417:, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. A wet-bulb temperature at 500 hPa in a tropical atmosphere of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F) is required to initiate convection if the water temperature is 26.5 °C (79.7 °F), and this temperature requirement increases or decreases proportionally by 1 °C in the sea surface temperature for each 1 °C change at 500 hpa. Under a cold cyclone, 500 hPa temperatures can fall as low as −30 °C (−22 °F), which can initiate convection even in the driest atmospheres. This also explains why moisture in the mid-levels of the
2776:
145:. The hypsometric equation dictates that colder atmospheres have less room between pressure surfaces, which corresponds to the concept of lower atmospheric thickness, and the thermal wind relation indicates that in this situation, the wind increases with height. It also means that an isolated pool of cold air aloft is associated with the feature. Because of its cold center, the center shows an area of thickness minimum. Since the temperature at any given radius is similar and parallel to the orientation of the pressure gradient, and therefore the
103:
2790:
1732:
122:
319:
22:
182:
168:
in association with cold lows occurs during the daylight hours as sunlight warms the Earth's surface, destabilizing the atmosphere and causing upward vertical motion. The development of severe weather, particularly tornadoes, can occur near the center of these systems over land during any season of
421:, roughly at the 500 hPa level, is normally a requirement for development. However, when dry air is found at the same height, temperatures at 500 hPa need to be even colder as dry atmospheres require a greater lapse rate for instability than moist atmospheres. At heights near the
361:
Trailing upper cyclones and upper troughs can cause additional outflow channels and aid in the intensification process of tropical cyclones. Developing tropical disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or upper lows in their wake due to the outflow
371:. Tropical cyclone movement can also be influenced by TUTT cells within 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) of their position, which can lead to non-climatological tracks, such as eastward movement within the tropics or westward movement in an area where the
366:
emanating from the developing tropical disturbance/cyclone. In the western North
Pacific, there are strong reciprocal relationships between the areas of formative tropical cyclones and that of the lower tropospheric monsoon troughs and the
169:
the year. During winter, when cold-core lows with temperatures in the mid-levels of the troposphere reach −45 °C (−49 °F) move over open waters, deep convection forms which allows
2287:
378:
Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) spanning through a depth of at least 50 metres (160 ft) is one of the six requirements needed to maintain the special
2282:
413:
At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this level, giving the air room to
276:
at higher latitudes, which leads to a slow poleward movement up the SST gradient. East coast lows can persist for up to a week. Some East coast lows develop rapidly, becoming
1126:
141:
Cold cyclones are stronger aloft than at the Earth's surface, or stronger in areas of the troposphere with lower pressures, per the thermal wind relationship and the
854:
1104:
2242:
2091:
1558:
1437:
95:. Cold lows can lead directly to the development of tropical cyclones, owing to their associated cold pool of air aloft or by acting as additional
1024:
1130:
2221:
1616:
514:
1673:
1565:
459:
394:
enough for convection. In a moist atmosphere, this lapse rate is 6.5 °C/km (19 °F/mi), while in an atmosphere with less than 100%
213:
are cold core lows. In the eastern half of the north
Pacific Ocean and north Indian Ocean, the formation of a weak circulation underneath a
684:
221:) is called a subtropical cyclone. In the case of the north Indian Ocean, the formation of this type of vortex leads to the onset of
2505:
1134:
57:
relationship. If a weak surface circulation forms in response to such a feature at subtropical latitudes of the eastern north
2821:
742:
692:
668:
425:, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).
296:
imagery. Upper-level lows are usually the cause of heavy rainfall and storms in southeastern
Australia, particularly during
1430:
1254:
759:
2478:
2471:
2404:
2358:
858:
2566:
2512:
1172:
368:
343:
214:
210:
2816:
1666:
497:
137:
atmosphere (b). The blue portion of the surface denotes a cold region while the orange portion denotes a warm region.
1898:
1800:
706:
355:
106:
An upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex in the western North
Pacific, showing high level cloud tops being sucked in.
