1001:, viruses that only infect bacteria, can specifically target the bacteria of interest and inject their genome. This process makes the bacteria halt its own production to make more phages, and this continues until the bacteria lyses itself and releases the phages into the surrounding environment. Phage therapy does not kill microbiota since it is specific, and it can help those with antibiotic allergies. Some drawbacks are that it is a time-intensive process since the specific bacterium needs to be identified. It also does not currently have the body of research supporting its effects and safety that antibiotics do. Bacteria can also eventually become resistant, through systems like CRISPR/Cas9 system. Many clinical trials have been promising though, showing that it could potentially help with the antimicrobial resistance problem. It can also be used in conjunction with antibiotics for a cumulative effect.
152:
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92:, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. The academic qualification as a clinical/Medical Microbiologist in a hospital or medical research centre generally requires a Bachelors degree while in some countries a Masters in Microbiology along with Ph.D. in any of the life-sciences (Biochem, Micro, Biotech, Genetics, etc.). Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for
828:. The antigen (usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent) is bound by the antibody, allowing this type of test to be used for organisms other than bacteria. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be easily and definitively observed, depending on the test. More complex serological techniques are known as
814:, as mentioned above. In order to perform these tests en masse, automated machines are used. These machines perform multiple biochemical tests simultaneously, using cards with several wells containing different dehydrated chemicals. The microbe of interest will react with each chemical in a specific way, aiding in its identification.
781:
reads the electrons that are reflected off the surface of the cells. A 3-dimensional image is then made which shows the size and exterior structure of the cells. Both techniques help give more detailed information about the structure of microbes. This makes it useful in many medical fields, such as
126:
conditions in populations, is an important part of medical microbiology, although the clinical aspect of the field primarily focuses on the presence and growth of microbial infections in individuals, their effects on the human body, and the methods of treating those infections. In this respect the
1004:
Medical microbiology is not only about diagnosing and treating disease, it also involves the study of beneficial microbes. Microbes have been shown to be helpful in combating infectious disease and promoting health. Treatments can be developed from microbes, as demonstrated by
Alexander Fleming's
867:
also removes the risk of contamination that can occur during standard PCR procedures (carrying over PCR product into subsequent PCRs). Another advantage of using PCR to detect and study microbes is that the DNA sequences of newly discovered infectious microbes or strains can be compared to those
647:
and skin infections. In order to make an educated estimate as to which microbe could be causing the disease, epidemiological factors need to be considered; such as the patient's likelihood of exposure to the suspected organism and the presence and prevalence of a microbial strain in a community.
989:
for other cells to adhere to. This provides them with a stable environment from which the bacteria can disperse and infect other parts of the host. Additionally, the extracellular matrix and dense outer layer of bacterial cells can protect the inner bacteria cells from antimicrobial drugs.
376:
as adaptive immunity to phages. The system was then quickly found to be able to help in genome editing through its ability to generate double strand breaks. A patient with sickle cell disease was the first person to be treated for a genetic disorder with CRISPR in July 2019.
968:
of an organism may be resistant to a certain drug or class of drug, even when it is typically effective against the species. These strains, termed resistant strains, present a serious public health concern of growing importance to the medical industry as the spread of
868:
already listed in databases, which in turn helps to increase understanding of which organism is causing the infectious disease and thus what possible methods of treatment could be used. This technique is the current standard for detecting viral infections such as
2416:
Taguchi T, Yabe M, Odaki H, Shinozaki M, Metsä-Ketelä M, Arai T, Okamoto S, Ichinose K (2013) Biosynthetic
Conclusions from the Functional Dissection of Oxygenases for Biosynthesis of Actinorhodin and Related Streptomyces Antibiotics. Chemistry & Biology
776:
passes electrons through a thin cross-section of the cell of interest, and it then redirects the electrons onto a fluorescent screen. This method is useful for looking at the inside of cells, and the structures within, especially cell walls and membranes.
96:, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options. Using this information, a treatment can be devised. Other tasks may include the identification of potential health risks to the community or monitoring the evolution of potentially
763:
can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism. This can be performed immediately after the sample is taken from the patient and is used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, allowing for resolution of cellular features.
597:
Like other pathogens, viruses use these methods of transmission to enter the body, but viruses differ in that they must also enter into the host's actual cells. Once the virus has gained access to the host's cells, the virus' genetic material
1222:
Michaleas, Spyros N.; Laios, Konstantinos; Charalabopoulos, Alexandros; Samonis, George; Karamanou, Marianna; Michaleas, Spyridon; Laios, Konstantinos; Charalabopoulos, Alexandros; Samonis, George; Karamanou, Marianna (2022-12-21).
