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of climate change on agriculture include reduced water availability, increased pests and diseases, and a shorter growing period in some places. Prices for imported food will increase as a result of climate change due to global declines in crop production. Hotter temperatures and increased drought will also impact livestock, including cows and chickens. Heat and water stress reduces milk yield and quality, egg yield, and animals’ reproductive capacity. Given increases in the human populations and decreases in milk production, models predict that milk availability will decrease by 40 kg per person by 2064. Together, these climate change impacts on agriculture will threaten
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disproportionately affected by climate change, specifically in rural areas. The goals of the agricultural sector are to protect land, build technology that can warn farmers of dangerous conditions (e.g. water shortage), promote intercropping, and increase livestock production. The transportation sector is the largest contributor to Egypt's greenhouse gas emissions. Egypt is looking to engage in electrification. In 2016, Egypt received 100 new electric buses to service greater Cairo financed by the international community and subsequent international organizations such as the
303:. In the agriculture sector, climate change will impact the country's domestic food supply as well as agricultural exports. Domestic food crop yields are projected to decline by 10% by 2050. Compounding the issue, global reductions of crop yields are projected to increase world food prices and these higher prices are projected to affect demand for Egypt's exports. For example, fruit and vegetable exports are expected to decline by 4.6 million mt. Climate change will also affect other sections of the economy, including Egypt’s
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on the economy, agricultural sector, child mortality rates, and overall public health. As temperatures increase due to climate change, crops will require more water, leading to more strain on the water supply. Increased evaporation will shorten the length of the growing season, which may further reduce the food supply. The decrease in the food supply is projected to increase the cost of food which will raise the rates of food insecurity across Egypt, a country in which 30% of its citizens live under the poverty line.
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temperature and salinity of Lake
Burullus, threatening the ecosystem. Other lake ecosystems throughout Egypt are also negatively affected by climate change. Lake Qarun and Lake Manzallah have experienced higher levels of water evaporation and increases in salinity. Climate change has also caused changes in the chemical properties of the rivers, making them more vulnerable to invasive species such as the red swamp crayfish. This crayfish thrives in the changed ecosystem of the rivers and is harmful to native species.
371:(NDC) completed in 2017, and updated the NDC in 2022. The NDC's financial needs are currently set at $ 50 Billion in order to complete its sustainability goals. They are set on a sectoral level, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 33% in electricity, 65% in oil and gas, and 7% in transportation. In 2022, they also released a National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS). The NCCS has 4 main aims. The first is the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of Egypt's climate change adaptability. Its goal is to achieve
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created in 2022 as a reference document that consolidates all aspects of climate change. The five priorities listed in the document are sustainable economic growth, improving resilience to climate change, enhancing climate action governance, enhancing climate financing infrastructure, and enhancing research, technology, and awareness. For the implementation of climate adaptation plans, the government has financial support from SCALA and the
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about Egypts human rights and environmental policies. While COP 27 was taking place, there were protests taking place throughout Egypt about climate issues. Some of these protests were calling for climate reparations and demanding that wealthy, developed countries largely responsible for climate change pay developing countries for the consequences of climate change they will disproportionately deal with.
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operation to fit national climate needs. Currently, renewable energy only makes up between 8-9% of energy production, with natural gas leading the way. Total "installed wind and solar power generation capacity has increased by 340 percent from 887 MegaWatts from 2015-2016 to 3,016 MegaWatts from 2019-2020." Recently, Egypt has engaged in new projects to increase renewable energy such as the
216:
Egypt’s borders. The Nile flows 4,100 miles beginning in Lake
Victoria (located between Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya) and emptying into the Mediterranean sea forming the Nile Delta. For thousands of years, the Nile has been critical for Egypt's agricultural sector and currently 95% of the Egyptian population live along it. The Nile is very sensitive to changes in precipitation. The number of
333:
diseases that put children particularly at risk, including cholera. Children are also more vulnerable than adults to toxic substances, such as lead and other pollutants, that can be found in untreated water. Heat stress and increased particulate matter concentrations will also have negative health impacts, and may result in about 2,000-5,000 more deaths a year.
