303:
299:, forest and land mismanagement and industrial activities have degraded soil productivity on a large scale. Additionally, there was an increasingly significant variation in seasonal temperature between 1918 and 2000, with winter temperatures increasing by an average of 4.9 °C and spring temperatures by an average of 2.4 °C. In contrast to other scientific observations, the North Korean government views this as beneficial to agriculture, as the growing season is becoming more extended and agricultural growing conditions are improving.
143:
160:
2110:
2132:
479:, which is based on total control by the state, is largely unable to deal with major disruptions to economic growth, food production and energy generation resulting from climate change as totalitarian control requires more resources than more common decentralised governance - as such, climate change limits the ability of the regime to uphold its governance functions. In years to come, North Korea is expected to experience greater
2121:
328:
food distribution systems, and is estimated to have caused between 240,000 and 2 million deaths. Following an 18-month drought in 2014, the North Korean government declared national emergencies in 2017 and 2018 due to low food production in key provinces, resulting in major shortages across the country. As a result of these climate change-induced food shortages, the
20:
503:
which has the potential to marginalise North Korea, resulting in increased nuclear weapons buildup and threat perception by the Kim regime. Additionally, the increasing environmental impacts on coastal military facilities may result in climate mitigation efforts being misinterpreted by adversaries as
498:
While the effects of climate change on political stability are expected to be primarily domestic, there is also concern that regional stability will be impacted by climate change in North Korea. Food insecurity and extreme weather may result in mass migration to neighbouring states, primarily China -
111:
The majority of the DPRK's energy production is generated from coal combustion, and as a result roughly 85% of its 2019 emissions were from the burning of coal. North Korea's economic is highly dependent on coal exports, which generated $ 1.4 billion in revenue in 2013 (10% of the country's GDP), is
413:
emissions by 2030; however, it notes that with international financial support and investment, it could achieve a 40% reduction in the same time period. This compliance and international cooperation on climate change comes partially from a genuine concern for environmental protection, but is also a
322:
The roots of what is known as "food insecurity" lie partly in the geography and climate of the country. Mountains cover most of the nation, leaving few places to farm. North Korea is also beset by widespread erosion and frequent drought. In addition, many of the country's farmers do not have access
124:. In addition to regional health and environmental effects - North Korea's pollution-related mortality rate is the highest in the world - this increased coal consumption is impacting regional pollution levels, with an estimated 20% of air pollution in South Korea having originated from North Korea.
873:
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,
327:
As a result of the impacts of climate change on North Korea's agricultural production, there has been a considerable reduction in food security for North Korean citizens. The famine that ran from 1994 to 1998 was largely caused and exacerbated by withdrawal of aid from allies, flooding and failed
76:
events, the biggest climate change-related concern for North Korea is food security. Low food production in 2017 and 2018 resulted in undernourishment in an estimated 10.3 million people. This has created a high dependency on foreign nations to fulfil food demands. This challenge - along with
377:
views pollution reduction, effective land management and environmental protection as integral to a socialist society. This led to the creation of the
Environmental Protection Law of 1986, which discussed the importance of environmental protection in building communism and outlined the
1023:
Oppenheimer, Michael; Glavovic, Bruce C.; Hinkel, Jochen; van de Wal, Roderik; Magnan, Alexander K.; Abd-Elgawad, Amro; Cai, Rongshuo; Cifuentes-Jara, Miguel; DeConto, Robert M.; Ghosh, Tuhin; Hay, John; Isla, Federico; Marzeion, Ben; Meyssignac, Benoit & Sebesvari, Zita (2019).
898:
Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris
Climate
90:
in 2021. Despite the inconsistency between estimates, the general consensus is that North Korean GHG emissions peaked in the early 1990s; according to UN statistics, emissions have declined by roughly 70% since 1993. Additionally, due to low energy consumption, North Korean
242:
under the UNFCCC, North Korea reports that sea levels are projected to rise by 0.67m to 0.89m by 2100, which it estimates will cause a coastline retreat of 67m to 89m on the East Coast and 670m to 890m on the West Coast. In its
444:
in
Glasgow, Scotland; though Ambassador Il did not comment on whether North Korea in climate talks with officials from South Korea or the USA, the North Korean delegation was present for a speech by South Korean president
495:, President Kim noted progress in "establishing a national system for disaster prevention and crisis management", displaying a commitment to improving future resilience to climate change and environmental degradation.