980:
Whilst drug resistance typically involves microbes chemically inactivating an antimicrobial drug or a cell mechanically stopping the uptake of a drug, another form of drug resistance can arise from the formation of
951:
Antibiotic resistance tests: bacteria in the culture on the left are sensitive to the antibiotics contained in the white, paper discs. Bacteria in the culture on the right are resistant to most of the antibiotics.
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of organism, and will not work on other organisms. Because of this specificity, medical microbiologists must consider the effectiveness of certain antimicrobial drugs when making recommendations. Additionally,
884:
Once an infection has been diagnosed and identified, suitable treatment options must be assessed by the physician and consulting medical microbiologists. Some infections can be dealt with by the body's own
996:
is a technique that was discovered before antibiotics, but fell to the wayside as antibiotics became predominate. It is now being considered as a potential solution to increasing antimicrobial resistance.
729:. A single microbe on an agar plate can then grow into colonies (clones where cells are identical to each other) containing thousands of cells. These are primarily used to culture bacteria and fungi.
1442:
Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J, al. e (1995) Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of
Haemophilus influenzae Rd"
843:(PCR) assays are the most commonly used molecular technique to detect and study microbes. As compared to other methods, sequencing and analysis is definitive, reliable, accurate, and fast. Today,
832:. Using a similar basis as described above, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or the proteins generated by an infected host in response to the infection.
782:
diagnostics and biopsies of many body parts, hygiene, and virology. They provide critical information about the structure of pathogens, which allow physicians to treat them with more knowledge.
610:. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.
651:
Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by consulting the patient's medical history and conducting a physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve
629:, are able to withstand immune responses and are capable of achieving long-term residence within an individual host, whilst also retaining the ability to spread into successive hosts.
31:
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are also used for observing microbes in greater detail for research. The two main types of electron microscopy are scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
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methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid laboratory tests used to identify different types of microorganisms. The tests are based upon the ability of an
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are infected with the microbe of interest. These cultures are then observed to determine the effect the microbe has on the cells. This technique is used for identifying viruses.
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127:
entire field, as an applied science, can be conceptually subdivided into academic and clinical sub-specialties, although in reality there is a fluid continuum between
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is the primary technique used, as this method provides faster data compared to a standard PCR assay. For instance, traditional PCR techniques require the use of
1527:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
613:
The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus in cells of the host are crucial for its survival. For example, some diseases such as
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Vickery K, Hu H, Jacombs AS, Bradshaw DA, Deva AK (2013) A review of bacterial biofilms and their role in device-associated infection. Healthcare
Infection .
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or resistant strains of microbes, educating the community and assisting in the design of health practices. They may also assist in preventing or controlling
1606:
1728:
Kappus KD; Lundgren RG Jr.; Juranek DD; Roberts JM; et al. (June 1994). "Intestinal parasitism in the United States: update on a continuing problem".
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is the primary method used for isolating infectious disease for study in the laboratory. Tissue or fluid samples are tested for the presence of a specific
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280:. Ehrlich then found that arsphenamine was found effective against syphilis spirochetes. The arsphenamines was then made available in 1910, known as
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developed the method of staining bacteria to make them more visible and differentiated under a microscope. This technique is widely used today.
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254:, a certain microorganism being responsible for a certain disease. He developed a series of criteria around this that have become known as the
57:. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are four kinds of
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985:. Some bacteria are able to form biofilms by adhering to surfaces on implanted devices such as catheters and prostheses and creating an
3718:
512:. The pathogen that causes the disease may be exogenous (acquired from an external source; environmental, animal or other people, e.g.
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employ a strategy whereby it must spread to a series of hosts. In these forms of viral infection, the illness is often treated by the
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Liquid culture: Cells are grown inside a liquid media. Microbial growth is determined by the time taken for the liquid to form a
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In addition to drugs being specific to a certain kind of organism (bacteria, fungi, etc.), some drugs are specific to a certain
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2017:
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provided much insight into infectious diseases. He was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in
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543:. The portal of entry for a specific microbe is normally dependent on how it travels from its natural habitat to the host.
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2005:
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580:- An organism that does not cause disease itself but transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another
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1311:
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1113:
Frank N. Egerton (2006). "A History of the
Ecological Sciences, Part 19: Leeuwenhoek's Microscopic Natural History".
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to provide health benefits to the host, such as providing better gastrointestinal health or inhibiting pathogens.
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Medical microbiologists often make treatment recommendations to the patient's physician based on the strain of
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Identification of an infectious agent for a minor illness can be as simple as clinical presentation; such as
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will often use a microscopic examination to help in the identification of the microbe. Instruments such as
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683:) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent.