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the environment, and thus will be greatly affected by climate change. Sea level rise as a result of climate change is expected to reduce the amount of beaches, damage coastal infrastructure, and reduce the appeal of tourist destinations. Temperatures may also increase to an extent that will be unsuitable for vacationers.
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in the agricultural sector have put a strain on Egypt's water supply. Egypt currently has an annual water deficit of about 7 billion cubic meters. Higher temperatures are straining water supply further. Water scarcity will not only decrease the amount of drinking water, but also have negative impacts
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accounts for 10-15% of Egypt’s economy. Since tourism is influenced by weather conditions and the environment, climate change is going to have a significant impact on tourism. The number of tourists visiting Egypt is projected to decline about 20% by 2060. Coastal tourism is especially dependent on
215:
is the main source of water, used for transportation, irrigation and hydroelectric power. More than 95% of Egypt’s freshwater resources come from the Nile River. Egypt is considered a downstream country because the source of the Nile, and most of the water that contributes to it, comes from outside
190:
Egypt is dependent on global markets for wheat imports and food security. Egypt consumes 20.5 million tonnes of wheat a year, half of which is produced domestically with the remaining half supplied from imports. However, wheat yields in Egypt are expected to reduce nearly 20% by 2060. Other impacts
140:
is hot, dry, and dominated by desert. Egypt has a hot summer from May to
October and a mild winter from November to April. In the desert, summer temperatures can range from a high of 43°C (109°F) during the day to 7°C (45°F) at night and winter temperatures range from 18°C (64°F) to 0°C (32°F). The
654:
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,
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Egypt launched a
National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2011. NAP aims to reduce vulnerability to climate change by equipping the government with information on climate risks and support adaptation planning. Current initiatives are managed under the National Climate Change Strategy 2050 (NCCS) that was
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is the second largest shallow lagoon connected to the Nile Delta and has been a nationally protected area since 1998. It is located between the
Damietta and Rosetta branches of the Nile and used to receive large quantities of agricultural drainage water. Climate change is expected to increase the
186:
and providing 28% of jobs. However, climate change is creating challenges for the agricultural sector. One concern is decreasing crop production. Due to heat stress, water stress, and salinity, food crop yields are projected to decline by 10% by 2050. The crops with the largest yield declines are
156:
Egypt has been ranked as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change but only 63rd for being most prepared for climate change. Egypt's increase in average temperature over the past two decades has resulted in an increase in energy needs for cooling, which will only continue to increase
434:
promoted the idea that climate change should be recognized as a crisis for the rights and wellbeing of children. They also did this in order to increase children's participation in climate mitigation processes. However, there were questions about the selection of Egypt as a host, due to concerns
383:
Egypt has utilized a command and control system. This means that the government is fining businesses who do not comply with greenhouse gas emission policies. However, this has led to little progress as businesses have found it more in their interest to accept the penalty rather than adjust their
350:
It is expected that nearly 6 million
Egyptian people will be displaced due to flooding as a result of sea level rise. In a one-meter sea level rise scenario, 7 cities and 30 towns will be affected and 35,500 acres of urban land and 920,000 acres of agricultural land will be at risk for flooding.
181:
and food scarcity. Most of Egypt does not receive much rain, thus all of its agricultural production is around the Nile River. The population of Egypt is increasing, therefore the country will require more food and water. Agriculture is important to the
Egyptian economy, making up 11.3% of the
332:
target of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5°C is met. In higher warming scenarios, child mortality is expected to increase even more. Extreme weather events and floods can damage crucial infrastructure, such as water and sanitation. Lack of access to clean water can lead to many
375:
economic growth. It also emphasizes the importance of governance, improvements in infrastructure, technology, research, and general management capabilities. The NCCS has 22 sub-targets, including the preservation of state assets, the ecosystem, and an emphasis on women's equality. Women are
60:
Egypt is located on the northeast of the continent of Africa. The population was 102.3 million in 2020 and is projected to grow to 159.9 million by 2050. Egypt is one of the countries most affected by the extreme weather conditions caused by climate change. Egypt signed and ratified the
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of the UN to rise as much as 68cm by 2050. In this region, this extent of sea level rise is likely to cause flooding in sections of
Alexandria, saltwater intrusion into groundwater, salinization in farmland, and ultimately, displacement of people and the loss of livelihoods.
