474:Ptolemaic dynasty 1470:Seleucid princess 1458:Cleopatra Alcyone 1436:). Cleopatra was 1262:Octavian's forces 1060:Egyptian language 1036:Ptolemaic dynasty 1028:Ptolemaic Kingdom 998: 997: 845: 844: 840:Ptolemaic dynasty 802:Ptolemaic Kingdom 707: 706: 703: 702: 699: 698: 695: 694: 682: 681: 674: 673: 670: 669: 601: 600: 597: 596: 563: 562: 559: 558: 546: 545: 538: 537: 534: 533: 470: 469: 466: 465: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 401: 400: 393: 392: 389: 388: 343: 342: 339: 338: 307: 306: 303: 302: 290: 289: 282: 281: 278: 277: 231: 230: 227: 226: 88:Ptolemaic Kingdom 16:(Redirected from 27607: 27560:Ancient suicides 27477: 27476: 27475: 27465: 27464: 27463: 27453: 27452: 27451: 27441: 27440: 27439: 27432: 27412: 27411: 27215: 27208: 27201: 27192: 27191: 27175: 27174: 27097:Temple of Caesar 27054:Aurelia (mother) 26982: 26981: 26887:Veni, vidi, vici 26605: 26604: 26533: 26526: 26519: 26510: 26509: 26400: 26399: 26379: 26369: 26359: 26349: 26337: 26327: 26316:Cleopatra Selene 26312: 26302: 26292: 26282: 26276:Cleopatra I Syra 26272: 26262: 26252: 26186: 26185: 26182: 26181: 26063: 26062: 26059: 26058: 26039: 26032: 26019: 26018: 26010: 26009: 26003: 26002: 25988: 25987: 25860:Nesitanebetashru 25855:Nesitaudjatakhet 25795: 25794: 25791: 25790: 25728:Iset Ta-Hemdjert 25694: 25584: 25483: 25462:Ahmose-Meritamun 25452:Ahmose-Sitkamose 25447:Ahmose-Nefertari 25435: 25434: 25431: 25430: 25411: 25404: 25391: 25390: 25382: 25381: 25375: 25374: 25360: 25359: 25187: 25186: 25183: 25182: 25163: 25016: 25015: 25012: 25011: 24992: 24985: 24972: 24971: 24963: 24962: 24956: 24955: 24941: 24940: 24920: 24902:Ankhesenpepi III 24741:Khamerernebty II 24644: 24643: 24640: 24639: 24530: 24529: 24526: 24525: 24506: 24499: 24486: 24485: 24477: 24476: 24470: 24469: 24455: 24454: 24440: 24433: 24426: 24417: 24416: 24407:List of pharaohs 24297: 24296: 24062:Pescennius Niger 23950: 23949: 23946: 23945: 23858:Ptolemy IX Soter 23828:Cleopatra I Syra 23748: 23747: 23744: 23743: 23493: 23492: 23489: 23488: 23445: 23444: 23436: 23435: 23429: 23428: 23414: 23413: 23165:Djedkhonsuefankh 23083: 23082: 23079: 23078: 22860: 22859: 22856: 22855: 22830: 22825: 22810: 22809: 22801: 22800: 22794: 22793: 22779: 22778: 22372:Qareh Khawoserre 22358:Yakbim Sekhaenre 22299:Mersekhemre Ined 22113: 22112: 22109: 22108: 21960: 21959: 21956: 21955: 21912: 21911: 21903: 21902: 21896: 21895: 21881: 21880: 21667: 21666: 21663: 21662: 21412: 21411: 21408: 21407: 21216: 21215: 21212: 21211: 20986: 20985: 20982: 20981: 20938: 20937: 20929: 20928: 20922: 20921: 20907: 20906: 20892: 20885: 20878: 20869: 20868: 20657: 20573:Ariobarzanes III 19947:Ptolemy Epigonos 19849:Diodotus Tryphon 19642:Cleopatra I Syra 19617:Ptolemy Keraunos 19458: 19451: 19444: 19435: 19434: 19423:Office abolished 19377:Preceded by 19367: 19360: 19342: 19341: 19246: 19200: 19181: 19162: 19145: 19133: 19124:Tyldesley, Joyce 19119: 19109: 19095: 19073: 19054: 19032: 19021:. Lucent Books. 19013: 18993: 18974: 18952: 18950: 18948: 18925: 18906: 18887: 18862: 18843: 18841: 18839: 18816: 18797: 18774: 18755: 18727: 18725: 18723: 18685: 18683: 18681: 18652: 18634: 18607: 18580: 18570: 18543: 18541: 18539: 18510: 18508: 18506: 18477: 18475: 18473: 18441: 18439: 18437: 18405: 18355: 18333: 18311: 18293: 18291: 18289: 18255: 18236:Roller, Duane W. 18231: 18214:Roller, Duane W. 18209: 18207: 18205: 18174: 18172: 18170: 18141: 18119: 18117: 18115: 18088: 18082: 18080: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18016: 18014: 18012: 17981: 17979: 17977: 17948: 17939: 17937: 17922: 17899: 17872: 17854: 17852: 17850: 17819: 17818: 17816: 17810: 17799: 17789: 17787: 17785: 17753: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17699: 17697: 17695: 17664: 17662: 17660: 17635:Bard, Kathryn A. 17625: 17623: 17621: 17594:Hsia, Chih-tsing 17589: 17570: 17568: 17566: 17534: 17507: 17505: 17503: 17472: 17447: 17426: 17402: 17375: 17348: 17327: 17308: 17284: 17282: 17280: 17249: 17225: 17203: 17201: 17199: 17169: 17156: 17154: 17152: 17123: 17104: 17080: 17061: 17059: 17057: 17030:Bringmann, Klaus 17025: 17006: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16946: 16935: 16932: 16895: 16893: 16891: 16862: 16860: 16858: 16837: 16810: 16783: 16781: 16779: 16752:Anderson, Jaynie 16738: 16736: 16734: 16712: 16710: 16708: 16687:Tyldesley, Joyce 16682: 16680: 16678: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16600: 16598: 16596: 16577: 16575: 16573: 16555: 16554: 16552: 16530: 16528: 16526: 16510:Plutarch's Lives 16500: 16498: 16496: 16479: 16477: 16475: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16396: 16394: 16392: 16371: 16369: 16367: 16346: 16317: 16315: 16313: 16287: 16285: 16283: 16262: 16260: 16258: 16253:on 10 March 2018 16249:, archived from 16221: 16215: 16209: 16203: 16197: 16191: 16185: 16179: 16170: 16164: 16158: 16152: 16146: 16140: 16134: 16128: 16122: 16119:Lendering (2020) 16116: 16110: 16104: 16098: 16092: 16083: 16077: 16066: 16060: 16054: 16048: 16042: 16036: 16027: 16021: 16015: 16009: 16003: 15997: 15991: 15985: 15979: 15973: 15967: 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14115: 14109: 14103: 14097: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14073: 14067: 14061: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14012: 14006: 14003:Bringmann (2007) 14000: 13994: 13988: 13982: 13976: 13970: 13964: 13958: 13952: 13946: 13940: 13934: 13928: 13922: 13916: 13910: 13904: 13898: 13892: 13886: 13880: 13871: 13865: 13856: 13850: 13844: 13838: 13829: 13823: 13814: 13808: 13799: 13793: 13784: 13778: 13772: 13766: 13760: 13754: 13748: 13742: 13729: 13723: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13699: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13672: 13661: 13655: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13584: 13578: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13534: 13528: 13522: 13516: 13510: 13504: 13498: 13492: 13481: 13475: 13460: 13454: 13445: 13439: 13418: 13412: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13373: 13367: 13358: 13352: 13333: 13327: 13321: 13315: 13302: 13296: 13287: 13284:Bringmann (2007) 13281: 13264: 13258: 13249: 13243: 13232: 13226: 13215: 13209: 13203: 13197: 13188: 13185:Bringmann (2007) 13182: 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12222: 12216: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12127: 12121: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12097: 12086: 12083:Bringmann (2007) 12080: 12063: 12057: 12048: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12006: 12000: 11994: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11911: 11905: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11857: 11851: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11776: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11705: 11699: 11693: 11684: 11678: 11669: 11663: 11652: 11646: 11635: 11629: 11623: 11617: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11542: 11536: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11438: 11432: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11358: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11179: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11084: 11078: 11072: 11066: 11060: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11025: 11019: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10892: 10886: 10877: 10871: 10858: 10855:Bringmann (2007) 10852: 10833: 10827: 10818: 10815:Bringmann (2007) 10812: 10806: 10800: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10738: 10732: 10723: 10720:Bringmann (2007) 10717: 10708: 10702: 10693: 10687: 10678: 10672: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10574: 10568: 10557: 10551: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10503: 10497: 10486: 10480: 10469: 10463: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10425: 10419: 10408: 10402: 10393: 10387: 10378: 10372: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10235: 10229: 10220: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10154: 10148: 10139: 10133: 10124: 10118: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9891: 9885: 9872: 9866: 9855: 9849: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9762: 9753: 9747: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9643: 9637: 9626: 9620: 9611: 9605: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9478: 9472: 9463: 9457: 9442: 9441:, pp. 9–12. 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9193: 9187: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9123: 9117: 9094: 9088: 9057: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9018: 9012: 8942: 8936: 8914: 8908: 8898: 8892: 8855:As explained by 8853: 8847: 8840: 8834: 8819: 8813: 8802: 8796: 8785: 8779: 8766:, p. 201), 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8728: 8722: 8703: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8666: 8660: 8629: 8623: 8620:Battle of Actium 8596:remarked in his 8591: 8585: 8570: 8564: 8553: 8547: 8538:, p. 348), 8528: 8522: 8511: 8505: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8473: 8467: 8464:Demotic Egyptian 8450:As explained by 8448: 8442: 8429: 8423: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8373: 8367: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8324: 8318: 8309:As explained by 8307: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8284: 8283: 8274: 8268: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8214: 8208: 8190: 8184: 8165: 8159: 8144:Ferroukhi (2001b 8116:Ferroukhi (2001a 8113: 8102: 8091: 8085: 8060:As explained by 8058: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8003: 7997: 7978: 7972: 7961: 7955: 7940: 7934: 7923: 7917: 7910: 7904: 7897: 7891: 7884: 7875: 7864: 7858: 7847: 7841: 7830: 7821: 7814: 7808: 7797: 7791: 7784: 7778: 7768: 7760:Ptolemy Keraunos 7753: 7747: 7740: 7731: 7710: 7704: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7677: 7670: 7664: 7657: 7651: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7625: 7607: 7601: 7594: 7588: 7573: 7567: 7548: 7542: 7511: 7505: 7482: 7476: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7400: 7394: 7387: 7381: 7366:Ptolemaic period 7358: 7352: 7349:Tyldesley (2017) 7346: 7340: 7324:Classical Greece 7305: 7296: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7216:Ptolemaic rulers 7212: 7203: 7164:Macedonian Greek 7153: 7147: 7134:, linguist, and 7128: 7122: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7061: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6915: 6900:Whitehorne (1994 6861: 6850: 6814: 6805: 6786:Berlin Cleopatra 6778: 6270:Cleopatra I Syra 6255: 6254: 6177:Cleopatra I Syra 6157:Cleopatra I Syra 6113:tracing back to 6111:European origins 6103:Macedonian Greek 6078: 6069: 6026:Hellenistic bust 6018: 6009: 5893:Elizabeth Taylor 5843:Chinese scholar 5777:Victorien Sardou 5749:H. Rider Haggard 5745:Fictional novels 5737:Egyptian culture 5613:Boucicaut Master 5573: 5555: 5547: 5517:Geoffrey Chaucer 5443: 5416: 5396: 5381: 5370: 5343:Saint Petersburg 5339:Hermitage Museum 5182: 5173: 5076:Second Punic War 5051:Ptolemaic rulers 5003: 4994: 4981:ivory-white skin 4914:painting in the 4904: 4895: 4874: 4851: 4839: 4816: 4747:Berlin Cleopatra 4731: 4728: 4712: 4703: 4685:their hairstyles 4626:Macedonian Greek 4482: 4452:Life of Antonius 4445: 4437: 4429: 4339:Hermitage Museum 4331:Egyptian goddess 4319: 4310: 4298:Sleeping Ariadne 4216:Valerius Maximus 4201:Geoffrey Chaucer 4197:Late Middle Ages 4170: 4155: 4095:Life of Antonius 4063:Latin literature 4039:Palmyrene Empire 4024: 4023: 5 BC 4021: 3966:Alexander Helios 3928: 3919: 3891:state monopolies 3843:absolute monarch 3828: 3827: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3674:), according to 3673: 3663: 3661: 3660:οὑ θριαμβεύσομαι 3647:(1796–1797), by 3634:Gaius Proculeius 3622:Cornelius Gallus 3485: 3460:Battle of Actium 3401: 3392: 3331: 3324: 3321: 3302:Battle of Actium 3296:Battle of Actium 3287: 3277: 3275: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3047:Scipio Africanus 2950:along the upper 2926:(Lebanon) minus 2902: 2858: 2849: 2836:Herodian kingdom 2719:Alexander Helios 2711:Quintus Labienus 2623:the western half 2565:Cleopatra's Gate 2494: 2474: 2439: 2436: 2272:Jean-Léon Gérôme 2220: 2191:the wars in Gaul 2110:sibling marriage 2033:Ptolemaic period 1994: 1985: 1957:Temple of Hathor 1951:and a temple at 1798:after he became 1776:Servilius Rullus 1716:, including the 1523:by the Egyptian 1487: 1486: 1481: 1466:Cleopatra I Syra 1435: 1434: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1337:pop culture icon 1258:Battle of Actium 1044:Macedonian Greek 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 990: 983: 976: 946:Death and legacy 934:Battle of Actium 866: 847: 846: 752:Alexander Helios 691: 690: 630: 629: 626: 618: 614: 613: 607: 586: 585: 582: 578: 555: 554: 499: 498: 495: 487: 483: 482: 476: 455: 454: 451: 447: 435: 410: 409: 361: 360: 357: 349: 332: 331: 328: 324: 320: 319: 299: 298: 249: 248: 245: 237: 220: 219: 216: 212: 208: 207: 195: 184: 183: 55:Berlin Cleopatra 51: 39: 38: 21: 27615: 27614: 27610: 27609: 27608: 27606: 27605: 27604: 27595:Female suicides 27535:Female pharaohs 27485: 27484: 27483: 27473: 27471: 27461: 27459: 27449: 27447: 27437: 27435: 27427: 27425: 27420: 27400: 27394:Roman Tragedies 27340: 27288: 27261: 27230: 27219: 27189: 27184: 27162: 27158:Curia of Pompey 27121: 27068: 27037: 27011: 26971: 26940: 26916:Forum of Caesar 26904: 26867: 26816: 26779: 26766: 26725:Alexandrian war 26686: 26603: 26585: 26542: 26537: 26507: 26498: 26405: 26382: 26217: 26179: 26178: 26177: 26165: 26147: 26104: 26056: 26055: 26054: 26042: 26035: 26030: 26024: 26015: 26004: 26000: 25999: 25970: 25897: 25879: 25821: 25788: 25787: 25786: 25774: 25709: 25653:Maathorneferure 25609: 25577:Neferneferuaten 25428: 25427: 25426: 25414: 25407: 25402: 25396: 25387: 25376: 25372: 25371: 25342: 25289: 25271: 25253: 25180: 25179: 25178: 25166: 25077: 25009: 25008: 25007: 24995: 24988: 24983: 24977: 24968: 24957: 24953: 24952: 24923: 24907:Ankhesenpepi IV 24862:Ankhesenpepi II 24833: 24755: 24726:Khamerernebty I 24677: 24637: 24636: 24635: 24623: 24598: 24523: 24522: 24521: 24509: 24502: 24497: 24491: 24482: 24471: 24467: 24466: 24449: 24444: 24414: 24409: 24396: 24302: 24279: 24179:Macrianus Minor 24108:Maximinus Thrax 24044:Marcus Aurelius 23943: 23942: 23941: 23929: 23788:Ptolemy I Soter 23774: 23741: 23740: 23739: 23727: 23694: 23666: 23626: 23608: 23588:Psammetichus IV 23558: 23486: 23485: 23484: 23472: 23450: 23441: 23430: 23427:(664 BC–313 AD) 23426: 23425: 23396: 23358: 23335: 23331:Menkheperre Ini 23268: 23191: 23129: 23076: 23075: 23074: 23062: 22999: 22946: 22927:Neferneferuaten 22853: 22852: 22851: 22839: 22838: 22828: 22823: 22822:Pharaohs 22815: 22806: 22795: 22791: 22790: 22761: 22696: 22655: 22582:Sobekhotep VIII 22563: 22495: 22343: 22304:Sewadjkare Hori 22106: 22105: 22104: 22092: 22032: 22006: 21953: 21952: 21951: 21939: 21917: 21908: 21897: 21893: 21892: 21863: 21830: 21790: 21698:Djedkare Shemai 21660: 21659: 21658: 21646: 21584: 21526: 21469: 21405: 21404: 21403: 21391: 21285: 21209: 21208: 21207: 21195: 21100: 20979: 20978: 20977: 20965: 20943: 20934: 20923: 20919: 20918: 20901: 20896: 20866: 20861: 20850: 20756: 20747:Mithridates III 20651: 20594: 20593:Monarchs of the 20587: 20568:Ariobarzanes II 20553:Ariarathes VIII 20494: 20480:Mithridates III 20436: 20378:Mithridates III 20349: 20270: 20077: 20005:Greco-Bactrians 19999: 19951: 19928: 19770: 19727: 19612:Ptolemy I Soter 19598: 19544: 19501: 19468: 19462: 19424: 19414: 19407: 19400: 19392: 19390: 19382: 19361: 19355: 19354: 19347: 19318:Wayback Machine 19232: 19208: 19203: 19184: 19178: 19165: 19148: 19142: 19134:. Basic Books. 19122: 19098: 19092: 19076: 19070: 19057: 19051: 19035: 19029: 19016: 18996: 18990: 18977: 18971: 18955: 18946: 18944: 18928: 18922: 18909: 18903: 18890: 18884: 18865: 18859: 18846: 18837: 18835: 18819: 18813: 18800: 18794: 18777: 18771: 18758: 18752: 18739: 18735: 18733:Further reading 18730: 18721: 18719: 18712: 18679: 18677: 18670: 18650: 18631: 18604: 18537: 18535: 18528: 18504: 18502: 18495: 18471: 18469: 18462: 18435: 18433: 18426: 18372:(1–2): 98–100. 18352: 18309: 18287: 18285: 18278: 18252: 18228: 18203: 18201: 18194: 18168: 18166: 18159: 18138: 18124:Prose, Francine 18113: 18111: 18078: 18076: 18075:on 20 June 2020 18068:Natural History 18055:Pliny the Elder 18045: 18043: 18036: 18010: 18008: 18001: 17975: 17973: 17966: 17896: 17870: 17869:978-071411943-4 17848: 17846: 17814: 17812: 17808: 17797: 17783: 17781: 17774: 17751: 17726: 17724: 17717: 17693: 17691: 17684: 17658: 17656: 17649: 17619: 17617: 17610: 17586: 17564: 17562: 17555: 17531: 17501: 17499: 17492: 17469: 17445: 17423: 17407:Fletcher, Joann 17399: 17372: 17324: 17305: 17278: 17276: 17269: 17230:Curtius, Ludwig 17222: 17197: 17195: 17188: 17150: 17148: 17141: 17120: 17101: 17077: 17055: 17053: 17046: 17022: 17003: 16989:Bradford, Ernle 16978: 16976: 16969: 16933: 16901:Ancient Society 16889: 16887: 16880: 16856: 16854: 16834: 16807: 16777: 16775: 16768: 16746: 16741: 16732: 16730: 16706: 16704: 16676: 16674: 16645: 16643: 16620: 16594: 16592: 16591:on 6 March 2018 16571: 16569: 16558: 16550: 16548: 16524: 16522: 16494: 16492: 16473: 16471: 16447: 16445: 16418: 16416: 16401:Lendering, Jona 16390: 16388: 16365: 16363: 16343: 16311: 16309: 16281: 16279: 16256: 16254: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16216: 16212: 16204: 16200: 16194:Burstein (2004) 16192: 16188: 16180: 16173: 16167:Bradford (2000) 16165: 16161: 16153: 16149: 16141: 16137: 16131:Burstein (2004) 16129: 16125: 16117: 16113: 16105: 16101: 16095:Fletcher (2008) 16093: 16086: 16078: 16069: 16063:Burstein (2004) 16061: 16057: 16049: 16045: 16041:, p. xiii. 16037: 16030: 16022: 16018: 16012:Fletcher (2008) 16010: 16006: 16000:Burstein (2004) 15998: 15994: 15988:Fletcher (2008) 15986: 15982: 15976:Southern (2009) 15974: 15970: 15962: 15958: 15950: 15946: 15940:Fletcher (2008) 15938: 15934: 15926: 15919: 15911: 15907: 15899: 15895: 15887: 15883: 15875: 15871: 15863: 15859: 15851: 15847: 15839: 15835: 15827: 15823: 15815: 15811: 15803: 15799: 15791: 15787: 15783:, p. 1175. 