38:
339:. The Egyptians trapped Caesar in a section of the city by building walls to close off the streets. Caesar countered this measure by digging wells into the porous limestone beneath the city that contained fresh water. This only partially alleviated the situation, so he then sent ships out along the coast to search for more fresh water there. Caesar realized that he would need to break out of the city and hoped to do so by gaining control of the harbor. He launched an attack to seize control of the
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418:, who places Arsinoƫ's age at around seventeen during the events of 48-47 BC, notes that Arsinoƫ "burned with ambition" and was "not the kind of girl who inspired complacency," writing that once Arsinoƫ escaped the royal palace she became more vocal against her half-sister and that she assumed her position as head of the army alongside anti-Caesar courtier Achillas.
473:"doesn't add up"; second, the skull doesn't survive intact and the age of the skeleton is too young to be Arsinoƫ's (the bones said to be that of a 15-18 year old, with Arsinoƫ being around her mid twenties at her death); and third, since Cleopatra and Arsinoƫ were not known to have the same mother, "the ethnic argument goes largely out of the window."
316:. When he arrived in Alexandria, he was presented with Pompey's head. The execution of his longterm rival ended the possibility of an alliance between Caesar and Ptolemy, and he sided with Cleopatra's faction. He declared that in accordance with Ptolemy XII's will, Cleopatra and Ptolemy would rule Egypt jointly, and in a similar motion restored
435:
on the shape of the tomb, which was octagonal, like the second tier of the
Lighthouse of Alexandria, the carbon dating of the bones (between 200 and 20 BC), the gender of the skeleton, and the age of the child at death. It was also claimed that the tomb boasts Egyptian motifs, such as "papyri-bundle" columns.
434:
to be the tomb of ArsinoĆ«. Although no inscription remains on the tomb, it was dated to between 50 and 20 BC. In 1926 the skeleton of a female estimated to be between the ages of 15 and 18 years at the time of her death was found in the burial chamber. ThĆ¼r's identification of the skeleton was based
413:
Her actions in the brief war against Caesar naturally suggest that she was older than that and thus, would make it impossible for her to be the headless female child buried in the tomb. Perhaps the strongest evidence that she was in fact exercising her own authority is that Caesar, after the Pharos
438:
A DNA test was also attempted to determine the identity of the child. However, it was impossible to get an accurate reading since the bones had been handled too many times, and the skull was long thought to have been lost. Hilke ThĆ¼r examined the old notes and photographs of the now-missing skull,
446:
to show what the woman may have looked like. ThĆ¼r alleged that it shows signs of
African ancestry mixed with classical Grecian features ā despite the fact that Boas, Gravlee, Bernard and Leonard, and others have demonstrated that skull measurements are not a reliable indicator of race, and the
489:
described the identification of the skeleton as "a triumph of conjecture over certainty". If the monument is the tomb of Arsinoƫ, she would be the only member of the
Ptolemaic dynasty whose remains have been recovered. It has never been definitively proven the skeleton is that of Arsinoƫ IV.
346:
The leading
Egyptian officers, having become disappointed with Ganymedes, and under a pretext of wanting peace, negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoƫ for Ptolemy XIII. After Ptolemy was released he continued the war until the Romans received reinforcements and inflicted a
299:
had died or been repudiated not long after
Cleopatra VII was born.) When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, he left his younger son and eldest daughter, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, as joint rulers of Egypt, but Ptolemy soon dethroned Cleopatra and forced her to flee from
409:
places her birth date as between 68 and 65 BC. An alternate hypothesis was in the docudrama "Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer", in which it was alleged a headless skeleton of a female child between the ages of 15 and 18 may be Arsinoƫ.
480:
were able to locate the skull in Vienna. It could be identified thanks to the old notes and photographs. The scientists now hope that some DNA was conserved in the petrous temporal bone of the skull.
335:, whom she had replaced as the army commander, and placed Ganymedes second in command of the army immediately below herself. Under Arsinoƫ's leadership, the Egyptians enjoyed some success against the
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379:. Arsinoƫ lived in the temple for a few years, always keeping a watchful eye on her sister Cleopatra, who perceived Arsinoƫ as a threat to her power. In 41 BC, at Cleopatra's instigation,
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wrote a dissenting essay criticizing the findings, pointing out that, first, there is no surviving name on the tomb and that the claim the tomb is alleged to invoke the shape of the
343:
but Arsinoƫ's forces drove him back. Recognizing his imminent defeat, Caesar removed his armor and purple cloak so that he could swim to the safety of a nearby Roman ship.
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ordered Arsinoƫ's execution on the steps of the temple. Her murder was a gross violation of the temple sanctuary and an act that scandalised Rome. The eunuch priest (
37:
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624:
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Clarence C. Gravlee, H. Russell
Bernard, and William R. Leonard. "Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: A Re-Analysis of Boas's Immigrant Data"
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387:) who had welcomed Arsinoƫ on her arrival at the temple as "queen" was only pardoned when an embassy from Ephesus made a petition to Cleopatra.
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prominent prisoners in triumphs when the festivities concluded, Caesar was pressured to spare Arsinoƫ and granted her sanctuary at the
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Arsinoƫ was the third, possibly fourth daughter of
Ptolemy XII by an unknown woman (presumably since Cleopatra VII's probable mother
1214:
451:) but may have had different mothers, with ThĆ¼r claiming the alleged African ancestry came from the skeleton's mother. Furthermore,
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measurements were jotted down in 1920 before modern forensic science took hold. Arsinoƫ and
Cleopatra, shared the same father (
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debacle, was prepared to release
Ptolemy XIII ā a male, who continued the war against Caesar ā just to get his hands on her.