679:
Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris
Climate
307:
industry, which is the largest in continental Africa. Ceramics are a clay based industry and sensitive to climate-related extreme events and droughts due to raw materials used. Changing weather patterns and flooding are disrupting the production of ceramics.
340:
Image of impoverished urban areas within Egypt. The population of the Middle East, Egypt included, is only increasing and thus with climate change potentially creating problems with housing it is likely that impoverished urban areas like this will grow.
1111:
Report of a study implemented under the UN Climate Change Risk
Management Joint Programme funded by the UN MDG Fund and the Finnish Government, prepared for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with the Government of Egypt, UNDP, Cairo,
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was flooded by higher rates of rainfall than usual which caused power outages that lasted nearly a day. In March of 2020, high rainfall combined with winds in North-Eastern Egyptian cities destroyed electricity lines. Egypt's first
229:
plan estimates that sea levels could rise around the Nile Delta by over 3.5 feet by 2080-2100. Many of Egypt's current sources of energy could be greatly affected by the increased flooding of the Nile River and rising sea levels.
251:
Egypt's northern border lies along the Mediterranean coast which will experience sea level rise. In Egypt, 39% of installed gas and 7% of oil power plant capacity are in low-elevation areas that are vulnerable to this threat.
144:
From the years of 2000-2020, average temperature in Egypt increased by 0.38 degrees celsius per decade, a temperature increase that is higher than the world average. The projected future warming rates in the
1967:
2063:
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Children will be profoundly impacted by climate change despite contributing to it the least. By 2050, child mortality in Egypt is projected to increase by around 2.3%, even if the
881:
Abou-Ali, Hala; Elayouty, Amira; Mohieldin, Mahmoud (2023). "Climate Action in Egypt: Challenges and Opportunities". In Amar Bhattacharya; Homi Kharas; John W. McArthur (eds.).
720:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.
1680:
737:"Egypt Climate - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
1337:
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provides assistance programs that support small businesses, especially those owned by women, and helps them improve resilience to climate change impacts.
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22:
Egypt's Pyramids near Cairo, showing the proximity of the large urban population to the desert. This image shows how Egypt's infrastructure is organized.
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2203:
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is expected to increase. Extreme temperatures are expected to be especially prevalent in specific locations in Egypt, such as South Sinai and Aswan.
2070:
1109:
Smith, J., Deck, L., McCarl, B., Kirshen, P., Malley, J., & Abdrabo, M. (2013). Potential impacts of climate change on the Egyptian economy.
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While water resources can be protected through mitigating measures in many circumstances, this is not the case of the Nile River and its deltas.
703:
1917:
1774:"Towards a sustainable energy future for Egypt: A systematic review of renewable energy sources, technologies, challenges, and recommendations"
1866:
904:
1350:
841:
168:
Image of the history of Egypt's Cotton Industry, which is greatly impacted by the decrease in agricultural output due to climate change.
2027:
1236:
Mostafa, Soha M.; Wahed, Osama; El-Nashar, Walaa Y.; El-Marsafawy, Samia M.; Zeleňáková, Martina; Abd-Elhamid, Hany F. (January 2021).
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plants. Unlike most countries in the Middle East though, Egypt is large in landmass. Egypt joined the Paris Agreement, had its first
261:
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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
141:
coast is more mild with temperatures ranging from a high of 30°C (86°F) in the winter to a low of 14°C (57°F) in the winter.
1338:
Climate governance in Egypt. The public policy HUB, The School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo.
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The Nile River riverfront is often very high in metropolitan areas. Areas like this could possibly flood due to climate change.
85:
estimates 2022 emissions at 440 million tonnes CO2eq, which is 0.75% of their estimated global total of 58.37 billion tonnes.