15779: 15775: 15767: 15763: 15755: 15751: 15743: 15739: 15731: 15727: 15719: 15712: 15704: 15700: 15692: 15688: 15680: 15676: 15668: 15664: 15658:Anderson (2003) 15656: 15652: 15646:Anderson (2003) 15644: 15640: 15632: 15628: 15620: 15616: 15610:Anderson (2003) 15608: 15604: 15598:Anderson (2003) 15596: 15592: 15584: 15577: 15573:, pp. 6–9. 15569: 15565: 15561:, pp. 6–7. 15557: 15553: 15547:Anderson (2003) 15545: 15541: 15533: 15529: 15521: 15517: 15509: 15505: 15497: 15493: 15485: 15481: 15473: 15466: 15458: 15454: 15446: 15439: 15431: 15427: 15419: 15410: 15402: 15389: 15383:Fletcher (2008) 15381: 15377: 15369: 15365: 15357: 15350: 15342: 15338: 15330: 15323: 15317:Plutarch (1920) 15315: 15311: 15303: 15292: 15284: 15280: 15272: 15263: 15255: 15251: 15243: 15234: 15226: 15222: 15214: 15207: 15201:Fletcher (2008) 15199: 15192: 15184: 15180: 15172: 15168: 15160: 15156: 15150:Fletcher (2008) 15148: 15137: 15129: 15122: 15114: 15103: 15097:Fletcher (2008) 15095: 15091: 15085:Fletcher (2008) 15083: 15076: 15068: 15053: 15045: 15038: 15030: 15026: 15018: 15014: 15008:Fletcher (2008) 15006: 14999: 14991: 14984: 14976: 14972: 14964: 14960: 14952: 14948: 14938: 14936: 14928: 14927: 14923: 14915: 14911: 14905:Fletcher (2008) 14903: 14896: 14888: 14884: 14876: 14869: 14861: 14838: 14830: 14821: 14813: 14806: 14798: 14794: 14788:Fletcher (2008) 14786: 14782: 14774: 14767: 14759: 14750: 14742: 14733: 14727:Anderson (2003) 14725: 14721: 14713: 14709: 14703:Burstein (2004) 14701: 14697: 14689: 14685: 14681:, pp. 1–2. 14677: 14670: 14666:, pp. 2–3. 14664:Chauveau (2000) 14662: 14658: 14652:Burstein (2004) 14650: 14643: 14637:Anderson (2003) 14635: 14628: 14620: 14616: 14608: 14604: 14598:Burstein (2004) 14596: 14589: 14581: 14577: 14571:Burstein (2004) 14569: 14565: 14561:, pp. 8–9. 14557: 14542: 14534: 14527: 14519: 14512: 14504: 14497: 14489: 14480: 14472: 14468: 14460: 14453: 14447:Burstein (2004) 14445: 14441: 14437:, pp. 7–8. 14433: 14426: 14418: 14414: 14408:Anderson (2003) 14406: 14395: 14387: 14380: 14374:Burstein (2004) 14372: 14368: 14360: 14356: 14350:Burstein (2004) 14348: 14344: 14336: 14332: 14326:Burstein (2004) 14324: 14320: 14314:Burstein (2004) 14312: 14308: 14300: 14293: 14285: 14281: 14273: 14266: 14260:Burstein (2004) 14258: 14251: 14243: 14234: 14226: 14222: 14214: 14210: 14202: 14193: 14185: 14178: 14170: 14166: 14160:Burstein (2004) 14158: 14154: 14146: 14142: 14136:Chauveau (2000) 14134: 14130: 14124:Burstein (2004) 14122: 14118: 14110: 14106: 14100:Burstein (2004) 14098: 14094: 14088:Fletcher (2008) 14086: 14082: 14074: 14070: 14064:Chauveau (2000) 14062: 14058: 14052:Burstein (2004) 14050: 14046: 14042:, pp. 6–7. 14038: 14034: 14024: 14022: 14014: 14013: 14009: 14001: 13997: 13993:, pp. 5–6. 13989: 13985: 13979:Burstein (2004) 13977: 13973: 13965: 13961: 13953: 13949: 13941: 13937: 13929: 13925: 13919:Burstein (2004) 13917: 13913: 13905: 13901: 13895:Burstein (2004) 13893: 13889: 13881: 13874: 13868:Burstein (2004) 13866: 13859: 13851: 13847: 13841:Anderson (2003) 13839: 13832: 13824: 13817: 13809: 13802: 13796:Burstein (2004) 13794: 13787: 13779: 13775: 13769:Burstein (2004) 13767: 13763: 13755: 13751: 13743: 13732: 13724: 13720: 13712: 13708: 13702:Southern (2009) 13700: 13693: 13685: 13681: 13673: 13664: 13656: 13652: 13646:Southern (2009) 13644: 13640: 13632: 13628: 13622:Southern (2009) 13620: 13616: 13610:Southern (2009) 13608: 13604: 13598:Southern (2009) 13596: 13587: 13579: 13564: 13556: 13552: 13546:Burstein (2004) 13544: 13537: 13529: 13525: 13517: 13513: 13505: 13501: 13493: 13484: 13476: 13463: 13455: 13448: 13442:Burstein (2004) 13440: 13421: 13413: 13400: 13394:Brambach (1996) 13392: 13388: 13382:Burstein (2004) 13380: 13376: 13372:, pp. 3–7. 13368: 13361: 13353: 13336: 13330:Burstein (2004) 13328: 13324: 13316: 13305: 13299:Burstein (2004) 13297: 13290: 13282: 13267: 13259: 13252: 13244: 13235: 13227: 13218: 13210: 13206: 13198: 13191: 13183: 13174: 13166: 13162: 13154: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13132:Burstein (2004) 13130: 13123: 13115: 13108: 13102:Burstein (2004) 13100: 13087: 13079: 13062: 13056:Burstein (2004) 13054: 13050: 13042: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13003: 12996: 12988: 12971: 12963: 12959: 12951: 12947: 12935: 12931: 12923: 12919: 12913:Burstein (2004) 12911: 12907: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12880: 12872: 12868: 12862:Burstein (2004) 12860: 12843: 12835: 12828: 12822:Burstein (2004) 12820: 12811: 12803: 12799: 12791: 12787: 12779: 12770: 12764:Burstein (2004) 12762: 12747: 12739: 12730: 12724:Burstein (2004) 12722: 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11503:Fletcher (2008) 11501: 11497: 11489: 11485: 11477: 11468: 11462:Fletcher (2008) 11460: 11456: 11448: 11441: 11435:Burstein (2004) 11433: 11426: 11418: 11414: 11406: 11402: 11396:Fletcher (2008) 11394: 11390: 11384:Burstein (2004) 11382: 11378: 11370: 11361: 11355:Fletcher (2008) 11353: 11349: 11341: 11337: 11331:Fletcher (2008) 11329: 11325: 11317: 11310: 11304:Fletcher (2008) 11302: 11298: 11292:Burstein (2004) 11290: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11263: 11259: 11253:Fletcher (2008) 11251: 11247: 11241:Burstein (2004) 11239: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11217:Fletcher (2008) 11215: 11211: 11205:Burstein (2004) 11203: 11199: 11191: 11182: 11176:Burstein (2004) 11174: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11152:Burstein (2004) 11150: 11141: 11133: 11129: 11121: 11117: 11111:Fletcher (2008) 11109: 11105: 11099:Burstein (2004) 11097: 11093: 11087:Fletcher (2008) 11085: 11081: 11073: 11069: 11061: 11052: 11046:Burstein (2004) 11044: 11040: 11034:Burstein (2004) 11032: 11028: 11020: 11013: 11005: 11001: 10995:Fletcher (2008) 10993: 10989: 10981: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10950: 10946: 10938: 10934: 10926: 10922: 10914: 10910: 10904:Burstein (2004) 10902: 10895: 10889:Fletcher (2008) 10887: 10880: 10872: 10861: 10853: 10836: 10830:Burstein (2004) 10828: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10801: 10794: 10788:Burstein (2004) 10786: 10782: 10774: 10770: 10764:Fletcher (2008) 10762: 10758: 10750: 10741: 10735:Burstein (2004) 10733: 10726: 10718: 10711: 10705:Fletcher (2008) 10703: 10696: 10688: 10681: 10675:Fletcher (2008) 10673: 10664: 10656: 10652: 10646:Fletcher (2008) 10644: 10640: 10634:Burstein (2004) 10632: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10610:Fletcher (2008) 10608: 10604: 10598:Fletcher (2008) 10596: 10592: 10584: 10577: 10571:Burstein (2004) 10569: 10560: 10552: 10545: 10539:Fletcher (2008) 10537: 10533: 10527:Fletcher (2008) 10525: 10521: 10513: 10506: 10498: 10489: 10483:Burstein (2004) 10481: 10472: 10464: 10455: 10449:Fletcher (2008) 10447: 10443: 10435: 10428: 10422:Burstein (2004) 10420: 10411: 10403: 10396: 10388: 10381: 10375:Burstein (2004) 10373: 10366: 10358: 10354: 10348:Burstein (2004) 10346: 10342: 10334: 10330: 10322: 10313: 10307:Fletcher (2008) 10305: 10301: 10295:Burstein (2004) 10293: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10271:Fletcher (2008) 10269: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10247:Burstein (2004) 10245: 10238: 10230: 10223: 10217:Fletcher (2008) 10215: 10211: 10205:Burstein (2004) 10203: 10199: 10193:Fletcher (2008) 10191: 10184: 10178:Burstein (2004) 10176: 10172: 10164: 10157: 10151:Burstein (2004) 10149: 10142: 10134: 10127: 10119: 10112: 10106:Burstein (2004) 10104: 10100: 10094:Burstein (2004) 10092: 10088: 10080: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10055:Burstein (2004) 10053: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10031:Burstein (2004) 10029: 10025: 10017: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9990:Fletcher (2008) 9988: 9984: 9976: 9972: 9966:Fletcher (2008) 9964: 9960: 9952: 9948: 9942:Fletcher (2008) 9940: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9915:Burstein (2004) 9913: 9909: 9903:Burstein (2004) 9901: 9894: 9886: 9875: 9869:Fletcher (2008) 9867: 9858: 9852:Burstein (2004) 9850: 9843: 9835: 9831: 9825:Fletcher (2008) 9823: 9819: 9813:Burstein (2004) 9811: 9807: 9799: 9795: 9789:Burstein (2004) 9787: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9765:Fletcher (2008) 9763: 9756: 9748: 9733: 9727:Fletcher (2008) 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9691:Fletcher (2008) 9689: 9685: 9677: 9673: 9667:Fletcher (2008) 9665: 9661: 9653: 9646: 9640:Fletcher (2008) 9638: 9629: 9623:Anderson (2003) 9621: 9614: 9606: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9567: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9526:Fletcher (2008) 9524: 9520: 9514:Burstein (2004) 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9490:Burstein (2004) 9488: 9481: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9427:Burstein (2004) 9425: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9401: 9397: 9391:Fletcher (2008) 9389: 9385: 9377: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9352:Burstein (2004) 9350: 9339: 9333:Fletcher (2008) 9331: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9309:Burstein (2004) 9307: 9300: 9294:Fletcher (2008) 9292: 9288: 9280: 9276: 9268: 9261: 9255:Fletcher (2008) 9253: 9249: 9243:Burstein (2004) 9241: 9237: 9231:Fletcher (2008) 9229: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9196: 9188: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9163:Burstein (2004) 9161: 9157: 9149: 9126: 9118: 9097: 9089: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9060: 9047: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9019: 9015: 8991:Duane W. Roller 8952:, p. 73), 8948:, p. 11), 8943: 8939: 8915: 8911: 8899: 8895: 8854: 8850: 8841: 8837: 8820: 8816: 8803: 8799: 8786: 8782: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8729: 8725: 8715:Classical style 8704: 8700: 8691: 8687: 8667: 8663: 8630: 8626: 8592: 8588: 8571: 8567: 8554: 8550: 8529: 8525: 8512: 8508: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8474: 8470: 8449: 8445: 8430: 8426: 8412: 8408: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366:, p. 151). 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8325: 8321: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8293: 8275: 8271: 8267:, p. 134). 8261:Duane W. Roller 8247: 8243: 8235: 8231: 8227:, p. 100). 8215: 8211: 8193:Bringmann (2007 8191: 8187: 8166: 8162: 8114: 8105: 8095:Parthian forces 8092: 8088: 8084:, p. 205). 8059: 8055: 8046: 8042: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8004: 8000: 7988:, p. xiv). 7979: 7975: 7971:, p. 120). 7962: 7958: 7941: 7937: 7924: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7903:, p. 118). 7898: 7894: 7890:, p. 113). 7885: 7878: 7865: 7861: 7848: 7844: 7831: 7824: 7815: 7811: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7781: 7766: 7754: 7750: 7738: 7729: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7693: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7658: 7654: 7645: 7641: 7632: 7628: 7608: 7604: 7595: 7591: 7574: 7570: 7549: 7545: 7539:Egyptian motifs 7512: 7508: 7483: 7479: 7475:, p. 38). 7451:, p. 22), 7447:, p. 28), 7442: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7412:Ptolemaic Egypt 7401: 7397: 7388: 7384: 7380:, p. 488). 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7306: 7299: 7246: 7244: 7235: 7214:The refusal of 7213: 7206: 7160:Ptolemy I Soter 7154: 7150: 7132:naval commander 7129: 7125: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7042: 7000: 6996: 6995:, or sometimes 6989: 6985: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6918: 6878:, p. 22), 6862: 6853: 6825:Duane W. Roller 6815: 6808: 6804:, p. 234). 6790:Pina Polo (2013 6779: 6775: 6770: 6758: 6211:Duane W. Roller 6171:, and his wife 6143:Seleucid Empire 6135:Ptolemy I Soter 6115:northern Greece 6105:dynasty of the 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6088:(also known as 6081: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6070: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6030:Ptolemy I Soter 6021: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5973:Aëtius of Amida 5969:pharmacological 5941: 5931: 5837:Aurelius Victor 5704: 5694: 5585:Meadows of Gold 5567: 5491: 5481:Renaissance art 5469: 5462: 5444: 5435: 5417: 5408: 5397: 5375: 5373:Bernard Andreae 5289: 5279: 5234: 5228: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5160:Egyptian temple 5139:steel engraving 5129:and two-thirds 5115:Hadrian's Villa 5084:King of Numidia 5065: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5031:Hadrian's Villa 5023:Egyptian temple 5011:steel engraving 5006: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4995: 4962:Forum of Caesar 4938: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4885: 4878: 4875: 4866: 4852: 4843: 4840: 4831: 4829:Vatican Museums 4817: 4805:Egyptian Museum 4801:Duane W. Roller 4743: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4730: 50–30 BC 4729: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4693: 4633:nominative case 4606:sculpted images 4546: 4532: 4516:Esquiline Venus 4468:Esquiline Venus 4448:Vatican Museums 4423: 4421:Tomba di Nerone 4371: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4344:Esquiline Venus 4322: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4300: 4294:Esquiline Venus 4290:Roman sculpture 4282: 4277: 4267:Hellenistic art 4263: 4258: 4252: 4220:Pliny the Elder 4206:The historians 4149: 4147:Tomba di Nerone 4100:primary sources 4069: 4051: 4022: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3909: 3904: 3879:command economy 3797: 3787: 3781: 3559:Timon of Athens 3547:Lucius Pinarius 3508: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3413:Seleucia Pieria 3407:Left: A silver 3404: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3393: 3365:Temple of Vesta 3329: 3322: 3308: 3300:Main articles: 3298: 3238:Natural History 3233:Pliny the Elder 3138:Sextus Pompeius 3094: 3086:Main articles: 3084: 2900: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2870:Ptolemaic Egypt 2866:Roman sculpture 2861: 2860: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2769:Lucius Antonius 2715:Parthian Empire 2680:Vatican Museums 2657: 2651: 2631:Quintus Dellius 2567:in Tarsos (now 2558: 2552: 2546: 2501:Forum of Caesar 2492: 2489:Julian calendar 2466: 2442:Brooklyn Museum 2437: 2388:constructed by 2356:triumph in Rome 2259: 2241: 2235: 2218: 2187:Gnaeus Pompeius 2159: 2153: 2116:and his sister 2043: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2004:dedicated by a 1997: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1986: 1975: 1967:Main articles: 1965: 1916:Ptolemaic Egypt 1889:Herod the Great 1877:Hasmonean Judea 1738: 1732: 1726: 1708:of oration and 1671: 1665: 1663:Early childhood 1660: 1573:Syrian language 1494: 1485:Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα 1454:Greek mythology 1394:, "glory") and 1363:comes from the 1357: 1266:Roman triumphal 1230:Parthian Empire 1066:, Egypt became 1040:Ptolemy I Soter 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 994: 948: 943: 894: 889: 871: 830: 815: 796: 766: 735: 709: 708: 688: 665: 660: 655: 646: 644: 639: 634: 611: 593: 576: 574: 570: 566: 564: 552: 520: 503: 480: 462: 445: 441: 407: 384: 381: 373: 371: 366: 318: 316: 312: 310:Wr.t-twt-n-jt=s 308: 296: 270: 253: 205: 201: 181: 150: 147: 117: 116: 90: 70: 59:Roman sculpture 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27613: 27603: 27602: 27597: 27592: 27587: 27582: 27577: 27572: 27567: 27562: 27557: 27552: 27547: 27542: 27537: 27532: 27527: 27522: 27517: 27512: 27507: 27502: 27497: 27482: 27481: 27469: 27457: 27455:Ancient Greece 27445: 27422: 27421: 27419: 27418: 27405: 27402: 27401: 27399: 27398: 27390: 27382: 27374: 27369: 27364: 27359: 27354: 27348: 27346: 27342: 27341: 27339: 27338: 27332: 27326: 27321: 27313: 27307: 27302: 27296: 27294: 27290: 27289: 27287: 27286: 27278: 27269: 27267: 27263: 27262: 27260: 27259: 27251: 27238: 27236: 27232: 27231: 27218: 27217: 27210: 27203: 27195: 27186: 27185: 27183: 27182: 27167: 27164: 27163: 27161: 27160: 27155: 27150: 27145: 27140: 27135: 27129: 27127: 27123: 27122: 27120: 27119: 27117:Caesar (title) 27114: 27109: 27104: 27102:Caesar's Comet 27099: 27094: 27089: 27085:Life of Caesar 27080: 27078: 27074: 27073: 27070: 27069: 27067: 27066: 27061: 27056: 27051: 27045: 27043: 27039: 27038: 27036: 27035: 27030: 27025: 27019: 27017: 27013: 27012: 27010: 27009: 27004: 26999: 26994: 26988: 26986: 26979: 26973: 26972: 26970: 26969: 26964: 26959: 26954: 26948: 26946: 26942: 26941: 26939: 26938: 26933: 26928: 26926:Basilica Julia 26923: 26918: 26912: 26910: 26906: 26905: 26903: 26902: 26897: 26890: 26883: 26880:Alea iacta est 26875: 26873: 26869: 26868: 26866: 26865: 26860: 26853: 26846: 26839: 26832: 26824: 26822: 26818: 26817: 26815: 26814: 26807: 26802: 26795: 26787: 26785: 26781: 26780: 26778: 26777: 26771: 26768: 26767: 26765: 26764: 26759: 26754: 26749: 26744: 26739: 26738: 26737: 26732: 26722: 26717: 26712: 26707: 26702: 26696: 26694: 26688: 26687: 26685: 26684: 26679: 26674: 26669: 26664: 26659: 26654: 26649: 26644: 26639: 26634: 26629: 26624: 26619: 26613: 26611: 