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http://insidecatholic.com/Joomla/index.php?option=com_myblog&show=The-BBC-invents-its-own-Cleopatra..html&Itemid=102
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with "a long history of being put to use in racially motivated and often overtly and explicitly racist ways."
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320:, which had been annexed by Rome in 58 BC, to Egypt's rule and gave it to Arsinoƫ and her youngest brother,
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1229:("Arsinoƫ IV, a sister of Cleopatra VII, grave owner of the Octagon in Ephesus? A suggestion.") In:
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331:, and took command of the Egyptian army. She also proclaimed herself Queen as Arsinoƫ IV, executed
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Arsinoƫ IV, eine
Schwester Kleopatras VII, Grabinhaberin des Oktogons von Ephesos? Ein Vorschlag.
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and 22 at her death, while the researcher Alissa Lyon cites 68 BC making her 27 at her death.
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225:; between 68 and 63 BC ā 41 BC) was the fourth of six children and the youngest daughter of
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Dr. Fabian Kanz, "Arsinoe IV of Egypt: Sister of Cleopatra identified?" April 2009
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Arsinoƫ's year of birth is generally regarded as being between 68 and 63 BC: The
5628:
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1160:, By Sarah Fielding, Christopher D. Johnson, p. 154, Bucknell University Press,
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Joyce Tyldesley: Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egypt, Profile Books Ltd, 2008, p. 27.
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1998:
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Stacy Schiff: Cleopatra: A Life, Little, Brown and Company, 2010, pp. 48-49
415:
327:
However, Arsinoƫ then escaped from the capital with her mentor, the eunuch
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cites 63 BC, making her 15 at the time of her uprising and defeat against
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1408:. Vol. IV. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 143, 147
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710:
452:
380:
296:
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1326:
1190:"EnthĆ¼llung eines RƤtsels: Grab von ArsinoĆ« IV in Ephesos entschlĆ¼sselt"
363:, which had been the scene of her victory over him. Arsinoe, along with
351:
upon the Egyptians. Arsinoƫ, now in Roman captivity, was transported to
253:
against her sister Cleopatra, Arsinoƫ was taken as a prisoner of war to
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1283:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 655.
368:
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154:
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Cleopatra's Daughter: Egyptian Princess, Roman Prisoner, African Queen
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Pockley.S: Video of a bust of Arsinoƫ IV being copied Nov 2012
1440:(in German). Vol. II, 1. J.B. Metzler. pp. 1288ā1289.
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309:
183:
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http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp455-fs14/2014/09/25/arsinoe-iv/
871:
Oliver, Neil; Bradley, Richard; Elston, Paul (23 March 2009).
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In the 1990s an octagonal monument situated in the centre of
220:
1327:"Pledges of Empire: The Ara Pacis and the Donations of Rome"
1317:
Ephesos: Ein FĆ¼hrer durch d. RuinenstƤtte u. ihre Geschichte
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355:, where in 46 BC she was forced to appear in Caesar's
352:
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from 48 BC ā 47 BC, she was one of the last members of the
1231:
Jahreshefte des Ćsterreichischen ArchƤologischen Instituts
958:"ANP455: Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, 25 September 2014.
892:
from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.
535:
533:
367:, elicited sympathy from the crowd. Despite the custom of
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308:
arrived in Alexandria in 48 BC pursuing his rival,
1170:
1049:"Have Bones of Cleopatra's Murdered Sister Been Found?"
530:
1437:
RealencyclopƤdie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
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which was reconstructed using computer technology by
550:
548:
873:"BBC One announces Cleopatra: Portrait Of A Killer"
870:
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287:in 41 BC at the behest of his lover Cleopatra VII.
1320:(in German) (2nd ed.). Vienna: Dr. B. Filser.
1114:
1112:
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864:
862:
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459:that is now generally considered a discredited
1109:
855:
594:"The skeleton of Cleopatra's sister? Steady on"
359:and was paraded behind a burning effigy of the
1325:Kleiner, Diana E. E.; Buxton, Bridget (2008).
764:23-24 and, with some deviations, Cassius Dio,
509:
455:as used by ThĆ¼r to determine race is based in
5115:
1567:
1324:
825:
264:following the defeat of Ptolemy XIII in the
16:Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt from 48 BC to 47 BC
5129:
5122:
5108:
1574:
1560:
1425:
1306:
1247:
1121:"Cleopatra, Arsinoe, and the Implications"
1013:
946:
659:"Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Cleopatra VII"
280:, but she was executed there by orders of
36:
245:. Arsinoƫ IV was also the half sister of
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1267:
1176:
986:"Dangerous Women", Karen Murdarasi, 2016
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837:
738:"The Alexandrian Wars by Julius Caesar"
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995:Cassius Dio, Roman History, vols 42-43
430:was hypothesized by Hilke ThĆ¼r of the
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4983:
4100:
3465:
2567:
1593:
1555:
1381:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (30 June 2009).
1072:
777:
588:
584:
582:
580:
578:
4636:
1402:Mahaffy, J. P. (1899). "Chapter X".