1968:"Egypt has made some progress on human rights and the environment in preparation for COP27. But there's still more to be done"
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that have caused climate change. Based on 2020 data Egypt accounts for only 0.63% of global greenhouse gas emissions. However
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949:
77:
Despite experiencing some of the most significant impacts of climate change, Egypt has not been a primary contributor of the
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388:, Assuit Hydropower plant, Kom Ombo Solar power plant, Gabal El-Zeit wind power plant and the Al-Dabaa Nuclear power plant.
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716:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.
127:
69:
which sets priority areas as sustainability of agriculture, water resources, the environment, energy, and land management.
1842:
793:"Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate"
2319:
1625:
El-Masry, Esraa A.; El-Sayed, Mahmoud Kh.; Awad, Mohamed A.; El-Sammak, Amr A.; Sabarouti, Mohamed A. El (January 2022).
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66:
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2028:"As Egypt welcomes world leaders for COP27, its most prominent political prisoner is on a hunger and water strike"
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region are among the most vulnerable areas to climate change in the world. Global sea levels are predicted by the
109:
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2279:
2056:
1816:"Formulation and Advancement of the National Adaptation Plans Process of Egypt | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation"
767:
452:
161:, increased drying of the Nile River, decreasing precipitation, rising sea levels, and increasing flash floods.
2412:
2218:
2715:
2596:
2442:
2427:
2342:
2223:
1627:"Vulnerability of tourism to climate change on the Mediterranean coastal area of El Hammam–EL Alamein, Egypt"
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52:
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360:
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Driouech, Fatima; ElRhaz, Khalid; Moufouma-Okia, Willfran; Arjdal, Khadija; Balhane, Saloua (2020-09-01).
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1867:"SCALA supports Egypt with integrating agriculture into the National Adaptation Plan - Egypt | ReliefWeb"
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1995:
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Abd El-Ghani, Monier M.; Huerta-Martínez, Francisco Martín; Hongyan, Liu; Qureshi, Rahmatullah (2017).
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region range between 0.2°C per decade and 0.5°C per decade. In addition, the magnitude and duration of
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1729:"Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Egyptian Economy | United Nations Development Programme"
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Perez, Nicostrato; Kassim, Yumna; Ringler, Claudia; Thomas, Timothy S.; ElDidi, Hagar (March 2021).
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that occur on the Nile has increased in recent years due to climate change. In April 2018, Greater
1132:, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol. 12, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 41–95,
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with further warming in the coming decades. Increasing temperatures also contribute to increasing
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Keys to Climate Action: How Developing Countries Could Drive Global Success and Local Prosperity
41:. These extreme conditions will have significant impacts on the lives of Egyptians resulting in
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El-Ramady, Hassan R.; El-Marsafawy, Samia M.; Lewis, Lowell N. (2013), Lichtfouse, Eric (ed.),
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1312:
1583:"The Potential Impact of Climate Change on Hurghada City, Egypt, Using Tourism Climate Index"
1351:"Climate and mobility case study January 2023: Alexandria, Egypt: Al Max - Egypt | ReliefWeb"
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363:, Egypt receives a lot of sunlight and has high wind speeds making it a great place to build
1681:"Climate change, food consumption and child health in Egypt: how can outcomes be improved?"
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804:
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to experience environmental stresses including extreme temperatures, droughts, floods, and
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1815:
1413:"Assessment of climate change impacts on water quality parameters of Lake Burullus, Egypt"
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8:
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Even without the impacts of climate change, Egypt's arid climate makes it vulnerable for
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1428:
808:
622:
1843:"Egypt National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) 2050 - Climate Change Laws of the World"
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1476:"A study on the impact of extreme weather events on the ceramic manufacturing in Egypt"
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Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).
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Abdel-Shafy, H. I.; El-Saharty, A. A.; Regelsberger, M.; Platzer, C. (2010-11-01).
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256:, the second largest city in Egypt with a population of 5 million people, and the
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657:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"
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1176:"The Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Egyptian Livestock Production"
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1542:"The Impact of Climate Change on International Tourism: Evidence from Egypt"
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https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/EG-Ag_Sector_EN_2022.pdf
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expected to be maize, oilseeds, sugarcrops and fruits and vegetables.