474:
has been able to achieve domestic stability through an aggressive foreign policy and the establishment of advisory agencies and committees. However, climate change is posing a risk to this stability. North Korean
85:
Due to lack of consistent reporting, North Korean greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are largely based on estimates, with most recent figures estimating that North Korean emitted roughly 56.38 million metric tons of
414:
vehicle for receiving foreign assistance and aid. This international compliance is a result of the parallels between international climate politics and the survival imperatives of the DPRK's government.
373:
views the environment in the context of socio-political issues, which has resulted in the belief that a revolution from capitalism to communism is necessary to solve environmental issues. As such, the
1509:
1365:
77:
disruption to economic growth as a result of climate change - might undermine the totalitarian rule of the North Korean government and may be a cause for regime change in the future.
378:
responsibilities of the government and the people in ensuring the preservation of the natural environment, especially in regards to pollution. Climate change has become a feature of
1284:
998:
1455:
50:. The North Korean Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection estimates that North Korea's average temperature rose by 1.9 °C between 1918 and 2000. In the 2013 edition of
244:
939:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.
112:
of particular environmental concern to the international community, since the DPRK is using its coal and oil reserves to insulate it from international pressure over its
433:
funding which was approved in
December 2019 and will allow the North Korean government to address the structural barriers to its engagement in climate mitigation.
68:
in 2021. The vast majority of this is due to North Korea's reliance on coal for energy production. As a result of its mountainous geography as well as the onset of
437:
386:
323:
to modern agricultural machinery like tractors and combines. Add it all up, and you're left with a country that is reliant on neighbors for much of its food.
718:
2089:
1047:
571:
95:
emissions account for only 0.15% of global emissions; this is down from its peak of 0.93% in 1989. This period of high emissions was largely due to the
1863:
1649:
1454:
Dill, Catherine; Naegele, Alexandra; Baillargeion, Natalie; Caparas, Monica; Dusseau, Dominick; Holland, Madeleine; Schwalm, Christopher (July 2021).
329:
1082:
1516:
961:
99:, a government incentive that encourage mass industrialisation and economic growth, while the subsequent drop in emissions is largely due to the
922:
492:
390:
57:, North Korea was judged to be the seventh hardest hit by climate-related extreme weather events of 179 nations during the period 1992–2011.
1257:
239:
680:
1386:
113:
1966:
252:
2094:
1366:
Readiness
Proposal with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1230:
943:
predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
450:
291:
In its
Environment and Climate Change Outlook Report, the North Korean government acknowledge that extreme weather events, such as
539:
410:
379:
1337:
2037:
467:
1473:
2047:
1055:
974:
614:
579:
504:
a change in military strategy, thus potentially eroding diplomatic relations or increasing the potential for armed conflict.
2011:
935:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.
166:
1310:
2156:
1765:
2161:
1976:
1883:
936:
341:
1025:
148:
2166:
2124:
1725:
1502:
1196:
1165:
1135:
500:
230:
are relatively small, with the largest - the
Pyongyang and ChaeryĹŹng plains - each covering roughly 500 km.
1858:
1664:
2042:
1888:
1788:
1669:
518:
120:
is reserved for export, the majority of domestic coal burned is of very low quality leading to high rates of
2073:
2068:
1848:
1798:
1793:
1634:
1619:
1594:
603:
35:
302:
2027:
1893:
1818:
1755:
1740:
1730:
1710:
418:
799:
1903:
1878:
1853:
1803:
1760:
1745:
1694:
1679:
1589:
1584:
1569:
337:
181:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1913:
1770:
1735:
1684:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1614:
1609:
1579:
1564:
1547:
1543:
1539:
912:
382:
374:
39:
2052:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1923:
1908:
1898:
1843:
1833:
1750:
1720:
1715:
1689:
1624:
1556:
1535:
177:
645:
453:
is one of the few high-level international meetings that North Korean delegates regularly attend.
2113:
2001:
1971:
1868:
1838:
1813:
1808:
1674:
1604:
1599:
1574:
996:
362:
336:
and 20% of children under the age of 5 face stunted physical and cognitive growth as a result of
1197:"The Legal Development of the Environmental Policy in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
1166:"The Legal Development of the Environmental Policy in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
716:
2032:
1828:
1823:
1780:
940:
687:
513:
1282:
837:
484:
2131:
892:
875:
765:
8:
1108:
Bae, Joonbum (2018). "The North Korean Regime, Domestic
Instability and Foreign Policy".