1075:"Found: the sister Cleopatra killed"
622:
13:
1158:The Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia
575:
421:
14:
7279:
7228:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
1446:
898:"Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer"
268:. Arsinoƫ was then exiled to the
249:. For her role in conducting the
7059:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7017:
7007:
6992:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6932:
6374:
6264:
6163:
5843:
5600:
1119:Meadows, David (15 March 2009).
1104:Cleopatra's mother 'was African'
656:
390:
7253:Egyptian people murdered abroad
1331:American Journal of Archaeology
1240:
1219:
1208:
1182:
1151:
1138:
1097:
1073:Foggo, Daniel (15 March 2009).
1066:
1041:
1030:
1021:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
952:
940:
910:
878:Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer
843:
831:
819:
798:
771:
755:
510:Grant, Michael (14 July 2011).
149:
7248:1st-century BC Egyptian people
730:
688:
676:
616:
312:, whom he had defeated at the
1:
7238:1st-century BC queens regnant
7218:1st-century BC Egyptian women
4594:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
742:The Internet Classics Archive
561:. Pascal Press. p. 125.
493:
476:In 2022 archeologists of the
86:(December 48 ā January 47 BC)
7258:Assassinated Egyptian people
1581:
1387:. Harvard University Press.
786:. London: Methuen Publishing
432:Austrian Academy of Sciences
7:
7243:1st-century BC Greek people
4527:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
700:Commentarii de Bello Civili
251:siege of Alexandria (47 BC)
10:
7284:
5634:Second Intermediate Period
3426:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
2810:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2574:Second Intermediate Period
1233:, vol. 60, 1990, p. 43ā56.
933:5.9.34-36 and Cassius Dio
290:
221:
20:
7093:
7082:
6905:
6872:
6857:
6835:
6792:
6749:
6734:
6696:
6692:
6670:
6585:
6567:
6509:
6481:
6466:
6397:
6297:
6121:
6106:
6068:
6064:
6053:Third Intermediate Period
6042:
5977:
5959:
5941:
5873:
5858:
5765:
5702:
5687:
5649:
5645:
5623:
5521:
5443:
5365:
5330:
5315:
5286:
5216:
5201:
5159:
5148:First Intermediate Period
5137:
5088:
4990:
4979:
4877:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4621:
4567:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
4462:
4434:
4419:
4382:
4354:
4314:
4296:
4246:
4179:
4164:
4122:
4118:
4096:
4046:
4023:
3956:
3879:
3817:
3769:
3754:
3687:
3634:
3546:
3531:
3487:
3483:
3472:Third Intermediate Period
3461:
3384:
3343:
3251:
3183:
3031:
2799:
2784:
2720:
2694:
2646:
2631:
2589:
2585:
2563:
2518:
2478:
2353:
2338:
2272:
2214:
2157:
2098:
2083:
1973:
1902:
1887:
1788:
1672:
1657:
1615:
1611:
1600:First Intermediate Period
1589:
1536:
1518:
1506:
1501:
1474:
929:2.57; inaccurate Appian,
826:Kleiner & Buxton 2008
794:– via LacusCurtius.
598:Times Literary Supplement
200:
190:
164:
145:
137:
127:
112:
101:
90:
74:
58:
51:
35:
30:
5152: (<3150ā2040 BC)
4589:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2846:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1604: (<3150ā2040 BC)
778:Bevan, Edwyn R. (1927).
361:Lighthouse of Alexandria
341:Lighthouse of Alexandria
229:. Queen and co-ruler of
23:Arsinoe (disambiguation)
7213:1st-century BC pharaohs
6191:Menhet, Menwi and Merti
5836:Khenemetneferhedjet III
5131:Queens of Ancient Egypt
4562:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
4477:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2771:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1459:17 October 2012 at the
1288:Draycott, Jane (2022).
1280:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
1253:Encyclopedia Britannica
1146:American Anthropologist
922:Antiquities of the Jews
555:Roberts, Peter (2006).
441:forensic anthropologist
398:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
6897:Eurydice II of Macedon
5814:Khenemetneferhedjet II
4604:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4583:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4577:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
4532:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
4502:Arsinoe III Philopator
3416:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
2886:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
2826:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
2417:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1017:Excavations In Ephesos
42:Rescue of Arsinoe, by
5799:Khenemetneferhedjet I
4552:Ptolemy X Alexander I
4517:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4497:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4492:Berenice II Euergetes
4487:Ptolemy III Euergetes
4449:Philip III Arrhidaeus
2958:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
2953:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2307:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
516:. Orion. p. 35.
7233:Ptolemaic princesses
7088:Dynastic genealogies
6764:Khedebneithirbinet I
5638: (2040ā1550 BC)
5144:Protodynastic Period
4985:Dynastic genealogies
4609:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
3905:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
3819:High Priests of Amun
3321:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3023:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3018:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
2871:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2578: (2040ā1550 BC)
2297:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1343:10.3764/aja.112.1.57
784:The House of Ptolemy
762:De Bello Alexandrino
717:42.39.1-2; 42.40.1;
706:De Bello Alexandrino
663:Ancient Egypt Online
21:For other uses, see
6057: (1550ā664 BC)
4507:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4444:Alexander the Great
3476: (1550ā664 BC)
2998:Mershepsesre Ini II
2993:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2387:Neferkare IV Khendu
965:19 May 2021 at the
558:HSC Ancient History
449:Ptolemy XII Auletes
314:Battle of Pharsalus
227:Ptolemy XII Auletes
132:Ptolemy XII Auletes
6681:Hellenistic Period
6181:Merytre-Hatshepsut
6141:Ahmose-Henuttamehu
4844:Trebonianus Gallus
3431:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3049:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3003:Sewahenre Senebmiu
2978:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
2407:Neferkare V Tereru
2377:Neferkare III Neby
2045:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1427:"Arsinoƫ 28"
1405:A History Of Egypt
1384:Cleopatra and Rome
1255:. 12 November 2019
1148:105:123ā136, 2003.
