241:(1427–1464) no dagobas remained, and the structure was given the name "Cloud Platform", because from a distance it seemed to rise out of the clouds. A project to restore the platform was carried out between 1443 and 1450. When the platform was surveyed by a Japanese expedition in 1943 a stele commemorating the restoration, dated 1448, was found on top of the platform. However, the restoration was not completed until 1450, as evidenced by an inscription on the far right-hand side of the inner west wall of the platform, dated the 15th day of the 5th month of the 15th year of the Zhengtong era (1450), that records that the restoration was carried out by a benefactor named as Lin Puxian (
270:
475:
741:
140:
52:
660:
1311:
222:
173:, in the north went through this pass, and so the emperor would pass through the temple at least twice a year. The temple had a north gate and a south gate, and the platform supporting three white dagobas was constructed on the inside of the south gate of the temple. The passageway underneath the dagobas was wide enough to allow pedestrians and carts to pass through into the temple.
261:
restored. The platform is now surrounded by a carpark. Several hundred meters from the Cloud
Platform in adjoining carparks are sections of the Great Wall going up both sides of the Valley, often crowded with tourists climbing up to panoramic views. Most are not aware of the Cloud Platform, which is easy to miss from both the ground and the viewpoints up the mountains.
454:
five languages, and summaries of the "Dharani-Sutra of the
Tathagata Heart" in two languages (see below for details). The sloping walls of the ceiling are decorated with the Buddhas of the Ten Directions, five on each side, with the space between them taken up with small images of the Thousand Buddhas of the present
647:
The
Tibetan, Mongolian and Uyghur versions of the "Record of Merits" are written over both the east and west walls, whereas the Chinese and Tangut versions are complete on the east wall, and the small script Chinese and Tangut inscriptions on the west wall are explanatory summaries in the Chinese and
453:
On the inner walls between the
Heavenly Kings are inscriptions of the Sanskrit text of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown" and the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart" in six different scripts, as well as translations of the "Record of Merits in the Construction of the Pagoda" in
260:
there was a fire, and the
Buddhist hall on top of the platform burnt down. The platform was not restored again, and by the time it was surveyed by a Japanese expedition in 1943 it was in a state of neglect and disrepair. In 1961 the platform was repaired, and the balustrades around the top were
277:
The Cloud
Platform is a rectangular structure, with sloping walls clad in white marble. The dimensions of the structure are 28.84 m × 17.57 m (94.6 ft × 57.6 ft) at the base and 24.04 m × 14.73 m (78.9 ft × 48.3 ft) at the top, and the
286:
at the base of each pillar, in total 54 small gargoyles around the edges and four large gargoyles at the corners. A passageway runs through the platform in a north–south orientation, with a semi-octagonal arch, 6.32 m (20.7 ft) wide and 7.27 m (23.9 ft) high, at either end.
190:
to commemorate the completion of the "crossing street tower" at
Juyongguan. However, the small Chinese inscription on the west wall of the platform is dated the 9th month of the 5th year of the Zhizheng era (1345), so the engravings and inscriptions must have taken two more years to complete.
626:
In addition to the two
Sanskrit dharani-sutras written in large characters in all six scripts, five of the scripts (not Lanydza) are used to write the "Record of Merits in the Construction of the Pagoda" in one of five different languages, in small characters:
813:
The summary of the "Dharani-Sutra of the
Tathagata Heart" in Chinese is concluded with an inscription specifying that it was written on an auspicious day of the 9th month of the 5th year of the Zhizheng era (1345) by a monk called Decheng
218:) on the rockface at Juyongguan. However, the inscriptions referred to here are probably not the inscriptions on the Cloud Platform, and so modern scholarship dates the construction of the Cloud Platform to 1342 or 1343.