286:
100:
47:
2135:
841:
1431:
1117:
191:
602:
Harmeling, Sven; Eckstein, David (November 2012). Baum, Daniela; Kier, Gerold (eds.).
1435:
1051:
970:
917:
855:
610:
575:
195:
96:
1285:
Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People's Republic of Korea
999:
Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution of Democratic People's Republic of Korea
874:
Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).
1423:
1004:(Report). Government of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea. p. 11
887:
845:
746:
385:, with the state media increasingly referencing American obstructionism within the
203:
717:
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (29 April 2019).
737:
Habib, Benjamin (2010). "Climate Change and Regime Perpetuation in North Korea".
480:
476:
406:
296:
260:
206:. These mountains form the country's largest watershed, where rivers such as the
73:
997:
Government of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (September 2016).
142:
1525:
1427:
1026:"Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities"
876:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"
850:
825:
637:
430:
409:. Under the Paris agreement, North Korea has pledged to an 8% reduction of its
402:
248:
159:
69:
61:
2150:
750:
264:
215:
121:
43:
1494:
1290:(Report). Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. p. 5
1048:
Democratic People's Republic of Korea Environment and Climate Change Outlook
572:
Democratic People's Republic of Korea Environment and Climate Change Outlook
1045:
859:
569:
333:
223:
1456:
Converging Crises in North Korea: Security, Stability & Climate Change
1283:
Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (September 2016).
491:
ideology itself as a result of climate change. In his 2021 report to the
471:
446:
429:
reduction programs. These projects have been facilitated by $ 752,000 in
311:
211:
199:
51:
31:
19:
16:
Emissions, impacts and responses of North Korea related to climate change
1387:"North Korean ambassador to UK attends UN climate conference in Glasgow"
1121:
421:
projects to the UNFCCC in order to reduce its emissions - these include
1258:"North Korea: an unlikely champion in the fight against climate change"
1050:(Report). Ministry of Land and Environment Protection. pp. 53–54.
422:
207:
117:
540:"Experts: N. Korea Especially Vulnerable to Effects of Climate Change"
1033:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
969:(5 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 63–64.
641:
219:
1022:
574:(Report). Ministry of Land and Environment Protection. p. 75.
190:
on the north and east coast. The largest range in the North is the
187:
1414:
Ahn, Mun Suk (2013). "How Stable Is the New Kim Jong-un Regime?".
1391:
1342:
800:"North Korea's push to use more coal clouds environmental future"
426:
292:
267:, changes in which would further damage North Korea's farmlands.
1338:"UN approves $ 752,000 to help North Korea fight climate change"
245:
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
1031:. In Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; Gupta, Kapil & Pereira, Joy (eds.).
1453:
1371:(Report). UN Green Climate Fund. 13 December 2019. p. 4.
1311:"North Korea is shockingly compliant on climate change. Why?"
872:
719:
DPR Korea: Drought and Food Insecurity - Information bulletin
441:
369:
310:
Climate change in North Korea has had the greatest impact on
256:
227:
401:
As a party to the UNFCCC, North Korea has ratified both the
64:
are estimated to be roughly 56.38 million metric tons of CO
681:
Coal diplomacy: the political economy of North Korean coal
169:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely
826:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"
345:
315:
1231:"North Korea, Climate Mitigation and the Global Commons"
686:(Report). Harvard University. p. IV. Archived from
1474:"Could Climate Change Compel North Korea to Cooperate?"
306:
Map of DPR Korea Food Vulnerability and Insecurity 2008
255:
says that rising sea levels will have major impacts on
387:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
127:
1159:
1157:
1046:
Ministry of Land and Environment Protection (2012).
817:
570:
Ministry of Land and Environment Protection (2012).
314:
and food production - according to Paul Chisholm of
1449:
1447:
1445:
1076:
1074:
824:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020).
132:
1154:
732:
730:
728:
601:
565:
563:
561:
2148:
1442:
1136:"N. Korea food production down in 2018: UN body"
823:
1071:
674:
672:
670:
389:(UNFCCC) as well as the USA's relatively large
103:and its associated energy and economic crisis.
763:
725:
558:
531:
449:on reforestation on the Korean peninsula. The
348:in 2019, up by 40.57% from the previous year.