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Shalby, Ahmed; Elshemy, Mohamed; Zeidan, Bakenaz A. (September 2020).
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991:
1061:"Trends and Prospects of Change in Wheat Self-Sufficiency in Egypt"
1059:
Abdalla, Ahmed; Stellmacher, Till; Becker, Mathias (January 2023).
905:"Rural Vulnerability and Resource Governance in Water-Scarce Egypt"
1380:"The impact of global climatic changes on the aquatic environment"
840:
Hamzawy, Amr; Al-Mailam, Mohammad; Arkeh, Joy (October 26, 2023).
268:
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Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
1581:
MAHMOUD, Dalia; GAMAL, Gamil; ABOU EL SEOUD, Tarek (2019-07-31).
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18:
1753:"Urbanism in Egypt Under Threat Amid Impacts of Climate Change"
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1996:"U.N. Climate Summit Leads to a Rarity in Egypt: Open Protest"
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Salah, Salma I.; Eltaweel, Mahmoud; Abeykoon, C. (June 2022).
1474:
Furrer, Mariam; Mostofi, Hamid; Spinler, Stefan (2022-03-01).
1238:"Potential Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Egypt"
887:. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 57–85.
768:"Climate Resilience for Energy Transition in Egypt – Analysis"
453:"Climate Resilience for Energy Transition in Egypt – Analysis"
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1918:"At COP27, Egypt Aims to Rebuild Its International Standing"
1283:"Egypt's First Updated Nationally Determined Contributions"
975:"Rainwater in Egypt: quantity, distribution and harvesting"
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130:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely
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880:
607:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"
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Graphic of the increase in temperature in Egypt overtime.
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1126:"Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Changes in Egypt"
842:"Climate Change in Egypt: Opportunities and Obstacles"
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A growing population and increasing use of water for
1546:
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
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Hefny, H., Elmakkawe, M., & Ramadan, M. (2019).
1174:
Goma, Amira A.; Phillips, Clive J. C. (2021-11-01).
299:
Climate change will have severe negative impacts on
1410:
598:
930:"Plant Responses to Hyperarid Desert Environments"
605:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020).
502:"Data supplement to the Global Carbon Budget 2021"
93:
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903:Al-Mailam, Mohammad; Hamzawy, Amr (2023-07-02).
902:
604:
1540:Elsayed, Mona Rabea Abd Elfattah (2023-03-24).
2078:
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1417:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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1046:International Food Policy Research Institute
1013:USAID. 2022. Egypt Fact Sheet: Agriculture.
477:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"
1631:Environment, Development and Sustainability
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72:
2071:
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1922:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1130:Sustainable Agriculture Reviews: Volume 12
909:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
846:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
661:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1896:U.S. Agency for International Development
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1520:U.S. Agency for International Development
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1480:Resources, Environment and Sustainability
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262:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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1039:"Climate Change and Egypt's Agriculture"
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128:the most intense climate change scenario
67:nationally determined contribution (NDC)
51:
17:
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1378:Eissa, Alaa E.; Zaki, Manal M. (2011).
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1916:Soliman, Mohammed (October 26, 2022).
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706:from the original on 20 September 2023
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674:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847
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481:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
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582:"Country Inventory - Climate TRACE"
369:Nationally Determined Contributions
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227:Nationally Determined Contributions
13:
1984:
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1778:Cleaner Engineering and Technology
1615:
1587:GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites
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272:Image of Egypt's desert ecosystem.
14:
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718:The Australian Academy of Science
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233:
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2662:
692:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022).
119:
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49:, and economic destabilization.
2020:
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1943:"Climate Change | UNICEF Egypt"
1935:
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1705:"Climate Change | UNICEF Egypt"
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1384:Procedia Environmental Sciences
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94:Temperature and weather changes
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500:Global Carbon Project (2021).
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1:
797:Earth Systems and Environment
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110:Köppen climate classification
1966:Dagres, Holly (2022-10-13).
1493:10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100049
1397:10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.030
979:Mediterranean Marine Science
7:
1994:Gross, Jenny (2022-11-12).