124:
123:). The platform is renowned for its Buddhist carvings and for its Buddhist inscriptions in six languages. The Cloud Platform was the 98th site included in the first batch of 180
2584:
1900:
21:
830:. The Old Uyghur version of the "Record of Merits" is also concluded with a date, but it is now damaged, and all that can be made out is the Zhizheng era.
2554:
128:
324:
The ends of the inner walls are decorated with large images, 2.75 m × 3.65 m (9 ft 0 in × 12 ft 0 in), of the
302:, and was intended to bring blessings on those who passed through the passageway, and to protect the Yuan state and its capital from misfortune.
991:
922:
on the Cloud
Platform are referred to as being white in colour they were probably dagobas, similar in form to the Yuan dynasty white stupa at
2503:
1719:
1343:
1315:
294:
carvings of Buddhist images, as well as inscriptions of Buddhist texts in six different scripts. The Buddhist iconography is typical of the
2559:
2254:
1927:
699:
20 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
688:
20 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
1971:
721:
21 columns of vertical Chinese text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
997:
710:
27 columns of vertical Tangut text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
674:
2 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown")
805:
20 columns of vertical Chinese text in small characters (summary of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart" in Chinese language)
2599:
794:
13 columns of vertical Tangut text in small characters (summary of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart" in Tangut language)
780:
20 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
769:
19 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
2569:
2529:
2414:
1922:
148:
802:
21 columns of vertical Chinese text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
1907:
791:
26 columns of vertical Tangut text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
755:
3 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in large characters (transcription of the Sanskrit "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart")
1811:
1895:
2330:
2304:
1777:
2604:
2369:
1594:
1532:
1361:
935:
Only the first five of these six scripts were known to 19th century scholars. Although a Chinese scholar, Zhang Shu (
1712:
1336:
1284:
2487:
2247:
2117:
1980:
772:
14 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in small characters (Mongolian translation of the "Record of Merits", part 2)
953:), had correctly identified the Tangut inscription in 1804, this identification was not widely known, and in 1870
691:
8 columns of vertical 'Phags-pa text in small characters (Mongolian translation of the "Record of Merits", part 1)
368:
2335:
1842:
1295:
Chü-Yung-Kuan: The Buddhist Arch of the Fourteenth Century A.D. at the Pass of the Great Wall Northwest of Peking
783:
14 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in small characters (Uyghur translation of the "Record of Merits", part 2)
702:
13 columns of vertical Old Uyghur text in small characters (Uyghur translation of the "Record of Merits", part 1)
295:
305:
Both the north and the south arch have the same symmetrical decoration. On each side of each arch is a crossed
237:(1368–1644) two of the three dagobas on the platform had collapsed or had been dismantled. By the reign of the
2429:
2082:
1867:
1823:
1772:
936:
575:
341:
313:), above which is an elephant surmounted by a youth riding a mythical creature. At the peak of each arch is a
72:
758:
4 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in small characters (Tibetan translation of the "Record of Merits", part 2)
677:
4 lines of horizontal Tibetan text in small characters (Tibetan translation of the "Record of Merits", part 1)
2511:
2495:
2394:
2163:
2150:
1847:
1745:
290:
The edges of the arches on both sides, and the inner walls and ceilings of the passageway are decorated with
64:
2579:
2549:
2287:
2026:
1796:
1705:
1329:
954:
563:-sutras (a type of ritual incantation) in large characters, one dharani-sutra in each script on each wall:
198:(1613–1682) suggested that the construction of the Cloud Platform was begun in 1326, on the basis that the
2564:
2404:
2379:
2340:
2240:
2046:
1806:
1737:
569:
2374:
1932:
1762:
724:
21 columns of vertical Chinese text in small characters (Chinese translation of the "Record of Merits")
395:
105:. Although the structure looks like a gateway, it was originally the base for three white dagobas or
2574:
2479:
2434:
1942:
1801:
713:
11 columns of vertical Tangut text in small characters (Tangut translation of the "Record of Merits")
328:(also known as the four Deva Kings), each with various attendants, and treading on demons or ghosts:
247:). The restoration involved building a five-roomed wooden Buddhist hall, called the Tai'an Temple (
1961:
1937:
1767:
1545:
1001:
364:'Heavenly King who hears everything'), holding a parasol, on the north end of the west wall
278:
structure is 9.5 m (31 ft) in height. The top of the platform is surrounded by a marble
2594:
2449:
2444:
2168:
2036:
1857:
1852:
1818:
1068:
962:
2589:
2345:
2136:
2041:
1828:
863:
391:'Heavenly King who causes to grow'), holding a sword, on the south end of the east wall
1947:
1872:
1862:
1603:
877:
2516:
2459:
2439:
2384:
2294:
2004:
1991:
1755:
1519:
482:
The inscriptions on the inside walls of the platform are written in six different scripts:
449:'Heavenly King who sees all'), holding a serpent, on the south end of the west wall
8:
2389:
1782:
1624:
1352:
532:
528:
522:
463:
325:
94:
2199:
506:
291:
2263:
2143:
1912:
1565:
1473:
538:
518:
426:
98:
1275:
Li, Song (2006), "From the Northern Song to the Qing", in Howard, Angela Falco (ed.),
2364:
1454:
1280:
1237:
856:
844:
500:
238:
215:
109:, with a passage through it, a type of structure known as a "crossing street tower" (
965:(1844–1908) published a paper demonstrating conclusively that it was in fact Tangut.
333:
89:) is a mid-14th-century architectural feature situated in the Guangou Valley at the
2454:
2424:
2129:
2110:
1750:
1614:
1550:
542:
514:
299:
559:
Each of these six scripts is used to transcribe the Sanskrit text of two Buddhist
2419:
2399:
2299:
2277:
2205:
2103:
2068:
2031:
1879:
1833:
1787:
1560:
1369:
923:
737:
The inscriptions on the west inner wall of the passageway are laid out as below:
656:
The inscriptions on the east inner wall of the passageway are laid out as below:
552:
200:
2409:
2355:
2089:
2075:
1917:
1580:
1424:
958:
867:
749:
Top panel (0.40 m high): 4 lines of horizontal Lanydza text in large characters
668:
Top panel (0.40 m high): 4 lines of horizontal Lanydza text in large characters
496:
486:
257:
101:
of Beijing Municipality, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of central
777:
Vertical columns of Old Uyghur text running from left to right (1.50 m wide):
696:
Vertical columns of Old Uyghur text running from left to right (1.44 m wide):
155:, by imperial command. It was part of the Buddhist Yongming Baoxiang Temple (
2543:
2321:
2221:
2189:
1490:
1402:
1241:
766:
Vertical columns of 'Phags-pa text running from left to right (1.58 m wide):
685:
Vertical columns of 'Phags-pa text running from left to right (1.58 m wide):
548:
474:
36:
23:
763:
Bottom panel (1.55 m high) divided into four sections (from left to right):
682:
Bottom panel (1.55 m high) divided into four sections (from left to right):
225:
Stupa on top of an arch ("crossing street tower") that used to stand in the
2096:
1728:
1671:
1650:
1511:
1449:
1444:
1412:
799:
Vertical columns of Chinese text running from right to left (1.58 m wide):
718:
Vertical columns of Chinese text running from right to left (1.58 m wide):
455:
234:
226:
152:
1209:
Hardie, Peter (1978). "Review of "Chinese Ceramics from Datable Tombs" by
788:
Vertical columns of Tangut text running from right to left (1.72 m wide):
707:
Vertical columns of Tangut text running from right to left (1.73 m wide):
601:
567:
427:
396:
369:
334:
2282:
2062:
1495:
1485:
1478:
1434:
848:
510:
598:'Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown') on the east wall
269:
1635:
1387:
1210:
839:
279:
162:
90:
16:
Architectural feature at the Juyongguan Pass of the Great Wall of China
1697:
1321:
659:
2232:
2211:
1997:
1952:
1682:
1640:
740:
166:
1058:
169:(modern Beijing). The road from the capital to the summer capital,
139:
51:
2194:
1986:
1570:
1540:
1429:
1419:
1397:
1029:[Draft study of the Crossing Street Pagoda at Juyongguan].