344:, North Korea would require 641,000 tonnes in
332:estimates that 10.3 million North Koreans are
1524:
1510:
1471:
955:
953:
951:
793:
791:
712:
710:
708:
632:
630:
628:
626:
904:
667:
396:
240:Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
1461:(Report). Woodwell Climate Research Center.
493:8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea
356:
80:
1517:
1503:
948:
880:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
866:
788:
774:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
705:
623:
351:
1224:
1222:
891:
849:
764:Boden, T. A.; Marland, G.; Andres, R. J.
678:
466:Despite concerns of unrest following the
438:North Korean Ambassador to the UK Choe Il
253:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1380:
1378:
1080:
910:
679:Pavone, Gregory; Sun, Jin (March 2014).
636:
451:United Nations Climate Change conference
301:
167:the most intense climate change scenario
18:
1194:
501:relations between North Korea and China
2149:
1219:
990:
959:
925:from the original on 20 September 2023
537:
461:
456:
1498:
1384:
1375:
1308:
1276:
1255:
1228:
893:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847
797:
736:
106:
2120:
1229:Habib, Benjamin (8 September 2012).
1083:"The Food Insecurity of North Korea"
757:
367:North Korea's political ideology of
340:. According to a report by the UN's
270:
27:emissions of North Korea (1950-2008)
1413:
1335:
1264:. Guardian News & Media Limited
1163:
1107:
468:death of Supreme Leader Kim Jong-Il
417:North Korea has registered several
275:
13:
1472:Aum, Frank; Stevenson-Yang, Lucy.
1385:Chung, Chaewon (2 November 2021).
1336:Kim, Jeongmin (27 December 2019).
128:Impacts on the natural environment
14:
2178:
1201:Fordham International Law Journal
1170:Fordham International Law Journal
937:The Australian Academy of Science
342:Food and Agriculture Organization
233:
151:map for North Korea for 1980–2016
2130:
2119:
2109:
2108:
1478:United States Institute of Peace
911:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022).
538:Eunjee, Kim (23 November 2015).
186:North Korea consists largely of
158:
141:
1465:
1407:
1358:
1329:
1309:Habib, Benjamin (22 May 2014).
1302:
1256:Habib, Benjamin (20 May 2014).
1249:
1188:
1128:
1101:
1081:Chisholm, Paul (19 June 2018).
1039:
1016:
798:Chung, Jane (29 January 2019).
202:and form the main ridge of the
133:Temperature and weather changes
46:, which in the past has led to
604:Global Climate Risk Index 2013
595:
280:
1:
650:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
524:
519:Climate change in South Korea
226:. By contrast, North Korea's
149:Köppen climate classification
963:North Korea: a country study
487:and even the erosion of the
72:and increasing frequency of
7:
1317:. The Week Publications Inc
913:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"
776:. U.S. Department of Energy
766:"North Korea Fossil-Fuel CO
609:(Report). Germanwatch e.V.
507:
419:Clean Development Mechanism
10:
2183:
2157:Environment of North Korea
1428:10.2753/PPC1075-8216600102
1416:Problems of Post-Communism
851:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3
360:
284:
182:Environment of North Korea
175:
2162:Climate change by country
2103:
2082:
2061:
2020:
1922:
1779:
1703:
1555:
1533:
960:Worden, Rober L. (2008).
397:International cooperation
375:government of North Korea
194:; on the east coast, the
40:effects of climate change
1536:Greenhouse gas emissions
751:10.1525/as.2010.50.2.378
391:greenhouse gas emissions
357:Policies and legislation
178:Geography of North Korea
81:Greenhouse gas emissions
62:carbon dioxide emissions
1142:. AFP. 13 December 2018
407:Paris climate agreement
363:Politics of North Korea
352:Mitigation and adaption
116:. Since higher-quality
2167:Climate change in Asia
2090:Small island countries
1195:Sangmin, Name (2003).
941:Climate Action Tracker
514:Climate of North Korea
325:
307:
114:nuclear weapons regime
28:
1164:Nam, Sangmin (2003).
485:government corruption
361:Further information:
320:
305:
285:Further information:
176:Further information:
22:
1035:. IPCC. p. 375.