478:University of Graz
444:Caroline Wilkinson
266:Battle of the Nile
7268:Temple of Artemis
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
6853:
6852:
6730:
6729:
6685: (664ā30 BC)
6666:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6462:
6461:
6102:
6101:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
5854:
5853:
5683:
5682:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5311:
5310:
5197:
5196:
5097:
5096:
5084:
5083:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4891:Claudius Gothicus
4785:Severus Alexander
4752:Septimius Severus
4617:
4616:
4415:
4414:
4160:
4159:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
3799:Osorkon the Elder
3750:
3749:
3527:
3526:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3421:Nubkheperre Intef
3301:Sekhemre Shedwast
2923:Sehetepkare Intef
2851:Semenkare Nebnuni
2780:
2779:
2627:
2626:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2334:
2333:
2312:Netjerkare Siptah
2234:Neferirkare Kakai
2079:
2078:
1883:
1882:
1653:
1652:
1550:
1549:
1537:Succeeded by
1481:Ptolemaic dynasty
1394:978-0-674-03966-7
1299:978-1-324-09259-9
1166:978-0-8387-5257-9
1014:Josef Keil (1929)
925:15.89; Josephus,
592:(16 March 2009).
568:978-1-74125-179-1
523:978-1-78022-114-4
471:Pharos Lighthouse
457:scientific racism
373:temple of Artemis
270:Temple of Artemis
239:Ptolemaic dynasty
233:with her brother
210:
209:
205:Ptolemaic dynasty
121:
108:and Cleopatra VII
94:Ptolemy XIII and
65:Ptolemaic Kingdom
44:Jacopo Tintoretto
7275:
7084:
7083:
7063:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7021:
7011:
7000:Cleopatra Selene
6996:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6960:Cleopatra I Syra
6956:
6946:
6936:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6723:
6716:
6703:
6702:
6694:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6672:
6671:
6544:Nesitanebetashru
6539:Nesitaudjatakhet
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6412:Iset Ta-Hemdjert
6378:
6268:
6167:
6146:Ahmose-Meritamun
6136:Ahmose-Sitkamose
6131:Ahmose-Nefertari
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6095:
6088:
6075:
6074:
6066:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6044:
6043:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5847:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5676:
5669:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5625:
5624:
5604:
5586:Ankhesenpepi III
5425:Khamerernebty II
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5190:
5183:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5139:
5138:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5091:List of pharaohs
4981:
4980:
4746:Pescennius Niger
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4542:Ptolemy IX Soter
4512:Cleopatra I Syra
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4098:
4097:
3849:Djedkhonsuefankh
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3514:
3509:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3463:
3462:
3056:Qareh Khawoserre
3042:Yakbim Sekhaenre
2983:Mersekhemre Ined
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2565:
2564:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1521:Pharaoh of Egypt
1507:Preceded by
1497:
1490:
1472:
1471:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1321:
1303:
1292:. Head of Zeus.
1284:
1276:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1079:The Sunday Times
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
956:
950:
944:
938:
914:
908:
905:
893:
883:
868:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
775:
769:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
734:
728:
692:
686:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
654:
645:
644:
642:
640:
631:. Archived from
623:Bennett, Chris.
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
604:on 17 March 2009
600:. Archived from
586:
573:
572:
552:
543:
537:
528:
527:
507:
224:
223:
151:
120:
40:
28:
27:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7263:Female pharaohs
7193:
7192:
7191:
7182:
7089:
7066:
6901:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6849:
6831:
6788:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6699:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6654:
6581:
6563:
6505:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6458:
6393:
6337:Maathorneferure
6293:
6261:Neferneferuaten
6112:
6111:
6110:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6071:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6026:
5973:
5955:
5937:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5850:
5761:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5652:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5607:
5591:Ankhesenpepi IV
5546:Ankhesenpepi II
5517:
5439:
5410:Khamerernebty I
5361:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5282:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5166:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5133:
5128:
5098:
5093:
5080:
4986:
4963:
4863:Macrianus Minor
4792:Maximinus Thrax
4728:Marcus Aurelius
4627:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4472:Ptolemy I Soter
4458:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4378:
4350:
4310:
4292:
4272:Psammetichus IV
4242:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4156:
4134:
4125:
4114:
4111:(664 BCā313 AD)
4110:
4109:
4080:
4042:
4019:
4015:Menkheperre Ini
3952:
3875:
3813:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3683:
3630:
3611:Neferneferuaten
3537:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3506:Pharaohs
3499:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3445:
3380:
3339:
3266:Sobekhotep VIII
3247:
3179:
3027:
2988:Sewadjkare Hori
2790:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2716:
2690:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2601:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2547:
2514:
2474:
2382:Djedkare Shemai
2344:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2268:
2210:
2153:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2075:
1969:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1784:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1627:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1585:
1580:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1461:Wayback Machine
1449:
1444:
1422:Wilcken, Ulrich
1411:
1409:
1395:
1371:
1369:
1300:
1274:"Arsinoƫ"
1258:
1256:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1194:www.uni-graz.at
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:, pp. 245.