26602: 26601: 26595: 26593: 26587: 26586: 26584: 26583: 26578: 26577: 26576: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26550: 26548: 26544: 26543: 26536: 26535: 26528: 26521: 26513: 26504: 26503: 26500: 26499: 26497: 26496: 26491: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26466: 26461: 26456: 26451: 26446: 26441: 26436: 26431: 26426: 26421: 26416: 26410: 26407: 26406: 26396: 26395: 26392: 26391: 26388: 26387: 26384: 26383: 26381: 26380: 26370: 26360: 26350: 26338: 26328: 26318: 26313: 26303: 26293: 26283: 26273: 26263: 26253: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26227: 26225: 26219: 26218: 26216: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26194: 26192: 26183: 26171: 26170: 26167: 26166: 26164: 26163: 26157: 26155: 26149: 26148: 26146: 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26120: 26114: 26112: 26106: 26105: 26103: 26102: 26097: 26095:Nakhtubasterau 26092: 26087: 26082: 26077: 26075:Mehytenweskhet 26071: 26069: 26060: 26048: 26047: 26044: 26043: 26041: 26040: 26033: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26016: 26013: 26006: 26005: 25984: 25983: 25980: 25979: 25976: 25975: 25972: 25971: 25969: 25968: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25928: 25923: 25918: 25913: 25907: 25905: 25899: 25898: 25896: 25895: 25889: 25887: 25881: 25880: 25878: 25877: 25872: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25831: 25829: 25823: 25822: 25820: 25819: 25814: 25809: 25803: 25801: 25792: 25784:3 Intermediate 25780: 25779: 25776: 25775: 25773: 25772: 25767: 25760: 25755: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25719: 25717: 25711: 25710: 25708: 25707: 25700: 25695: 25685: 25680: 25675: 25670: 25665: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25630: 25625: 25619: 25617: 25611: 25610: 25608: 25607: 25600: 25595: 25590: 25585: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25554: 25549: 25544: 25539: 25534: 25529: 25524: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25499: 25494: 25489: 25484: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25454: 25449: 25443: 25441: 25432: 25429:(1550–1070 BC) 25420: 25419: 25416: 25415: 25413: 25412: 25405: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25388: 25385: 25378: 25377: 25356: 25355: 25352: 25351: 25348: 25347: 25344: 25343: 25341: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25305: 25299: 25297: 25291: 25290: 25288: 25287: 25281: 25279: 25273: 25272: 25270: 25269: 25263: 25261: 25255: 25254: 25252: 25251: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25195: 25193: 25184: 25181:(1802–1550 BC) 25176:2 Intermediate 25172: 25171: 25168: 25167: 25165: 25164: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25137: 25132: 25127: 25122: 25117: 25112: 25107: 25100: 25095: 25092:Neferitatjenen 25087: 25085: 25079: 25078: 25076: 25075: 25070: 25065: 25060: 25055: 25050: 25045: 25040: 25035: 25030: 25024: 25022: 25013: 25010:(2040–1802 BC) 25005:Middle Kingdom 25001: 25000: 24997: 24996: 24994: 24993: 24986: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24969: 24966: 24959: 24958: 24946:Middle Kingdom 24937: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24928: 24925: 24924: 24922: 24921: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24857:Ankhesenpepi I 24854: 24849: 24843: 24841: 24835: 24834: 24832: 24831: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24765: 24763: 24757: 24756: 24754: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24703: 24698: 24693: 24687: 24685: 24679: 24678: 24676: 24675: 24670: 24665: 24658: 24652: 24650: 24641: 24638:(2686–2181 BC) 24629: 24628: 24625: 24624: 24622: 24621: 24616: 24608: 24606: 24600: 24599: 24597: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24549: 24544: 24538: 24536: 24527: 24524:(3150–2686 BC) 24519:Early Dynastic 24515: 24514: 24511: 24510: 24508: 24507: 24500: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24483: 24480: 24473: 24472: 24451: 24450: 24443: 24442: 24435: 24428: 24420: 24411: 24410: 24405: 24402: 24401: 24398: 24397: 24395: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24379: 24374: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24316: 24313: 24307: 24304: 24303: 24293: 24292: 24289: 24288: 24285: 24284: 24281: 24280: 24278: 24277: 24275:Maximinus Daza 24272: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24250: 24243: 24236: 24231: 24224: 24217: 24210: 24203: 24196: 24189: 24182: 24175: 24170: 24163: 24156: 24151: 24146: 24139: 24132: 24125: 24118: 24111: 24104: 24097: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24058: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24034:Antoninus Pius 24031: 24026: 24021: 24016: 24011: 24006: 24001: 23994: 23989: 23984: 23979: 23974: 23969: 23964: 23958: 23956: 23947: 23944:(30 BC–313 AD) 23935: 23934: 23931: 23930: 23928: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23895: 23890: 23885: 23880: 23875: 23870: 23865: 23860: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23840: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23795: 23790: 23784: 23782: 23776: 23775: 23773: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23756: 23754: 23745: 23733: 23732: 23729: 23728: 23726: 23725: 23720: 23715: 23710: 23708:Artaxerxes III 23704: 23702: 23696: 23695: 23693: 23692: 23687: 23682: 23676: 23674: 23668: 23667: 23665: 23664: 23657: 23652: 23647: 23642: 23636: 23634: 23628: 23627: 23625: 23624: 23618: 23616: 23610: 23609: 23607: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23584: 23579: 23577:Petubastis III 23574: 23568: 23566: 23560: 23559: 23557: 23556: 23551: 23546: 23541: 23536: 23531: 23526: 23521: 23514: 23509: 23501: 23499: 23490: 23478: 23477: 23474: 23473: 23471: 23470: 23465: 23464: 23463: 23460: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23442: 23439: 23432: 23431: 23410: 23409: 23406: 23405: 23402: 23401: 23398: 23397: 23395: 23394: 23389: 23384: 23379: 23374: 23368: 23366: 23360: 23359: 23357: 23356: 23351: 23345: 23343: 23337: 23336: 23334: 23333: 23328: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23306: 23301: 23294: 23289: 23284: 23278: 23276: 23270: 23269: 23267: 23266: 23261: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23201: 23199: 23193: 23192: 23190: 23189: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23152: 23145: 23139: 23137: 23131: 23130: 23128: 23127: 23122: 23117: 23112: 23107: 23102: 23097: 23091: 23089: 23080: 23072:3 Intermediate 23068: 23067: 23064: 23063: 23061: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23009: 23007: 23001: 23000: 22998: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22956: 22954: 22948: 22947: 22945: 22944: 22939: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22919: 22914: 22909: 22904: 22899: 22894: 22889: 22884: 22879: 22874: 22868: 22866: 22857: 22854:(1550–1070 BC) 22845: 22844: 22841: 22840: 22837: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22819: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22807: 22804: 22797: 22796: 22775: 22774: 22771: 22770: 22767: 22766: 22763: 22762: 22760: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22719: 22712: 22706: 22704: 22698: 22697: 22695: 22694: 22687: 22680: 22673: 22665: 22663: 22657: 22656: 22654: 22653: 22646: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22587:Neferhotep III 22584: 22579: 22573: 22571: 22565: 22564: 22562: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22527: 22520: 22513: 22505: 22503: 22497: 22496: 22494: 22493: 22486: 22479: 22472: 22465: 22458: 22451: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22419: 22417:Sewadjkare III 22414: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22386:Maaibre Sheshi 22382: 22379:'Ammu Ahotepre 22375: 22368: 22361: 22353: 22351: 22345: 22344: 22342: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22289:Merhotepre Ini 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22249:Sobekhotep III 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22189: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22149: 22144: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22121: 22119: 22110: 22107:(1802–1550 BC) 22102:2 Intermediate 22098: 22097: 22094: 22093: 22091: 22090: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22042: 22040: 22034: 22033: 22031: 22030: 22025: 22020: 22014: 22012: 22008: 22007: 22005: 22004: 21999: 21997:Mentuhotep III 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21968: 21966: 21957: 21954:(2040–1802 BC) 21949:Middle Kingdom 21945: 21944: 21941: 21940: 21938: 21937: 21932: 21931: 21930: 21927: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21909: 21906: 21899: 21898: 21886:Middle Kingdom 21877: 21876: 21873: 21872: 21869: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21862: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21849:Neferkare VIII 21846: 21840: 21838: 21832: 21831: 21829: 21828: 21821: 21816: 21814:Nebkaure Khety 21811: 21806: 21804:Meryibre Khety 21800: 21798: 21792: 21791: 21789: 21788: 21781: 21774: 21767: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21738:Neferkamin Anu 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21679: 21677: 21664: 21661:(2181–2040 BC) 21656:1 Intermediate 21652: 21651: 21648: 21647: 21645: 21644: 21637: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21594: 21592: 21586: 21585: 21583: 21582: 21577: 21575:Djedkare Isesi 21572: 21570:Menkauhor Kaiu 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21536: 21534: 21528: 21527: 21525: 21524: 21517: 21512: 21507: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21479: 21477: 21471: 21470: 21468: 21467: 21462: 21455: 21448: 21443: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21420: 21418: 21409: 21406:(2686–2181 BC) 21397: 21396: 21393: 21392: 21390: 21389: 21384: 21377: 21370: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21346: 21339: 21332: 21325: 21318: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21295: 21293: 21287: 21286: 21284: 21283: 21276: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21224: 21222: 21213: 21210:(3150–2686 BC) 21205:Early Dynastic 21201: 21200: 21197: 21196: 21194: 21193: 21184: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21160: 21153: 21146: 21139: 21132: 21125: 21118: 21110: 21108: 21102: 21101: 21099: 21098: 21091: 21086: 21079: 21072: 21065: 21058: 21051: 21044: 21037: 21030: 21023: 21016: 21009: 21002: 20994: 20992: 20983: 20971: 20970: 20967: 20966: 20964: 20963: 20958: 20957: 20956: 20953: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20935: 20932: 20925: 20924: 20903: 20902: 20895: 20894: 20887: 20880: 20872: 20863: 20862: 20855: 20852: 20851: 20849: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20805:Neoptolemus II 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20766: 20764: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20739: 20734: 20729: 20720: 20711: 20702: 20700:Mithridates II 20697: 20688: 20683: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20666:Paerisades III 20663: 20658: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20599: 20597: 20589: 20588: 20586: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20563:Ariobarzanes I 20560: 20555: 20550: 20548:Ariarathes VII 20545: 20540: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20523:Ariarathes III 20520: 20515: 20510: 20504: 20502: 20496: 20495: 20493: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20470:Mithridates II 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20446: 20444: 20438: 20437: 20435: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20385: 20380: 20375: 20373:Mithridates II 20370: 20365: 20359: 20357: 20351: 20350: 20348: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20280: 20278: 20272: 20271: 20269: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20236:Apollodotus II 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20143: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20087: 20085: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20009: 20007: 20001: 20000: 19998: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19961: 19959: 19953: 19952: 19950: 19949: 19944: 19938: 19936: 19930: 19929: 19927: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19864:Cleopatra Thea 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19780: 19778: 19772: 19771: 19769: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19743: 19737: 19735: 19729: 19728: 19726: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19639: 19634: 19629: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19608: 19606: 19600: 19599: 19597: 19596: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19554: 19552: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19511: 19509: 19503: 19502: 19500: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19478: 19476: 19470: 19469: 19461: 19460: 19453: 19446: 19438: 19430: 19429: 19420: 19387:Queen of Egypt 19383: 19378: 19374: 19373: 19372:Regnal titles 19369: 19368: 19348: 19345: 19340: 19339: 19325: 19307: 19294: 19275: 19266: 19257: 19248: 19230: 19215: 19207: 19206:External links 19204: 19202: 19201: 19182: 19176: 19163: 19146: 19140: 19120: 19096: 19090: 19074: 19068: 19055: 19049: 19033: 19027: 19014: 18994: 18989:978-9774249938 18988: 18975: 18969: 18953: 18926: 18920: 18907: 18901: 18888: 18882: 18863: 18858:978-0060920937 18857: 18844: 18817: 18811: 18798: 18793:978-0691165547 18792: 18775: 18770:978-1350050105 18769: 18756: 18751:978-0872731134 18750: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18728: 18710: 18686: 18668: 18653: 18648: 18635: 18629: 18608: 18602: 18581: 18544: 18526: 18511: 18493: 18478: 18460: 18442: 18424: 18406: 18378:10.2307/297786 18356: 18350: 18334: 18312: 18307: 18294: 18276: 18256: 18250: 18232: 18226: 18210: 18192: 18175: 18157: 18142: 18137:978-0300259384 18136: 18120: 18089: 18051: 18034: 18017: 17999: 17982: 17964: 17949: 17940: 17927:Pascal, Blaise 17923: 17900: 17894: 17873: 17868: 17855: 17825:Lippold, Georg 17821: 17790: 17772: 17754: 17749: 17733: 17715: 17700: 17682: 17665: 17647: 17626: 17608: 17590: 17584: 17571: 17553: 17539:Holt, Frank L. 17535: 17529: 17508: 17490: 17473: 17467: 17453:Grant, Michael 17449: 17443: 17427: 17421: 17403: 17397: 17376: 17370: 17349: 17335:(in Italian), 17328: 17322: 17309: 17303: 17285: 17267: 17250: 17226: 17220: 17204: 17186: 17171: 17157: 17139: 17124: 17118: 17105: 17099: 17081: 17075: 17062: 17044: 17026: 17020: 17007: 17001: 16985: 16967: 16947: 16936: 16896: 16878: 16863: 16838: 16832: 16811: 16805: 16784: 16766: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16739: 16713: 16683: 16652: 16618: 16601: 16578: 16556: 16531: 16501: 16480: 16453: 16424: 16397: 16372: 16347: 16341: 16318: 16288: 16263: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16222: 16220:, p. 182. 16210: 16198: 16186: 16184:, p. 165. 16171: 16159: 16147: 16135: 16123: 16111: 16099: 16084: 16067: 16055: 16053:, p. 273. 16043: 16028: 16016: 16004: 15992: 15980: 15968: 15956: 15944: 15932: 15917: 15913:Rowland (2011) 15905: 15893: 15891:, p. 195. 15881: 15869: 15857: 15845: 15833: 15831:, p. 325. 15821: 15819:, p. 227. 15809: 15797: 15785: 15773: 15771:, p. 161. 15761: 15759:, p. 173. 15749: 15737: 15735:, p. 201. 15725: 15710: 15708:, p. 299. 15698: 15696:, p. 548. 15686: 15682:Rowland (2011) 15674: 15672:, p. 232. 15670:Rowland (2011) 15662: 15650: 15638: 15626: 15622:Preston (2009) 15614: 15602: 15590: 15575: 15563: 15551: 15539: 15537:, p. 165. 15535:Ashton (2001b) 15527: 15515: 15503: 15491: 15479: 15475:Kleiner (2005) 15464: 15452: 15437: 15425: 15423:, p. 146. 15421:Caygill (2009) 15408: 15406:, p. 178. 15387: 15375: 15363: 15348: 15336: 15332:Sartain (1885) 15321: 15309: 15290: 15278: 15261: 15249: 15232: 15220: 15218:, p. 217. 15216:Ashton (2001a) 15205: 15190: 15188:, p. 305. 15186:Preston (2009) 15178: 15166: 15162:Kleiner (2005) 15154: 15135: 15120: 15101: 15089: 15087:, p. 195. 15074: 15051: 15049:, p. 182. 15036: 15034:, p. 185. 15024: 15012: 15010:, p. 104. 14997: 14995:, p. 144. 14993:Kleiner (2005) 14982: 14970: 14968:, p. 107. 14958: 14946: 14921: 14919:, p. 178. 14909: 14907:, p. 205. 14894: 14882: 14867: 14865:, p. 175. 14836: 14819: 14804: 14792: 14780: 14778:, p. 176. 14765: 14748: 14731: 14719: 14707: 14695: 14683: 14668: 14656: 14641: 14626: 14614: 14602: 14587: 14575: 14563: 14540: 14536:Curtius (1933) 14525: 14521:Lippold (1936) 14510: 14495: 14478: 14466: 14451: 14439: 14424: 14412: 14393: 14391:, p. 151. 14378: 14366: 14364:, p. 156. 14354: 14342: 14330: 14318: 14306: 14304:, p. 155. 14291: 14279: 14264: 14249: 14247:, p. 153. 14232: 14220: 14208: 14204:Kleiner (2005) 14191: 14189:, p. 219. 14176: 14164: 14152: 14140: 14128: 14116: 14104: 14092: 14080: 14068: 14056: 14044: 14032: 14007: 13995: 13983: 13971: 13959: 13947: 13945:, p. 150. 13935: 13923: 13911: 13899: 13887: 13885:, p. 149. 13872: 13857: 13855:, p. 148. 13845: 13830: 13815: 13800: 13785: 13783:, p. 194. 13773: 13761: 13749: 13747:, p. 147. 13730: 13718: 13706: 13704:, p. 155. 13691: 13679: 13677:, p. 146. 13662: 13650: 13638: 13636:, p. 184. 13626: 13624:, p. 154. 13614: 13602: 13600:, p. 153. 13585: 13583:, p. 145. 13562: 13550: 13535: 13533:, p. 144. 13523: 13511: 13499: 13497:, p. 143. 13482: 13480:, p. 142. 13461: 13446: 13419: 13417:, p. 141. 13398: 13396:, p. 312. 13386: 13374: 13359: 13334: 13322: 13320:, p. 140. 13303: 13288: 13286:, p. 304. 13265: 13250: 13248:, p. 139. 13233: 13231:, p. 138. 13216: 13204: 13202:, p. 137. 13189: 13172: 13160: 13148: 13146:, p. 147. 13136: 13121: 13119:, p. 136. 13106: 13085: 13083:, p. 135. 13060: 13048: 13046:, p. 303. 13021: 13009: 13007:, p. 302. 12994: 12992:, p. 134. 12969: 12967:, p. 133. 