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and using it to clean wounds, post-operative infections were reduced, making surgery safer for patients.
108:; some study common, non-pathogenic species to determine whether their properties can be used to develop
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without toxicity. Domagk received the Nobel Prize in physiology, or medicine, for the discovery of the
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The site at which a microbe enters the body is referred to as the portal of entry. These include the
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2047:"Strategies and mechanisms for host and pathogen survival in acute and persistent viral infections"
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1476:"Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis"
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756:
707:
638:
247:
1939:
Siebeling, RJ (1998). "Principles of bacterial pathogenesis". In Bittar, E; Neville, EB (eds.).
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among many others. Not only are microorganisms a source of antibiotics but some may also act as
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1971:
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There are various ways in which disease can be transmitted between individuals. These include:
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to successfully immunize a child against smallpox. The same principles are used for developing
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In 2007, a team at the Danish food company
Danisco, were able to identify the purpose of the
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1840:"[Cutaneous Malassezia infections and Malassezia associated dermatoses: An update]"
810:. Acids, alcohols and gases are usually detected in these tests when bacteria are grown in
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53:, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
8:
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Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors"
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621:, and therefore the virus is required to disperse to new hosts before it is destroyed by
532:
396:
266:
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2183:"Safe inoculation of blood and bone marrow for liquid culture detection of mycobacteria"
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developed one of the most commonly used antibiotic substances both at the time and now:
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Williams NT (2010) Probiotics. American
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2013:
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1035:"The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Director in the United States Hospital Setting"
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170:, father of medical bacteriology, at Robert-Koch-Platz (Robert Koch square) in Berlin
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can be used to identify infectious agents. For bacterial identification, the use of
586:- An inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious germs or parasites
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is an increasingly problematic issue that leads to millions of deaths every year.
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Solid culture: A solid surface is created using a mixture of nutrients, salts and
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tested multiple combinations of arsenic based chemicals on infected rabbits with
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Der
Hautarzt; Zeitschrift für Dermatologie, Venerologie, und Verwandte Gebiete
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to detect the DNA molecules as they are being amplified. In addition to this,
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genome was completed. This would prove invaluable for diagnostic techniques.
336:, medical treatments and diagnostic methods. Some of these include synthetic
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58:
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Roberts RJ, "Fish pathology, 3rd Edition", Elsevier Health Sciences, 2001.
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and outbreaks of disease. Not all medical microbiologists study microbial
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2106:"Discovery of drugs that possess activity against feline leukemia virus"
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or enzymatic characteristics are common due to their ability to ferment
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as well as the development of new antibiotics from the bacterial genus
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to visualize amplified DNA molecules after the reaction has finished.
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and the first genetically engineered vaccine was created in 1986 for
303:
105:
101:
54:
30:
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1084:"Robert Koch (1843-1910): father of microbiology and Nobel laureate"
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34:
A microbiologist examining cultures under a dissecting microscope.
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2506:
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209:
205:
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1689:"Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States"
736:. This technique is used for diagnosing parasites and detecting
178:
observed bacteria and other microorganisms, using a single-lens
2181:
Møller M; El Maghrabi R; Olesen N; Thomsen VØ (November 2004).
714:, which is determined by growth in a selective or differential
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or host death. In contrast, some infectious agents such as the
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373:
356:
213:
190:
119:
2323:"Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014"
2905:
2867:
2736:
2407:(Gordillo Altamirano & Barr 2019) (Kortright et al. 2019)
2104:
Greggs WM; Clouser CL; Patterson SE; Manksy LM (April 2012).
956:
803:
505:
501:
78:
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3414:
2270:
1142:"Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination"
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536:
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was the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope.
139:
depends on continual improvements in academic medicine and
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Willey, Joanne; Sandman, Kathleen; Wood, Dorothy (2020).
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also designed vaccines against several diseases such as
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380:
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1032:
550:
Direct contact - Touching an infected host, including
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1730:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
235:
surgery. By sterilizing the instruments with diluted
855:
does not require this, as the detection system uses
118:, the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of
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1687:Dunne EF; Unger ER; Sternberg, M (February 2007).
1201:(13th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 1096.
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332:in 1977, caused a rapid change the development of
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1368:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 188.
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1112:
721:The 3 main types of media used for testing are:
2363:"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms"
1431:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1146:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)
889:, but more serious infections are treated with
2271:Viljoen GJ; Nel LH; Crowther JR, eds. (2005).
