Constitution of Australia

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references to "Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom". Considering the emergence of a separate Australian monarchy, on one view the plain reading of this section suggests that it ensures that whoever is the monarch of the UK is automatically the monarch of Australia as well. However, other academics have suggested that this clause merely ensures that references to "the Queen" are not restricted to whoever was the monarch at the time of the enactment (i.e. Queen Victoria) and extends the meaning of the phrase to whoever is the currently lawful monarch under Australian succession law. As these laws are not automatically the same as those of the UK, it is theoretically possible for the separate people to be monarch of the UK and Australia via either of the countries passing diverging succession legislation. As such, to ensure that both positions are held by the same person, any succession laws must be changed in each Commonwealth realm, as was done most recently following the

4156: at para 36, (2013) 252 CLR 530, 554 "hat the Constitution protects is not a personal right. A legislative prohibition or restriction on the freedom is not to be understood as affecting a person's right or freedom to engage in political communication, but as affecting communication on those subjects more generally. The freedom is to be understood as addressed to legislative power, not rights, and as effecting a restriction on that power. Thus the question is not whether a person is limited in the way that he or she can express himself or herself, although identification of that limiting effect may be necessary to an understanding of the operation of a statutory provision upon the freedom more generally. The central question is: how does the impugned law affect the freedom?" 1251: 2791:. The Australian Constitution, in contrast, barely pierces the national consciousness, with one survey in 2015 finding that over a third of Australians had not heard of it. Unlike the US constitution, which through the words "We the People" describes itself as an expression of the national will, the Australian Constitution is contained within an act passed by the United Kingdom and its authority is described as deriving from the consent of the Queen and the UK Parliament. Additionally, it contains no explicit statement of values, aspirations or rights nor does it describe an "objective order of values", as in the 2696:, was heavily criticised by the Labor party, Indigenous leaders and the wider public. A modified version was released one day before the passage of legislation that authorised the 1999 referendum. This proposal was again opposed by the Labor party and was eventually defeated with a 60% no vote. While debate around the preamble was minor compared with the debate around the republic, concerns were raised by opponents about the justiciability of the preamble, especially by those that opposed the inclusion of human rights guarantees in the document and by those who felt the court had become unduly " 31: 2117: 495: 1792: 2740:

states. At the same time, a limitation on including all Indigenous Australians in population counts for constitutional purposes was removed, which in 1967 was relevant only to section 24. Since those reforms, other proposals have emerged. Guaranteed parliamentary representatives, a constitutionally recognised voice, and an inclusion of Indigenous Australians in a preamble to the Constitution are all proposals that have been made to reform the Australian Constitution to recognise Indigenous Australians.

335: 2370:. Additionally, the Governor-General Sir John Kerr argued that Gough Whitlam had broken an alleged convention that a prime minister who cannot obtain supply must either request that the Governor-General call a general election, or resign. This view remains controversial, with no consensus amongst legal experts as to whether this convention exists. While the convention that a prime minister must have the confidence of the House of Representatives to govern is accepted as a principle of 500: 2821: 1829: 2807: 1148: 293: 3343:

it in many respects with great fidelity, in one respect the Constitution of our Commonwealth was bound to depart altogether from its prototype. It is not a supreme law purporting to obtain its force from the direct expression of a people's inherent authority to constitute a government. It is a statute of the British Parliament enacted in the exercise of its legal sovereignty over the law everywhere in the King's Dominions.

2680:. Since the 1980s, there has been in increasing calls to change or replace this preamble. Despite receiving several submission, the 1988 Constitutional Commission rejected such a change due to the difficulty of drafting a proposal that would be accepted by all Australians and recognise Indigenous Australians, as well as their view that such a change should not be done unless the entire constitution was rewritten. 2175:

territory to the Commonwealth, section 114 forbids states to raise military forces without Commonwealth permission, and also forbids the Commonwealth to tax property of a state government and the reverse. Section 116 forbids the Commonwealth to establish a national religion, to impose any religious observance or prohibit the free exercise of any religion, or to impose a religious test for office.