12957: 12955:, p. 132. 12945: 12929: 12917: 12905: 12903:, p. 130. 12893: 12878: 12866: 12841: 12839:, p. 100. 12826: 12809: 12797: 12785: 12768: 12745: 12728: 12716: 12704: 12692: 12673: 12658: 12643: 12628: 12606: 12594: 12582: 12567: 12555: 12538: 12523: 12511: 12496: 12484: 12467: 12455: 12443: 12431: 12419: 12404: 12392: 12373: 12361: 12338: 12323: 12311: 12296: 12294:, p. 139. 12279: 12277:, p. 242. 12267: 12255: 12238: 12223: 12206: 12194: 12182: 12167: 12155: 12143: 12128: 12116: 12104: 12087: 12085:, p. 301. 12064: 12049: 12037: 12033:Brosius (2006) 12025: 12013: 12001: 11980: 11968: 11956: 11941: 11929: 11912: 11897: 11885: 11873: 11858: 11846: 11834: 11822: 11810: 11795: 11783: 11760: 11748: 11736: 11724: 11712: 11700: 11685: 11670: 11653: 11636: 11624: 11609: 11597: 11582: 11570: 11558: 11543: 11531: 11519: 11507: 11495: 11483: 11481:, p. xiv. 11466: 11454: 11439: 11424: 11412: 11410:, p. 164. 11408:Ashton (2001b) 11400: 11398:, p. 153. 11388: 11376: 11359: 11347: 11335: 11333:, p. 126. 11323: 11308: 11306:, p. 125. 11296: 11281: 11269: 11257: 11255:, p. 120. 11245: 11233: 11221: 11219:, p. 172. 11209: 11197: 11180: 11168: 11156: 11139: 11127: 11115: 11113:, p. 119. 11103: 11091: 11079: 11077:, p. 236. 11067: 11050: 11038: 11026: 11011: 10999: 10987: 10985:, p. 235. 10968: 10956: 10944: 10942:, p. 234. 10932: 10920: 10908: 10893: 10891:, p. 100. 10878: 10859: 10857:, p. 260. 10834: 10819: 10807: 10792: 10780: 10768: 10756: 10739: 10724: 10722:, p. 259. 10709: 10694: 10679: 10662: 10650: 10638: 10626: 10614: 10602: 10590: 10575: 10558: 10543: 10531: 10519: 10504: 10487: 10470: 10453: 10441: 10426: 10409: 10394: 10379: 10364: 10352: 10340: 10328: 10326:, p. 231. 10311: 10299: 10287: 10275: 10263: 10251: 10236: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10182: 10170: 10155: 10140: 10125: 10110: 10098: 10086: 10071: 10059: 10047: 10035: 10023: 10006: 9994: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9946: 9931: 9919: 9907: 9892: 9873: 9856: 9841: 9829: 9817: 9805: 9793: 9781: 9769: 9754: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9695: 9683: 9671: 9659: 9644: 9627: 9612: 9597: 9585: 9581:Preston (2009) 9573: 9554: 9542: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9494: 9492:, p. xix. 9479: 9464: 9443: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9383: 9368: 9356: 9337: 9325: 9313: 9298: 9286: 9274: 9259: 9247: 9235: 9223: 9211: 9194: 9179: 9175:Royster (2003) 9167: 9155: 9124: 9095: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9041: 9029: 9013: 9005:Cheshire (2011 8970:Joann Fletcher 8960:, p. 4), 8950:Fletcher (2008 8946:Burstein (2004 8937: 8933:Bradford (2000 8909: 8893: 8889:Cheshire (2011 8885:Memphis, Egypt 8857:Burstein (2004 8848: 8835: 8823:Fletcher (2008 8814: 8812:, p. 11). 8810:Burstein (2004 8797: 8780: 8772:Burstein (2004 8755: 8743: 8739:Fletcher (2008 8735:Fletcher (2008 8723: 8698: 8685: 8661: 8637:Ludwig Curtius 8624: 8586: 8565: 8548: 8523: 8506: 8493: 8489:Fletcher (2008 8481: 8468: 8452:Chauveau (2000 8443: 8424: 8414:Burstein (2004 8406: 8384: 8368: 8360:Southern (2014 8344: 8332: 8319: 8315:fellow citizen 8302: 8269: 8253:Burstein (2004 8241: 8229: 8221:Burstein (2004 8209: 8205:Burstein (2004 8185: 8160: 8156:Fletcher (2008 8103: 8086: 8082:Fletcher (2008 8062:Burstein (2004 8053: 8049:Fletcher (2008 8040: 8027: 8015: 8011:Fletcher (2008 8007:Anderson (2003 7998: 7994:Burstein (2004 7982:Fletcher (2008 7973: 7969:Fletcher (2008 7965:Anderson (2003 7956: 7948:Burstein (2004 7944:Fletcher (2008 7935: 7931:Fletcher (2008 7927:Burstein (2004 7918: 7916:, p. 76). 7914:Burstein (2004 7905: 7901:Fletcher (2008 7892: 7888:Fletcher (2008 7876: 7872:Fletcher (2008 7868:Burstein (2004 7859: 7851:Fletcher (2008 7842: 7834:Fletcher (2008 7822: 7809: 7807:, p. 39). 7801:Fletcher (2008 7792: 7788:Fletcher (2008 7779: 7748: 7741:August 51 BC. 7722:Fletcher (2008 7714:Fletcher (2008 7705: 7701:Pfeiffer (2015 7691: 7678: 7665: 7663:, p. 18). 7652: 7639: 7637:, p. 16). 7626: 7610:Fletcher (2008 7602: 7589: 7568: 7543: 7514:Fletcher (2008 7506: 7477: 7465:Burstein (2004 7457:Bianchi (2005) 7436: 7424: 7422:, p. 36). 7395: 7382: 7378:Jeffreys (1999 7370:Burstein (2004 7353: 7341: 7339:perpetuation." 7328:historiography 7297: 7289:Burstein (2004 7255:Burstein (2004 7204: 7192:Burstein (2004 7180:Jeffreys (1999 7166:", please see 7156:Southern (2009 7148: 7146:, p. 13). 7144:Bradford (2000 7136:medical author 7123: 6932: 6916: 6912:Fletcher (2008 6884:Burstein (2004 6868:Fletcher (2008 6851: 6806: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6223:Ernle Bradford 6133:: the general 6083: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6023: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6004: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5992: 5989: 5981:Paul of Aegina 5930: 5927: 5851:Georges Méliès 5798:Shakespeare's 5787:shows such as 5693: 5690: 5574:, in his 1504 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5445: 5438: 5436: 5427:with a triple 5418: 5411: 5409: 5398: 5391: 5278: 5275: 5227: 5224: 5204:panel painting 5187: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5121:, Italy, that 5008: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4958:Venus Genetrix 4924:Venus Genetrix 4909: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4818: 4811: 4792:British Museum 4734:British Museum 4717: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4662:Joann Fletcher 4595:Roman currency 4564:struck at the 4552:Cleopatra and 4540:Roman currency 4531: 4528: 4506:(or the Greek 4496:Egyptian cobra 4473:Esquiline Hill 4446:, part of the 4324: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4281: 4278: 4262: 4259: 4251: 4248: 4050: 4047: 3933: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3883:price controls 3783:Main article: 3780: 3777: 3753:Roman province 3699:Egyptian cobra 3589:Guido Cagnacci 3575:Quintus Didius 3516:Roman painting 3494:Main article: 3491: 3488: 3437:Ambracian Gulf 3406: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3373:Campus Martius 3361:Vestal Virgins 3297: 3294: 3235:claims in his 3192:Queen of Kings 3122:Queen of Kings 3083: 3080: 3045:, daughter of 2960:Nabataean king 2936:Ptolemais Akko 2863: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2729:(the Sun) and 2653:Main article: 2650: 2647: 2569:Tarsus, Mersin 2548:Main article: 2545: 2542: 2513:Roman religion 2463:Horti Caesaris 2386:pleasure barge 2237:Main article: 2234: 2231: 2199:flee to Greece 2155:Main article: 2152: 2149: 2079:Roman Republic 1999: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1964: 1961: 1949:Temple of Edfu 1912:Roman Republic 1861:Aulus Gabinius 1836:Pompey in the 1814:annexed Cyprus 1728:Main article: 1725: 1722: 1667:Main article: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1493: 1490: 1356: 1353: 1309:cameo carvings 1250:Roman Republic 1135:Roman dictator 1086:(336–323 BC). 996: 995: 993: 992: 985: 978: 970: 967: 966: 965: 964: 959: 954: 944: 942: 941: 936: 930: 929: 924: 918: 917: 912: 906: 905: 900: 890: 888: 887: 882: 877: 868: 867: 859: 858: 852: 851: 843: 842: 837: 833: 832: 828:Unlocated tomb 825: 821: 820: 814:(aged 39) 809: 805: 804: 791: 787: 786: 780: 776: 775: 772: 768: 767: 765: 764: 759: 754: 749: 743: 741: 737: 736: 734: 733: 728: 723: 717: 715: 711: 710: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 649: 641: 636: 622: 621: 615: 604: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 590: 561: 560: 557: 556: 549: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 525: 522: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 491: 490: 484: 473: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 459: 431: 430: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 404: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 378: 375: 368: 353: 352: 346: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 305: 304: 301: 300: 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 241: 240: 234: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 191: 190: 182: 179:Royal titulary 177: 176: 173: 172: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 149: 148: 146: 145: 139: 133: 127: 120: 112: 111: 110: 108: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 82: 79: 78: 72: 71: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27612: 27601: 27598: 27596: 27593: 27591: 27588: 27586: 27585:Deified women 27583: 27581: 27578: 27576: 27573: 27571: 27568: 27566: 27563: 27561: 27558: 27556: 27553: 27551: 27548: 27546: 27543: 27541: 27538: 27536: 27533: 27531: 27528: 27526: 27523: 27521: 27518: 27516: 27513: 27511: 27508: 27506: 27503: 27501: 27498: 27496: 27493: 27492: 27490: 27480: 27470: 27468: 27458: 27456: 27446: 27444: 27443:Ancient Egypt 27434: 27433: 27430: 27417: 27416: 27407: 27406: 27403: 27396: 27395: 27391: 27388: 27387: 27383: 27380: 27379: 27375: 27373: 27370: 27368: 27365: 27363: 27360: 27358: 27355: 27353: 27350: 27349: 27347: 27343: 27336: 27333: 27330: 27327: 27325: 27322: 27319: 27318: 27314: 27311: 27308: 27306: 27303: 27301: 27298: 27297: 27295: 27291: 27284: 27283: 27279: 27276: 27275: 27271: 27270: 27268: 27264: 27257: 27256: 27252: 27249: 27245: 27244: 27243:The False One 27240: 27239: 27237: 27233: 27229: 27228: 27223: 27216: 27211: 27209: 27204: 27202: 27197: 27196: 27193: 27181: 27180: 27176: 27169: 27168: 27165: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27144: 27141: 27139: 27136: 27134: 27131: 27130: 27128: 27124: 27118: 27115: 27113: 27110: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27095: 27093: 27090: 27088: 27086: 27082: 27081: 27079: 27075: 27065: 27062: 27060: 27057: 27055: 27052: 27050: 27047: 27046: 27044: 27040: 27034: 27031: 27029: 27026: 27024: 27021: 27020: 27018: 27014: 27008: 27005: 27003: 27000: 26998: 26995: 26993: 26990: 26989: 26987: 26983: 26980: 26978: 26974: 26968: 26965: 26963: 26960: 26958: 26955: 26953: 26950: 26949: 26947: 26943: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26929: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26917: 26914: 26913: 26911: 26907: 26901: 26898: 26896: 26895: 26891: 26889: 26888: 26884: 26882: 26881: 26877: 26876: 26874: 26870: 26864: 26861: 26859: 26858: 26854: 26852: 26851: 26847: 26845: 26844: 26840: 26838: 26837: 26833: 26831: 26830: 26826: 26825: 26823: 26819: 26813: 26812: 26808: 26806: 26803: 26801: 26800: 26796: 26794: 26793: 26789: 26788: 26786: 26782: 26776: 26773: 26772: 26763: 26760: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26750: 26748: 26745: 26743: 26740: 26736: 26733: 26731: 26728: 26727: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26701: 26698: 26697: 26695: 26693: 26689: 26683: 26680: 26678: 26675: 26673: 26670: 26668: 26665: 26663: 26660: 26658: 26655: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26643: 26640: 26638: 26635: 26633: 26630: 26628: 26625: 26623: 26620: 26618: 26615: 26614: 26612: 26610: 26606: 26600: 26597: 26596: 26594: 26592: 26588: 26582: 26581:Assassination 26579: 26575: 26572: 26571: 26570: 26567: 26565: 26562: 26560: 26557: 26555: 26552: 26551: 26549: 26545: 26541: 26540:Julius Caesar 26534: 26529: 26527: 26522: 26520: 26515: 26514: 26511: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26445: 26442: 26440: 26437: 26435: 26432: 26430: 26427: 26425: 26422: 26420: 26417: 26415: 26412: 26411: 26408: 26401: 26397: 26378: 26374: 26371: 26368: 26364: 26363:Cleopatra VII 26361: 26358: 26354: 26351: 26348: 26344: 26343: 26339: 26336: 26332: 26329: 26326: 26322: 26319: 26317: 26314: 26311: 26307: 26304: 26301: 26297: 26296:Cleopatra III 26294: 26291: 26287: 26284: 26281: 26277: 26274: 26271: 26267: 26264: 26261: 26257: 26254: 26251: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26228: 26226: 26224: 26220: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26195: 26193: 26191: 26187: 26184: 26176: 26172: 26162: 26159: 26158: 26156: 26154: 26150: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26121: 26119: 26116: 26115: 26113: 26111: 26107: 26101: 26098: 26096: 26093: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26078: 26076: 26073: 26072: 26070: 26068: 26064: 26061: 26053: 26049: 26038: 26034: 26029: 26028: 26026: 26020: 26017: 26011: 26007: 25998: 25994: 25989: 25985: 25967: 25964: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25951:Takahatenamun 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25932: 25929: 25927: 25924: 25922: 25919: 25917: 25914: 25912: 25909: 25908: 25906: 25904: 25900: 25894: 25891: 25890: 25888: 25886: 25882: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25833: 25832: 25830: 25828: 25824: 25818: 25815: 25813: 25810: 25808: 25805: 25804: 25802: 25800: 25796: 25793: 25789:(1069–664 BC) 25785: 25781: 25771: 25768: 25766: 25765: 25761: 25759: 25756: 25754: 25751: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25720: 25718: 25716: 25712: 25706: 25705: 25701: 25699: 25696: 25693: 25689: 25686: 25684: 25681: 25679: 25678:Isetnofret II 25676: 25674: 25671: 25669: 25666: 25664: 25661: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25629: 25626: 25624: 25621: 25620: 25618: 25616: 25612: 25606: 25605: 25601: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25583: 25579: 25578: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25558: 25555: 25553: 25550: 25548: 25545: 25543: 25540: 25538: 25535: 25533: 25530: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25482: 25478: 25475: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25448: 25445: 25444: 25442: 25440: 25436: 25433: 25425: 25421: 25410: 25406: 25401: 25400: 25398: 25392: 25389: 25383: 25379: 25370: 25366: 25361: 25357: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25328:Ahmose Inhapy 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25300: 25298: 25296: 25292: 25286: 25283: 25282: 25280: 25278: 25274: 25268: 25265: 25264: 25262: 25260: 25256: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25196: 25194: 25192: 25188: 25185: 25177: 25173: 25162: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25142: 25138: 25136: 25133: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25105: 25101: 25099: 25096: 25094: 25093: 25089: 25088: 25086: 25084: 25080: 25074: 25071: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25054: 25051: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25041: 25039: 25036: 25034: 25031: 25029: 25026: 25025: 25023: 25021: 25017: 25014: 25006: 25002: 24991: 24987: 24982: 24981: 24979: 24973: 24970: 24964: 24960: 24951: 24947: 24942: 24938: 24919: 24915: 24914: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24844: 24842: 24840: 24836: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24789:Khentkaus III 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24766: 24764: 24762: 24758: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24721:Meresankh III 24719: 24717: 24716:Hetepheres II 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24702: 24699: 24697: 24694: 24692: 24689: 24688: 24686: 24684: 24680: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24663: 24662:Djeseretnebti 24659: 24657: 24656:Hetephernebti 24654: 24653: 24651: 24649: 24645: 24642: 24634: 24630: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24614: 24610: 24609: 24607: 24605: 24601: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24554: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24539: 24537: 24535: 24531: 24528: 24520: 24516: 24505: 24501: 24496: 24495: 24493: 24487: 24484: 24478: 24474: 24465: 24461: 24456: 24452: 24448: 24441: 24436: 24434: 24429: 24427: 24422: 24421: 24418: 24408: 24403: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24317: 24314: 24312: 24309: 24308: 24305: 24298: 24294: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24255: 24251: 24249: 24248: 24244: 24242: 24241: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24229: 24225: 24223: 24222: 24218: 24216: 24215: 24211: 24209: 24208: 24204: 24202: 24201: 24197: 24195: 24194: 24190: 24188: 24187: 24183: 24181: 24180: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24168: 24164: 24162: 24161: 24157: 24155: 24152: 24150: 24147: 24145: 24144: 24140: 24138: 24137: 24133: 24131: 24130: 24126: 24124: 24123: 24119: 24117: 24116: 24112: 24110: 24109: 24105: 24103: 24102: 24098: 24096: 24095: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24063: 24059: 24057: 24056: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23999: 23995: 23993: 23990: 23988: 23985: 23983: 23980: 23978: 23975: 23973: 23970: 23968: 23965: 23963: 23960: 23959: 23957: 23955: 23951: 23948: 23940: 23936: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23900: 23896: 23894: 23891: 23889: 23886: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23874: 23871: 23869: 23866: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23853:Cleopatra III 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23841: 23839: 23836: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23785: 23783: 23781: 23777: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23757: 23755: 23753: 23749: 23746: 23738: 23734: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23711: 23709: 23706: 23705: 23703: 23701: 23697: 23691: 23688: 23686: 23683: 23681: 23678: 23677: 23675: 23673: 23669: 23663: 23662: 23658: 23656: 23655:Nepherites II 23653: 23651: 23648: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23637: 23635: 23633: 23629: 23623: 23620: 23619: 23617: 23615: 23611: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23589: 23585: 23583: 23580: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23570: 23569: 23567: 23565: 23561: 23555: 23552: 23550: 23547: 23545: 23542: 23540: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23525: 23522: 