1816:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1791:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1766:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
917:respectively. A broad class of drugs known as
568:- Ingesting contaminated food or water sources
486:Causes and transmission of infectious diseases
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2230:(Boseck 1982) (Slonczewski & Foster 2017)
1115:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
589:Environmental - Hospital-acquired infection (
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835:
77:, and one type of infectious protein called
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2247:. Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 1–25.
1693:Journal of the American Medical Association
1577:. World Health Organization. Archived from
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3719:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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2455:
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571:Airborne transmission - Pathogen carrying
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1970:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p.
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2242:
2038:
1281:
946:
690:
667:. Other less common techniques (such as
516:) or endogenous (from normal flora e.g.
161:
150:
29:
2261:
2003:
1597:
1595:
936:, the site of infection, the potential
14:
4246:
2361:Stewart PS; Costerton JW (July 2001).
2233:
2174:
2146:
2097:
1997:
1927:
1721:
1467:
1388:
1139:
3418:
2994:
2450:
1886:
1680:
1524:
1309:
4198:
3959:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2289:
1806:
1781:
1756:
1655:
1592:
1525:Vos T; et al. (December 2012).
1359:
1357:
1197:Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2006).
1190:
802:in patterns characteristic of their
785:
686:
381:Commonly treated infectious diseases
4208:
2762:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
2320:
1567:
1518:
901:(often called antibiotics) whereas
632:
306:red protected mice from pathogenic
242:In the years between 1876 and 1884
24:
4095:Medical Scientist Training Program
3324:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
699:plates growing colonies of common
353:The Institute for Genomic Research
231:is considered to be the father of
135:, just as the state of the art in
25:
4265:
2888:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2695:biochemical and immunologic tests
2432:
2273:Molecular Diagnostic PCR Handbook
2160:. McGraw Hill. pp. 336–337.
2158:Microbiology: A human perspective
1354:
1316:Current Protocols in Microbiology
340:which was produced in 1979 using
4227:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4188:
4187:
3292:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2916:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2608:Manual testing: basic techniques
1964:Rhinehart E; Friedman M (1999).
1514:from the original on 2015-10-28.
1039:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
774:Transmission electron microscopy
365:. A few months later, the first
200:Following on from this, in 1857
4228:
2420:
2410:
2401:
2354:
2345:
2224:
2215:
1988:
1831:
1820:from the original on 2013-05-03
1795:from the original on 2013-04-19
1770:from the original on 2013-04-25
1669:from the original on 2011-07-12
1609:from the original on 2013-04-20
1458:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1382:
1324:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03cs00
1318:. Appendix 3 (1): Appendix 3C.
1199:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
1082:Tan, S. Y.; Berman, E. (2008).
940:of antimicrobial drugs and any
812:selective liquid or solid media
88:studies the characteristics of
61:that cause infectious disease:
4085:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3519:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2824:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2814:Bacitracin susceptibility test
1967:Infection control in home care
1603:"World Health Statistics 2012"
1303:
1275:
1215:
1158:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
1133:
1106:
1075:
1026:
743:Cell culture: Human or animal
355:sequenced the first bacterial
13:
1:
3020:
2707:Amino acid decarboxylase test
2379:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05321-1
1665:. World Health Organization.
1605:. World Health Organization.
1543:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
1020:
879:
751:
4065:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3832:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3444:
2819:Optochin susceptibility test
2782:Sulfide indole motility test
2767:Phenylalanine deaminase test
2298:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
2296:Tang YW; Persing DH (2009).
1895:"10 Principles of Diagnosis"
1850:(6): 465–484, quiz 485–486.
1395:Emerging Infectious Diseases
909:infections are treated with
779:Scanning electron microscopy
496:Infections may be caused by
112:or other treatment methods.
7:
2110:Journal of General Virology
2045:Hilleman M (October 2004).
824:to bind specifically to an
790:Fast and relatively simple
10:
4270:
1641:10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.002
761:compound light microscopes
636:
619:body's own immune response
489:
146:
129:public health microbiology
4183:
4105:
4043:
3804:
3732:
3687:
3596:
3467:
3452:
3332:
3257:
3028:
2928:
2886:
2863:Polymerase chain reaction
2842:
2692:
2607:
2596:
2566:
2525:
2499:
2485:
1856:10.1007/s00105-015-3631-z
1742:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.705
1088:Singapore Medical Journal
841:Polymerase chain reaction
836:Polymerase chain reaction
392:Streptococcal pharyngitis
189:developed a method using
27:Branch of medical science
4019:Transplantation medicine
3910:Clinical neurophysiology
3827:Obstetric anesthesiology
3747:Interventional radiology
3507:Digestive system surgery
2853:Analytical profile index
2275:. Springer. p. 58.
2057:(Suppl 2): 14560–14566.
1943:. Elsevier. p. 87.