1764:. Additionally, the restriction went against plans to create a new court of appeal for the whole empire. Following the amendment, restrictions on Privy Council appeals for some constitutional cases remained, with any further restrictions on appeals imposed by the Australian Parliament required to be "reserved for Her Majesty's Pleasure", meaning subject to approval by the UK government. 2314:: meaning to act without advice, and according to their own discretion. Two common example of these powers is the power to appoint the prime minister (the choice usually limited to the person who can command the confidence of the lower house) and the discretion to refuse to grant an early election. The most famous example of the use of the reserve powers 1718:, but these meetings lacked popular support. An additional problem was that this draft constitution sidestepped some critical issues like tariff policy. The 1891 draft was submitted to colonial parliaments; however, it lapsed in New South Wales. After that event other colonies were unwilling to proceed. 2430:

in elections. Both doctrines are born of the section 7 and section 24 requirements that representatives in Australia's houses of parliament be "directly chosen by the people". These implications, which limit Commonwealth legislative power, have been characterised as "freedoms" or "guarantees" instead

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Under traditional legal theory, the Constitution is binding by virtue of the UK parliament's paramount authority over Australian law; however, various members of the High Court and some academics have expressed the view that the Constitution now derives its legal authority from the Australian people.

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from the High Court remained. Several colonial chief justices and other conservative and financial interests had called for amendments to be made in London, with the British government also objecting to the proposed bill. Businessmen feared that an Australian court would be unduly influenced by local

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The framers of our own Federal Commonwealth Constitution (who were for the most part lawyers) found the American instrument of government an incomparable model. They could not escape from its fascination. Its contemplation damped the smouldering fires of their originality. But, although they copied

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reinforced the work of the Referendum Council, rejecting the idea of merely symbolic recognition, supporting a voice co-designed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, "using the language of listening and empowerment". The Labor Party has supported a voice enshrined in the Constitution for

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Section 9 contains the Constitution itself. Since the Constitution itself is divided into sections, sections 1 to 8 of the Act have come to be known for convenience as the "covering clauses". The second covering clause is interpretive, specifying that throughout the Act references to "the Queen" are

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This low success rate reflects a reluctance of Australian voters to approve changes, rather than the onerous requirements of section 128; only 3 of the 36 failed referendums received a national majority of votes without a majority of states. All but one of the successful referendums also received a

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sets up the judicial branch. Commonwealth judicial power is vested in a federal supreme court to be called the High Court of Australia. The Parliament is authorised to create federal courts, and to vest the exercise of federal judicial power within the courts of the states. Section 74 (now defunct)

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Each electorate of the House of Representatives is apportioned equally by population, whereas senators are allocated unevenly between "original states", the territories, and future states (of which none presently exist). The House of Representatives is required to have twice as many members as the

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Since 1910, there have been calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians. In 1967, the Constitution was amended providing the Commonwealth with the power to legislate for all Indigenous Australians by removing the restriction preventing the Commonwealth from legislating in

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WHEREAS the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution

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In 1895, the six premiers of the Australian colonies agreed to establish a new convention by popular vote. The convention met over the course of a year from 1897 to 1898. The meetings produced a new draft which contained substantially the same principles of government as the 1891 draft, but with

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that the governor-general may only appoint as prime minister a member with the support of the majority of the House of Representatives follows from the requirement that ministers must sit in Parliament and money cannot be spent by the executive government unless authorised by law (passed by the

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was established. It arose out of a fear of the growing presence of German and French colonies in the Pacific, and a growing Australian identity. The council could legislate on certain subjects but did not have a permanent secretariat, an executive, or independent source of revenue. Perhaps most

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contains provisions dealing with the states and their role in the federal system. Sections 106–108 preserve the powers of the states, section 109 provides that Commonwealth legislation prevails over that of a state to the extent of any inconsistency. Section 111 provides for surrender of state

2020:

The Constitution is divided into eight chapters, collectively containing 128 sections. The first three chapters state the respective powers of the legislature, executive, and judiciary. This split into three chapters has been interpreted by the High Court (most notably in the landmark

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In the first decades after Federation, before Australia's constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom had been clarified, two serious attempts were made to amend the constitution via a British act of Parliament, in order to circumvent the referendum provisions of section 128:

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that require the governor-general to act on the advice of ministers and the existence of cabinet and the prime minister. This was intentional on the part of the framers of the constitution, however the High Court has found these principles arise as a matter of implication.