1177:Draycott (2022)
1175:
1171:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:rogueclassicism
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1085:on 29 June 2011
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:Wayback Machine
957:
953:
947:Britannica 2019
945:
941:
915:
911:
896:
884:(Documentary).
881:
869:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
803:
799:
789:
787:
776:
772:
760:
756:
746:
744:
736:
735:
731:
693:
689:
681:
677:
667:
665:
655:
648:
638:
636:
635:on 13 June 2017
621:
617:
607:
605:
587:
576:
569:
553:
546:
538:
531:
524:
508:
501:
496:
424:
422:Tomb at Ephesus
407:Joyce Tyldesley
393:
349:decisive defeat
293:
231:Ptolemaic Egypt
173:
169:
153:
123:
122:
118:
81:
80:September 48 BC
70:
47:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7044:
7034:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6957:
6947:
6937:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6867:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6798:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6779:Nakhtubasterau
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6759:Mehytenweskhet
6755:
6753:
6744:
6732:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6717:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6690:
6689:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6468:3 Intermediate
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6116:
6113:(1550ā1070 BC)
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6062:
6061:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5868:
5865:(1802ā1550 BC)
5860:2 Intermediate
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5776:Neferitatjenen
5771:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5697:
5694:(2040ā1802 BC)
5689:Middle Kingdom
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5643:
5642:
5630:Middle Kingdom
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5541:Ankhesenpepi I
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5325:
5322:(2686ā2181 BC)
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5208:(3150ā2686 BC)
5203:Early Dynastic
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5157:
5156:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4959:Maximinus Daza
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Antoninus Pius
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4628:(30 BCā313 AD)
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4392:Artaxerxes III
4388:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4261:Petubastis III
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3756:3 Intermediate
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3541:
3538:(1550ā1070 BC)
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Neferhotep III
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Sewadjkare III
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3070:Maaibre Sheshi
3066:
3063:'Ammu Ahotepre
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Merhotepre Ini
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Sobekhotep III
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2791:(1802ā1550 BC)
2786:2 Intermediate
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:Mentuhotep III
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2638:(2040ā1802 BC)
2633:Middle Kingdom
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2570:Middle Kingdom
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Neferkare VIII
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2498:Nebkaure Khety
2495:
2490:
2488:Meryibre Khety
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Neferkamin Anu
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2345:(2181ā2040 BC)
2340:1 Intermediate
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:Djedkare Isesi
2256:
2254:Menkauhor Kaiu
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2090:(2686ā2181 BC)
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1894:(3150ā2686 BC)
1889:Early Dynastic
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1502:Regnal titles
1499:
1498:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1447:External links
1445:
1443:
1442:
1432:Wissowa, Georg
1418:
1399:
1393:
1378:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1285:
1271:, ed. (1911).
1269:Chisholm, Hugh
1265:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1218:
1207:
1181:
1169:
1150:
1137:
1108:
1096:
1065:
1040:
1029:
1020:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
951:
939:
909:
907:
906:
854:
852:, p. 655.
842:
840:, p. 147.
830:
828:, p. 112.
818:
797:
770:
754:
729:
687:
685:, p. 143.
675:
646:
615:
574:
567:
544:
542:, p. 102.
529:
522:
498:
497:
495:
492:
483:A writer from
423:
420:
392:
389:
292:
289:
278:Roman Anatolia
259:Roman triumvir
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
166:
162:
161:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:Royal titulary
114:
113:
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
78:
72:
71:
59:
56:
55:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7280:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7203:60s BC births
7201:
7200:
7198:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7085:
7081:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7047:Cleopatra VII
7045:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6980:Cleopatra III
6978:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6691:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Takahatenamun
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6473:(1069ā664 BC)
6469:
6465:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6362:Isetnofret II
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Ahmose Inhapy
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5473:Khentkaus III
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Meresankh III
5403:
5401:
5400:Hetepheres II
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5346:Djeseretnebti
5343:
5341:
5340:Hetephernebti
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Cleopatra III
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:Nepherites II
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3870:Psusennes III
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:(1069ā664 BC)
3757:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Ramesses VIII
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Amenhotep III
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Seqenenre Tao
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Sobekemsaf II
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:Wepwawetemsaf
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Merneferre Ay
2966:
2964:
2963:Wahibre Ibiau
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Sobekhotep IV
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Amenemhat III
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2686:Mentuhotep IV
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Mentuhotep II
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Wahkare Khety
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Neferkare VII
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Seth-Peribsen
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Hotepsekhemwy
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:Double Falcon
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:(pre-3150 BC)
1660:
1659:Protodynastic
1656:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1596:Protodynastic
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1540:Cleopatra VII
1534:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1514:Cleopatra VII
1511:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
968:
964:
961:
955:
948:
943:
936:
935:Roman History
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
913:
903:
899:
895:
894:
891:
887:
880:
879:
874:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
851:
850:Chisholm 1911
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
811:
807:
806:Roman History
804:Cassius Dio,
801:
785:
781:
774:
767:
766:Roman History
763:
758:
743:
739:
733:
726:
725:
720:
716:
715:Roman History
712:
708:
707:
703:3.112.10-12;
702:
701:
696:
695:Julius Caesar
691:
684:
679:
664:
660:
657:Hill, Jenny.