975:Antimicrobial resistance
770:fluorescence microscopes
645:gastrointestinal disease
623:immunological resistance
324:, a method developed by
250:. This gave rise to the
3890:Intensive care medicine
3864:Mass gathering medicine
3709:Maternal–fetal medicine
3399:Microbiological culture
3029:Principles of pathology
2072:10.1073/pnas.0404758101
1893:Washington, JA (1996).
1389:Gaynes, Robert (2017).
1366:Prescott's Microbiology
1310:Coico, Richard (2006).
1140:Riedel, Stefan (2005).
708:Microbiological culture
639:Diagnostic microbiology
3482:Cardiothoracic surgery
2787:Triple sugar iron test
2122:10.1099/vir.0.039909-0
1706:10.1001/jama.297.8.813
1629:Advances in Pediatrics
1492:10.1542/peds.2009-2648
1407:10.3201/eid2305.161556
952:
934:antibiotic resistances
704:
608:introduced to the cell
562:- Coughing or sneezing
529:gastrointestinal tract
362:Haemophilus influenzae
171:
159:
41:, the large subset of
35:
4133:Personalized medicine
3992:Reproductive medicine
3917:Occupational medicine
3871:Evolutionary medicine
3362:Diagnostic immunology
3187:Programmed cell death
3155:Liquefactive necrosis
2845:point-of-care testing
2526:Cultures by body site
2479:clinical microbiology
2200:10.1093/occmed/kqh106
2187:Occupational Medicine
2008:. In Baron, S (ed.).
1897:. In Baron, S (ed.).
971:antibiotic resistance
950:
694:
627:Feline leukemia virus
591:Nosocomial infections
176:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
165:
156:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
154:
141:research laboratories
137:clinical laboratories
133:clinical microbiology
33:
4254:Medical microbiology
4153:Traditional medicine
4113:Alternative medicine
3980:Addiction psychiatry
3794:Transfusion medicine
3789:Medical microbiology
3704:Gynecologic oncology
3556:Reproductive surgery
3357:Medical microbiology
3352:Transfusion medicine
3309:Immunohistochemistry
3259:Anatomical pathology
3150:Coagulative necrosis
2804:Voges–Proskauer test
2712:Bile solubility test
2567:Cultures by organism
2500:Isolation techniques
2439:Medical Microbiology
2010:Medical Microbiology
1899:Medical Microbiology
1242:10.7759/cureus.32777
1051:10.1128/JCM.01575-10
987:extracellular matrix
895:Bacterial infections
766:Electron microscopes
734:colloidal suspension
429:Human papillomavirus
39:Medical microbiology
4175:History of medicine
4158:Veterinary medicine
3965:Preventive medicine
3817:Adolescent medicine
3659:Infectious diseases
3314:Electron microscopy
3282:Molecular pathology
3160:Gangrenous necrosis
3092:Cellular adaptation
2911:McFarland standards
2901:Disk diffusion test
2896:Beta-lactamase test
2829:Lancefield grouping
2809:X and V factor test
2777:Salt tolerance test
2652:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2615:Colonial morphology
2063:2004PNAS..10114560H
2006:"42 Multiplication"
2004:Roizman, B (1996).
849:gel electrophoresis
584:Fomite transmission
578:Vector transmission
533:genitourinary tract
267:Hans Christian Gram
182:of his own design.
55:infectious diseases
4123:Molecular oncology
4080:Doctor of Medicine
4070:Master of Medicine
3987:Radiation oncology
3859:Emergency medicine
3812:Addiction medicine
3779:Clinical chemistry
3774:Clinical pathology
3566:Transplant surgery
3524:Orthopedic surgery
3502:Colorectal surgery
3342:Clinical chemistry
3334:Clinical pathology
3319:Immunofluorescence
3287:Forensic pathology
3267:Surgical pathology
3175:Fibrinoid necrosis
2980:Inoculation needle
2321:WHO (April 2014).
953:
923:parasitic diseases
921:are used to treat
757:Culture techniques
705:
351:In 1995 a team at
172:
160:
36:
4241:
4240:
4075:Master of Surgery
4039:
4038:
4024:Tropical medicine
3970:Prison healthcare
3885:Hospital medicine
3849:Disaster medicine
3839:Aviation medicine
3654:Hospital medicine
3561:Surgical oncology
3546:Pediatric surgery
3540:
3487:Endocrine surgery
3412:
3411:
3379:Mass spectrometry
2988:
2987:
2965:Biosafety cabinet
2924:
2923:
2772:Reverse CAMP test
2592:
2591:
2574:Bacterial culture
2307:978-0-12-373944-5
2282:978-1-4020-3404-6
2243:Mackay I (2007).