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sought to amend the Constitution to allow for the constitutionally required federal election to be postponed, thereby extending the term of his government. The House of Representatives passed a motion by 34 votes to 17 calling on the British Parliament to amend the

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implement fixed four-year terms for both the Senate and the House of Representatives (as a change from the current fixed six-year term for senators, with half elected each three years, and an unfixed maximum three-year term for members of

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allows for the establishment or admission of new states, and allows Parliament to provide for representation of the territories. It also provides that state boundaries must require the consent of a state before alteration by referendum.

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Political movements to federate the Australian colonies grew to prominence in the mid 19th century. Multiple motivations existed for increased political co-operation between the colonies; including a desire to regulate inter-colonial

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Multiple ongoing debates exist regarding changes to the Australian Constitution. These include debates on the inclusion of a preamble, proposals for an Australian republic, and formal recognition of Indigenous Australians through a

2010:

Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1990:

contains a preamble. It does not discuss Western Australia due to the late date which it agreed to join Federation. The preamble names all states except Western Australia, mentions God and recognises that the Australian people have

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a long time, and so have many of Australia's left-leaning minor parties. However, many right-wing and regional groups opposed the change. A referendum to prescribe a Voice to Parliament in the constitution failed in 2023.

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and is to act with its advice. The governor-general is empowered to appoint and dismiss ministers, and is the Commander-in-Chief of the Australian armed forces. However, the Constitution does not set out explicitly the

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Following this, the 1998 Constitution Convention recommended the inclusion of a new preamble, alongside their recommendation that Australia become a republic. However, this recommendation was ultimately taken up by a

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The Constitution also contains a schedule setting out the wording of the oath and affirmation of allegiance. Under section 42, parliamentarians are required to take this oath or affirmation before taking their seat.

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Specifically those "arising, as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional powers of the Commonwealth and those of any State or States, or as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional powers of any two or more

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By the 1891 conference the federalist cause gained momentum. Discussion turned to what the proper system of federal government ought to be. A draft constitution was drawn up at the conference under the guidance of

6307: 3553: 2358:). This crisis arose due to the breach of the convention that, in the event of a Senate vacancy, the state government would nominate a replacement from the same political party. This convention was broken by the 6312: 2230:

is a single section providing for amendments. It prescribes that alterations may only occur through a referendum bill being approved at a national referendum. A national referendum under this section requires a

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of the prime minister. Despite not being present explicitly in the Constitution, they are understood by the High Court to be incorporated by implication within the document. For example, the convention under

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Chapter VII: Miscellaneous contains provisions on varied topics. Section 125 establishes Melbourne as the nation's temporary capital, while providing for the eventual capital to be established within

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In November 1999 a referendum was held as to whether the Queen and the Governor-General ought be removed from the Constitution, to be replaced with a President. The referendum rejected the change.

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was involved in early discussions about Federation and attended the first convention in 1891; however, they remained hesitant about the idea and did not formally participate in later conventions.

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are made by prime ministers, ministers and parliamentary secretaries upon appointment to their office. The wording of these oaths are not set by statute and are set by the government of the day.

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is notable for prescribing "absolutely free" trade and commerce between the states. Section 96 allows the Commonwealth to make grants on terms determined by Parliament. Section 101 sets up an

8557: 1631:: a nationwide majority as well as a majority of voters in a majority of states. Only eight of the 45 proposed amendments put to a referendum have passed. Proposals to amend the document to 6885: 3166: 1802:

At Federation, six British colonies became a single federated nation. Some British Imperial laws remained in force, together with those of the Australian colonies although, according to

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To ensure popular support, the 1898 draft was presented to the electors of each colony. After one failed attempt, an amended draft was submitted to the electors of each colony except

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The High Court is responsible for interpreting the Constitution. The legal doctrines historically applied by the court its process have varied. Some such doctrines have included the

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Other matters dealt within the chapter include eligibility issues for voting or standing in elections; and miscellaneous matters regarding parliamentary procedures and allowances.