2526:
2485:
1423:
894:
518:
463:
261:
911:
880:
571:
285:
153:
in nature. The movement of cold-core cyclones can be erratic since they are separated from the main belt of the
2519:
830:
803:
407:
386:
level, or 5.9 km) can lead to tropical cyclogenesis at lower water temperatures than normal, as a certain
956:"A Conceptual Model for the Influence of TUTT Cells on Tropical Cyclone Motion in the Northwest Pacific Ocean"
1150:
281:
288:
years. These systems can develop strong wind, heavy rains, waves over 10 metres (33 ft) in height, and
2424:
2303:
1877:
1761:
1659:
1304:
926:
544:
2630:
2612:
2214:
1631:
1003:
165:
1699:
1495:
1374:
1055:
1032:
2826:
2394:
2337:
92:
2780:
2112:
1905:
1856:
1234:
596:
522:
382:
that is the tropical cyclone. Cooler air temperatures at a higher altitude (e.g., at the 500
2694:
2399:
1849:
1814:
1807:
1720:
467:
233:
881:"A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs"
2635:
2589:
1239:
1229:
1165:
885:
808:
391:
658:
2580:
2105:
1926:
1891:
1754:
1475:
1446:
1224:
732:
403:
335:
313:
206:
96:
45:
aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's
25:
Image of an upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex in the western North
Pacific, a cold-core low
2704:
2450:
2126:
1842:
1821:
1096:
967:
898:
817:
782:
629:
559:
414:
257:
142:
592:
8:
2381:
2342:
2277:
2056:
1979:
1870:
1863:
1828:
1768:
1747:
1713:
1330:
1294:
1028:
351:
347:
327:
197:
66:
971:
902:
821:
633:
563:
2443:
1683:
1460:
1335:
1299:
1214:
1204:
934:
277:
1127:"Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes"
2831:
2699:
2459:
2063:
1835:
1775:
1480:
1350:
1309:
1219:
1189:
1158:
835:
738:
688:
664:
493:
395:
293:
2794:
2419:
2007:
1124:
975:
906:
825:
637:
567:
399:
398:, the required lapse rate is 9.8 °C/km (29 °F/mi). A recent example of a
309:
126:
930:
778:
53:. It is a low pressure system that strengthens with height in accordance with the
2119:
2014:
1993:
1951:
1706:
1544:
1345:
339:
284:
near
Australia, in years in transition between warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña)
176:
2196:
801:
2672:
2077:
2035:
2028:
2021:
1972:
1958:
1944:
1919:
1912:
1583:
269:
217:
which has cut off from the main belt of the westerlies during the cold season (
72:
1180:
999:
102:
21:
2810:
2597:
2247:
2042:
2000:
1986:
1793:
1621:
1590:
1340:
1284:
1092:
995:
980:
955:
839:
289:
265:
245:
232:
East coast lows form near and east of where a cold core low interacts with a
193:
69:. Cloud cover and rainfall mainly occurs with these systems during the day.
58:
50:
346:
are the main cause for the few tropical cyclones which develop north of the
2684:
2602:
2561:
2182:
2175:
2161:
2154:
2140:
2098:
2084:
2070:
2049:
1611:
1551:
1485:
116:
62:
54:
264:, which normally form in the months between October and April, are termed
181:
2742:
2662:
2556:
2409:
2272:
2189:
2168:
2147:
2133:
1965:
1884:
1289:
1264:
1185:
1125:
Dian J. Gaffen-Seidel; Rebecca J. Ross; James K. Angell (November 2000).
953:
763:
434:
418:
379:
273:
134:
46:
1131:
National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resources Laboratory
878:
710:
410:, which became a hurricane over waters at only 20 °C (68 °F).
79:, can occur near the center of cold-core lows. Cold lows can help spawn
2747:
2737:
2716:
2677:
2389:
2308:
1325:
1279:
1244:
422:
387:
372:
363:
331:
226:
186:
154:
150:
130:
297:
2711:
2667:
2647:
2363:
2252:
1490:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1249:
642:
617:
439:
253:
237:
170:
88:
1097:"Climate Variability of Tropical Cyclones: Past, Present and Future"
2732:
2625:
2620:
1731:
1626:
1502:
318:
202:
802:
Mark A. Lander; Eric J. Trehubenko; Charles P. Guard (June 1999).