490:
318:
283:
195:
125:
Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level
957:(1815–1887) mistakenly identified the inscription as being in the
221:
147:
The platform was built between 1342 and 1345, during the reign of
2216:
2184:
1439:
1407:
1392:
827:
648:
Tangut languages of the "Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart".
560:
459:
211:
170:
102:
1177:]. The Archaeological Team of Beijing. 1962. pp. 23–24.
622:'Dharani-Sutra of the Tathagata Heart') on the west wall
1575:
1555:
1310:
1152:[The Tangut text on the Cloud Platform at Juyongguan].
944:
911:
852:
640:
Chinese version of the "Record of Merits" in Chinese characters
634:
Mongolian version of the "Record of Merits" in 'Phags-pa script
583:
349:
314:
80:
915:
637:
Uyghur version of the "Record of Merits" in Old Uyghur script
306:
253:), on top of the platform, in place of the original dagobas.
187:
106:
1228:
Nie, Hongyin (1993). "Tangutology During the Past Decades".
273:
Deva King of the East on the east wall of the Cloud Platform
2158:
2123:
631:
Tibetan version of the "Record of Merits" in Tibetan script
419:
183:
143:
Semi-octagonal arch on the south side of the Cloud Platform
860:
inscribed in the same six scripts as at the Cloud platform
418:'Heavenly King who upholds the realm'), holding a
1165:
1163:
643:
Tangut version of the "Record of Merits" in Tangut script
1175:
Places of Historic Interest and Scenic Beauty in Beijing
2585:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing
1160:
458:. The flat ceiling at the top is decorated with five
176:
It is recorded that in 1343 the official Ouyang Xuan (
186:
of silver for writing dedicatory inscriptions on two
663:
Detail of inscription in large 'Phags-pa characters
1253:
1251:
2541:
1107:
1105:
1080:
1078:
1054:
1052:
1037:
744:Detail of inscription in large Tangut characters
214:in the language of the western barbarians (i.e.
1248:
1059:Song Guoxi (宋国熹); Meng Guangchen (孟广臣) (1993).
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1147:
1129:
256:In 1702, in the 41st year of the reign of the
204:records that a Uyghur official called Uduman (
2504:China University of Political Science and Law
2248:
1713:
1337:
1117:
1102:
1090:
1075:
1049:
1020:
1018:
905:
821:
815:
478:Elephant relief on the side of the south arch
248:
242:
205:
177:
156:
1928:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
872:Dharani-sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown
1181:
1024:
617:
593:
444:
413:
386:
359:
2555:Buildings and structures completed in 1345
2255:
2241:
1720:
1706:
1344:
1330:
1015:
317:catching a pair of half-human, half-snake
1297:, Kyoto University Faculty of Engineering
998:State Administration of Cultural Heritage
55:View of the Cloud Platform from the north
739:
658:
473:
268:
220:
138:
50:
1727:
1351:
1154:Journal of the Capital Museum (首都博物馆丛刊)
2542:
2530:Korean International School in Beijing
2262:
1923:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1292:
1257:
1208:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1096:
1084:
1043:
2236:
1701:
1325:
2560:Buildings and structures in Beijing
2532:was formerly in Changping district.