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Forty-five proposals to amend the Constitution have been voted on at referendums, only eight of which have been approved. The eight proposals that have been approved are:

5196: 2156: 3545: 3912: 3504: 2506: – inserted section 105A to ensure the constitutional validity of the financial agreement reached between the Commonwealth and state governments in 1927. 6947: 4827: 2950:

It has also been suggested that section 15 of the Australia Act allows amendment of the Constitution through the consent of the Commonwealth and all state parliaments.

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in which the state voted to secede from the rest of Australia, the results of which were rejected by the Federal Government. The petition, presented by former premier

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senate. Chapter I also defines the role of the monarch in relation to the Parliament, although the monarch's own powers over legislation are now regarded as defunct.

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Some relevant powers of the governor-general are provided here: to summon, prorogue or dissolve the Parliament, and to give or refuse royal assent to federal bills.

2050:. It provides for the number of representatives to attend each body, and provides that the representatives attending both must be chosen directly by the electorate. 2297:

as head of a Cabinet composed of senior ministers. Another is that the governor-general in exercising executive powers must in almost all circumstances act on the

5160: 2261:, do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Her heirs and successors according to law. SO HELP ME GOD! ... (NOTE— 7203: 5543: 2870: 1912: 1222: 926: 2431:

of "implied rights" meaning that they are directed to limiting government power (instead of guaranteeing access) and do not apply between individuals. However,

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The Constitution is often described as "virtually invisible" within Australian culture and mainstream political discourse. It is especially compared to the

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Until such a position is formally taken by a clear majority of the High Court ... it is submitted that traditional legal principles should be followed.

3202:"How much British legislation, if any, still applies to Australia either federally or at a state level? How does it get changed if it does still apply?" 2760:

Alongside support for an Australian republic and the Voice to Parliament, the 2023 National Parliament for the Labor Party also supports amendments to:

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In point of practice the real and administrative legislative independence of Australia has never been challenged, since the Commonwealth was created.

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While normally the governor-general may only act according to advice given by ministers, in certain circumstances the governor-general may exercise

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The name of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the time being is to be substituted from time to time.

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The power of the British Imperial Parliament to legislate with effect in Australian federal law was restricted by the UK's passage in 1931 of the

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Hughes had already secured the support of the British Government for his tactic. However, the equivalent motion in the Senate was defeated after

711: 701: 4590: 4548: 3114:"Queen Victoria signed the Australian Constitution Act in July 1900. So why weren't we officially Australia then? What did the proclamation do?" 2423: 8614: 6932: 6297: 6287: 2573:

majority in each of the states, with exception of the 1910 State Debts referendum which succeeded despite a no vote of 66% in New South Wales.

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still existed for certain court cases. These remaining constitutional links to the United Kingdom were removed in 1986 with the passage of the

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from 1898 to 1900. The agreed constitution was transmitted to London where, after some minor modifications, it was enacted as section 9 of the

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within the constitution, to ensure that any changes to the document cannot be approved solely with the support of the more populous states.

2007:

And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen:

1886:

A curiosity of the document's history is that the act remains in force as a statute of the UK, despite Australia's subsequent independence.

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in the event of inconsistency between the laws. Section 52 contains a brief list of topics that only the Commonwealth may legislate upon.

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has argued that the High Court's purported distinction between a "right" versus a "freedom" is misleading and little more than semantic.

2404: 2183: 2148: 2087: 1640: 1215: 906: 3519: 864: 7406: 7071: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5594: 5574: 5251: 2212: 2171: 2070: 2035: 4681: 2795:. This "thin" nature of the Constitution is celebrated by some academic, judicial and political commentators, and lamented by others. 1919:

advocated for getting "rid of the constitution we've got", and replacing the Constitution with a system that does not include states.

7653: 7095: 7065: 6449: 5537: 2493: 2374:, whether this convention extends to requiring the confidence of the Senate to pass supply remains subject to often partisan debate. 2216: 2062: 1825:

retroactively, with the date set to 3 September 1939, when Australia along with the rest of the British Empire entered World War II.

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The platform states that the later two reforms should be progressed through a new independent Australian Constitutional Commission.