2689:
2465:
1470:
1364:
1181:
222:
84:
80:
76:
42:
249:
218:
121:
954:
Jason E. Patla; Duane
Stevens; Gary M. Barnes (October 2009).
177:
Importance to cyclones within the subtropics and mid-latitudes
157:, which would otherwise steer them progressively to the east.
1465:
1209:
1076:
879:
Deborah Hanley; John
Molinari; Daniel Keyser (October 2001).
487:
161:
925:
779:"The Upper Tropospheric Circulation Over the Global Tropics"
656:
16:
Cyclone with an associated cold pool of air at high altitude
912:
10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2
572:
10.1175/1520-0469(1952)009<0024:eotksa>2.0.co;2
241:
146:
831:
10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1274:EHTCO>2.0.CO;2
660:
Polar lows: mesoscale weather systems in the polar regions
383:
512:
457:
709:. Center For Educational Technologies. Archived from
326:
The summer tropical upper tropospheric trough in the
280:. There is a 4.5 year cycle in the formation of
1105:
855:"Favorable trough interactions on tropical cyclones"
545:"Evolution of the Kona Storm, A Subtropical Cyclone"
1058:(Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center
730:
615:
303:
334:region of the east central Pacific and can cause
2808:
760:"Upper cold pool causes storms in the southeast"
2222:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
1000:"Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form?"
804:"Eastern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones of 1996"
737:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45.
402:that maintained itself over cooler waters was
1667:
1431:
1166:
1091:
1053:
994:
492:. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 59, 384–385.
776:
542:
1118:
1079:Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey
852:
757:
663:. Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
490:Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey
1674:
1660:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1173:
1159:
1085:
931:"2.5 Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortices"
390:is required to force the atmosphere to be
979:
910:
829:
641:
590:
2506:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1077:John M. Wallace; Peter V. Hobbs (1977).
1016:
872:
488:John M. Wallace; Peter V. Hobbs (1977).
317:
180:
120:
101:
99:channels to aid in further development.
20:
1681:
1022:
704:
657:Erik A. Rasmussen; John Turner (2003).
236:(SST) gradient along the east coast of
2809:
1081:. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 76–77.
618:"Tornadoes with Cold Core 500-mb Lows"
1655:
1419:
1154:
846:
513:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
458:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
1392:
1255:Tropical cyclones and climate change
919:
698:
616:Jonathan M. Davies (December 2006).
272:, they form in tandem with blocking
211:tropical upper tropospheric cyclones
2479:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2472:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2405:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2288:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
988:
677:
13:
2567:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
2513:Australian region tropical cyclone
1056:Hurricane Alex Discussion Number 4
1054:Richard Pasch (January 14, 2016).
369:tropical upper tropospheric trough
110:
14:
2843:
857:. Flhurricane.com. Archived from
2788:
2774:
1730:
758:Paul Graham (12 February 2008).
685:Climate Dynamics of the Tropics.
344:tropical upper tropospheric lows
268:. Not initially associated with
173:development to become possible.
2527:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
2486:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
1070:
1047:
947:
895:American Meteorological Society
853:Clark Evans (January 5, 2006).
795:
770:
751:
724:
519:American Meteorological Society
464:American Meteorological Society
304:Importance to tropical cyclones
262:East Coast of the United States
2520:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2283:Continental North Asian storms
777:James Sadler (November 1975).
650:
609:
584:
543:R. . Simpson (February 1952).
536:
506:
481:
451:
408:2016 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
445:
215:mid to upper-tropospheric low
2822:Tropical cyclone meteorology
2781:Tropical cyclones portal
1822:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1762:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1305:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
927:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
734:Climate process & change
731:Edward Arndt Bryant (1997).
7:
2631:Mesoscale convective vortex
2613:Mesoscale convective system
2215:List of European windstorms
1632:Pacific Northwest windstorm
1004:Hurricane Research Division
428:
322:Peaks of activity worldwide
10:
2848:
1023:Kushnir, Yochanan (2000).