1227:
1065:Historical Anecdotes about Badaling
422:, on the north end of the east wall
13:
1274:
1196:
14:
2616:
1303:
961:, and it was not until 1899 that
367:Deva King of the South (Sanskrit
332:Deva King of the North (Sanskrit
2488:China Foreign Affairs University
2118:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
1981:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
1309:
425:Deva King of the West (Sanskrit
394:Deva King of the East (Sanskrit
1843:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
1221:
1202:
1141:
929:
469:
165:Pass northwest of the capital,
2600:Tourist attractions in Beijing
2415:Shisanling Jingqu (Ming Tombs)
1868:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
984:
949:
940:
906:
895:
822:
816:
612:
607:
603:Tathāgata-hṛdaya-dhāraṇī-sūtra
588:
579:
439:
434:
408:
403:
381:
376:
354:
345:
264:
249:
243:
206:
178:
157:
119:
114:
110:
85:
76:
68:
1:
2570:Chinese architectural history
2512:Beijing Huijia Private School
2496:China University of Petroleum
2151:The Story of the Western Wing
2022:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
1746:Division of the Mongol Empire
972:
589:Fódǐng Zūnshèng Tuóluóní Jīng
161:), which was situated at the
2027:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
1778:conquest of the Song dynasty
1316:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
1293:Murata, Jirō (村田治郎) (1957),
977:
752:Middle panel (0.55 m high):
732:
671:Middle panel (0.55 m high):
651:
61:Cloud Platform at Juyongguan
7:
2047:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
833:
602:
570:Uṣṇīṣa-vijaya-dhāraṇī-sūtra
568:
509:(created at the command of
428:
397:
370:
335:
10:
2621:
1933:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1812:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
1515:(Hebei/Shanxi border spur)
1267:
134:
2605:Yuan dynasty architecture
2525:
2480:Beijing Normal University
2472:
2354:
2320:
2313:
2305:Wonderland Amusement Park
2270:
2177:
2055:
2014:
1970:
1888:
1848:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1736:
1670:
1649:
1623:
1602:
1593:
1531:
1504:
1463:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1279:, Yale University Press,
993:国务院关于公布第一批全国重点文物保护单位名单的通知
884:inscribed in four scripts
820:) from the Baoji Temple (
282:, with marble dragonhead
194:The Qing Dynasty scholar
182:, 1283–1358) was paid 50
2527:This list is incomplete.
1962:Goryeo under Mongol rule
1768:Mongol conquest of China
1149:
1148:Shen Ping (沈平) (1990).
1026:
992:
910:could refer to either a
888:
2037:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1858:1344 Yellow River flood
1853:War of the Two Capitals
1763:Kublai Khan's campaigns
1523:("Southern Great Wall")
963:Stephen Wootton Bushell
2137:The Injustice to Dou E
2042:Temple of Azure Clouds
1972:Science and technology
1829:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
1773:anti-Mongol fortresses
864:Tangut dharani pillars
847:– a 1348 stele at the
745:
664:
613:Rúláixīn Tuóluóní Jīng
479:
274:
230:
144:
129:State Council of China
56:
2395:Huilongguan Dongdajie
1873:Battle of Lake Poyang
1863:Red Turban Rebellions
1025:Su Bai (宿白) (1964).
878:Yongning Temple Stele
743:
662:
477:
272:
224:
142:
127:as designated by the
54:
2517:Beijing Royal School
2295:Ming Tombs Reservoir
1520:Miaojiang Great Wall
1318:at Wikimedia Commons
1031:Cultural Relics (文物)
918:), but as the three
513:, and used to write
210:) was sent to carve
37:40.2890°N 116.0683°E
2580:Great Wall of China
2550:Buddhism in Beijing
2405:Shengming Kexueyuan
2380:Changping Xishankou
2056:Society and culture
1783:Battle of Xiangyang
1625:Western Han dynasty
1353:Great Wall of China
870:inscribed with the
551:(used to write the
533:Old Uyghur language
531:(used to write the
499:(used to write the
464:Five Dhyani Buddhas
326:Four Heavenly Kings
95:Great Wall of China
73:traditional Chinese
33: /
2565:Changping District
2375:Changping Dongguan
2264:Changping District
2144:The Orphan of Zhao
1913:Imperial Preceptor
1595:Other time periods
880:, 1413 stele with
851:with the Buddhist
746:
665:
539:Chinese characters
480:
382:Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng
275:
231:
145:
99:Changping District
65:simplified Chinese
57:
2537:
2536:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2468:
2467:
2435:Shahe Gaojiaoyuan
2230:
2229:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1676:
1655:
1629:
1608:
1589:
1588:
1524:
1516:
1482:
1467:
1416:
1381:
1314:Media related to
1277:Chinese Sculpture
1071:. pp. 72–73.