165:2071–2100 map under
1346:. NK Consulting Inc
1110:North Korean Review
842:2020Natur.577..618H
462:Political stability
457:Society and culture
287:North Korean famine
101:famine of the 1990s
1395:. Korea Risk Group
693:on 8 November 2021
546:. Voice of America
436:In November 2021,
308:
192:Hamgyong Mountains
107:Energy consumption
55:Climate Risk Index
29:
2144:
2143:
2125:Wikimedia Commons
1766:the United States
1057:978-9946-1-0170-5
976:978-0-8444-1188-0
654:Our World in Data
646:"North Korea - CO
616:978-3-943704-04-4
581:978-9946-1-0170-5
271:Impacts on people
196:Taebaek Mountains
97:Chollima Movement
48:widespread famine
2174:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2038:Marshall Islands
1519:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1003:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
968:
957:
946:
945:
932:
930:
908:
902:
901:
895:
870:
864:
863:
853:
836:(7792): 618–20.
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
795:
786:
785:
783:
781:
761:
755:
754:
734:
723:
722:
714:
703:
702:
700:
698:
692:
685:
676:
665:
664:
662:
660:
634:
621:
620:
608:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
567:
556:
555:
553:
551:
535:
499:this may strain
276:Economic impacts
204:Korean peninsula
162:
145:
42:due to its weak
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2099:
2078:
2057:
2048:Solomon Islands
2016:
1977:the Netherlands
1918:
1884:the Philippines
1775:
1699:
1551:
1550:in each country
1529:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1227:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1079:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1044:
1040:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
981:
979:
977:
966:
958:
949:
928:
926:
909:
905:
871:
867:
822:
818:
808:
806:
796:
789:
779:
777:
769:
762:
758:
735:
726:
721:(Report). IFRC.
715:
706:
696:
694:
690:
683:
677:
668:
658:
656:
649:
638:Ritchie, Hannah
635:
624:
617:
606:
600:
596:
586:
584:
582:
568:
559:
549:
547:
536:
532:
527:
510:
477:totalitarianism
464:
459:
399:
365:
359:
354:
289:
283:
278:
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261:coastal erosion
236:
184:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
163:
154:
153:
152:
146:
135:
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109:
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83:
74:extreme weather
67:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2116:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
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2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2012:United Kingdom
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
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1774:
1773:
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1531:
1530:
1526:Climate change
1522:
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1490:
1464:
1441:
1406:
1374:
1357:
1328:
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557:
529:
528:
526:
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460:
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455:
411:carbon dioxide
403:Kyoto Protocol
398:
395:
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355:
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350:
338:malnourishment
334:undernourished
297:pest outbreaks
295:and flooding,
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
249:United Nations
235:
234:Sea level rise
232:
218:flow into the
164:
157:
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70:sea level rise
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2083:Other regions
2081:
2075:
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2062:Polar regions
2060:
2054:
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2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
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1960:
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1955:
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1948:
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1925:
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1900:
1897:
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1877:
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1729:
1727:
1726:the Caribbean
1724:
1722:
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1084:
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1059:
1053:
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1034:
1027:
1019:
1000:
993:
978:
972:
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964:
956:
954:
952:
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938:
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920:
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889:
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731:
729:
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713:
711:
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689:
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673:
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655:
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643:
639:
633:
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627:
618:
612:
605:
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577:
573:
566:
564:
562:
545:
541:
534:
530:
520:
517:
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512:
511:
505:
502:
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494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
469:
454:
452:
448:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
425:stations and
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
381:
380:anti-American
376:
372:
371:
364:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
324:
319:
317:
313:
304:
300:
298:
294:
288:
268:
266:
265:soil salinity
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
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161:
150:
144:
125:
123:
122:air pollution
119:
115:
104:
102:
98:
78:
75:
71:
63:
60:North Korean
58:
56:
53:
52:Germanwatch's
49:
45:
44:food security
41:
37:
33:
23:Per capita CO
21:
1873:
1859:the Maldives
1704:the Americas
1665:South Africa
1650:North Africa
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1419:
1415:
1409:
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1390:
1360:
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1341:
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1314:
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1278:
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1261:
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1200:
1190:
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1173:
1169:
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1139:
1130:
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1109:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1086:
1061:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
992:
980:. Retrieved
962:
934:
929:30 September
927:. Retrieved
916:
906:
899:Agreement...