1138:10.1007/978-94-007-5961-9_2
1078:10.3390/agriculture13010007
694:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"
421:
112:map for Egypt for 1980–2016
10:
2732:
1892:"Climate Response | Egypt"
1791:10.1016/j.clet.2022.100497
1651:10.1007/s10668-021-01488-9
1437:10.1007/s11356-019-06105-x
818:10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3
632:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3
345:
311:
65:, as well as, submitted a
2657:
2636:
2615:
2574:
2476:
2333:
2257:
2109:
2087:
1313:"Water Scarcity in Egypt"
942:10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3
323:
2711:Climate change in Africa
2090:Greenhouse gas emissions
399:Green Climate Fund (GCF)
73:Greenhouse gas emissions
1820:www.adaptation-undp.org
417:Image of COP27 in Egypt
359:Similar to much of the
2644:Small island countries
1600:10.30892/gtg.25218-376
722:Climate Action Tracker
426:In 2022, Egypt hosted
418:
342:
273:
208:
169:
89:Climate change impacts
57:
23:
416:
339:
271:
206:
167:
55:
21:
2716:Environment of Egypt
1559:10.32479/ijeep.14045
562:UNDP Climate Promise
126:2071–2100 map under
35:hot and arid climate
1643:2022EDSus..24.1145E
1429:2020ESPR...2732157S
1423:(26): 32157–32178.
1193:10.3390/ani11113127
809:2020ESE.....4..477D
623:2020Natur.577..618H
409:Society and culture
2000:The New York Times
1088:20.500.11811/10796
419:
343:
274:
209:
170:
58:
24:
2698:
2697:
2679:Wikimedia Commons
2320:the United States
1516:"Tourism | Egypt"
1255:10.3390/w13121715
1147:978-94-007-5961-9
951:978-3-319-59134-6
514:10.18160/gcp-2021
430:talks. At COP27,
386:Benban Solar Park
290:Impacts on people
79:greenhouse gasses
2723:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2592:Marshall Islands
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1972:Atlantic Council
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1847:climate-laws.org
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1637:(1): 1145–1165.
1622:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
970:
964:
963:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
900:
889:
888:
878:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
820:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
764:
751:
750:
748:
747:
733:
727:
726:
713:
711:
689:
683:
682:
676:
651:
645:
644:
634:
617:(7792): 618–20.
602:
596:
595:
593:
592:
586:climatetrace.org
578:
572:
571:
569:
568:
554:
548:
547:
545:
544:
530:
524:
523:
521:
520:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
473:
467:
466:
464:
463:
449:
365:renewable energy
295:Economic impacts
123:
106:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2653:
2632:
2611:
2602:Solomon Islands
2570:
2531:the Netherlands
2472:
2438:the Philippines
2329:
2253:
2105:
2104:in each country
2083:
2077:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1623:
1616:
1579:
1575:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1472:
1468:
1409:
1405:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1234:
1227:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1035:
1020:
1012:
1008:
992:10.12681/mms.75
971:
967:
952:
926:
922:
913:
911:
901:
892:
879:
860:
850:
848:
838:
834:
789:
785:
776:
774:
766:
765:
754:
745:
743:
735:
734:
730:
709:
707:
690:
686:
652:
648:
603:
599:
590:
588:
580:
579:
575:
566:
564:
556:
555:
551:
542:
540:
532:
531:
527:
518:
516:
498:
494:
485:
483:
475:
474:
470:
461:
459:
451:
450:
446:
441:
424:
411:
394:
357:
348:
330:Paris Agreement
326:
314:
301:Egypt’s economy
297:
292:
279:
249:
236:
201:
175:
159:desertification
138:Egypt's climate
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
124:
115:
114:
113:
107:
96:
91:
75:
63:Paris Agreement
43:food insecurity
12:
11:
5:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2670:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2566:United Kingdom
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:Climate change
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2019:
1983:
1958:
1947:www.unicef.org
1934:
1908:
1883:
1858:
1831:
1807:
1764:
1744:
1720:
1709:www.unicef.org
1696:
1672:
1614:
1593:(2): 496–508.
1573:
1552:(2): 379–390.