653:
651:
634:
630:
626:
619:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
583:
581:
579:
570:
564:
560:
559:
551:
549:
541:
536:
534:
525:
519:
515:
514:
506:
504:
499:
491:
488:
487:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
462:
461:pseudoscience
458:
454:
450:
445:
442:
436:
433:
429:
419:
417:
411:
408:
404:
403:Julius Caesar
400:
399:
391:Year of birth
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Julius Caesar
303:
298:
288:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Julius Caesar
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Cleopatra VII
244:
243:ancient Egypt
240:
236:
232:
228:
218:
214:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
167:
163:
160:
156:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
117:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:Cleopatra VII
93:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
7208:41 BC deaths
7056:
7026:Cleopatra VI
7024:
7005:Berenice III
6990:Cleopatra IV
6970:Cleopatra II
6892:Parysatis II
6741:(664ā332 BC)
6720:
6645:Atakhebasken
6559:Tadibast III
6534:Tashedkhonsu
6446:
6437:Tawerettenru
6407:Tiy-Merenese
6386:
6286:
6272:Ankhesenamun
6259:
6092:
5823:
5786:
5774:
5673:
5595:
5556:Meritites IV
5513:Nimaathap II
5493:Meresankh IV
5468:Khentkaus II
5458:Neferhetepes
5420:Hekenuhedjet
5395:Meresankh II
5375:Hetepheres I
5344:
5295:
5235:
5187:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4849:
4842:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4744:
4737:
4723:Lucius Verus
4680:
4598:
4581:
4557:Berenice III
4547:Cleopatra IV
4522:Cleopatra II
4454:Alexander IV
4374:Nectanebo II
4343:
4324:Nepherites I
4283:Artaxerxes I
4270:
4200:
4188:
4171:(664ā332 BC)
4151:
4107:Roman Period
4009:Shoshenq VII
4007:
3980:
3940:
3921:Shoshenq III
3903:
3868:
3831:
3809:Psusennes II
3722:Ramesses VII
3702:Ramesses III
3586:Amenhotep II
3581:Thutmose III
3517:
3406:Sobekemsaf I
3398:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3332:
3325:
3230:
3213:
3208:'Aper-'Anati
3206:
3199:
3192:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3116:Sekheperenre
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
2938:Neferhotep I
2928:Seth Meribre
2905:
2891:Djedkheperew
2808:
2769:
2760:Amenemhat IV
2750:Senusret III
2740:Amenemhat II
2656:Mentuhotep I
2618:
2507:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2372:Neferkare II
2323:
2316:
2249:Nyuserre Ini
2203:
2186:
2141:
2134:
2122:
2063:
2058:Neferkasokar
2056:
2049:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1962:
1955:
1863:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1806:Finger Snail
1804:
1797:
1777:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1644:
1531:Ptolemy XIII
1529:
1527:
1519:
1510:Ptolemy XIII
1493:
1486:
1479:
1452:livius.org:
1435:
1410:. Retrieved
1404:
1383:
1370:. Retrieved
1337:(1): 57ā89.
1334:
1330:
1316:
1312:Reisch, Emil
1289:
1278:
1257:. Retrieved
1252:
1249:"Arsinoe IV"
1241:Bibliography
1230:
1226:
1225:Hilke ThĆ¼r:
1221:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1106:ā BBC (2009)
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1078:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1053:Live Science
1052:
1043:
1032:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
954:
942:
934:
930:
927:Contra Apion
926:
920:
912:
901:
877:
845:
838:Mahaffy 1899
833:
821:
813:
805:
800:
788:. Retrieved
783:
773:
765:
761:
757:
745:. Retrieved
741:
732:
722:
714:
704:
698:
690:
683:Mahaffy 1899
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:
637:. Retrieved
633:the original
628:
625:"Arsinoe IV"
618:
606:. Retrieved
602:the original
597:
557:
540:Kleiner 2009
512:
484:
482:
475:
465:
437:
425:
416:Stacy Schiff
412:
396:
394:
384:
345:
326:
294:
235:Ptolemy XIII
212:
211:
174:(modern-day
84:Ptolemy XIII
67:
18:
7037:Berenice IV
7015:Cleopatra V
6950:Arsinoe III
6940:Berenice II
6887:Stateira II
6864:(332ā30 BC)