695:. Retrieved on 2009-02-29.
342:. In the western Pacific,
307:
191:
125:The vertical variation of
114:
2768:
2725:
2655:
2646:
2611:
2588:
2579:
2544:
2495:
2433:
2418:
2395:Australian east coast Low
2380:
2351:
2338:Australian east coast low
2330:
2321:
2296:
2265:
2235:
2206:
1936:
1878:1992 New Year's Day Storm
1785:
1739:
1728:
1691:
1651:
1644:
1604:
1575:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1453:
1415:
1383:
1372:
1363:
1318:
1272:
1263:
1197:
2817:Meteorological phenomena
1906:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
1899:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1235:Annular tropical cyclone
981:10.1175/2009WAF2222181.1
597:National Weather Service
591:JetStream (2010-01-05).
133:atmosphere (a) and in a
2695:Multiple-vortex tornado
2134:Friederike (David) 2018
2127:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
1850:December 1981 windstorm
1808:North Sea flood of 1953
1721:Christmas Flood of 1717
960:Weather and Forecasting
622:Weather and Forecasting
234:sea surface temperature
65:oceans, it is called a
2636:Line echo wave pattern
2590:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2359:Southern Ocean cyclone
1447:Extratropical cyclones
1240:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1230:Central dense overcast
886:Monthly Weather Review
809:Monthly Weather Review
683:S. Hastenrath (1991).
552:Journal of Meteorology
323:
256:within a pre-existing
207:extratropical cyclones
189:
138:
107:
26:
2008:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
1871:Burns' Day storm 1990
1755:Night of the Big Wind
1476:Post-tropical cyclone
1225:Rapid intensification
336:tropical cyclogenesis
321:
314:Tropical cyclogenesis
260:. Those offshore the
258:area of high pressure
184:
124:
105:
24:
2795:Tornadoes portal
2705:Anticyclonic tornado
2673:Low-topped supercell
2451:Cape Verde hurricane
1843:Gale of January 1976
1025:"The Climate System"
783:University of Hawaii
278:meteorological bombs
143:hypsometric equation
2497:Southern Hemisphere
2435:Northern Hemisphere
2323:Southern Hemisphere
2278:Western Disturbance
2092:Thomas (Doris) 2017
1864:Great storm of 1987
1829:1968 Scotland storm
1769:Tay Bridge disaster
1748:Great Storm of 1824
1714:Great Storm of 1703
1684:European windstorms
1513:Northern Hemisphere
1331:South Atlantic High
1319:Southern Hemisphere
1295:North American High
1273:Northern Hemisphere
1029:Columbia University
972:2009WtFor..24.1215P
903:2001MWRv..129.2570H
861:on October 17, 2006
822:1999MWRv..127.1274L
634:2006WtFor..21.1051D
564:1952JAtS....9...24S
375:normally dominate.
352:160th meridian east
348:20th parallel north
328:Southern Hemisphere
198:Subtropical cyclone
67:subtropical cyclone
33:, also known as an
2444:Atlantic hurricane
2400:Lake Huron cyclone
1461:Anticyclonic storm
1336:South Pacific High
1300:North Pacific High
1215:High-pressure area
1205:Anticyclonic storm
935:United States Navy
687:Springer, pp 244.
324:
190:
139:
108:
27:
2804:
2803:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2700:Satellite tornado
2575:
2574:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2460:Pacific hurricane
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2317:
2316:
2261:
2260:
2231:
2230:
1776:Eyemouth disaster
1692:14th-18th century
1640:
1639:
1600:
1599:
1481:Low-pressure area
1359:
1358:
1351:Subtropical ridge
1310:Subtropical ridge
1220:Low-pressure area
1190:Centers of action
1107:. pp. 220–41
744:978-0-521-48440-4
693:978-0-7923-1346-5
670:978-0-521-62430-5
396:relative humidity
294:weather satellite
225:rains during the
185:November 4, 1995
87:impacts, such as
83:with significant
51:frontal structure
39:cold-core cyclone
2839:
2827:Types of cyclone
2793:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2653:
2652:
2586:
2585:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2343:Black nor'easter
2328:
2327:
2324:
2243:Black Sea storms
2224:
2217:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1885:Braer Storm 1993
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1734:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1686:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1593:
1586:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1326:South Polar High
1280:North Polar High
1270:
1269:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1133:. Archived from
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
992:
986:
985:
983:
966:(5): 1215–1235.