2167:978-1-55938-814-6
2019:978-0-9631172-1-2
1981:978-0-8342-1143-8
1950:978-1-55938-814-6
1908:978-0-9631172-1-2
1537:(9859): 2163–96.
1375:978-1-260-21188-7
1296:978-1-55581-143-3
1208:978-0-321-73551-5
1045:(10): 3465–3469.
944:the patient has.
897:are treated with
792:biochemical tests
786:Biochemical tests
687:Microbial culture
661:biochemical tests
653:microbial culture
525:respiratory tract
455:Toxoplasma gondii
374:CRIPR-Cas systems
289:Alexander Fleming
256:Koch's postulates
222:food preservation
18:Clinical virology
16:(Redirected from
4261:
4231:
4230:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4190:
3895:Medical genetics
3880:General practice
3757:Nuclear medicine
3632:Gastroenterology
3588:Vascular surgery
3538:
3465:
3464:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3299:Gross processing
3165:Caseous necrosis
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2975:Inoculation loop
2873:Rapid strep test
2605:
2604:
2497:
2496:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2318:
2312:
2311:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2030:. Archived from
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1923:on 13 June 2016.
1919:. Archived from
1890:
1884:
1883:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1814:"Histoplasmosis"
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1244:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1030:
865:quantitative PCR
853:quantitative PCR
845:quantitative PCR
633:Diagnostic tests
566:Fecal–oral route
541:mucous membranes
330:Frederick Sanger
21:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4179:
4168:Chief physician
4101:
4046:
4035:
4029:Travel medicine
4014:Sports medicine
3997:Sexual medicine
3937:Palliative care
3932:Pain management
3876:Family medicine
3854:Diving medicine
3800:
3728:
3690:
3683:
3599:
3592:
3551:Plastic surgery
3497:General surgery
3477:Cardiac surgery
3458:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3413:
3408:
3367:Immunopathology
3347:Hematopathology
3328:
3253:
3024:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2920:
2882:
2838:
2747:Methyl red test
2694:
2693:Manual testing:
2688:
2647:India ink stain
2637:Acid-fast stain
2600:
2588:
2562:
2538:Genital culture
2521:
2517:Selective media
2489:
2481:
2475:
2444:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2373:(9276): 135–8.
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2333:on May 15, 2015
2319:
2315:
2308:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2154:
2147:
2102:
2098:
2043:
2039:
2034:on 11 May 2018.
2020:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1937:
1928:
1909:
1891:
1887:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1764:"Toxoplasmosis"
1762:
1761:
1757:
1726:
1722:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1575:"Typhoid Fever"
1573:
1572:
1568:
1523:
1519:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1362:
1355:
1312:"Gram Staining"
1308:
1304:
1297:
1280:
1276:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1195:
1191:
1138:
1134:
1111:
1107:
1094:(11): 854–855.
1080:
1076:
1031:
1027:
1023:
882:
838:
788:
754:
689:
641:
635:
560:Droplet contact
494:
488:
448:Giardia lamblia
383:
342:recombinant DNA
149:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4195:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4106:Related topics
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Medical school
4051:
4049:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Sleep medicine
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3822:Anesthesiology
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3752:Neuroradiology
3749:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:Obstetrics and
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3571:Trauma surgery
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3534:Otolaryngology
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3460:subspecialties
3450:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Flow cytometry
3386:
3384:Chromatography
3381:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Histopathology
3301:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3230:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:Automated and
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Coagulase test
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2598:Identification
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:Fungal culture
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Throat culture
2545:
2543:Sputum culture
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2477:Techniques in
2474:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2433:External links
2431:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2409:
2400:
2353:
2344:
2313:
2306:
2288:
2281:
2260:
2253:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2173:
2166:
2145:
2116:(4): 900–905.
2096:
2037:
2018:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1956:
1949:
1926:
1907:
1885:
1830:
1805:
1780:
1755:
1720:
1679:
1654:
1619:
1591:
1566:
1517:
1486:(3): 557–564.
1466:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1401:(5): 849–853.
1381:
1374:
1353:
1302:
1295:
1274:
1235:(12): e32777.