901:The Chinese term
882:Om mani padme hum
857:Om mani padme hum
845:Stele of Sulaiman
620:
596:
529:Old Uyghur script
447:
416:
389:
362:
239:Zhengtong Emperor
86:Jūyōngguān Yúntái
42:40.2890; 116.0683
2612:
2575:Pagodas in China
2507:Changping Campus
2506:
2498:
2490:
2483:Changping Campus
2482:
2318:
2317:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2200:ʼPhags-pa script
2130:The Chalk Circle
2111:Zhongyuan Yinyun
1998:Shiyi Dexiaofang
1756:Kaidu–Kublai war
1751:Toluid Civil War
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1674:
1653:
1627:
1615:Great Wall of Qi
1606:
1600:
1599:
1522:
1514:
1476:
1465:
1410:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1298:
1289:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1230:Monumenta Serica
1225:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1179:
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1100:
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1072:
1056:
1047:
1046:, pp. 22–23
1041:
1035:
1034:
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1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1000:. Archived from
988:
966:
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942:
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927:
909:
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874:in Tangut script
825:
824:
819:
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621:
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581:
573:
507:ʼPhags-pa script
501:Tibetan language
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440:Guǎngmù Tiānwáng
436:
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417:
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2521:
2464:
2450:Tiantongyuannan
2445:Tiantongyuanbei
2350:
2336:Changping North
2309:
2300:Qincheng Prison
2266:
2261:
2231:
2226:
2206:History of Yuan
2173:
2104:Wenxian Tongkao
2069:History of Liao
2051:
2032:Miaoying Temple
2010:
1966:
1884:
1880:Ispah rebellion
1732:
1726:
1696:
1687:
1666:
1645:
1619:
1585:
1527:
1500:
1459:
1370:Ming Great Wall
1364:
1355:
1350:
1306:
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1287:
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1256:
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1215:Museums Journal
1207:
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1095:
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1069:Guangming Daily
1057:
1050:
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1038:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1005:
994:
990:
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985:
980:
975:
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955:Alexander Wylie
934:
930:
924:Miaoying Temple
900:
896:
891:
868:dharani pillars
836:
735:
654:
553:Tangut language
541:(used to write
489:(used to write
472:
433:; Chinese:
409:Chíguó Tiānwáng
402:; Chinese:
375:; Chinese:
355:Duōwén Tiānwáng
267:
201:History of Yuan
149:Emperor Huizong
137:
131:in April 1961.