1532:
1507:
1466:
1403:
1367:
1342:
1328:
1317:www.unicef.org
1301:
1269:
1225:
1166:
1146:
1116:
1102:
1051:
1018:
1006:
985:(2): 245–258.
965:
950:
920:
890:
858:
832:
803:(3): 477–492.
783:
752:
728:
684:
646:
597:
573:
549:
525:
492:
468:
443:
442:
440:
437:
423:
420:
410:
407:
393:
390:
356:
353:
347:
344:
325:
322:
313:
310:
296:
293:
291:
288:
278:
275:
248:
247:Sea level rise
245:
235:
234:Water scarcity
232:
200:
197:
179:water scarcity
174:
171:
125:
118:
117:
116:
108:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
74:
71:
47:water scarcity
39:sea level rise
27:Climate change
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2728:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:Other regions
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:Polar regions
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:the Caribbean
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1871:reliefweb.int
1868:
1862:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1356:
1355:reliefweb.int
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
961:
957:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
886:
885:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
847:
843:
836:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
773:
769:
763:
761:
759:
757:
742:
738:
732:
725:
723:
719:
705:
701:
700:
695:
688:
681:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
642:
638:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
587:
583:
577:
563:
559:
553:
539:
535:
529:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
482:
478:
472:
458:
454:
448:
444:
436:
433:
429:
415:
406:
404:
400:
389:
387:
381:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
352:
338:
334:
331:
321:
318:
309:
306:
302:
287:
284:
283:Lake Burullus
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
244:
241:
231:
228:
223:
219:
214:
205:
196:
194:
193:food security
188:
185:
180:
166:
162:
160:
154:
152:
148:
142:
139:
129:
122:
111:
105:
86:
84:
83:Climate Trace
80:
70:
68:
64:
54:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
20:
16:
2413:the Maldives
2258:the Americas
2219:South Africa
2204:North Africa
2128:
2036:. Retrieved
2034:. 2022-11-07
2031:
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
1999:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1898:. 2022-12-19
1895:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1873:. 2023-07-11
1870:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1810:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1634:
1630:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1524:. Retrieved
1522:. 2023-03-06
1519:
1510:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1387:
1383:
1359:. Retrieved
1357:. 2023-02-08
1354:
1345:
1335:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1248:(12): 1715.
1245:
1241:
1186:(11): 3127.
1183:
1179:
1169:
1159:, retrieved
1129:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1009:
982:
978:
968:
934:SpringerLink
933:
923:
912:. Retrieved
908:
883:
851:November 28,
849:. Retrieved
845:
835:
800:
796:
786:
775:. Retrieved
771:
744:. Retrieved
740:
731:
715:
710:30 September
708:. Retrieved
697:
687:
680:Agreement...
678:
664:
660:
649:
614:
610:
600:
589:. Retrieved
585:
576:
565:. Retrieved
561:
552:
541:. Retrieved
537:
528:
517:. Retrieved
505:
495:
484:. Retrieved
480:
471:
460:. Retrieved
456:
447:
425:
395:
382:
358:
349:
327:
315:
298:
280:
250:
237:
218:flash floods
210:
189:
176:
155:
143:
136:
76:
59:
25:
15:
2597:New Zealand
2443:South Korea
2428:North Korea
2418:Middle East
2343:Afghanistan
2224:South Sudan
1927:November 5,
1390:: 251–259.
1065:Agriculture
741:photius.com
667:: 343–371.
373:sustainable
361:Middle East
173:Agriculture
33:’s already
29:is causing
2705:Categories
2690:Wiktionary
2628:the Arctic
2623:Antarctica
2403:Kyrgyzstan
2353:Bangladesh
2348:Azerbaijan
2189:Mozambique
2174:Madagascar
2149:the Gambia
2102:adaptation
2098:mitigation
2082:by country
2038:2023-11-05
2013:2023-11-05
1977:2023-11-05
1952:2023-10-29
1902:2023-11-05
1877:2023-11-05
1852:2023-11-05
1825:2023-11-05
1801:2299/25662
1784:: 100497.