6859:Hellenistic
6677:Late Period
6630:Tabekenamun
6577:Karomama II
6448:Baketwernel
6427:Duatentopet
6388:Anuketemheb
6108:New Kingdom
6049:New Kingdom
5841:Sobekneferu
5819:Neferthenut
5717:Neferukayet
5561:Inenek-Inti
5453:Khentkaus I
5380:Meritites I
5357:Meresankh I
5352:Djefatnebti
5317:Old Kingdom
4827:Gordian III
4772:Diadumenian
4572:Cleopatra V
4426:(332ā30 BC)
4421:Hellenistic
4364:Nectanebo I
4256:Cambyses II
4238:Psamtik III
4196:Tefnakht II
3998:Takelot III
3993:Osorkon III
3988:Shoshenq VI
3942:Pedubast II
3926:Shoshenq IV
3899:Shoshenq II
3864:Pinedjem II
3854:Menkheperre
3789:Psusennes I
3742:Ramesses XI
3732:Ramesses IX
3717:Ramesses VI
3707:Ramesses IV
3654:Ramesses II
3616:Tutankhamun
3591:Thutmose IV
3571:Thutmose II
3561:Amenhotep I
3533:New Kingdom
3468:New Kingdom
3327:Senusret IV
3311:Dedumose II
3286:Nebiriau II
3281:Nebiryraw I
3276:Mentuhotepi
3081:Khakherewre
3008:Merkheperre
2918:Imyremeshaw
2901:Sedjefakare
2856:Sehetepibre
2831:Ameny Qemau
2765:Sobekneferu
2745:Senusret II
2730:Amenemhat I
2712:Iyibkhentre
2442:Neferirkare
2437:Neferkauhor
2244:Shepseskare
2085:Old Kingdom
2071:Khasekhemwy
2051:Neferkara I
2020:Weneg-Nebty
1865:Scorpion II
1544:Ptolemy XIV
1476:Arsinoe IV
1308:Keil, Josef
1196:(in German)
808:43.19.2-3;
711:Cassius Dio
590:Beard, Mary
453:craniometry
381:Mark Antony
322:Ptolemy XIV
297:Cleopatra V
285:Mark Antony
106:Ptolemy XIV
91:Predecessor
46:, 1555ā1556
7197:Categories
7057:Arsinoe IV
6930:Arsinoe II
6920:Berenice I
6845:Stateira I
6554:Karomama I
6524:Penreshnes
6496:Mutnedjmet
6442:Nubkhesbed
6327:Isetnofret
6317:Tanedjemet
6288:Nebetnehat
6282:Mutnedjmet
6161:Hatshepsut
6022:Ahhotep II
6017:Sitdjehuti
5992:Sobekemsaf
5969:Mentuhotep
5893:Senebhenas
5888:Nubhetepti
5825:Meretseger
5782:Neferu III
5463:Meretnebty
5263:Seshemetka
5248:Nakhtneith
5226:Neithhotep
4944:Diocletian
4898:Quintillus
4851:Aemilianus
4806:Gordian II
4778:Elagabalus
4599:Arsinoe IV
4482:Arsinoe II
4407:Darius III
4334:Psammuthes
4223:Psamtik II
4038:Bakenranef
3976:Pedubast I
3971:Takelot II
3966:Harsiese A
3948:Osorkon IV
3936:Shoshenq V
3916:Osorkon II
3889:Shoshenq I
3859:Smendes II
3839:Pinedjem I
3784:Amenemnisu
3737:Ramesses X
3712:Ramesses V
3664:Amenmesses
3644:Ramesses I
3606:Smenkhkare
3576:Hatshepsut
3566:Thutmose I
3316:Montuemsaf
3306:Dedumose I
3106:Nebdjefare
3096:Merdjefare
2866:Nedjemibre
2861:Sewadjkare
2735:Senusret I
2707:Qakare Ini
2528:Meryhathor
2432:Neferkaure
2427:Qakare Iby
2412:Neferkahor
2397:Neferkamin
2205:Thamphthis
2199:Shepseskaf
2113:Sekhemkhet
1964:Horus Bird
1841:Scorpion I
1467:Arsinoe IV
1454:Arsinoe IV
1412:8 February
1372:8 February
1259:8 February
931:Civil Wars
814:Civil Wars
727:10.519-523
494:References
467:Mary Beard
369:strangling
302:Alexandria
213:Arsinoƫ IV
155:Alexandria
68:(disputed)
31:Arsinoƫ IV
7223:Cleopatra
7178:Ptolemaic
6925:Arsinoe I
6907:Ptolemaic
6827:Parysatis
6807:Artystone
6774:Tentkheta
6721:uncertain
6432:Henutwati
6352:Nebettawy
6347:Bintanath
6342:Meritamen
6332:Henutmire
6322:Nefertari
6255:Meritaten
6250:Nefertiti
6241:Tadukhipa
6226:Gilukhipa
6216:Mutemwiya
6206:Nefertari
6156:Mutnofret
6093:uncertain
6007:Ahhotep I
6002:Tetisheri
5804:Nofret II
5732:Neferu II
5674:uncertain
5566:Nedjeftet
5488:Nebunebty
5390:Khentetka
5303:Nimaathap
5188:uncertain
5076:Ptolemaic
4884:Gallienus
4799:Gordian I
4762:Caracalla
4688:Vespasian
4682:Vitellius
4464:Ptolemaic
4306:Amyrtaeus
4288:Darius II
4233:Ahmose II
4213:Psamtik I
4152:uncertain
4140:Pharaohs
4076:Tanutamun
3911:Takelot I
3894:Osorkon I
3844:Masaharta
3794:Amenemope
3697:Setnakhte
3659:Merneptah
3601:Akhenaten
3518:uncertain
3400:Nebmaatre
3221:Sakir-Har
3174:Yaqub-Har
3086:Nebefawre
2836:Hotepibre
2702:Segerseni
2671:Intef III
2619:uncertain
2607:Pharaohs
2239:Neferefre
2065:Hudjefa I
1946:Semerkhet
1683:Hedju Hor
1645:uncertain
1633:Pharaohs
1367:155502681
1351:0002-9114
1215:The Times
949:, online.