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2608:
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2595:Tibetan script
2592:
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2557:
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2499:Beijing campus
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2356:Beijing Subway
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2314:Transportation
2311:
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2297:
2292:
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2288:Cloud Platform
2280:
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2100:
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2090:Shilin Guangji
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2050:
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2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Zhongshu Sheng
1915:
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1668:
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1665:
1664:
1662:Cloud Platform
1658:
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1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1604:Warring States
1597:
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1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
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1537:
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1533:Nine Garrisons
1529:
1528:
1526:
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1517:
1508:
1506:
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1501:
1499:
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1384:
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1372:
1366:
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1360:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1305:
1304:External links
1302:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1285:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1220:
1211:Sir John Addis
1201:
1180:
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1140:
1128:
1116:
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1074:
1048:
1036:
1014:
982:
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968:
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959:Jurchen script
928:
893:
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890:
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886:
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842:
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811:
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610:; pinyin:
606:(Chinese:
599:
557:
556:
546:
536:
526:
504:
497:Tibetan script
494:
487:Lanydza script
471:
468:
451:
450:
437:; pinyin:
423:
406:; pinyin:
392:
379:; pinyin:
365:
266:
263:
258:Kangxi Emperor
136:
133:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
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2590:Tangut script
2588:
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2571:
2568:
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2329:
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2326:
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2322:China Railway
2319:
2316:
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2298:
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2239:
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2223:
2222:Northern Yuan
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Mongol Empire
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
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2148:
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2141:
2139:
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2127:
2126:
2125:
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2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
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2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
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2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
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1859:
1856:
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1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Java invasion
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
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1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
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1761:
1757:
1754:
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1748:
1747:
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1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:(202 BC–9 AD)
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1582:
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1534:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Pingxing Pass
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
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1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Huanghuacheng
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
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1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1286:9780300100655
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1260:, p. 134
1259:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1199:, p. 360
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1004:on 2012-06-09
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
964:
960:
956:
952:
946:
938:
932:
925:
921:
917:
914:or a dagoba (
913:
904:
898:
894:
883:
879:
876:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
858:
854:
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843:
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831:
829:
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720:
719:
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712:
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701:
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629:
628:
615:
604:
600:
591:
585:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
564:
562:
554:
550:
549:Tangut script
547:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
488:
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476:
467:
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461:
457:
442:
432:
430:
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384:
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366:
357:
351:
343:
339:
337:
331:
330:
329:
327:
322:
320:
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312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
271:
262:
259:
254:
240:
236:
233:By the early
228:
223:
219:
217:
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203:
202:
197:
192:
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185:
174:
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168:
164:
154:
150:
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
74:
66:
62:
53:
49:
46:
2491:Shahe Campus
2460:Zhuxinzhuang
2440:Tiantongyuan
2385:Gonghuacheng
2204:
2178:Other topics
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2097:Menggu Ziyun
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2021:
2015:Architecture
2003:
1996:
1979:
1729:Yuan dynasty
1672:Qing dynasty
1661:
1651:Yuan dynasty
1607:(475–221 BC)
1512:Niangzi Pass
1450:Shanhai Pass
1445:Huangya Pass
1413:Beijing Knot
1294:
1276:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1204:
1174:
1170:
1153:
1143:
1138:, p. 33
1131:
1126:, p. 30
1119:
1114:, p. 34
1099:, p. 22
1092:
1087:, p. 21
1064:
1060:
1039:
1030:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
986:
948:
931:
919:
902:
897:
881:
871:
855:
812:
736:
655:
646:
625:
611:
587:
558:
481:
470:Inscriptions
452:
438:
407:
380:
353:
323:
310:
304:
289:
276:
255:
235:Ming Dynasty
232:
227:Fahai Temple
199:
193:
175:
153:Yuan Dynasty
146:
118:
93:Pass of the
84:
60:
58:
18:
2390:Huilongguan
2341:Huangtudian
2283:Juyong Pass
2063:Yuan poetry
1901:family tree
1675:(1644-1912)
1654:(1271-1368)
1496:Juyong Pass
1486:Yanmen Pass
1479:New Guangwu
1464:Inner Wall
1435:Jinshanling
1378:Outer Wall
1258:Murata 1957
1236:: 329–347.
1156:(5): 91–94.
1136:Murata 1957
1124:Murata 1957
1112:Murata 1957
1097:Murata 1957
1085:Murata 1957
1044:Murata 1957
1033:(4): 13–29.
926:in Beijing.