1214:
1207:
1189:
1132:
1105:
1074:
1024:
1022:
1019:
999:Bacteriophages
942:drug allergies
919:antiparasitics
899:antibacterials
881:
878:
837:
834:
787:
784:
753:
750:
749:
748:
741:
730:
688:
685:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
595:
594:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
554:
552:sexual contact
487:
484:
483:
482:
477:
475:Histoplasmosis
472:
459:
458:
451:
444:
433:
432:
426:
421:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
382:
379:
326:Walter Gilbert
322:DNA sequencing
300:Gerhard Domagk
218:pasteurization
148:
145:
86:microbiologist
59:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4266:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Public health
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Allied health
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Oral medicine
3925:
3923:
3922:Ophthalmology
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Cytopathology
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3724:Urogynecology
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Endocrinology
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Cytopathology
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:Accumulations
3214:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:Wound healing
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:Anaerobic jar
2946:
2942:
2941:Growth medium
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2878:Monospot test
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2584:Viral culture
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2558:Wound culture
2556:
2554:
2553:Urine culture
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Blood culture
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2413:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2254:9781904455189
2250:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1789:"Candidiasis"
1784:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:(6): 705–13.
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1663:"Hepatitis C"
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1581:on 2011-11-02
1580:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1433:74:5463-5467.
1432:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:discovery of
1002:
1000:
995:
994:Phage therapy
991:
988:
984:
978:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:antimicrobial
888:
887:immune system
877:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:carbohydrates
797:
793:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
746:
745:cell cultures
742:
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
713:
709:
702:
701:Gram negative
698:
697:nutrient agar
693:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
640:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
592:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
553:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
457:
456:
452:
450:
449:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
408:
405:
403:
402:Typhoid fever
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
387:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
312:staphylococci
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
237:carbolic acid
234:
230:
229:Joseph Lister
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:Louis Pasteur
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:Edward Jenner
183:
181:
177:
169:
164:
157:
153:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
4143:Rural health
4128:Nanomedicine
3788:
3679:Rheumatology
3610: /
3529:Hand surgery
3514:Neurosurgery
3374:Enzyme assay
3356:
3220:
3215:
3204:Karyorrhexis
3180:Myocytolysis
3170:Fat necrosis
3075:Inflammation
3063:Hemodynamics
3056:Pathogenesis
2752:Nitrite test
2722:Citrate test
2663:Rapid tests
2642:Giemsa stain
2512:Streak plate
2443:
2422:
2412:
2403:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2326:
2316:
2297:
2291:
2272:
2244:
2226:
2217:
2193:(8): 530–3.
2190:
2186:
2176:
2157:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2032:the original
2009:
1999:
1990:
1966:
1959:
1941:Microbiology
1940:
1921:the original
1898:
1888:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1758:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1699:(8): 813–9.
1696:
1692:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1657:
1635:(1): 47–74.
1632:
1628:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1569:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1446:269:496-512.
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1365:
1315:
1305:
1286:
1277:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1198:
1192:
1152:(1): 21–25.
1149:
1145:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1011:Streptomyces
1003:
992:
979:
954:
927:
883:
857:fluorescence
839:
830:immunoassays
816:
789:
755:
738:mycobacteria
720:
706:
650:
642:
612:
596:
545:
522:
495:
470:
460:
453:
446:
434:
411:
407:Tuberculosis
384:
371:
360:
350:
320:
308:streptococci
297:
286:
274:Paul Ehrlich
271:
260:
248:pure culture
241:
226:
199:
184:
173:
132:
128:
116:Epidemiology
114:
83:
43:microbiology
38:
37:
4213:Wikiproject
4002:Venereology
3947:Neonatology
3844:Dermatology
3699:Gynaecology
3691:gynaecology
3674:Pulmonology
3492:Eye surgery
3454:Specialties
3228:Hemosiderin
3109:Hyperplasia
3104:Hypertrophy
3080:Cell damage
2960:Durham tube
2792:Urease test
2601:and testing
2417:20:510-520.
911:antifungals
818:Serological
518:Candidiasis
424:Hepatitis C
346:hepatitis B
252:germ theory
244:Robert Koch
216:as well as
168:Robert Koch
110:antibiotics
3975:Psychiatry
3961:(PM&R)
3954:Phlebology
3942:Pediatrics
3769:Anatomical
3734:Diagnostic
3714:Obstetrics
3664:Nephrology
3649:Hematology
3644:Geriatrics
3637:Hepatology
3622:Cardiology
3612:Immunology
3394:Blood bank
3237:Lipofuscin
3233:Lipochrome
3209:Karyolysis
3138:Cell death
3119:Metaplasia
2936:Agar plate
2732:DNAse test
2632:Gram stain
1824:2013-04-25
1799:2013-04-25
1774:2013-04-25
1673:2013-04-25
1613:2013-04-25
1585:2013-04-25
1480:Pediatrics
1021:References
1015:probiotics
1007:penicillin
915:antivirals
880:Treatments
752:Microscopy
665:genotyping
657:microscopy
606:) must be
490:See also:
367:eukaryotic
316:sulfa drug
293:penicillin
265:. In 1884
263:Gram stain
233:antiseptic
180:microscope
166:Statue of
94:physicians
84:A medical
4163:Physician
4047:education
3905:Neurology
3900:Narcology
3764:Pathology
3742:Radiology
3617:Angiology
3581:Andrology
3249:Steatosis
3192:Apoptosis
3129:Glandular
3114:Dysplasia
3046:Neoplasia
3041:Infection
3022:Pathology
2970:Incubator
2929:Equipment
2858:MALDI-TOF
2757:ONPG test
2717:CAMP test
2620:Hemolysis
2487:Isolation
1864:1432-1173
1332:1934-8525
1251:2168-8184
1166:0899-8280
1121:: 47–58.