816:2.101.420
724:Pharsalia
629:ReoCities
513:Cleopatra
486:The Times
385:Megabyzos
329:Ganymedes
102:Successor
7143:21 to 23
6915:Eurydice
6822:Damaspia
6817:Amestris
6650:Malaqaye
6640:Naparaye
6615:Peksater
6595:Pebatjma
6529:Maatkare
6519:Karomama
6501:Karimala
6491:Tentamun
6454:Tentamun
5997:Haankhes
5987:Nubemhat
5933:Satsobek
5918:Nubkhaes
5903:Senebsen
5742:Henhenet
5712:Neferu I
5597:Nitocris
5581:Udjebten
5551:Nubwenet
5536:Khuit II
5498:Setibhor
5478:Reptynub
5430:Rekhetre
5415:Persenet
5385:Henutsen
5273:Serethor
5258:Merneith
5243:Herneith
5237:Khenthap
5036:21 to 23
4954:Galerius
4949:Maximian
4938:Numerian
4905:Aurelian
4857:Valerian
4820:Balbinus
4813:Pupienus
4767:Macrinus
4739:Pertinax
4733:Commodus
4698:Domitian
4661:Claudius
4656:Caligula
4651:Tiberius
4646:Augustus
4266:Darius I
4218:Necho II
4061:Shebitku
4033:Tefnakht
3626:Horemheb
3556:Ahmose I
3368:Pantjeny
3354:Senebkay
3334:Pepi III
3296:Bebiankh
3153:Shenshek
3111:Nebsenre
2943:Sihathor
2913:Khendjer
2876:Renseneb
2821:Nerikare
2666:Intef II
2543:Merykare
2448:Wadjkare
2392:Merenhor
2287:Userkare
2194:Menkaure
2188:Bikheris
2177:Djedefre
2143:Qahedjet
2027:Wadjenes
2013:Horus Sa
2006:Nubnefer
1993:Nynetjer
1957:Sneferka
1697:Ni-Neith
1583:Pharaohs
1525:48ā47 BC
1489:68ā63 BC
1457:Archived
1424:(1895).
1359:40037244
1314:(1930).
1200:12 March
1130:14 April
1089:15 April
963:Archived
917:Josephus
902:BBC Four
890:Archived
790:14 April
747:14 April
333:Achillas
282:triumvir
152:68ā63 BC
6769:Takhuit
6715:Pharaoh
6707:Dynasty
6625:Qalhata
6372:Twosret
6357:Merytre
6231:Sitamun
6196:Nebsemi
6087:Pharaoh
6079:Dynasty
5809:Khenmet
5788:Keminub
5737:Ashayet
5668:Pharaoh
5660:Dynasty
5576:Iput II
5483:Khuit I
5435:Bunefer
5278:Betrest
5253:Penebui
5231:Benerib
5182:Pharaoh
5174:Dynasty
4931:Carinus
4912:Tacitus
4870:Quietus
4713:Hadrian
4397:Khabash
4228:Wahibre
4208:Necho I
4202:Nekauba
4190:Ammeris
4133:Dynasty
4071:Taharqa
4066:Shabaka
4003:Rudamun
3982:Iuput I
3827:Herihor
3779:Smendes
3679:Twosret
3669:Seti II
3513:female)
3498:Dynasty
3394:Rahotep
3291:Semenre
3261:Djehuti
3243:Khamudi
3232:Yanassi
3215:Salitis
3167:Yakareb
3160:Khamure
3091:Sehebre
3013:Merkare
2661:Intef I
2600:Dynasty
2509:Imhotep
2469:Iytjenu
2455:Khuiqer
2367:Menkare
2318:Neferka
2302:Pepi II
2224:Userkaf
2118:Sanakht
1941:Anedjib
1921:Hor-Aha
1854:Iry-Hor
1848:Shendjw
1820:Pen-Abu
1704:Hat-Hor
1626:Dynasty
1434:(ed.).
1058:7 April
937:48.24.2
886:BBC One
882:(video)
668:7 April
639:7 April
608:12 June
428:Ephesus
377:Ephesus
365:Juba II
357:triumph
291:History
274:Ephesus
257:by the
222:į¼ĻĻĪ¹Ī½ĻĪ·
201:Dynasty
195:Ephesus
171:Ephesus
141:Unknown
63:of the
53:Pharaoh
6882:Roxana
6874:Argead
6812:Parmys
6802:Atossa
6784:Ladice
6698:Period
6610:Khensa
6600:Tabiry
6367:Takhat
6176:Satiah
6151:Ahmose
6070:Period
5928:Abetni
5883:Nofret
5757:Kemsit
5651:Period
5531:Iput I
5508:Khenut
5165:Period
5071:Argead
4918:Probus
4838:Decius
4833:Philip
4708:Trajan
4436:Argead
4345:Muthis
4298:XXVIII
4278:Xerxes
4146:female
4124:Period
3833:Piankh
3804:Siamun
3674:Siptah
3649:Seti I
3489:Period
3441:Kamose
3375:Snaaib
3345:Abydos
3201:Semqen
3194:Sharek
3146:Sheneh
3126:'Apepi
3121:Bebnum
3076:Nehesy
2896:Sebkay
2816:Sonbef
2613:female
2591:Period
2402:Nikare
2292:Pepi I
2229:Sahure
2182:Khafre
2167:Snefru
2136:Sedjes
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1718:Hsekiu
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1492:
1391:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1296:
1164:
810:Appian
780:"XIII"
565:
520:
337:Romans
318:Cyprus
310:Pompey
191:Burial
184:Turkey
176:SelƧuk
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128:Father
6794:XXVII
6569:XXIII
6549:Kapes
6307:Sitre
6211:Iaret
6186:Nebtu
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5913:Ineni
5794:Senet
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5747:Sadeh
5571:Neith
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3033:XIV
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2722:XII
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2100:III
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