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
923:
917:
916:
914:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
850:
844:
843:
833:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
774:
768:
767:
755:
749:
748:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
705:Storm-E (2007).
702:
696:
681:
675:
674:
654:
648:
647:
645:
643:10.1175/WAF967.1
628:(6): 1051–1062.
613:
607:
606:
604:
603:
588:
582:
581:
579:
578:
549:
540:
534:
533:
531:
530:
521:. Archived from
510:
504:
503:
485:
479:
478:
476:
475:
466:. Archived from
455:
400:tropical cyclone
350:and east of the
310:Tropical cyclone
127:geostrophic wind
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2775:
2773:
2752:
2721:
2642:
2607:
2571:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2458:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2422:
2414:
2368:
2347:
2322:
2313:
2292:
2257:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:Burchardi flood
1705:
1700:Grote Mandrenke
1698:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1636:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1559:Great basin low
1557:
1550:
1545:Alberta clipper
1543:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1449:
1444:
1411:
1407:South Polar low
1402:North Polar low
1384:
1373:
1355:
1346:Australian High
1314:
1259:
1193:
1179:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1006:
993:
989:
952:
948:
939:
937:
924:
920:
877:
873:
864:
862:
851:
847:
800:
796:
787:
785:
775:
771:
756:
752:
745:
729:
725:
716:
714:
703:
699:
682:
678:
671:
655:
651:
614:
610:
601:
599:
593:"Glossary: C's"
589:
585:
576:
574:
547:
541:
537:
528:
526:
511:
507:
500:
486:
482:
473:
471:
456:
452:
448:
431:
340:Central America
316:
306:
282:East coast lows
200:
179:
119:
113:
111:Characteristics
93:Kármán vortices
35:upper level low
17:
12:
11:
5:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2064:Christina 2014
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1836:Quimburga 1972
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1584:Panhandle hook
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1375:Synoptic scale
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1188:of the world (
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1137:on May 8, 2006
1117:
1084:
1069:
1046:
1035:on 20 May 2020
1015:
987:
946:
918:
871:
845:
794:
769:
750:
743:
723:
697:
676:
669:
649:
608:
583:
535:
505:
498:
480:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
430:
427:
330:lies over the
305:
302:
270:weather fronts
178:
175:
112:
109:
73:Severe weather
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2844:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Catalina eddy
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Cold-core low
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Icelandic Low
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1591:November gale
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:North America
1519:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:Surface-based
1382:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Kalahari High
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Siberian High
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Chris Landsea
1088:
1080:
1073:
1057:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:Chris Landsea
991:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
936:
932:
928:
922:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:
882:
875:
860:
856:
849:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
798:
784:
780:
773:
765:
761:
754:
746:
740:
736:
735:
727:
713:on 2007-06-26
712:
708:
707:"Nor'easters"
701:
694:
690:
686:
680:
672:
666:
662:
661:
653:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
598:
594:
587:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
546:
539:
525:on 2011-05-14
524:
520:
516:
509:
501:
499:0-12-732950-1
495:
491:
484:
470:on 2011-05-14
469:
465:
461:
454:
450:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
320:
315:
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:North America
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
188:
183:
174:
172:
167:
166:precipitation
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:cold-core low
23:
19:
2786:
2772:
2685:Funnel cloud
2603:Haida Eddies
2562:Polar vortex
2551:
2120:Herwart 2017
2113:Ophelia 2017
2036:St Jude 2013
2015:Joachim 2011
1994:Xynthia 2010
1952:Jeanett 2002
1937:21st century
1857:Charley 1986
1794:Ulysses 1903
1786:20th century
1740:19th century
1617:Hatteras low
1612:Aleutian Low
1552:Colorado low
1486:Weather bomb
1186:anticyclones
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1100:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1049:
1039:24 September
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
990:
963:
959:
949:
938:. Retrieved
921:
890:
884:
874:
863:. Retrieved
859:the original
848:
813:
807:
797:
786:. Retrieved
772:
753:
733:
726:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
700:
679:
659:
652:
625:
621:
611:
600:. Retrieved
586:
575:. Retrieved
555:
551:
538:
527:. Retrieved
523:the original
515:"Barotropic"
508:
489:
483:
472:. Retrieved
468:the original
453:
412:
377:
360:
325:
292:features on
274:anticyclones
231:
201:
159:
140:
117:Thermal wind
71:
55:thermal wind
49:, without a
38:
34:
30:
28:
18:
2743:Steam devil
2663:Mesocyclone
2557:Cut-off low
2545:Upper level
2382:Subtropical
2352:Other areas
2297:Other areas
2273:Asiatic Low
2197:Ciarán 2023
2183:Larisa 2023
2176:Eunice 2022
2162:Aurore 2021
2155:Dennis 2020
2141:Adrian 2018
2106:Xavier 2017
2078:Niklas 2015
2029:Andrea 2012
2022:Dagmar 2011
1973:Kyrill 2007
1959:Gudrun 2005
1945:Oratia 2000
1927:Martin 1999
1920:Lothar 1999
1913:Anatol 1999
1815:Debbie 1961
1801:Iberia 1941
1566:Bighorn Low
1537:Lee Cyclone
1530:Continental
1290:Azores High
1265:Anticyclone
1062:January 14,
897:: 2570–84.
816:(6): 1274.
764:Weatherzone
435:Cut-off low
419:troposphere
380:mesocyclone
266:nor'easters
248:, southern
47:troposphere
2811:Categories
2748:Fire whirl
2738:Dust devil
2717:Waterspout
2678:Wall cloud
2390:Kona storm
2309:Kona storm
2190:Babet 2023
2169:Malik 2022
2148:Ciara 2020
2043:Xaver 2013
2001:Berit 2011
1987:Klaus 2009
1622:Nor'easter
1245:Superstorm
1141:2006-10-19
1111:2006-10-19
1009:2011-01-27
940:2009-04-24
865:2006-10-20
788:2009-12-23
717:2008-01-22
602:2010-05-28
577:2010-05-28
529:2010-05-02
474:2010-05-02
460:"Cold low"
446:References
423:tropopause
388:lapse rate
373:Westerlies
364:jet stream
332:trade wind
308:See also:
240:, such as
238:continents
227:wet season
194:Nor'easter
192:See also:
164:cover and
155:Westerlies
151:barotropic
135:baroclinic
131:barotropic
115:See also:
89:polar lows
75:, such as
2712:Landspout
2668:Supercell
2648:Whirlwind
2581:Mesoscale
2364:Sudestada
2331:Australia
2253:Genoa low
2099:Zeus 2017
2085:Egon 2017
2071:Tini 2014
2057:Anne 2014
2050:Dirk 2013
1980:Emma 2008
1892:Lili 1996
1491:Sting jet
1250:Hypercane
840:1520-0493
558:(1): 24.
440:Cold pool
338:offshore
254:Australia
203:Kona lows
171:polar low
77:tornadoes
61:or north
2832:Vortices
2733:Gustnado
2626:Mesohigh
2621:Wake Low
2420:Tropical
2207:See also
1966:Per 2007
1627:Gulf low
1503:Rainband
1454:Concepts
1198:Concepts
1182:Cyclones
1095:(2000).
998:(2011).
929:(2010).
429:See also
415:wet-bulb
392:unstable
358:events.
187:Kona Low
149:, it is
81:cyclones
2690:Tornado
2466:Typhoon
2425:Outline
2410:Thermal
1605:Oceanic
1471:Cyclone
1365:Cyclone
968:Bibcode
899:Bibcode
818:Bibcode
630:Bibcode
560:Bibcode
406:of the
356:La Niña
354:during
300:years.
298:La Niña
223:monsoon
205:, most
97:outflow
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