23520: 23519: 23515: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23507: 23503: 23502: 23500: 23498: 23494: 23491: 23483: 23479: 23469: 23466: 23461: 23458: 23457: 23455: 23454: 23452: 23446: 23443: 23437: 23433: 23424: 23420: 23415: 23411: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23369: 23367: 23365: 23361: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23346: 23344: 23342: 23338: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23326: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23302: 23300: 23299: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23279: 23277: 23275: 23271: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23259: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23222: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23202: 23200: 23198: 23194: 23188: 23187: 23186:Psusennes III 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23150: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23140: 23138: 23136: 23132: 23126: 23123: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23101: 23098: 23096: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23088: 23084: 23081: 23077:(1069–664 BC) 23073: 23069: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23043:Ramesses VIII 23041: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23010: 23008: 23006: 23002: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22957: 22955: 22953: 22949: 22943: 22940: 22938: 22935: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22918: 22915: 22913: 22912:Amenhotep III 22910: 22908: 22905: 22903: 22900: 22898: 22895: 22893: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22875: 22873: 22870: 22869: 22867: 22865: 22861: 22858: 22850: 22846: 22835: 22832: 22827: 22821: 22820: 22817: 22811: 22808: 22802: 22798: 22789: 22785: 22780: 22776: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22752:Seqenenre Tao 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22727:Sobekemsaf II 22725: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22717: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22707: 22705: 22703: 22699: 22693: 22692: 22688: 22686: 22685: 22681: 22679: 22678: 22677:Wepwawetemsaf 22674: 22672: 22671: 22667: 22666: 22664: 22662: 22658: 22652: 22651: 22647: 22645: 22644: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22574: 22572: 22570: 22566: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22549: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22532: 22528: 22526: 22525: 22521: 22519: 22518: 22514: 22512: 22511: 22507: 22506: 22504: 22502: 22498: 22492: 22491: 22487: 22485: 22484: 22480: 22478: 22477: 22473: 22471: 22470: 22466: 22464: 22463: 22459: 22457: 22456: 22452: 22450: 22449: 22445: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22387: 22383: 22381: 22380: 22376: 22374: 22373: 22369: 22367: 22366: 22362: 22360: 22359: 22355: 22354: 22352: 22350: 22346: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22284:Merneferre Ay 22282: 22280: 22279:Wahibre Ibiau 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22264:Sobekhotep IV 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22224: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22127: 22123: 22122: 22120: 22118: 22114: 22111: 22103: 22099: 22089: 22088: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22071:Amenemhat III 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22043: 22041: 22039: 22035: 22029: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22015: 22013: 22009: 22003: 22002:Mentuhotep IV 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21992:Mentuhotep II 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21969: 21967: 21965: 21961: 21958: 21950: 21946: 21936: 21933: 21928: 21925: 21924: 21922: 21921: 21919: 21913: 21910: 21904: 21900: 21891: 21887: 21882: 21878: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21854:Wahkare Khety 21852: 21850: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21841: 21839: 21837: 21833: 21827: 21826: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21809:Neferkare VII 21807: 21805: 21802: 21801: 21799: 21797: 21793: 21787: 21786: 21782: 21780: 21779: 21775: 21773: 21772: 21768: 21766: 21765: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21680: 21678: 21676: 21672: 21668: 21665: 21657: 21653: 21643: 21642: 21638: 21636: 21635: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21595: 21593: 21591: 21587: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21537: 21535: 21533: 21529: 21523: 21522: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21505: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21480: 21478: 21476: 21472: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21460: 21456: 21454: 21453: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21441: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21421: 21419: 21417: 21413: 21410: 21402: 21398: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21382: 21378: 21376: 21375: 21371: 21369: 21368: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21356:Seth-Peribsen 21354: 21352: 21351: 21347: 21345: 21344: 21340: 21338: 21337: 21333: 21331: 21330: 21326: 21324: 21323: 21319: 21317: 21316: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21299:Hotepsekhemwy 21297: 21296: 21294: 21292: 21288: 21282: 21281: 21277: 21275: 21274: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21229: 21226: 21225: 21223: 21221: 21217: 21214: 21206: 21202: 21192: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21182: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21165: 21161: 21159: 21158: 21154: 21152: 21151: 21147: 21145: 21144: 21140: 21138: 21137: 21133: 21131: 21130: 21126: 21124: 21123: 21119: 21117: 21116: 21112: 21111: 21109: 21107: 21103: 21097: 21096: 21092: 21090: 21089:Double Falcon 21087: 21085: 21084: 21080: 21078: 21077: 21073: 21071: 21070: 21066: 21064: 21063: 21059: 21057: 21056: 21052: 21050: 21049: 21045: 21043: 21042: 21038: 21036: 21035: 21031: 21029: 21028: 21024: 21022: 21021: 21017: 21015: 21014: 21010: 21008: 21007: 21003: 21001: 21000: 20996: 20995: 20993: 20991: 20987: 20984: 20980:(pre-3150 BC) 20976: 20975:Protodynastic 20972: 20962: 20959: 20954: 20951: 20950: 20948: 20947: 20945: 20939: 20936: 20930: 20926: 20917: 20913: 20912:Protodynastic 20908: 20904: 20900: 20893: 20888: 20886: 20881: 20879: 20874: 20873: 20870: 20859: 20853: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20785:Neoptolemus I 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20767: 20765: 20763: 20759: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20681:Mithridates I 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20671:Paerisades IV 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20655: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20634:Paerisades II 20632: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20623:Spartokos III 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20598: 20596: 20590: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20558:Ariarathes IX 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20543:Ariarathes VI 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20528:Ariarathes IV 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20513:Ariarathes II 20511: 20509: 20506: 20505: 20503: 20501: 20497: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20485:Antiochus III 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20460:Mithridates I 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20443: 20439: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20360: 20358: 20356: 20352: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20335:Nicomedes III 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20281: 20279: 20277: 20273: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20166:Demetrius III 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20129: 20127: 20124: 20122: 20121:Antimachus II 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20111:Apollodotus I 20109: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20088: 20086: 20084: 20080: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20068:Eucratides II 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20033:Euthydemus II 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20010: 20008: 20006: 20002: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19962: 19960: 19958: 19954: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19939: 19937: 19935: 19931: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19781: 19779: 19777: 19773: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19761:Ptolemy Apion 19759: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19736: 19734: 19730: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19668:Cleopatra III 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19609: 19607: 19605: 19601: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19555: 19553: 19551: 19547: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19508: 19504: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19479: 19477: 19475: 19471: 19466: 19459: 19454: 19452: 19447: 19445: 19440: 19439: 19436: 19428: 19427: 19421: 19419: 19418: 19413: 19411: 19406: 19404: 19399: 19397: 19391:51–30 BC 19389: 19388: 19381: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19358: 19353: 19352: 19343: 19337: 19336: 19335:History Today 19331: 19326: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19312: 19308: 19305: 19304: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19288: 19284: 19280: 19276: 19274: 19270: 19269:Cleopatra VII 19267: 19265: 19261: 19260:Cleopatra VII 19258: 19256: 19252: 19249: 19245: 19241: 19240: 19236: (1852). 19235: 19231: 19229: 19225: 19224: 19219: 19216: 19213: 19210: 19209: 19198: 19194: 19190: 19189: 19183: 19179: 19173: 19169: 19164: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19147: 19143: 19137: 19132: 19131: 19125: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19108: 19107: 19101: 19097: 19093: 19087: 19083: 19079: 19078:Southern, Pat 19075: 19071: 19065: 19061: 19056: 19052: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19030: 19024: 19020: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19003: 18999: 18998:Lindsay, Jack 18995: 18991: 18985: 18981: 18976: 18972: 18966: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18942: 18938: 18934: 18933: 18927: 18923: 18917: 18913: 18908: 18904: 18898: 18894: 18889: 18885: 18879: 18875: 18871: 18870: 18864: 18860: 18854: 18850: 18845: 18833: 18829: 18825: 18824: 18818: 18814: 18808: 18804: 18799: 18795: 18789: 18785: 18781: 18776: 18772: 18766: 18762: 18757: 18753: 18747: 18743: 18738: 18737: 18717: 18713: 18707: 18703: 18699: 18695: 18691: 18687: 18675: 18671: 18665: 18661: 18660: 18654: 18651: 18645: 18641: 18636: 18632: 18626: 18622: 18618: 18614: 18609: 18605: 18599: 18595: 18591: 18587: 18582: 18578: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18560: 18556: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18533: 18529: 18523: 18519: 18518: 18512: 18500: 18496: 18490: 18486: 18485: 18479: 18467: 18463: 18457: 18453: 18452: 18447: 18443: 18431: 18427: 18421: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18407: 18403: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18383: 18379: 18375: 18371: 18367: 18366: 18361: 18357: 18353: 18347: 18343: 18339: 18338:Schiff, Stacy 18335: 18331: 18327: 18323: 18322: 18317: 18316:Sartain, John 18313: 18310: 18304: 18300: 18295: 18283: 18279: 18273: 18269: 18265: 18261: 18257: 18253: 18247: 18243: 18242: 18237: 18233: 18229: 18223: 18219: 18215: 18211: 18199: 18195: 18189: 18185: 18181: 18176: 18164: 18160: 18154: 18150: 18149: 18143: 18139: 18133: 18129: 18125: 18121: 18109: 18105: 18101: 18097: 18096: 18090: 18086: 18074: 18070: 18069: 18064: 18060: 18056: 18052: 18041: 18037: 18031: 18027: 18023: 18018: 18006: 18002: 17996: 17992: 17988: 17983: 17971: 17967: 17961: 17957: 17956: 17950: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17934: 17928: 17924: 17920: 17916: 17912: 17908: 17907: 17901: 17897: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17874: 17871: 17865: 17861: 17856: 17844: 17840: 17836: 17832: 17831: 17826: 17822: 17807: 17803: 17796: 17791: 17779: 17775: 17769: 17765: 17764: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17746: 17742: 17738: 17734: 17722: 17718: 17712: 17708: 17707: 17701: 17689: 17685: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17666: 17654: 17650: 17644: 17640: 17636: 17632: 17627: 17615: 17611: 17605: 17601: 17600: 17595: 17591: 17587: 17581: 17577: 17572: 17560: 17556: 17550: 17546: 17545: 17540: 17536: 17532: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17509: 17497: 17493: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17474: 17470: 17464: 17460: 17459: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17418: 17414: 17413: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17377: 17373: 17367: 17363: 17359: 17355: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17329: 17325: 17319: 17315: 17310: 17306: 17300: 17296: 17295: 17290: 17289:Dodson, Aidan 17286: 17274: 17270: 17264: 17260: 17256: 17251: 17247: 17243: 17239: 17236:(in German). 17235: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17217: 17213: 17209: 17205: 17193: 17189: 17183: 17179: 17178: 17172: 17167: 17163: 17158: 17146: 17142: 17136: 17132: 17131: 17125: 17121: 17115: 17111: 17106: 17102: 17096: 17092: 17091: 17086: 17082: 17078: 17072: 17068: 17063: 17051: 17047: 17041: 17037: 17036: 17031: 17027: 17023: 17021:3-424-01239-4 17017: 17013: 17008: 17004: 16998: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16974: 16970: 16964: 16960: 16956: 16952: 16951:Bivar, A.D.H. 16948: 16944: 16943: 16937: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16918: 16914: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16897: 16885: 16881: 16875: 16871: 16870: 16864: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16839: 16835: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16812: 16808: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16790: 16785: 16773: 16769: 16763: 16759: 16758: 16753: 16749: 16748: 16728: 16724: 16723: 16722:Portrait Head 16718: 16717:Walker, Susan 16714: 16702: 16698: 16697: 16692: 16688: 16684: 16672: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16659: 16653: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16615: 16611: 16607: 16602: 16590: 16586: 16585: 16579: 16567: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16546: 16542: 16539:(in French), 16538: 16537: 16532: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16502: 16490: 16486: 16481: 16469: 16465: 16461: 16460: 16454: 16443: 16439: 16438: 16433: 16429: 16428:McGing, Brian 16425: 16414: 16410: 16406: 16402: 16398: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16373: 16361: 16357: 16353: 16348: 16344: 16338: 16334: 16330: 16326: 16325: 16319: 16307: 16303: 16302:HarperCollins 16299: 16298: 16293: 16289: 16277: 16273: 16269: 16264: 16252: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16236: 16219: 16214: 16207: 16202: 16195: 16190: 16183: 16182:Roller (2010) 16178: 16176: 16169:, p. 17. 16168: 16163: 16156: 16155:Roller (2010) 16151: 16144: 16143:Schiff (2011) 16139: 16132: 16127: 16120: 16115: 16108: 16107:McGing (2016) 16103: 16096: 16091: 16089: 16081: 16076: 16074: 16072: 16064: 16059: 16052: 16047: 16040: 16035: 16033: 16025: 16024:Roller (2010) 16020: 16013: 16008: 16001: 15996: 15989: 15984: 15978:, p. 43. 15977: 15972: 15965: 15960: 15953: 15948: 15941: 15936: 15929: 15928:Roller (2010) 15924: 15922: 15914: 15909: 15902: 15897: 15890: 15885: 15878: 15873: 15866: 15861: 15854: 15849: 15842: 15837: 15830: 15825: 15818: 15813: 15806: 15801: 15794: 15789: 15782: 15777: 15770: 15765: 15758: 15753: 15746: 15741: 15734: 15729: 15722: 15717: 15715: 15707: 15702: 15695: 15690: 15683: 15678: 15671: 15666: 15659: 15654: 15648:, p. 60. 15647: 15642: 15635: 15630: 15624:, p. 25. 15623: 15618: 15611: 15606: 15599: 15594: 15587: 15586:Gurval (2011) 15582: 15580: 15572: 15571:Roller (2010) 15567: 15560: 15559:Roller (2010) 15555: 15548: 15543: 15536: 15531: 15524: 15519: 15512: 15507: 15500: 15499:Roller (2010) 15495: 15488: 15487:Roller (2010) 15483: 15477:, p. 87. 15476: 15471: 15469: 15462:, p. 36. 15461: 15460:Ashton (2002) 15456: 15450:, p. 39. 15449: 15448:Ashton (2002) 15444: 15442: 15434: 15433:Walker (2004) 15429: 15422: 15417: 15415: 15413: 15405: 15404:Roller (2010) 15400: 15398: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15384: 15379: 15373:, p. 15. 15372: 15367: 15361:, p. 14. 15360: 15355: 15353: 15345: 15344:Roller (2010) 15340: 15333: 15328: 15326: 15318: 15313: 15306: 15301: 15299: 15297: 15295: 15287: 15286:Walker (2008) 15282: 15276:, p. 40. 15275: 15274:Walker (2008) 15270: 15268: 15266: 15258: 15257:Walker (2008) 15253: 15246: 15245:Walker (2008) 15241: 15239: 15237: 15229: 15228:Roller (2010) 15224: 15217: 15212: 15210: 15202: 15197: 15195: 15187: 15182: 15175: 15170: 15163: 15158: 15151: 15146: 15144: 15142: 15140: 15132: 15127: 15125: 15117: 15116:Roller (2010) 15112: 15110: 15108: 15106: 15099:, p. 87. 15098: 15093: 15086: 15081: 15079: 15071: 15066: 15064: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15048: 15047:Roller (2010) 15043: 15041: 15033: 15032:Roller (2010) 15028: 15021: 15020:Roller (2010) 15016: 15009: 15004: 15002: 14994: 14989: 14987: 14979: 14974: 14967: 14966:Roller (2010) 14962: 14955: 14954:Roller (2010) 14950: 14935: 14931: 14925: 14918: 14913: 14906: 14901: 14899: 14892:, p. 83. 14891: 14890:Ashton (2008) 14886: 14879: 14874: 14872: 14864: 14863:Roller (2010) 14859: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14843: 14841: 14833: 14832:Grout (2017a) 14828: 14826: 14824: 14817:, p. 20. 