866:– two 1502
849:Mogao Caves
511:Kublai Khan
398:Dhṛtarāṣṭra
265:Description
40: /
28:116°04′06″E
2544:Categories
1889:Government
1636:Yumen Pass
1388:Jiayu Pass
1008:2012-10-29
973:References
840:Mani stone
336:Vaiśravaṇa
311:viśvavajra
298:school of
292:bas-relief
280:balustrade
229:in Beijing
163:Juyongguan
91:Juyongguan
25:40°17′20″N
2473:Education
2370:Changping
2365:Beishaowa
2331:Changping
2271:Landmarks
2212:Khanbaliq
1953:Dpon-chen
1943:Manchuria
1908:Empresses
1683:Dajingmen
1641:Yang Pass
1425:Baimaguan
1242:0254-9948
1217:(78): 48.
1150:居庸关云台的西夏文
978:Citations
950:Zhāng Shù
733:West wall
652:East wall
519:Mongolian
429:Virūpākṣa
371:Virūḍhaka
284:gargoyles
97:, in the
2455:Yuzhi Lu
2425:Pingxifu
2358:stations
2324:stations
2278:Dingling
2195:Borjigin
2005:Nong Shu
1987:Jiaochao
1938:Mongolia
1896:Emperors
1797:Sakhalin
1541:Liaodong
1466:(W to E)
1430:Gubeikou
1420:Mutianyu
1398:Badaling
1380:(W to E)
1027:居庸关过街塔考稿
834:See also
580:佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經
491:Sanskrit
460:mandalas
319:nagaraja
212:dharanis
196:Gu Yanwu
120:Guòjiētǎ
2420:Nanshao
2400:Huoying
2217:Shangdu
2185:Mongols
2169:Fashion
1992:Coinage
1807:Vietnam
1738:History
1571:Ningxia
1561:Taiyuan
1474:Guangwu
1440:Simatai
1408:Jiankou
1393:Jumenbu
1362:History
1268:Sources
1197:Li 2006
1067:].
937:Chinese
828:Chengdu
608:如來心陀羅尼經
576:Chinese
561:dharani
543:Chinese
515:Chinese
462:of the
342:Chinese
216:Tibetan
171:Shangdu
151:of the
135:History
103:Beijing
2410:Longze
2346:Nankou
1731:topics
1576:Guyuan
1566:Yansui
1556:Datong
1551:Xuanfu
1455:Hushan
1283:
1240:
1171:北京名胜古迹
947::
945:pinyin
939::
912:pagoda
853:mantra
586::
584:pinyin
578::
523:Uyghur
352::
350:pinyin
344::
315:garuda
188:stelae
107:stupas
83::
81:pinyin
75::
67::
2430:Shahe
2164:Islam
1948:Tibet
1834:Pagan
1824:Burma
1802:Japan
1788:Yamen
1581:Gansu
1505:Other
1173:[
1063:[
1061:八达岭史话
916:stupa
889:Notes
826:) in
456:kalpa
307:vajra
296:Sakya
184:taels
158:永明寶相寺
77:居庸關雲臺
69:居庸关云台
2159:Semu
2124:Zaju
2083:Song
1281:ISBN
1238:ISSN
619:lit.
595:lit.
521:and
446:lit.
435:廣目天王
420:lute
415:lit.
404:持國天王
388:lit.
377:增長天王
361:lit.
346:多聞天王
167:Dadu
59:The
2076:Jin
1213:".
823:寶積寺
250:泰安寺
244:林普賢
207:兀都蠻
179:歐陽玄
115:過街塔
111:过街塔
2546::
1546:Ji
1250:^
1234:41
1232:.
1183:^
1162:^
1104:^
1077:^
1051:^
1017:^
996:.
943:;
941:张澍
920:tǎ
903:tǎ
817:德成
616:;
592:;
582:;
517:,
466:.
443:;
412:;
385:;
358:;
348:;
340:;
321:.
117:;
113:;
79:;
71:;
2256:e
2249:t
2242:v
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
1481:)
1477:(
1415:)
1411:(
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1244:.
1011:.
907:塔
814:(
574:(
555:)
545:)
535:)
525:)
503:)
493:)
309:(
63:(
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