897:
883:
879:
868:
833:
829:
819:
807:. Retrieved
803:
778:. Retrieved
773:
759:
742:
739:Asian Survey
738:
695:. Retrieved
688:the original
657:. Retrieved
653:
597:
585:. Retrieved
548:. Retrieved
543:
533:
497:
488:
465:
435:
416:
400:
368:
366:
326:
321:
309:
290:
237:
224:Sea of Japan
198:extend into
185:
110:
84:
59:
54:
30:
2043:New Zealand
1889:South Korea
1874:North Korea
1864:Middle East
1789:Afghanistan
1670:South Sudan
886:: 343–371.
472:Kim Jong-Un
447:Moon Jae-in
312:agriculture
281:Agriculture
200:South Korea
32:North Korea
2151:Categories
2136:Wiktionary
2074:the Arctic
2069:Antarctica
1849:Kyrgyzstan
1799:Bangladesh
1794:Azerbaijan
1635:Mozambique
1620:Madagascar
1595:the Gambia
1548:adaptation
1544:mitigation
1528:by country
1350:29 October
1321:29 October
1294:27 October
1268:26 October
1241:29 October
1211:28 October
1180:28 October
1146:28 October
1093:26 October
1063:26 October
1008:27 October
982:26 October
770:Emissions"
642:Roser, Max
587:26 October
550:26 October
525:References
423:hydropower
383:propaganda
118:anthracite
36:vulnerable
34:is highly
2028:Australia
1894:Sri Lanka
1819:Indonesia
1756:Nicaragua
1741:Guatemala
1731:Greenland
1711:Argentina
1436:153435615
1422:(1): 20.
1237:. Sino-NK
1116:(1): 91.
481:migration
470:in 2011,
440:attended
330:Red Cross
220:Korea Bay
188:mountains
2114:Category
1904:Thailand
1879:Pakistan
1854:Malaysia
1804:Cambodia
1761:Suriname
1746:Honduras
1695:Zimbabwe
1680:Tanzania
1590:Ethiopia
1585:Eswatini
1570:Botswana
1315:The Week
1262:Guardian
1140:France24
1122:26396135
923:Archived
860:31996825
809:12 March
780:12 March
697:12 March
544:Voa News
508:See also
405:and the
346:food aid
293:droughts
257:flooding
222:and the
2095:Tropics
2021:Oceania
1967:Ireland
1957:Germany
1947:Finland
1937:Belgium
1932:Austria
1914:Vietnam
1771:Uruguay
1736:Grenada
1685:Tunisia
1660:Somalia
1655:Senegal
1645:Nigeria
1640:Namibia
1630:Morocco
1615:Liberia
1610:Lesotho
1580:Eritrea
1565:Algeria
1540:impacts
1392:NK News
1343:NK News
1235:Sino-NK
838:Bibcode
804:Reuters
427:methane
238:In its
216:Taedong
38:to the
2129:
2118:
2107:
2053:Tuvalu
2007:Sweden
1997:Turkey
1992:Russia
1987:Poland
1982:Norway
1962:Greece
1952:France
1942:Cyprus
1924:Europe
1909:Turkey
1899:Taiwan
1844:Jordan
1834:Israel
1751:Mexico
1721:Canada
1716:Brazil
1690:Uganda
1625:Malawi
1557:Africa
1483:28 May
1434:
1399:28 May
1120:
1054:
973:
918:Cosmos
858:
830:Nature
659:28 May
613:
578:
247:, the
228:plains
2002:Spain
1972:Italy
1869:Nepal
1839:Japan
1814:India
1809:China
1675:Sudan
1605:Kenya
1600:Ghana
1575:Egypt
1459:(PDF)
1432:S2CID
1369:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1118:JSTOR
1089:. npr
1029:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
691:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
607:(PDF)
489:Juche
442:COP26
370:Juche
212:Tumen
2033:Fiji
1829:Iraq
1824:Iran
1781:Asia
1546:and
1485:2023
1401:2023
1352:2020
1323:2020
1296:2020
1270:2020
1243:2020
1213:2020
1182:2020
1148:2020
1095:2020
1065:2020
1052:ISBN
1010:2020
984:2020
971:ISBN
931:2023
856:PMID
811:2021
782:2021
699:2021
661:2023
611:ISBN
589:2020
576:ISBN
552:2020
263:and
214:and
208:Yalu
180:and
1424:doi
1087:NPR
888:doi
846:doi
834:577
747:doi
316:NPR
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