14816: 14815:Varner (2004) 14811: 14809: 14801: 14800:Roller (2010) 14796: 14789: 14784: 14777: 14776:Roller (2010) 14772: 14770: 14762: 14757: 14755: 14753: 14745: 14744:Ashton (2008) 14740: 14738: 14736: 14728: 14723: 14716: 14715:Roller (2010) 14711: 14705:, p. 63. 14704: 14699: 14692: 14691:Roller (2010) 14687: 14680: 14679:Roller (2010) 14675: 14673: 14665: 14660: 14654:, p. 68. 14653: 14648: 14646: 14639:, p. 54. 14638: 14633: 14631: 14623: 14622:Gurval (2011) 14618: 14611: 14610:Gurval (2011) 14606: 14600:, p. 67. 14599: 14594: 14592: 14584: 14579: 14573:, p. 93. 14572: 14567: 14560: 14559:Roller (2010) 14555: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14545: 14537: 14532: 14530: 14522: 14517: 14515: 14507: 14506:Gurval (2011) 14502: 14500: 14492: 14491:Roller (2010) 14487: 14485: 14483: 14475: 14474:Roller (2010) 14470: 14464:, p. 32. 14463: 14458: 14456: 14448: 14443: 14436: 14435:Roller (2010) 14431: 14429: 14421: 14420:Roller (2010) 14416: 14410:, p. 36. 14409: 14404: 14402: 14400: 14398: 14390: 14389:Roller (2010) 14385: 14383: 14375: 14370: 14363: 14362:Roller (2010) 14358: 14351: 14346: 14339: 14338:Roller (2010) 14334: 14327: 14322: 14315: 14310: 14303: 14302:Roller (2010) 14298: 14296: 14288: 14287:Roller (2010) 14283: 14276: 14275:Roller (2010) 14271: 14269: 14261: 14256: 14254: 14246: 14245:Roller (2010) 14241: 14239: 14237: 14229: 14228:Walker (2001) 14224: 14217: 14216:Roller (2003) 14212: 14205: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14188: 14183: 14181: 14173: 14172:Roller (2010) 14168: 14161: 14156: 14149: 14148:Roller (2010) 14144: 14137: 14132: 14125: 14120: 14113: 14112:Roller (2010) 14108: 14101: 14096: 14089: 14084: 14077: 14076:Roller (2010) 14072: 14065: 14060: 14054:, p. 34. 14053: 14048: 14041: 14036: 14021: 14017: 14011: 14004: 13999: 13992: 13987: 13980: 13975: 13968: 13963: 13956: 13955:Roller (2010) 13951: 13944: 13943:Roller (2010) 13939: 13932: 13927: 13920: 13915: 13908: 13907:Roller (2010) 13903: 13897:, p. 32. 13896: 13891: 13884: 13883:Roller (2010) 13879: 13877: 13869: 13864: 13862: 13854: 13853:Roller (2010) 13849: 13843:, p. 56. 13842: 13837: 13835: 13827: 13826:Roller (2010) 13822: 13820: 13812: 13807: 13805: 13798:, p. 65. 13797: 13792: 13790: 13782: 13777: 13770: 13765: 13758: 13757:Roller (2010) 13753: 13746: 13745:Roller (2010) 13741: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13728:, p. 61. 13727: 13726:Gurval (2011) 13722: 13715: 13714:Roller (2010) 13710: 13703: 13698: 13696: 13688: 13683: 13676: 13675:Roller (2010) 13671: 13669: 13667: 13659: 13654: 13647: 13642: 13635: 13630: 13623: 13618: 13611: 13606: 13599: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13582: 13581:Roller (2010) 13577: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13559: 13558:Roller (2010) 13554: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13532: 13531:Roller (2010) 13527: 13520: 13519:Roller (2010) 13515: 13508: 13507:Roller (2010) 13503: 13496: 13495:Roller (2010) 13491: 13489: 13487: 13479: 13478:Roller (2010) 13474: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13458: 13457:Roller (2010) 13453: 13451: 13444:, p. 31. 13443: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13416: 13415:Roller (2010) 13411: 13409: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13395: 13390: 13383: 13378: 13371: 13366: 13364: 13356: 13355:Roller (2010) 13351: 13349: 13347: 13345: 13343: 13341: 13339: 13331: 13326: 13319: 13318:Roller (2010) 13314: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13300: 13295: 13293: 13285: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13272: 13270: 13262: 13261:Roller (2010) 13257: 13255: 13247: 13246:Roller (2010) 13242: 13240: 13238: 13230: 13229:Roller (2010) 13225: 13223: 13221: 13213: 13212:Roller (2010) 13208: 13201: 13200:Roller (2010) 13196: 13194: 13186: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13169: 13168:Roller (2010) 13164: 13157: 13156:Roller (2010) 13152: 13145: 13140: 13133: 13128: 13126: 13118: 13117:Roller (2010) 13113: 13111: 13104:, p. 30. 13103: 13098: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13082: 13081:Roller (2010) 13077: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13057: 13052: 13045: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13018: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12991: 12990:Roller (2010) 12986: 12984: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12966: 12965:Roller (2010) 12961: 12954: 12953:Roller (2010) 12949: 12942: 12938: 12933: 12926: 12925:Roller (2010) 12921: 12914: 12909: 12902: 12901:Roller (2010) 12897: 12890: 12889:Roller (2010) 12885: 12883: 12875: 12874:Roller (2010) 12870: 12864:, p. 29. 12863: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12838: 12837:Roller (2010) 12833: 12831: 12823: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12806: 12801: 12794: 12793:Roller (2010) 12789: 12782: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12766:, p. 33. 12765: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12742: 12741:Roller (2010) 12737: 12735: 12733: 12725: 12720: 12713: 12708: 12702:, p. 28. 12701: 12696: 12690:, p. 99. 12689: 12688:Roller (2010) 12684: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12671:, p. 98. 12670: 12669:Roller (2010) 12665: 12663: 12655: 12650: 12648: 12640: 12639:Roller (2010) 12635: 12633: 12616: 12610: 12603: 12602:Newman (1990) 12598: 12591: 12586: 12580:, p. 27. 12579: 12574: 12572: 12564: 12559: 12553:, p. 97. 12552: 12551:Roller (2010) 12547: 12545: 12543: 12536:, p. 96. 12535: 12534:Roller (2010) 12530: 12528: 12520: 12519:Roller (2010) 12515: 12508: 12507:Roller (2010) 12503: 12501: 12493: 12488: 12482:, p. 95. 12481: 12480:Roller (2010) 12476: 12474: 12472: 12465:, p. 94. 12464: 12463:Roller (2010) 12459: 12452: 12451:Roller (2010) 12447: 12440: 12439:Roller (2010) 12435: 12428: 12427:Roller (2010) 12423: 12417:, p. 92. 12416: 12415:Roller (2010) 12411: 12409: 12401: 12400:Roller (2010) 12396: 12390:, p. 77. 12389: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12370: 12369:Roller (2010) 12365: 12358: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12336:, p. 90. 12335: 12334:Roller (2010) 12330: 12328: 12320: 12319:Roller (2010) 12315: 12309:, p. 89. 12308: 12307:Roller (2010) 12303: 12301: 12293: 12292:Roller (2003) 12288: 12286: 12284: 12276: 12271: 12264: 12259: 12253:, p. 26. 12252: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12235: 12234:Roller (2010) 12230: 12228: 12221:, p. 86. 12220: 12219:Roller (2010) 12215: 12213: 12211: 12203: 12198: 12191: 12190:Roller (2010) 12186: 12180:, p. 85. 12179: 12178:Roller (2010) 12174: 12172: 12164: 12163:Roller (2010) 12159: 12153:, p. 73. 12152: 12147: 12141:, p. 84. 12140: 12139:Roller (2010) 12135: 12133: 12125: 12120: 12113: 12112:Roller (2010) 12108: 12102:, p. 83. 12101: 12100:Roller (2010) 12096: 12094: 12092: 12084: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12061: 12060:Roller (2010) 12056: 12054: 12046: 12045:Roller (2010) 12041: 12035:, p. 96. 12034: 12029: 12023:, p. 58. 12022: 12017: 12010: 12009:Roller (2010) 12005: 11999:, p. 25. 11998: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11977: 11976:Roller (2010) 11972: 11965: 11960: 11954:, p. 24. 11953: 11948: 11946: 11938: 11933: 11927:, p. 79. 11926: 11925:Roller (2010) 11921: 11919: 11917: 11910:, p. 23. 11909: 11904: 11902: 11894: 11893:Roller (2010) 11889: 11883:, p. 77. 11882: 11881:Roller (2010) 11877: 11870: 11865: 11863: 11855: 11854:Roller (2010) 11850: 11844:, p. 76. 11843: 11842:Roller (2010) 11838: 11831: 11826: 11819: 11814: 11808:, p. 22. 11807: 11802: 11800: 11792: 11787: 11781:, p. 75. 11780: 11779:Roller (2010) 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11757: 11756:Roller (2010) 11752: 11745: 11740: 11733: 11732:Roller (2010) 11728: 11721: 11716: 11709: 11704: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11683:, p. 74. 11682: 11681:Roller (2010) 11677: 11675: 11667: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11650: 11649:Roller (2010) 11645: 11643: 11641: 11633: 11628: 11621: 11620:Roller (2010) 11616: 11614: 11606: 11601: 11595:, p. 21. 11594: 11589: 11587: 11579: 11578:Roller (2010) 11574: 11567: 11562: 11556:, p. 72. 11555: 11554:Roller (2010) 11550: 11548: 11540: 11535: 11528: 11523: 11516: 11515:Roller (2010) 11511: 11504: 11499: 11493:, p. 71. 11492: 11491:Roller (2010) 11487: 11480: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11463: 11458: 11452:, p. 70. 11451: 11450:Roller (2010) 11446: 11444: 11436: 11431: 11429: 11421: 11420:Roller (2010) 11416: 11409: 11404: 11397: 11392: 11386:, p. 20. 11385: 11380: 11374:, p. 67. 11373: 11372:Roller (2010) 11368: 11366: 11364: 11356: 11351: 11345:, p. 66. 11344: 11343:Roller (2010) 11339: 11332: 11327: 11320: 11319:Roller (2010) 11315: 11313: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11288: 11286: 11279:, p. 65. 11278: 11277:Roller (2010) 11273: 11266: 11265:Roller (2010) 11261: 11254: 11249: 11242: 11237: 11230: 11229:Roller (2010) 11225: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11201: 11195:, p. 64. 11194: 11193:Roller (2010) 11189: 11187: 11185: 11177: 11172: 11165: 11164:Roller (2010) 11160: 11154:, p. 19. 11153: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11136: 11131: 11124: 11123:Roller (2010) 11119: 11112: 11107: 11100: 11095: 11088: 11083: 11076: 11071: 11065:, p. 63. 11064: 11063:Roller (2010) 11059: 11057: 11055: 11047: 11042: 11035: 11030: 11024:, p. 62. 11023: 11022:Roller (2010) 11018: 11016: 11008: 11007:Roller (2010) 11003: 10996: 10991: 10984: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10965: 10964:Roller (2010) 10960: 10953: 10948: 10941: 10936: 10929: 10924: 10917: 10912: 10906:, p. 18. 10905: 10900: 10898: 10890: 10885: 10883: 10876:, p. 61. 10875: 10874:Roller (2010) 10870: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10831: 10826: 10824: 10816: 10811: 10804: 10803:Roller (2010) 10799: 10797: 10789: 10784: 10777: 10772: 10766:, p. 98. 10765: 10760: 10754:, p. 60. 10753: 10752:Roller (2010) 10748: 10746: 10744: 10736: 10731: 10729: 10721: 10716: 10714: 10706: 10701: 10699: 10691: 10690:Roller (2010) 10686: 10684: 10677:, p. 96. 10676: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10660:, p. 59. 10659: 10658:Roller (2010) 10654: 10647: 10642: 10636:, p. 17. 10635: 10630: 10623: 10622:Roller (2010) 10618: 10612:, p. 95. 10611: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10588:, p. 58. 10587: 10586:Roller (2010) 10582: 10580: 10572: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10556:, p. 57. 10555: 10554:Roller (2010) 10550: 10548: 10540: 10535: 10528: 10523: 10516: 10515:Roller (2010) 10511: 10509: 10501: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10484: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10467: 10466:Roller (2010) 10462: 10460: 10458: 10450: 10445: 10439:, p. 56. 10438: 10437:Roller (2010) 10433: 10431: 10424:, p. 16. 10423: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10406: 10405:Roller (2010) 10401: 10399: 10392:, p. 53. 10391: 10390:Roller (2010) 10386: 10384: 10376: 10371: 10369: 10361: 10360:Roller (2010) 10356: 10349: 10344: 10337: 10336:Roller (2010) 10332: 10325: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10308: 10303: 10296: 10291: 10285:, p. 27. 10284: 10283:Roller (2010) 10279: 10272: 10267: 10260: 10259:Roller (2010) 10255: 10249:, p. 14. 10248: 10243: 10241: 10234:, p. 26. 10233: 10232:Roller (2010) 10228: 10226: 10218: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10194: 10189: 10187: 10179: 10174: 10167: 10166:Roller (2010) 10162: 10160: 10153:, p. xx. 10152: 10147: 10145: 10138:, p. 18. 10137: 10132: 10130: 10123:, p. 25. 10122: 10121:Roller (2010) 10117: 10115: 10107: 10102: 10096:, p. 76. 10095: 10090: 10083: 10082:Roller (2010) 10078: 10076: 10068: 10063: 10056: 10051: 10044: 10039: 10032: 10027: 10021:, p. 24. 10020: 10019:Roller (2010) 10015: 10013: 10011: 10004:, p. 16. 10003: 9998: 9992:, p. 78. 9991: 9986: 9979: 9978:Roller (2010) 9974: 9967: 9962: 9956:, p. 23. 9955: 9954:Roller (2010) 9950: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9928: 9923: 9916: 9911: 9904: 9899: 9897: 9890:, p. 22. 9889: 9888:Roller (2010) 9884: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9871:, p. 76. 9870: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9854:, p. 13. 9853: 9848: 9846: 9839:, p. 21. 9838: 9837:Roller (2010) 9833: 9826: 9821: 9814: 9809: 9802: 9801:Roller (2010) 9797: 9790: 9785: 9779:, p. 20. 9778: 9777:Roller (2010) 9773: 9766: 9761: 9759: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9729:, p. 81. 9728: 9723: 9717:, p. 45. 9716: 9715:Roller (2010) 9711: 9704: 9703:Roller (2010) 9699: 9693:, p. 69. 9692: 9687: 9681:, p. 19. 9680: 9679:Roller (2010) 9675: 9668: 9663: 9656: 9655:Roller (2010) 9651: 9649: 9642:, p. 73. 9641: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9625:, p. 38. 9624: 9619: 9617: 9610:, p. 16. 9609: 9608:Roller (2010) 9604: 9602: 9594: 9589: 9583:, p. 22. 9582: 9577: 9570: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9552:, p. 15. 9551: 9550:Roller (2010) 9546: 9539: 9534: 9528:, p. 74. 9527: 9522: 9516:, p. 12. 9515: 9510: 9504:, p. 11. 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9484: 9476: 9471: 9469: 9462:, p. 17. 9461: 9460:Roller (2010) 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9416: 9415:Roller (2010) 9411: 9404: 9403:Roller (2010) 9399: 9392: 9387: 9380: 9379:Roller (2010) 9375: 9373: 9366:, p. 35. 9365: 9364:Schiff (2011) 9360: 9353: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9321:Roller (2010) 9317: 9311:, p. 11. 9310: 9305: 9303: 9295: 9290: 9283: 9282:Roller (2010) 9278: 9272:, p. 18. 9271: 9270:Roller (2010) 9266: 9264: 9256: 9251: 9245:, p. 15. 9244: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9220: 9219:Roller (2010) 9215: 9208: 9207:Roller (2010) 9203: 9201: 9199: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9177:, p. 48. 9176: 9171: 9164: 9159: 9152: 9151:Grout (2017b) 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9092: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9068: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9038: 9033: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9009:Lippert (2013 9006: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8987:Michael Grant 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8966:Bennett (1997 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8934: 8930: 8929:Preston (2009 8926: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8795:, p. 3). 8794: 8790: 8784: 8777: 8776:Royster (2003 8773: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8751:Preston (2009 8747: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8689: 8683:from Pompeii. 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8669:Curtius (1933 8665: 8658: 8657:Curtius (1933 8654: 8653:Kleiner (2005 8650: 8649:Curtius (1933 8646: 8642: 8641:Kleiner (2005 8638: 8634: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8594:Blaise Pascal 8590: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8574:Curtius (1933 8569: 8562: 8558: 8557:Grout (2017b) 8552: 8545: 8544:Grout (2017b) 8541: 8537: 8533: 8532:Curtius (1933 8527: 8520: 8519:Grout (2017b) 8516: 8510: 8503: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8472: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8456:Heracleopolis 8453: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8402:Aulus Hirtius 8398: 8393: 8388: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8291: 8288: 8278: 8273: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8238: 8233: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8197:Octavia Minor 8194: 8189: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8167:According to 8164: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8128:Kleiner (2005 8125: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8100: 8099:Kennedy (1996 8096: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7896: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7819: 7813: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7789: 7783: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7744: 7743:Michael Grant 7736: 7727: 7726:solar eclipse 7723: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7662: 7656: 7649: 7643: 7636: 7630: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7556:Michael Grant 7553: 7547: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7461:Meadows (2001 7458: 7454: 7453:Bennett (1997 7450: 7449:Kleiner (2005 7446: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7392: 7386: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7312:Michael Grant 7309: 7304: 7302: 7295:, p. 3). 