31:
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nice qualifications'. By 'refraining from defining any limitation on the freedom guaranteed by s.92 ... they ... passed to the courts the task of defining what aspects of inter-state trade were excluded from legislative or executive control or regulation'. This, the court noted, had resulted in a variety of legal propositions having arisen historically.
176:
interpretation of the section was abandoned in a unanimous joint judgement. Prior to Cole v
Whitfield, s.92 was the most litigated section in the Constitution, bringing over 140 cases before the courts. This was partially the consequence of inconsistent and confusing jurisprudence under the previous
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The court rejected s.92 jurisprudence made in earlier cases. The difficulty of s.92 jurisprudence, the court noted, flowed 'from its origin as a rallying call for federationists who wanted to be rid of discriminatory burdens and benefits in trade, and who would not suffer that call to be muffled by
209:
Whitfield and his company imported some crayfishes from South
Australia for reselling, which were undersized under Tasmanian regulations. Cole, a Fisheries Inspector, charged Whitfield with a breach of the regulations. Whitfield pleaded not guilty and argued that section 92 protected the freedom of
337:
Coper, Michael, Betfair Pty Ltd v
Western Australia and the New Jurisprudence of Section 92 (October 16, 2013). Invited paper originally given at the 2009 UNSW Constitutional Law Conference., ANU College of Law Research Paper No. 13-17, Available at SSRN:
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Where a law creates a discriminatory and protectionist burden on interstate trade and commerce and is not pursuant or incidental to a non-protectionist purpose, it will be in breach of
Section 92 of the Australian Constitution.
521:
198:, but the fish were purchased in South Australia and shipped to Tasmania. Under South Australian state's law, the fish that he purchased were of a lawful size, but under Tasmanian laws, they were undersize. The
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The court examined the purpose of the
Tasmanian laws, and found that as they were aimed at conservation; the laws were not protectionist. Therefore, the laws were not found to be in breach of s.92.
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interpretive approach, as was acknowledged by the joint judgement. The case largely settled s.92 jurisprudence, with the section only being infrequently the subject of litigation since.
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The Court decided that s.92's effect on interstate trade and commerce, was only to make it immune from 'discriminatory burdens of a protectionist kind'.
202:, empowered the Governor of Tasmania to make regulations relating to a number of subjects, one of which was the classification of undersized fish. The
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Cullen, Richard, Section 92: Quo Vadis (September 12, 2012). University of
Western Australia Law Review, Vol. 19, pp. 20, 1989, Available at SSRN:
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The court decided that s.92 prohibits burdens upon interstate trade, commerce, and intercourse of a 'protectionist kind'. The previously applied
168:... trade, commerce, and intercourse among the States, whether by means of internal carriage or ocean navigation, shall be absolutely free.
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outlawed catching male crayfish less than 11 cm (110 mm) and female crayfish less than 10.5 cm (105 mm) in length.
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his interstate trade. The magistrate dismissed the complaint. Cole appealed to the
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Whitfield was a crayfish trader charged with the unlawful possession of undersized
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Freedom of interstate trade and commerce in the
Australian Constitution cases
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30:
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140:(per Mason CJ, Wilson, Brennan, Deane, Dawson, Toohey & Gaudron JJ)
487:(6 ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 1206–1214.
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Blackshield and
Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory
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314:"Cole v Whitfield [1988] HCA 18 - BarNet Jade"
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79:Court of Petty Sessions (Tas) September 1986
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29:
456:Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia
245:Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia
483:; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2014).
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164:, a provision which relevantly states:
156:. At issue was the interpretation of
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16:Australian constitutional law case
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251:Bath v Alston Holdings Pty Ltd
204:Sea Fisheries Regulations 1962
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517:Australian constitutional law
512:High Court of Australia cases
437: at para. 20, (1988) 165
413: at para. 19, (1988) 165
389: at para. 24, (1988) 165
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239:Australian constitutional law
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467:436 (7 February 1990),
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212:Supreme Court of Tasmania
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162:Australian Constitution
154:High Court of Australia
152:, is a decision of the
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42:High Court of Australia
532:1988 in Australian law
441:360 (2 May 1988),
417:360 (2 May 1988),
393:360 (2 May 1988),
373:1962 Tas reg 31(1)(d).
283:360 (2 May 1988),
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435:[1988] HCA 18
411:[1988] HCA 18
387:[1988] HCA 18
277:[1988] HCA 18
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60:[1988] HCA 18
461:[1990] HCA 1
355:Fisheries Act 1959
200:Fisheries Act 1959
494:978-1-86287-918-8
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527:1988 in case law
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481:Williams, George
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84:Court membership
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24:Cole v Whitfield
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71:Case history
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445:(Australia)
421:(Australia)
397:(Australia)
506:Categories
469:High Court
443:High Court
419:High Court
395:High Court
285:High Court
257:References
181:Background
158:section 92
51:2 May 1988
66: 360
56:Citations
359:s 9
233:See also
218:Decision
196:Tasmania
192:crayfish
344:2340894
323:15 June
318:jade.io
302:2145209
160:of the
120:Gaudron
104:Brennan
48:Decided
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116:Toohey
112:Dawson
100:Wilson
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186:Facts
135:(7:0)
108:Deane
93:Mason
38:Court
489:ISBN
340:SSRN
325:2022
298:SSRN
118:and
465:CLR
439:CLR
415:CLR
391:CLR
281:CLR
64:CLR
508::
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265:^
123:JJ
114:,
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96:CJ
497:.
361:.
327:.
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