7034: 6992: 6711: 6538: 5497: 5466: 5456: 5446: 5441: 2547: 2523: 1817: 1432: 1405: 1381: 1365: 1357: 970: 966: 955: 8380: 6848: 4864:(Speech). An address to the National Archives Commission. Banco Court, Brisbane: Supreme Court of Queensland Library – via 2133: 1848: 1756: 796: 4019: 1710:; the first held in 1890 at Melbourne, and another at Sydney in 1891. These conferences were attended by most colonial leaders. 8619: 7927: 7737: 7545: 7459: 7136: 7009: 6967: 6543: 5405: 4023: 3268: 2393: 1771:

became law after receiving royal assent on 9 July 1900. This act, also known as the covering act, also authorised the Queen to

1514:. Its eight chapters sets down the structure and powers of the three constituent parts of the federal level of government: the 1273: 1208: 1042: 1027: 819: 5359: 1460: 7823: 7663: 7121: 6655: 5533: 5528: 5307: 5216: 5141: 5043: 4294: 4266: 4238: 4090: 3954: 3633: 3496: 3456: 3431: 3302: 3092: 2677: 2403:

While the document does not include a bill of rights, some rights and restrictions are expressly stated. Among these are the

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was built within it and declared the national capital in 1913. Section 126 permits the governor-general to appoint deputies.

2095: 2027:) as giving rise of the separation of powers doctrine in Australia, most strongly between judicial and the other two powers. 1680:

Tensions existed, however, between the larger colonies and the smaller ones, and in the degree to which each colony embraced

1530: 1189: 1065: 1032: 445: 266: 168: 2496: – amended section 105 to allow the Commonwealth to take over debts incurred by a state following Federation. 8421: 7939: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7308: 7158: 7085: 7014: 6972: 6687: 5548: 4026: 3567: 2604: 1992: 1733:, but this was decided against. This remains the case, with the Constitution only protecting a small and limited number of 1298: 540: 132: 3473: 2526: – amended section 51(xxvi) to allow the Commonwealth to make laws for Indigenous Australians and repealed 1760:

interests, whilst the UK wished to ensure that no local judgments would cause embarrassment internationally or within the

719: 8326: 8270: 8165: 7671: 7505: 7419: 7091: 7061: 7024: 6982: 6870: 6677: 6596: 6524: 6480: 5523: 5261: 2551: 2047: 1656: 1574: 1022: 837: 516: 3872: 8594: 8333: 7464: 7444: 7115: 7105: 6880: 5400: 3588: 1844: 916: 427: 2540:– amended section 15 to ensure casual vacancies in the Senate would be filled by a member of the same political party. 2516: – inserted section 51(xxiiiA) to extend the power of the Commonwealth over a range of social services. 7875: 7776: 7676: 7596: 7530: 6513: 5385: 5170: 5068: 4600: 4558: 3659: 3140: 2860: 2784: 2627: 2389: 2359: 1014: 851: 7253: 1872:. The Australian Government requested permission to keep the copy, and the British Parliament agreed by passing the 8512: 8484: 8441: 7603: 7540: 7525: 7041: 6860: 6842: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 5209: 2834: 2608: 2355: 1589: 1570: 1255: 1001: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 4988:"Excluding Indigenous Australians from 'The People': A Reconsideration of Sections 25 and 127 of the Constitution" 2215:

provided that "aboriginal natives" were not to be included in headcounts for electoral purposes. That section was

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sets down the powers of the executive government. Executive power is vested in the monarch and exercisable by the

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then agreed to join the Commonwealth to ensure it would be an "original state" alongside the other five colonies.

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in which the amending act is approved by a majority in at least four states, as well as a nationwide majority: a

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Further events have not been widely held since 2001. The day was revived in 2007 and is jointly organised by the

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to be valid, which consists of a majority of votes nationally, and a majority of votes in a majority of states.

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Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel

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Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel

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The chapter notably also provides for the powers of the Commonwealth parliament. The Parliament is not granted

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Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution in the lead up to the

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The High Court has also read a number of important legal implications into the document. One of these is the

2383: 2091: 1806:, "the real and administrative legislative independence of Australia" was never challenged after federation. 1729:

Some delegates to the 1898 constitutional convention favoured a section similar to the bill of rights of the

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Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians (2012). "1.7 Early voices for change".