1758:2023-11-05
1738:2023-11-02
1714:2023-10-29
1690:2023-11-05
1526:2023-12-03
1486:: 100049.
1361:2023-10-30
1322:2023-10-29
1295:2023-11-07
1290:unfccc.int
1161:2023-10-20
914:2024-04-10
777:2023-10-18
746:2023-11-29
591:2023-12-08
567:2023-10-29
543:2023-10-29
519:2023-10-18
486:2023-10-20
462:2023-10-29
439:References
392:Adaptation
378:World Bank
355:Mitigation
277:Ecosystems
258:Nile Delta
254:Alexandria
240:irrigation
213:Nile River
199:Nile River
195:in Egypt.
151:heat waves
2582:Australia
2448:Sri Lanka
2373:Indonesia
2310:Nicaragua
2295:Guatemala
2285:Greenland
2265:Argentina
2008:0362-4331
1667:234351534
1659:1387-585X
1609:2065-1198
1568:2146-4553
1502:2666-9161
1461:199491910
1445:0944-1344
1264:2073-4441
1202:2076-2615
1097:2077-0472
1001:1791-6763
827:2509-9434
2668:Category
2458:Thailand
2433:Pakistan
2408:Malaysia
2358:Cambodia
2315:Suriname
2300:Honduras
2249:Zimbabwe
2234:Tanzania
2144:Ethiopia
2139:Eswatini
2124:Botswana
2032:NBC News
1453:31392617
1220:34827859
1156:59324741
1071:(1): 7.
704:Archived
641:31996825
422:Activism
401:. Also,
2649:Tropics
2575:Oceania
2521:Ireland
2511:Germany
2501:Finland
2491:Belgium
2486:Austria
2468:Vietnam
2325:Uruguay
2290:Grenada
2239:Tunisia
2214:Somalia
2209:Senegal
2199:Nigeria
2194:Namibia
2184:Morocco
2169:Liberia
2164:Lesotho
2134:Eritrea
2119:Algeria
2094:impacts
1639:Bibcode
1425:Bibcode
1211:8614250
1180:Animals
960:3277128
805:Bibcode
619:Bibcode
558:"Egypt"
534:"Egypt"
346:Housing
317:Tourism
312:Tourism
305:ceramic
2683:
2672:
2661:
2607:Tuvalu
2561:Sweden
2551:Turkey
2546:Russia
2541:Poland
2536:Norway
2516:Greece
2506:France
2496:Cyprus
2478:Europe
2463:Turkey
2453:Taiwan
2398:Jordan
2388:Israel
2305:Mexico
2275:Canada
2270:Brazil
2244:Uganda
2179:Malawi
2111:Africa
2006:
1665:
1657:
1607:
1566:
1500:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1262:
1218:
1208:
1200:
1154:
1144:
1095:
999:
958:
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825:
699:Cosmos
639:
611:Nature
432:UNICEF
428:COP 27
324:Health
2556:Spain
2526:Italy
2423:Nepal
2393:Japan
2368:India
2363:China
2229:Sudan
2159:Kenya
2154:Ghana
2129:Egypt
1663:S2CID
1457:S2CID
1286:(PDF)
1242:Water
1152:S2CID
1112:Egypt
1042:(PDF)
956:S2CID
538:SCALA
403:USAID
222:Cairo
31:Egypt
2587:Fiji
2383:Iraq
2378:Iran
2335:Asia
2100:and
2004:ISSN
1929:2023
1733:UNDP
1655:ISSN
1605:ISSN
1564:ISSN
1498:ISSN
1449:PMID
1441:ISSN
1260:ISSN
1216:PMID
1198:ISSN
1142:ISBN
1093:ISSN
997:ISSN
946:ISBN
853:2023
823:ISSN
712:2023
637:PMID
506:ICOS
211:The
147:MENA
1796:hdl
1786:doi
1647:doi
1595:doi
1554:doi
1488:doi
1433:doi
1392:doi
1250:doi
1206:PMC
1188:doi
1134:doi
1083:hdl
1073:doi
987:doi
938:doi
813:doi
772:IEA
669:doi
627:doi
615:577
510:doi
457:IEA
184:GDP
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