973:worsens.
874:hepatitis
796:metabolic
703:bacteria.
677:PET scans
673:CAT scans
514:Influenza
510:parasites
492:Infection
436:Parasitic
419:Rotavirus
397:Chlamydia
386:Bacterial
304:Prontosil
282:Salvarsan
185:In 1796,
174:In 1676,
106:pathology
102:epidemics
90:pathogens
71:parasites
4248:Category
4193:Category
3669:Oncology
3600:medicine
3598:Internal
3446:Medicine
3404:Serology
3199:Pyknosis
3145:Necrosis
3124:Squamous
3068:Ischemia
2834:RPR test
2742:KOH test
2702:ALA test
2672:Catalase
2659:Wet prep
2627:Staining
2395:46125592
2387:11463434
2209:15520021
2140:22258856
2091:15297608
2028:21413311
1917:21413287
1880:20445682
1872:25968082
1818:Archived
1793:Archived
1768:Archived
1715:17327523
1667:Archived
1649:22789574
1607:Archived
1561:23245607
1512:Archived
1500:20696723
1348:32452815
1340:18770544
1285:(1999).
1283:Brock TD
1269:36686094
1184:16200144
1100:19037548
1069:20739497
983:biofilms
938:toxicity
932:and its
822:antibody
712:pathogen
498:bacteria
480:Dandruff
334:vaccines
298:In 1939
287:In 1929
278:syphilis
272:In 1910
227:In 1867
195:vaccines
98:virulent
63:bacteria
51:medicine
45:that is
4233:Outline
4203:Commons
4148:Therapy
4045:Medical
3608:Allergy
3576:Urology
3469:Surgery
3277:Autopsy
3242:Melanin
3222:pigment
3099:Atrophy
3036:Disease
2953:Gas-pak
2667:Oxidase
2507:Asepsis
2492:culture
2131:3542715
2059:Bibcode
1750:8024063
1552:6350784
1508:8625679
1444:Science
1416:5403050
1260:9854334
1175:1200696
1060:2953135
966:strains
961:species
930:microbe
893:drugs.
826:antigen
808:species
615:measles
502:viruses
468:Candida
442:Malaria
338:insulin
210:cholera
208:, fowl
206:anthrax
197:today.
147:History
124:disease
75:viruses
47:applied
4223:Portal
4090:MD–PhD
2677:Indole
2393:
2385:
2367:Lancet
2337:May 9,
2304:
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1249:
1229:Cureus
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1098:
1067:
1057:
903:fungal
861:probes
716:medium
669:X-rays
573:spores
539:, and
508:, and
462:Fungal
357:genome
302:found
214:rabies
191:cowpox
120:health
3805:Other
3051:Cause
2906:Etest
2868:VITEK
2797:rapid
2737:IMViC
2391:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1344:S2CID
957:genus
907:viral
804:genus
695:Four
506:fungi
431:(HPV)
413:Viral
79:prion
67:fungi
2490:and
2383:PMID
2339:2015
2302:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2205:PMID
2162:ISBN
2136:PMID
2087:PMID
2024:PMID
2014:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1913:PMID
1903:ISBN
1868:PMID
1860:ISSN
1746:PMID
1711:PMID
1645:PMID
1557:PMID
1496:PMID
1370:ISBN
1336:PMID
1328:ISSN
1291:ISBN
1265:PMID
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1180:PMID
1162:ISSN
1096:PMID
1065:PMID
913:and
905:and
872:and
870:AIDS
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768:and
727:agar
663:and
537:skin
328:and
310:and
220:for
212:and
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73:and
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2375:doi
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2327:WHO
2195:doi
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2118:doi
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2067:doi
2055:101
1852:doi
1738:doi
1701:doi
1697:297
1637:doi
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1539:doi
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1488:doi
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1411:PMC
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1320:doi
1255:PMC
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1170:PMC
1154:doi
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681:NMR
679:or
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