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7232:Rosetta Stone 7229: 7225: 7224:Ancient Greek 7221: 7220:Late Egyptian 7217: 7211: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7184:Johnson (1999 7181: 7177: 7176:Kleiner (2005 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7095: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7050:HarperCollins 7047: 7046: 7036: 6994: 6993: 6980: 6936: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6876:Preston (2009 6873: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6750: 6747: 6746:Cleopatra VII 6727: 6724: 6713: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6674: 6663: 6655: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6586: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6476: 6473: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400:Cleopatra III 6392: 6386: 6384: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6344: 6330: 6327: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200:Michael Grant 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147:paternal line 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6068: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6032:, now in the 6031: 6027: 6017: 6008: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5929:Written works 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915:glamour model 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5813:Samuel Barber 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789:F. C. Burnand 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5725:Port Sunlight 5722: 5719:, now in the 5718: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648:Samuel Daniel 5645: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5509: 5506:, now in the 5505: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5461: 5457: 5456:Parian marble 5453: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5258:Portland Vase 5251: 5247: 5246:Portland Vase 5243: 5238: 5233: 5232:Portland Vase 5226:Portland Vase 5223: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5151:radiant crown 5148: 5144: 5141:published by 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119:Tivoli, Lazio 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5047:radiant crown 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035:Tivoli, Lazio 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013:published by 5012: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4894: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4796:this portrait 4793: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781:Parian-marble 4778: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4738:Julius Caesar 4735: 4724: 4723:portrait head 4721: 4711: 4702: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4646:Diana Kleiner 4643: 4638: 4637:genitive case 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4599:aquiline nose 4596: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395:carved cameos 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4309: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4123:Roman History 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3918: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863:Jews in Egypt 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847:sole lawgiver 3844: 3840: 3832: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765:Roman emperor 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:Arius Didymus 3746: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3656:Ancient Greek 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3270:Ancient Greek 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3229:Helen of Troy 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196:King of Kings 3193: 3189: 3180: 3174: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:sacrosanctity 3036: 3028:in 43 BC 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:Gulf of Aqaba 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952:Orontes River 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2896:Antonia Minor 2894:in 39 BC and 2893: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2832:king of Judea 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2641:to Tarsos in 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533:Ides of March 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2320:Julius Caesar 2317: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2223:Tyre, Lebanon 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1984: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Julius Caesar 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769:proposed bill 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756:In 65 BC the 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696:and brothers 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597:North African 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1370: 1366: 1365:Ancient Greek 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1345:Victorian era 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:Roman coinage 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:Octavia Minor 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:his invasions 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Julius Caesar 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080:Mediterranean 1078:state in the 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1006: 1002: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 971: 969: 968: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 947: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 916: 913: 911: 908: 907: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 893: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 870: 869: 865: 861: 860: 857: 856:Cleopatra VII 854: 853: 849: 848: 841: 838: 834: 829: 826: 822: 819: 813: 810: 806: 803: 799: 795: 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 742: 738: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 716: 712: 686: 684: 677: 663: 658: 653: 650: 642: 637: 632: 631: 628: 627: 623: 619: 616: 609: 608: 605: 603: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 573: 569: 550: 548: 541: 529: 526: 523: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 501: 500: 497: 496: 492: 488: 485: 478: 477: 474: 472: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 444: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 425: 405: 403: 396: 379: 376: 369: 363: 362: 359: 358: 354: 350: 347: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 315: 311: 294: 292: 285: 273: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 251: 250: 247: 246: 242: 238: 235: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 200: 197: 196: 192: 189: 185: 180: 174: 170: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 126:(until 51 BC) 125: 122: 121: 119: 118: 115: 109: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 77: 73: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Cleopatra VII 27505:30 BC deaths 27500:69 BC births 27467:Ancient Rome 27413: 27392: 27384: 27376: 27372:Thomas North 27337:(2016; film) 27315: 27280: 27272: 27255:All for Love 27253: 27247: 27241: 27225: 27177: 27170: 27142: 27084: 26962:Green Caesar 26892: 26885: 26878: 26855: 26848: 26841: 26834: 26827: 26809: 26797: 26790: 26362: 26342:Cleopatra VI 26340: 26321:Berenice III 26306:Cleopatra IV 26286:Cleopatra II 26208:Parysatis II 26057:(664–332 BC) 26036: 25961:Atakhebasken 25875:Tadibast III 25850:Tashedkhonsu 25762: 25753:Tawerettenru 25723:Tiy-Merenese 25702: 25602: 25588:Ankhesenamun 25575: 25408: 25139: 25102: 25090: 24989: 24911: 24872:Meritites IV 24829:Nimaathap II 24809:Meresankh IV 24784:Khentkaus II 24774:Neferhetepes 24736:Hekenuhedjet 24711:Meresankh II 24691:Hetepheres I 24660: 24611: 24551: 24503: 24252: 24245: 24238: 24226: 24219: 24212: 24205: 24198: 24191: 24184: 24177: 24165: 24158: 24141: 24134: 24127: 24120: 24113: 24106: 24099: 24092: 24060: 24053: 24039:Lucius Verus 23996: 23904: 23897: 23873:Berenice III 23863:Cleopatra IV 23838:Cleopatra II 23770:Alexander IV 23690:Nectanebo II 23659: 23640:Nepherites I 23599:Artaxerxes I 23586: 23516: 23504: 23487:(664–332 BC) 23467: 23423:Roman Period 23325:Shoshenq VII 23323: 23296: 23256: 23237:Shoshenq III 23219: 23184: 23147: 23125:Psusennes II 23038:Ramesses VII 23018:Ramesses III 22902:Amenhotep II 22897:Thutmose III 22833: 22722:Sobekemsaf I 22714: 22689: 22682: 22675: 22668: 22648: 22641: 22546: 22529: 22524:'Aper-'Anati 22522: 22515: 22508: 22488: 22481: 22474: 22467: 22460: 22453: 22446: 22432:Sekheperenre 22384: 22377: 22370: 22363: 22356: 22254:Neferhotep I 22244:Seth Meribre 22221: 22207:Djedkheperew 22124: 22085: 22076:Amenemhat IV 22066:Senusret III 22056:Amenemhat II 21972:Mentuhotep I 21934: 21823: 21783: 21776: 21769: 21762: 21688:Neferkare II 21639: 21632: 21565:Nyuserre Ini 21519: 21502: 21457: 21450: 21438: 21379: 21374:Neferkasokar 21372: 21365: 21348: 21341: 21334: 21327: 21320: 21313: 21278: 21271: 21179: 21162: 21155: 21148: 21141: 21134: 21127: 21122:Finger Snail 21120: 21113: 21093: 21081: 21074: 21067: 21060: 21053: 21046: 21039: 21032: 21025: 21018: 21011: 21004: 20997: 20960: 20820:Alexander II 20676:Paerisades V 20639:Spartokos IV 20603:Paerisades I 20578:Ariarathes X 20533:Ariarathes V 20508:Ariarathes I 20490:Antiochus IV 20475:Antiochus II 20407:Pharnaces II 20368:Ariobarzanes 20340:Nicomedes IV 20330:Nicomedes II 20256:Apollophanes 20241:Hippostratos 20156:Heliokles II 20116:Demetrius II 20096:Antimachus I 20058:Eucratides I 20053:Demetrius II 20038:Antimachus I 20023:Euthydemus I 19717: 19708:Ptolemy XIII 19683:Berenice III 19530:Antipater II 19497:Alexander IV 19422: 19415: 19408: 19403:Ptolemy XIII 19401: 19393: 19385: 19363: 19356: 19349: 19333: 19303:Live Science 19301: 19291:Stacy Schiff 19286: 19237: 19234:Jacob Abbott 19222: 19214:, at YouTube 19187: 19167: 19150: 19129: 19105: 19100:Syme, Ronald 19081: 19059: 19040: 19018: 19001: 18979: 18960: 18945:, retrieved 18931: 18911: 18892: 18868: 18848: 18836:, retrieved 18822: 18802: 18779: 18760: 18741: 18720:, retrieved 18701: 18678:, retrieved 18658: 18639: 18616: 18589: 18558: 18552: 18536:, retrieved 18516: 18503:, retrieved 18483: 18470:, retrieved 18450: 18434:, retrieved 18414: 18369: 18363: 18360:Skeat, T. C. 18341: 18320: 18298: 18286:, retrieved 18267: 18240: 18217: 18202:, retrieved 18183: 18167:, retrieved 18147: 18127: 18112:, retrieved 18094: 18083:– via 18077:. Retrieved 18073:the original 18066: 18059:"IX, ch. 58" 18044:, retrieved 18025: 18009:, retrieved 17990: 17974:, retrieved 17954: 17944: 17932: 17910: 17904: 17881: 17859: 17847:, retrieved 17829: 17813:, retrieved 17801: 17782:, retrieved 17762: 17740: 17725:, retrieved 17705: 17692:, retrieved 17673: 17657:, retrieved 17638: 17618:, retrieved 17598: 17575: 17563:, retrieved 17543: 17516: 17500:, retrieved 17481: 17457: 17434: 17411: 17384: 17357: 17336: 17332: 17313: 17293: 17277:, retrieved 17258: 17237: 17233: 17211: 17196:. Retrieved 17176: 17165: 17161: 17149:, retrieved 17129: 17109: 17089: 17066: 17054:, retrieved 17034: 17011: 16992: 16977:, retrieved 16958: 16940: 16904: 16900: 16888:, retrieved 16868: 16855:, retrieved 16846: 16819: 16792: 16776:, retrieved 16756: 16731:, retrieved 16721: 16705:, retrieved 16694: 16675:, retrieved 16657: 16644:, retrieved 16609: 16593:, retrieved 16589:the original 16583: 16570:, retrieved 16560: 16549:, retrieved 16535: 16523:, retrieved 16509: 16493:. Retrieved 16487:. Lexology. 16472:, retrieved 16458: 16446:, retrieved 16435: 16419:25 September 16417:, retrieved 16408: 16389:, retrieved 16380: 16364:, retrieved 16355: 16322: 16310:, retrieved 16295: 16280:. Retrieved 16271: 16255:, retrieved 16251:the original 16244: 16213: 16201: 16189: 16162: 16150: 16138: 16126: 16114: 16102: 16082:, p. 5. 16080:Grant (1972) 16058: 16046: 16039:Jones (2006) 16019: 16007: 15995: 15983: 15971: 15964:Jones (2006) 15959: 15947: 15935: 15908: 15901:Plant (2004) 15896: 15889:Pucci (2011) 15884: 15872: 15860: 15848: 15836: 15829:Jones (2006) 15824: 15812: 15805:Pucci (2011) 15800: 15793:Jones (2006) 15788: 15776: 15764: 15752: 15740: 15733:Pucci (2011) 15728: 15701: 15689: 15677: 15665: 15653: 15641: 15634:Jones (2006) 15629: 15617: 15605: 15593: 15566: 15554: 15542: 15530: 15525:, p. 8. 15518: 15506: 15494: 15482: 15455: 15428: 15378: 15366: 15339: 15319:, p. 9. 15312: 15281: 15252: 15223: 15181: 15169: 15157: 15092: 15027: 15015: 14978:Jones (2006) 14973: 14961: 14949: 14937:. Retrieved 14933: 14924: 14912: 14885: 14878:Higgs (2001) 14795: 14783: 14722: 14717:, p. 3. 14710: 14698: 14693:, p. 2. 14686: 14659: 14617: 14605: 14583:Jones (2006) 14578: 14566: 14493:, p. 8. 14469: 14462:Jones (2006) 14442: 14422:, p. 7. 14415: 14369: 14357: 14345: 14333: 14321: 14309: 14282: 14223: 14211: 14167: 14155: 14143: 14131: 14119: 14107: 14095: 14083: 14071: 14059: 14047: 14040:Grant (1972) 14035: 14023:. Retrieved 14019: 14010: 13998: 13991:Grant (1972) 13986: 13974: 13967:Jones (2006) 13962: 13950: 13938: 13931:Skeat (1953) 13926: 13914: 13902: 13890: 13848: 13811:Jones (2006) 13781:Jones (2006) 13776: 13764: 13752: 13721: 13709: 13687:Jones (2006) 13682: 13658:Jones (2006) 13653: 13641: 13634:Jones (2006) 13629: 13617: 13605: 13553: 13526: 13514: 13502: 13389: 13377: 13325: 13207: 13163: 13151: 13144:Jones (2006) 13139: 13051: 13012: 12960: 12948: 12932: 12920: 12908: 12896: 12869: 12800: 12788: 12781:Reece (2017) 12719: 12707: 12695: 12619:. 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1503:portrait of 1358: 1285:Latin poetry 1277:works of art 1274: 1254:Roman Senate 1198: 1107:Ptolemy XIII 1088: 1072:Roman Empire 1046:general and 1000: 999: 855: 816:Alexandria, 571: 567: 442: 439:Qlwjwꜣpꜣdrtꜣ 438: 313: 309: 202: 198: 130:Ptolemy XIII 113: 67:Altes Museum 36: 27138:Mark Antony 27087:by Plutarch 26921:Curia Julia 26857:De analogia 26784:Legislation 26715:Dyrrhachium 26682:Uxellodunum 26609:Gallic Wars 26564:Gallic wars 26353:Berenice IV 26331:Cleopatra V 26266:Arsinoe III 26256:Berenice II 26203:Stateira II 26180:(332–30 BC) 26175:Hellenistic 25993:Late Period 25946:Tabekenamun 25893:Karomama II 25764:Baketwernel 25743:Duatentopet 25704:Anuketemheb 25424:New Kingdom 25365:New Kingdom 25157:Sobekneferu 25135:Neferthenut 25033:Neferukayet 24877:Inenek-Inti 24769:Khentkaus I 24696:Meritites I 24673:Meresankh I 24668:Djefatnebti 24633:Old Kingdom 24143:Gordian III 24088:Diadumenian 23888:Cleopatra V 23742:(332–30 BC) 23737:Hellenistic 23680:Nectanebo I 23572:Cambyses II 23554:Psamtik III 23512:Tefnakht II 23314:Takelot III 23309:Osorkon III 23304:Shoshenq VI 23258:Pedubast II 23242:Shoshenq IV 23215:Shoshenq II 23180:Pinedjem II 23170:Menkheperre 23105:Psusennes I 23058:Ramesses XI 23048:Ramesses IX 23033:Ramesses VI 23023:Ramesses IV 22970:Ramesses II 22932:Tutankhamun 22907:Thutmose IV 22887:Thutmose II 22877:Amenhotep I 22849:New Kingdom 22784:New Kingdom 22643:Senusret IV 22627:Dedumose II 22602:Nebiriau II 22597:Nebiryraw I 22592:Mentuhotepi 22397:Khakherewre 22324:Merkheperre 22234:Imyremeshaw 22217:Sedjefakare 22172:Sehetepibre 22147:Ameny Qemau 22081:Sobekneferu 22061:Senusret II 22046:Amenemhat I 22028:Iyibkhentre 21758:Neferirkare 21753:Neferkauhor 21560:Shepseskare 21401:Old Kingdom 21387:Khasekhemwy 21367:Neferkara I 21336:Weneg-Nebty 21181:Scorpion II 20841:Pyrrhus III 20825:Olympias II 20795:Alexander I 20652: [ 20649:Spartokos V 20518:Ariamnes II 20465:Antiochus I 20427:Pythodorida 20383:Pharnaces I 20304:Zipoetes II 20299:Nicomedes I 20216:Artemidoros 20211:Menander II 20151:Antialcidas 20136:Agathokleia 20091:Demetrius I 20083:Indo-Greeks 20073:Heliocles I 20028:Demetrius I 20018:Diodotus II 19995:Eumenes III 19990:Attalus III 19965:Philetaerus 19934:Lysimachids 19746:Berenice II 19713:Ptolemy XIV 19595:(pretender) 19525:Alexander V 19507:Antipatrids 19465:Hellenistic 19410:Ptolemy XIV 19396:Ptolemy XII 19380:Ptolemy XII 19264:BBC History 19223:In Our Time 18937:Smithsonian 18828:Smithsonian 18690:Wyke, Maria 18079:20 February 16778:15 November 16646:2 September 16292:"Cleopatra" 16257:27 December 15817:Hsia (2004) 13370:Elia (1956) 9037:Grant (1972 8958:Grant (1972 8925:Grant (1972 8901:Grant (1972 8806:Grant (1972 8793:Jones (2006 8789:Grant (1972 8768:Grant (1972 8764:Pucci (2011 8694:Pucci (2011 8604:Pascal 1910 8477:Jones (2006 8439:Jones (2006 8434:Geographica 8392:Jones (2006 8340:Jones (2006 8328:Jones (2006 8311:Jones (2006 8277:Reece (2017 8237:Jones (2006 8036:Jones (2006 7986:Jones (2006 7855:Jones 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5208:Herculaneum 4856:Hellenistic 4821:Hellenistic 4718:An ancient 4681:Roman women 4677:Berenice II 4669:tetradrachm 4562:tetradrachm 4554:Mark Antony 4424: [ 4377:as well as 4243:Ronald Syme 4150: [ 4080:(1887), by 4041:during the 3938:, Queen of 3771:era of the 3587:(1658), by 3563:misanthropy 3536:Paraitonion 3468:Peloponnese 3409:tetradrachm 3378:casus belli 3290:countersign 3016:(left) and 3014:Mark Antony 2999:her coinage 2995:Roman Crete 2969:around the 2948:Coele-Syria 2876:, Queen of 2864:An ancient 2751:(1885), by 2676:Mark Antony 2583:formed the 2573:Mark Antony 2280:Cassius Dio 2203:Roman Syria 2145:regnal date 1893:Mark Antony 1881:Hyrcanus II 1838:Alban Hills 1750:Herculaneum 1702:Ptolemy XIV 1678:Ptolemy XII 1593:Koine Greek 1557:Troglodytes 1545:Hellenistic 1501:Hellenistic 1341:Egyptomania 1333:Baroque art 1329:Renaissance 1297:Roman busts 1244:led to the 1213:Mark Antony 1178:Ptolemy XIV 1099:Berenice IV 1056:Koine Greek 1005:Koinē Greek 818:Roman Egypt 782:Presumably 731:Mark Antony 726:Ptolemy XIV 155:Predecessor 136:Ptolemy XIV 124:Ptolemy XII 27489:Categories 27362:Salad days 27320:(1963; TV) 27133:Julia gens 26967:Arles bust 26900:Last words 26799:Lex Roscia 26705:Brundisium 26373:Arsinoe IV 26246:Arsinoe II 26236:Berenice I 26161:Stateira I 25870:Karomama I 25840:Penreshnes 25812:Mutnedjmet 25758:Nubkhesbed 25643:Isetnofret 25633:Tanedjemet 25604:Nebetnehat 25598:Mutnedjmet 25477:Hatshepsut 25338:Ahhotep II 25333:Sitdjehuti 25308:Sobekemsaf 25285:Mentuhotep 25209:Senebhenas 25204:Nubhetepti 25141:Meretseger 25098:Neferu III 24779:Meretnebty 24579:Seshemetka 24564:Nakhtneith 24542:Neithhotep 24260:Diocletian 24214:Quintillus 24167:Aemilianus 24122:Gordian II 24094:Elagabalus 23915:Arsinoe IV 23798:Arsinoe II 23723:Darius III 23650:Psammuthes 23539:Psamtik II 23354:Bakenranef 23292:Pedubast I 23287:Takelot II 23282:Harsiese A 23264:Osorkon IV 23252:Shoshenq V 23232:Osorkon II 23205:Shoshenq I 23175:Smendes II 23155:Pinedjem I 23100:Amenemnisu 23053:Ramesses X 23028:Ramesses V 22980:Amenmesses 22960:Ramesses I 22922:Smenkhkare 22892:Hatshepsut 22882:Thutmose I 22632:Montuemsaf 22622:Dedumose I 22422:Nebdjefare 22412:Merdjefare 22182:Nedjemibre 22177:Sewadjkare 22051:Senusret I 22023:Qakare Ini 21844:Meryhathor 21748:Neferkaure 21743:Qakare Iby 21728:Neferkahor 21713:Neferkamin 21521:Thamphthis 21515:Shepseskaf 21429:Sekhemkhet 21280:Horus Bird 21157:Scorpion I 20831:Pyrrhus II 20810:Alcetas II 20775:Tharrhypas 20742:Gepaepyris 20714:Scribonius 20608:Satyros II 20538:Orophernes 20450:Ptolemaeus 20432:Polemon II 20325:Prusias II 20294:Zipoetes I 20266:Strato III 20191:Theophilos 20171:Philoxenus 20126:Menander I 20106:Agathocles 20048:Agathocles 20013:Diodotus I 19985:Attalus II 19980:Eumenes II 19942:Lysimachus 19550:Antigonids 19417:Ptolemy XV 19366:30 BC 19359:69 BC 19346:Cleopatra 19084:. Tempus. 18640:Cleopatras 17849:3 November 17694:2 November 17659:2 November 16628:2017002236 16448:21 October 16409:Livius.org 12941:IX, ch. 58 9064:References 8865:Alexandria 8844:Holt (1989 8353:equestrian 8154:nobleman. 7527:Arsinoe II 7336:the Romans 7265:city-state 7099:Φιλόπατρις 6235:inbreeding 6179:'s father 6042:Roman copy 5995:See also: 5971:purposes. 5909:, such as 5873:Theda Bara 5597:miniatures 5359:cornucopia 5347:Ptolemy II 5072:Sophonisba 5059:octodrachm 4618:Hatshepsut 4614:Arsinoe II 4578:autokrator 4572:Kleopatra 4520:Roman copy 4434:Via Cassia 4355:statue of 4327:Arsinoe II 4185:Propertius 4143:Via Cassia 4113:historian 4102:, such as 3993:Mauretania 3940:Mauretania 3831:Basilissēs 3813:Alexandria 3769:Principate 3626:hippodrome 3104:minted by 3001:in 36 BC. 2963:Malichus I 2878:Mauretania 2789:Ionian Sea 2785:Brundisium 2643:Thalamegos 2520:Lupercalia 2394:promenades 2390:Ptolemy IV 2381:Thalamegos 2208:Nile Delta 2183:her forces 2147:in 49 BC. 2118:Arsinoe II 2114:Ptolemy II 2047:Hermonthis 2018:cartouches 1710:philosophy 1706:Greek arts 1694:Arsinoe IV 1601:West Asian 1537:Alexandria 1515:Ptolemaic 1492:Background 1444:'s sister 1418:Κλεόπατρος 1411:Kleópatros 1343:since the 1305:sculptures 1194:Ptolemy XV 1170:Arsinoe IV 1159:his forces 1151:Alexandria 1117:statesman 1068:a province 880:Early life 798:Alexandria 188:Horus name 169:Arsinoe IV 144:(44–30 BC) 142:Ptolemy XV 138:(47–44 BC) 132:(51–47 BC) 27495:Cleopatra 27479:Biography 27386:Cleopatra 27378:Cleopatra 27293:On screen 27143:Cleopatra 27107:Caesarism 27028:Caesarion 27007:Calpurnia 26945:Portraits 26909:Buildings 26720:Pharsalus 26700:Corfinium 26692:Civil War 26647:Octodurus 26494:Ptolemaic 26241:Arsinoe I 26223:Ptolemaic 26143:Parysatis 26123:Artystone 26090:Tentkheta 26037:uncertain 25748:Henutwati 25668:Nebettawy 25663:Bintanath 25658:Meritamen 25648:Henutmire 25638:Nefertari 25571:Meritaten 25566:Nefertiti 25557:Tadukhipa 25542:Gilukhipa 25532:Mutemwiya 25522:Nefertari 25472:Mutnofret 25409:uncertain 25323:Ahhotep I 25318:Tetisheri 25120:Nofret II 25048:Neferu II 24990:uncertain 24882:Nedjeftet 24804:Nebunebty 24706:Khentetka 24619:Nimaathap 24504:uncertain 24392:Ptolemaic 24200:Gallienus 24115:Gordian I 24078:Caracalla 24004:Vespasian 23998:Vitellius 23780:Ptolemaic 23622:Amyrtaeus 23604:Darius II 23549:Ahmose II 23529:Psamtik I 23468:uncertain 23456:Pharaohs 23392:Tanutamun 23227:Takelot I 23210:Osorkon I 23160:Masaharta 23110:Amenemope 23013:Setnakhte 22975:Merneptah 22917:Akhenaten 22834:uncertain 22716:Nebmaatre 22537:Sakir-Har 22490:Yaqub-Har 22402:Nebefawre 22152:Hotepibre 22018:Segerseni 21987:Intef III 21935:uncertain 21923:Pharaohs 21555:Neferefre 21381:Hudjefa I 21262:Semerkhet 20999:Hedju Hor 20961:uncertain 20949:Pharaohs 20815:Pyrrhus I 20780:Alcetas I 20686:Pharnaces 20661:Kamasarye 20644:Leukon II 20628:Hygiainon 20583:Archelaus 20422:Polemon I 20320:Prusias I 20261:Strato II 20251:Zoilos II 20246:Dionysios 20226:Archebius 20196:Peukolaos 20161:Polyxenos 20101:Pantaleon 20043:Pantaleon 19975:Attalus I 19970:Eumenes I 19776:Seleucids 19604:Ptolemies 19593:Philip VI 19540:Sosthenes 19520:Philip IV 19515:Cassander 19482:Philip II 19239:Cleopatra 19218:Cleopatra 19197:316294139 19159:899077769 19102:(1962) . 19082:Cleopatra 19019:Cleopatra 19010:671705946 19002:Cleopatra 18448:(2009) , 18412:(2014) , 18402:162835002 18386:0075-4358 17913:: 37–63. 17839:803204281 17804:: 33–48, 17631:"Memphis" 17458:Cleopatra 17345:848857115 17246:633408511 17168:: 120–130 17032:(2007) , 17012:Kleopatra 16993:Cleopatra 16991:(2000) , 16921:0066-1619 16907:: 39–66. 16849:: 36–39, 16636:969973660 16405:"Apame I" 8869:Naucratis 8120:this bust 8066:Aphrodite 7564:triumvirs 7535:Alexander 7222:, is why 6782:Via Appia 6196:Egyptians 6107:Ptolemies 5953:Metrodora 5949:physician 5923:Nefertiti 5898:Cleopatra 5888:Cleopatra 5878:Cleopatra 5869:Hollywood 5861:Cléopâtre 5859:(French: 5815:'s opera 5785:burlesque 5773:Cleopatra 5754:Cleopatra 5727:, England 5685:Cleopatra 5652:Cleopatra 5590:Al-Masudi 5421:cartouche 5403:from the 5297:Caesarion 5080:Masinissa 5055:Ptolemy V 4928:Caesarion 4883:Paintings 4762:Via Appia 4622:Nefertiti 4582:imperator 4570:Basilissa 4524:Pasiteles 4508:Aphrodite 4456:torn down 4361:Aphrodite 4333:in black 4193:melodrama 4145:near the 4009:Cherchell 3980:, son of 3815:; on the 3665:romanized 3555:Timoneion 3528:Caesarion 3285:ginésthōi 3279:romanized 3188:gymnasium 3173:ginésthōi 3054:Euphrates 2924:Phoenicia 2884:, Algeria 2739:Parthians 2605:Palestine 2511:with the 2448:Caesarion 2431:Ptolemaic 2413:Calpurnia 2376:Suetonius 2348:Theodotus 2300:Ganymedes 2133:Potheinos 2094:proconsul 2088:In 50 BC 2071:Gabiniani 2022:Caesarion 1941:Gabiniani 1925:Parthians 1901:Archelaos 1897:Pelousion 1873:Roman law 1844:, Italy. 1842:Praeneste 1658:Biography 1575:(perhaps 1553:Ethiopian 1432:Πάτροκλος 1425:Pátroklos 1376:Κλεοπάτρα 1369:Kleopátra 1361:Cleopatra 1355:Etymology 1349:burlesque 1317:Ptolemaic 1301:paintings 1246:final war 1182:Caesarion 1155:Potheinos 1111:civil war 1064:her death 1048:companion 910:Accession 747:Caesarion 443:Cleopatra 165:Successor 106:Coregency 69:, Germany 42:Cleopatra 27415:Category 27335:Zulfiqar 27179:Category 27148:Servilia 27016:Children 26997:Cornelia 26836:Anticato 26672:Gergovia 26667:Avaricum 26652:Morbihan 26642:Atuatuci 26622:Bibracte 26599:Mytilene 26459:21 to 23 26231:Eurydice 26138:Damaspia 26133:Amestris 25966:Malaqaye 25956:Naparaye 25931:Peksater 25911:Pebatjma 25845:Maatkare 25835:Karomama 25817:Karimala 25807:Tentamun 25770:Tentamun 25313:Haankhes 25303:Nubemhat 25249:Satsobek 25234:Nubkhaes 25219:Senebsen 25058:Henhenet 25028:Neferu I 24913:Nitocris 24897:Udjebten 24867:Nubwenet 24852:Khuit II 24814:Setibhor 24794:Reptynub 24746:Rekhetre 24731:Persenet 24701:Henutsen 24589:Serethor 24574:Merneith 24559:Herneith 24553:Khenthap 24352:21 to 23 24270:Galerius 24265:Maximian 24254:Numerian 24221:Aurelian 24173:Valerian 24136:Balbinus 24129:Pupienus 24083:Macrinus 24055:Pertinax 24049:Commodus 24014:Domitian 23977:Claudius 23972:Caligula 23967:Tiberius 23962:Augustus 23582:Darius I 23534:Necho II 23377:Shebitku 23349:Tefnakht 22942:Horemheb 22872:Ahmose I 22684:Pantjeny 22670:Senebkay 22650:Pepi III 22612:Bebiankh 22469:Shenshek 22427:Nebsenre 22259:Sihathor 22229:Khendjer 22192:Renseneb 22137:Nerikare 21982:Intef II 21859:Merykare 21764:Wadjkare 21708:Merenhor 21603:Userkare 21510:Menkaure 21504:Bikheris 21493:Djedefre 21459:Qahedjet 21343:Wadjenes 21329:Horus Sa 21322:Nubnefer 21309:Nynetjer 21273:Sneferka 21013:Ni-Neith 20899:Pharaohs 20846:Deidamia 20827:(regent) 20800:Aeacides 20737:Aspurgus 20630:(regent) 20613:Prytanis 20455:Sames II 20311:(regent) 20284:Boteiras 20231:Telephos 20221:Hermaeus 20176:Diomedes 20146:Strato I 20131:Zoilos I 19957:Attalids 19644:(regent) 19583:Philip V 19314:Archived 19126:(2008). 19080:(2000). 19039:(1984). 19000:(1972). 18959:(1991). 18947:29 April 18941:archived 18838:29 April 18832:archived 18716:archived 18696:(2011), 18680:27 March 18674:archived 18577:40311128 18538:27 March 18532:archived 18499:archived 18472:22 April 18466:archived 18436:19 April 18430:archived 18415:Augustus 18340:(2011), 18318:(1885), 18282:archived 18262:(2011), 18238:(2010), 18216:(2003), 18198:archived 18163:archived 18126:(2022). 18108:archived 18057:(1906). 18040:archived 18005:archived 17970:archived 17929:(1910). 17919:43580166 17843:archived 17827:(1936), 17815:27 April 17806:archived 17778:archived 17760:(2005), 17727:27 March 17721:archived 17688:archived 17653:archived 17620:29 March 17614:archived 17596:(2004), 17565:30 March 17559:archived 17541:(1989), 17496:archived 17455:(1972), 17433:(2010), 17409:(2008), 17273:archived 17210:(1974), 17192:Archived 17162:Enchoria 17151:12 April 17145:archived 17087:(2004), 17050:archived 16979:19 April 16973:archived 16953:(1983), 16929:44079777 16884:archived 16857:27 March 16851:archived 16772:archived 16754:(2003), 16727:archived 16701:archived 16671:archived 16640:archived 16566:archived 16545:archived 16519:archived 16507:(1920), 16505:Plutarch 16489:Archived 16468:archived 16442:archived 16432:"Pontus" 16413:archived 16385:archived 16360:archived 16306:archived 16276:Archived 9190:Muellner 8290:adscript 8282:γινέσθωι 8152:Numidian 8074:Dionysus 7404:Plutarch 7241:Archived 7041:-⁠ 6834:Stromata 6756:See also 6109:, their 6024:Left: A 5991:Ancestry 5977:perfumed 5881:(1917), 5747:such as 5672:'s 1724 5658:, whose 5637:woodcuts 5371:(2006), 5202:A Roman 5053:such as 5043:Plutarch 4910:A Roman 4771:A third 4660:, which 4586:triumvir 4375:Egyptian 4212:Velleius 4115:Josephus 4027:Caligula 4007:(modern 3999:city of 3855:Egyptian 3805:drachmai 3691:her tomb 3684:Charmion 3480:Tainaron 3464:Antonias 3419:, Israel 3335:imperium 3316:Augustus 3274:γινέσθωι 3167:γινέσθωι 3150:Dionysus 3102:denarius 3074:(modern 3018:Octavian 2938:(modern 2905:Tarentum 2820:tetrarch 2797:Hispania 2775:(modern 2673:triumvir 2612:Serapion 2575:in 41 BC 2537:Octavian 2417:freedman 2364:dictator 2284:Plutarch 2227:embalmed 2171:Augustus 2137:Achillas 2083:drachmas 2075:Gabinius 2039:, London 1933:Germanic 1879:, where 1834:triumvir 1790:against 1585:Parthian 1535:city of 1517:pharaohs 1450:Meleager 1438:the name 1289:Medieval 1232:and the 1209:Octavian 1188:. After 1103:reigning 1062:. After 939:Downfall 885:Children 875:Ancestry 740:Children 714:Consorts 114:See list 27429:Portals 27345:Related 27126:Related 27002:Pompeia 26757:Thapsus 26752:Corduba 26747:Ruspina 26085:Takhuit 26031:Pharaoh 26023:Dynasty 25941:Qalhata 25688:Twosret 25673:Merytre 25547:Sitamun 25512:Nebsemi 25403:Pharaoh 25395:Dynasty 25125:Khenmet 25104:Keminub 25053:Ashayet 24984:Pharaoh 24976:Dynasty 24892:Iput II 24799:Khuit I 24751:Bunefer 24594:Betrest 24569:Penebui 24547:Benerib 24498:Pharaoh 24490:Dynasty 24247:Carinus 24228:Tacitus 24186:Quietus 24029:Hadrian 23713:Khabash 23544:Wahibre 23524:Necho I 23518:Nekauba 23506:Ammeris 23449:Dynasty 23387:Taharqa 23382:Shabaka 23319:Rudamun 23298:Iuput I 23143:Herihor 23095:Smendes 22995:Twosret 22985:Seti II 22829:female) 22814:Dynasty 22710:Rahotep 22607:Semenre 22577:Djehuti 22559:Khamudi 22548:Yanassi 22531:Salitis 22483:Yakareb 22476:Khamure 22407:Sehebre 22329:Merkare 21977:Intef I 21916:Dynasty 21825:Imhotep 21785:Iytjenu 21771:Khuiqer 21683:Menkare 21634:Neferka 21618:Pepi II 21540:Userkaf 21434:Sanakht 21257:Anedjib 21237:Hor-Aha 21170:Iry-Hor 21164:Shendjw 21136:Pen-Abu 21020:Hat-Hor 20942:Dynasty 20836:Ptolemy 20790:Arybbas 20770:Admetus 20752:Cotys I 20732:Polemon 20727:Polemon 20723:Dynamis 20718:Dynamis 20709:Dynamis 20705:Asander 20695:Dynamis 20691:Asander 20618:Eumelos 20417:Arsaces 20392:Laodice 20315:Ziaelas 20309:Etazeta 20186:Epander 20181:Amyntas 19588:Perseus 19474:Argeads 19253:at the 19226:at the 18722:18 June 18621:314–315 18594:312–313 18505:6 March 18330:3806143 18288:18 June 18204:18 June 18169:18 June 18114:7 March 18065:(ed.). 18011:9 March 17976:22 June 17933:Pensées 17784:6 March 17637:(ed.), 17521:200–209 17502:18 June 17339:: 3–7, 17279:18 June 16890:18 June 16847:Rotunda 16733:6 March 16677:6 March 16595:6 March 16564:, BBC, 16551:29 July 16525:8 March 16495:21 June 16474:9 April 16391:6 March 16366:7 March 16282:28 June 16227:Sources 8599:Pensées 7764:Macedon 7622:Arsinoe 7614:Auletes 7560:talents 7277:Nubians 7239:. BBC. 7107: 7081: 6215:Memphis 6192:Iranian 6189:Sogdian 6173:Laodice 6131:Macedon 5903:vampire 5629:Raphael 5363:dikeras 5313:in the 5299:at the 5244:on the 5194:Pompeii 5156:Hadrian 5117:, near 5111:Serapis 5049:of the 5027:Serapis 4946:Pompeii 4940:In the 4920:Pompeii 4654:Ascalon 4566:Antioch 4558:obverse 4556:on the 4483:of the 4460:talents 4391:reliefs 4280:Statues 4035:Zenobia 4031:regalia 3978:Juba II 3887:tariffs 3817:obverse 3742:Kushite 3733:), and 3710:knêstis 3704:κνῆστις 3667:: 3520:Pompeii 3417:Ascalon 3371:at the 3281:: 3254:papyrus 3162:papyrus 3134:Armenia 3114:Armenia 3110:obverse 3072:Berytus 2975:Red Sea 2973:on the 2956:Jericho 2913:Antioch 2909:legions 2828:Phasael 2777:Perugia 2773:Perusia 2700:Cilicia 2667:of the 2589:elected 2531:on the 2454:at the 2402:Pytheas 2326:, Italy 2177:, Italy 2061:in the 2049:, near 2010:pharaoh 1953:Dendera 1927:at the 1869:talents 1854:Ephesus 1840:, near 1824:, then 1786:during 1773:tribune 1714:Musaeum 1614:. When 1565:Aramaic 1529:Memphis 1521:crowned 1511:, Paris 1325:reliefs 1248:of the 1228:of the 1199:In the 1174:Ephesus 1147:eunuchs 1070:of the 1015: 836:Dynasty 86:of the 76:Pharaoh 27397:(2007) 27389:(1917) 27381:(1912) 27285:(2022) 27277:(1966) 27258:(1677) 27077:Legacy 26977:Family 26872:Quotes 26710:Ilerda 26677:Alesia 26627:Vosges 26198:Roxana 26190:Argead 26128:Parmys 26118:Atossa 26100:Ladice 26014:Period 25926:Khensa 25916:Tabiry 25683:Takhat 25492:Satiah 25467:Ahmose 25386:Period 25244:Abetni 25199:Nofret 25073:Kemsit 24967:Period 24847:Iput I 24824:Khenut 24481:Period 24387:Argead 24234:Probus 24154:Decius 24149:Philip 24024:Trajan 23752:Argead 23661:Muthis 23614:XXVIII 23594:Xerxes 23462:female 23440:Period 23149:Piankh 23120:Siamun 22990:Siptah 22965:Seti I 22805:Period 22757:Kamose 22691:Snaaib 22661:Abydos 22517:Semqen 22510:Sharek 22462:Sheneh 22442:'Apepi 22437:Bebnum 22392:Nehesy 22212:Sebkay 22132:Sonbef 21929:female 21907:Period 21718:Nikare 21608:Pepi I 21545:Sahure 21498:Khafre 21483:Snefru 21452:Sedjes 21424:Djoser 21350:Senedj 21228:Narmer 21187:Narmer 21069:Wazner 21034:Hsekiu 21006:Ny-Hor 20955:female 20933:Period 20412:Darius 20206:Nicias 20201:Thraso 20141:Lysias 19467:rulers 19362: 19195: 19174: 19157: 19138: 19116:404094 19114: 19088: 19066: 19047: 19025: 19008: 18986: 18967: 18918: 18899: 18880: 18855: 18809: 18790: 18767: 18748: 18708: 18666: 18646: 18627: 18600: 18575: 18524: 18491: 18458: 18422: 18400: 18394:297786 18392: 18384: 18348: 18328: 18305: 18274: 18248: 18224: 18190: 18155: 18134: 18104:560769 18102: 18046:27 May 18032: 17997: 17962: 17935: 17917: 17892: 17866: 17837: 17770: 17747: 17713: 17680: 17645: 17606: 17582: 17551: 17527: 17488: 17465: 17441: 17419: 17395: 17368: 17343: 17320: 17301: 17265: 17244: 17218: 17198:21 May 17184: 17137: 17116: 17097: 17073: 17056:7 June 17042: 17018: 16999: 16965: 16927: 16919: 16876: 16830: 16803: 16764: 16707:18 May 16634: 16626: 16616: 16572:7 June 16339: 16312:21 May 16232:Online 14939:19 May 14025:17 May 12621:22 May 8905:Syrian 8879:, the 8871:, and 8861:Greeks 8681:fresco 8460:Faiyum 8419:Aeneid 8380: 8179:, and 8070:Osiris 7767: 7746:Egypt. 7739: 7730: 7583:, see 7459:, and 7406:, see 7320:Romans 7269:Greeks 7247:7 June 7226:(i.e. 7138:; see 7118:; see 7092:; and 6788:, see 6187:, the 6034:Louvre 5865:silent 5845:Yan Fu 5682:wrote 5560:. The 5531:knight 5487:, and 5429:uraeus 5425:diadem 5335:basalt 5324:Hathor 5220:sphinx 4860:diadem 4858:royal 4825:diadem 4823:royal 4658:Levant 4542:, and 4493:uraeus 4403:gilded 4367:, Rome 4335:basalt 4296:, and 4273:, and 4232:Libyka 4224:Appian 4222:, and 4208:Strabo 4187:, and 4181:Horace 4177:Virgil 4139:diadem 4065:, and 3982:Juba I 3968:, and 3948:gilded 3902:Legacy 3896:debase 3889:, and 3821:diadem 3735:Strabo 3730:belónē 3723:βελόνη 3610:ephebi 3602:Koptos 3597:ephebi 3551:Pharos 3524:diadem 3484: 3433:Patrai 3330: 3266:Actium 3106:Antony 3076:Beirut 3010:aureus 3008:Roman 2987:Itanos 2983:Cyrene 2901: 2799:, and 2793:Italia 2781:Sicyon 2764:Fulvia 2731:Selene 2727:Helios 2669:consul 2635:Levant 2627:Tarsos 2610:While 2524:diadem 2493: 2481:Cicero 2384:, the 2255:, and 2219: 2167:Pompey 2126:Greeks 2055:Buchis 2051:Thebes 2014:Louvre 1937:Gallic 1863:, the 1826:Athens 1822:Rhodes 1818:Paphos 1784:Pompey 1746:diadem 1640:Cyprus 1583:, and 1581:Median 1577:Syriac 1571:, the 1569:Arabic 1561:Hebrew 1509:Louvre 1323:, and 1303:, and 1236:. The 1221:Tarsos 1215:, and 1139:consul 1127:Greece 1119:Pompey 824:Burial 779:Mother 771:Father 63:diadem 27266:Opera 27250:1620) 27042:Other 27023:Julia 26985:Wives 26821:Works 26762:Munda 26730:Siege 26637:Sabis 26632:Axona 26110:XXVII 25885:XXIII 25865:Kapes 25623:Sitre 25527:Iaret 25502:Nebtu 25439:XVIII 25229:Ineni 25110:Senet 25068:Kawit 25063:Sadeh 24887:Neith 24819:Nebet 24613:Menka 24584:Semat 24240:Carus 24019:Nerva 24009:Titus 23987:Galba 23954:XXXIV 23939:Roman 23718:Arses 23645:Hakor 23564:XXVII 23274:XXIII 22864:XVIII 22824:(male 22554:Apepi 22542:Khyan 22455:Wazad 22223:Wegaf 22157:Iufni 22011:Nubia 21819:Setut 21641:Nefer 21488:Khufu 21446:Khaba 21440:Nebka 21304:Nebra 21232:Menes 21191:Menes 21143:Stork 21106:Upper 21062:Neheb 21055:Thesh 21041:Khayu 20990:Lower 20725:with 20707:with 20693:with 20656:] 20390:with 20063:Plato 19741:Magas 19394:with 19364:Died: 19357:Born: 19330:right 19289:, by 18573:JSTOR 18398:S2CID 18390:JSTOR 18061:. 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