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are an important part of the Australian Constitution. Some notable conventions include the existence of the

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Others contend this question is ultimately not a legal one, with the binding force of the Constitution the

896: 4660:"Constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians must involve structural change, not mere symbolism" 3189: 2976: 8431: 8373: 8034: 7992: 7987: 7934: 7681: 7648: 7576: 7154: 6648: 6638: 5492: 3201: 3113: 2644: 2486: – amended section 13 to slightly alter the length and dates of senators' terms of office. 2298: 2294: 2151:

deals with commercial matters within the federation. Section 81 prescribes all Commonwealth revenue to a

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Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians (2012). "1.8 The 1967 referendum".

4056: 3900: 3799: 3144:. No. 1. Australia, Australia. 1 January 1901. p. 1 – via National Library of Australia. 8100: 8004: 7858: 7813: 7717: 7150: 6493: 5553: 3933: 3843: 3814: 3784: 3357:"Why is Australia's Constitution Binding? – The Reason in 1900 and Now, and the Effect of Independence" 2850: 2713: 2557: 2543: 2533: 2519: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2366:. Notably, this unwritten convention was later formally incorporated into the written constitution via 1915:, there was discussion of whether to retain or replace the current constitution. Former prime minister 1837: 1730: 1704: 1636: 1124: 978: 666: 622: 255: 228: 3978: 1471: 8609: 8220: 8177: 8125: 8024: 7870: 7838: 7754: 7744: 7392: 6907: 4497:"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble" 4446:"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble" 4418:"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble" 2934: 2136:, section 75 provides for the High Court's jurisdiction, and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for 1084: 4606: 4588: 4564: 4546: 4524: 4496: 4445: 4417: 4364: 8416: 8135: 8120: 7967: 7803: 7764: 7591: 6853: 6508: 6503: 6435: 5431: 5415: 5129: 4707: 4519: 4491: 4440: 4412: 4359: 4282: 4254: 4226: 4137: 4115: 3290: 2865: 2845: 2631: 2470: 2397: 2354:

as caretaker Prime Minister on the understanding that he would immediately call an election (which

1620: 1174: 993: 801: 217: 209: 4987: 3698: 2530:

so that Indigenous Australians would be included in population counts for constitutional purposes.

8466: 8285: 8160: 8140: 8115: 8095: 7848: 7818: 7643: 7520: 7449: 7338: 6694: 6672: 6559: 5395: 5323: 5246: 2788: 2685: 1935: 1667: 1613: 1609: 1515: 1503: 1129: 1109: 1104: 614: 486: 476: 193: 104: 84: 5079: 8537: 8461: 8366: 8192: 8170: 8145: 8110: 8090: 8054: 7892: 7863: 7853: 7828: 7791: 7722: 7559: 7454: 7358: 7333: 7258: 7183: 6895: 6699: 5558: 5380: 5354: 4715: 3826: 3326: 3282: 3236: 2930: 2635: 2565: 2371: 2303: 2160: 2104: 2065:

contains a list of topics Commonwealth Parliament is permitted to legislate upon (known as the

1869: 1755:

Prior to the bill's enactment, a final change was made to ensure that a right of appeal to the

1723: 1605: 1523: 1179: 1159: 1134: 1119: 1074: 737: 604: 572: 197: 114: 3684: 3610: 3409: 3055:"Australians reject Indigenous recognition via Voice to Parliament, referendum set for defeat" 8456: 8446: 8436: 8426: 8255: 8187: 8085: 8039: 7902: 7808: 7695: 7581: 7353: 7188: 7162: 7146: 6912: 6628: 6612: 5297: 3749: 2039: 2023: 1519: 1507: 1263: 647: 400: 363: 320: 109: 30: 4174:"Rights, Personal Rights and freedoms: The Nature of the Freedom of Political Communication" 8532: 8489: 8411: 8319: 8290: 8212: 8049: 8019: 7955: 7910: 7623: 7618: 7586: 7571: 7427: 7313: 7298: 7288: 6927: 6643: 5282: 5060: 4859: 4779: 4259:

Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials

4231:

Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials

4153: 4133: 4111: 3913:"Oaths and affirmations made by the executive and members of federal parliament since 1901" 3858: 3332: 1865: 1734: 1511: 1499: 846: 494: 463: 178: 147: 81: 1791: 8: 8240: 8182: 8014: 7977: 7707: 7293: 5054: 4708:"Australian Labor Party National Platform: As determined by the 49th National Conference" 2734: 2614:

In 1934, the Western Australia Government petitioned the British Parliament to amend the

1715: 1600: 1478: 983: 242: 124: 8342: 8300: 8275: 8260: 8250: 8245: 8235: 8202: 8105: 8009: 7613: 7608: 7363: 7278: 7228: 6716: 5502: 5110: 5015: 4968: 4808: 3384: 3263: 3082: 2885:– concept used to study the historical development and common features of constitutions 2339: 2155:, and section 90 gives the Commonwealth exclusive power over custom and excise duties. 2137: 2116: 1853: 1685: 1440: 1289: 657: 652: 2718:

Debates on whether Australian should become a republic have existed since Federation.

2638:, which rejected it on the grounds that it broke the principle of non-interference in 1533:

conducted by representatives of the six self-governing British colonies in Australia:

8230: 7972: 7173: 6682: 6660: 5584: 5328: 5266: 5166: 5137: 5114: 5102: 5064: 5039: 5019: 5007: 4941: 4923: 4889: 4828:"More than one third of Australians have not heard of the Constitution, survey finds" 4812: 4800: 4756: 4596: 4554: 4392: 4315: 4290: 4262: 4234: 4086: 4030: 3960: 3950: 3680: 3655: 3629: 3606: 3452: 3427: 3388: 3376: 3298: 3088: 2882: 2697: 2693: 2128: 2043: 1780: 1741: 1566: 1546: 1184: 1169: 508: 456: 160: 137: 96: 8347: 7781: 7373: 7323: 7303: 5094: 4999: 4907: 4792: 4746: 3474:"The constitution is broken and out of date — we should abolish it and start again" 3368: 3098: 2938: 2812: 2792: 2676:

The British act containing the Constitution includes a preamble drafted during the

1538: 1278: 1152: 814: 724: 418: 2409:

right that any property compulsory acquired by the Commonwealth be on "just terms"

1857:, leaving Australia fully independent of the British Parliament and legal system. 7238: 7168: 4470:"Vale Les Murray, the unofficial Australian poet laureate who spoke to the world" 2937:, which became effective in the UK and Australia on 11 December 1936, whilst the 2744: 2454: 2363: 2311: 2232: 2196: 1975: 1697: 1628: 1550: 1534: 1164: 704: 637: 625: 3571: 1927:

Constitution Day is observed on 9 July, the date Queen Victoria assented to the

8225: 7368: 5098: 4169: 3947:

Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia

3675:

Twomey, Anne (October 2011). "Changing the rules of succession to the throne".

3601:

Twomey, Anne (October 2011). "Changing the rules of succession to the throne".

3449:

Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia

3372: 3286: 3155: 2748: 2432: 2351: 2279: 1803: 1776: 1761: 1749: 1573:. It came into effect on 1 January 1901 at which point the six colonies became 677: 435: 56: 3964: 3546:"Catch a glimpse of the original Australian Constitution at National Archives" 8588: 7328: 7273: 7248: 6427: 5410: 5106: 5011: 4959: 4855: 4804: 4796: 4760: 4735:"The small brown bird: Values and aspirations in the Australian Constitution" 3649: 3380: 2701: 2623: 2600: 2347: 2323: 2319: 2058: 1681: 642: 632: 6568: 5201: 3258: 2326:

after the Senate refused to pass supply until an early election was called.

334: 7283: 7263: 7233: 6458: 2587: 1967: 1707: 1643:

occurred on 14 October 2023, in which a proposed amendment to establish an

1315: 583: 8358: 4751: 4734: 4312:

Acts of Parliament: A Narrative History of Australia's Federal Legislature

4201:"Section 15 of the Australia Acts: Constitutional Change by the Back Door" 3135: 8295: 8155: 7318: 7268: 4655: 4289:. Sydney, N.S.W: University of New South Wales (UNSW) Press. p. 97. 2908: 2888: 2689: 2334:

The nature of constitutional conventions gave rise to controversy during

1744:. After ratification by the five colonies, the bill was presented to the 551: 499: 371: 6581: 5003: 7343: 4388: 3321: 2826: 2458: 2450: 1542: 958: 562: 530: 387: 300: 78: 73: 3520:"Howard, Hawke criticise career politicians 'with no life experience'" 1779:

on 17 September 1900, to take effect on 1 January 1901. Prior to this

7415: 7384: 6620: 6462: 2564:– amended section 72 to mandate a retirement age of 70 for judges in 2203:. In 1911, New South Wales ceded to the Commonwealth what is now the 2132:

provides for the circumstances in which an appeal may be made to the

1916: 1893: 1843:

The Statute did not however remove the ability for the UK to appoint

1828: 1495: 1099: 519: 188: 49: 2941:

enacted its own succession change, becoming law on 12 December 1936.

2820: 7348: 4287:

People power: the history and future of the referendum in Australia

4085:(2nd ed.). Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–3. 3628:(7th ed.). Alexandria, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 514–6. 3285:(2000). "Sue v Hill: The Evolution of Australian Independence". In 2639: 2208: 1554: 353: 174: 3426:. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge university press. pp. 14–6. 2576: 1703:

A series of conferences to discuss federalism was promoted by the

1529:

The Constitution was drafted between 1891 and 1898 at a series of

5134:

Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory

4865: 4212: 3764: 3392: 2038:

sets up the legislative branch of government. It consists of the

1999:

by recognising the authority of the Queen and the UK Parliament.

1688:

harmed the political case for federalism in the 1850s and 1860s.

1494:) is the fundamental law that governs the political structure of 156: 1464: 3915:. Parliamentary Library, Department of Parliamentary Services. 2222: 2200: 1847:, make laws that applied to the states and an appeal to the UK 1674: 3540: 3295:

The High Court at the Crossroads: Essays in Constitutional Law

3111: 1580:

The Constitution is the primary, but not exclusive, source of

2329: 5197:

Records of the Australasian Federal Conventions of the 1890s

4261:(7th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. p. 1411. 4233:(7th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. p. 1408. 4009:. Penguin. 1979 (Reprint: Melbourne University Press. 2005.) 2692:. A draft, penned by Howard with the assistance of the poet 2672:

1999 Australian republic referendum § Preamble question

5252:

Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature

5080:"The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigines" 2618:

to allow it to withdraw from the Federation. This followed

5288:

Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive

4636: 4525:"First words: the preamble to the Australian Constitution" 4365:"First words: the preamble to the Australian Constitution" 3451:(2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. pp. 65–70. 5056:

The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth

5052: 4624: 4386: 4340: 2755: 1009: 4998:(3). Canberra: Australian National University: 287–315. 3626:

Zines and Stellios's The High Court and the Constitution

1868:

in London was lent to Australia for the purposes of the

1639:

are the subject of significant contemporary debate. The

1557:. This final draft was then approved by each state in a 4553:. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 28–31. 4188:

from the original on 28 April 2023 – via Austlii.

3949:(2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. p. 285. 3081:

La Nauze, J. A. (1972). "16. Clause 74, London, 1900".

2550:– amended section 128 to allow residents of Australian 2082: 1461:

Records of Parliamentary debate relating to the statute

5093:(1). Canberra: Australian National University: 17–36. 4518: 4490: 4439: 4411: 4358: 2199:

but no less than one hundred miles (160 km) from

1908:) or starting premise of the Australian legal system. 1391:

Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) 1977

5508:

Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990

4682:"Voice support hits perilously low levels in regions" 4328: 2652: 2417:

right against discrimination based on state residence

1875:

Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990

5329:

Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts

5128: 4253: 4225: 2802: 2731:

Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians

2069:). States may also legislate upon these topics, but 5544:

2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis

4595:. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. p. 31. 3229:"The quest for the nation's title deeds, 1901-1990" 3112:Parliamentary Education Office (6 September 2022). 2724: 2342:in 1975. In that episode, the Governor-General Sir 1913:

2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis

1399:

Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) 1977

5162:The Oxford Handbook of the Australian Constitution 5136:(7th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. 4778: 4523: 4495: 4444: 4416: 4363: 3979:"National Museum of Australia - Whitlam dismissal" 3325: 2464: 2438: 1995:under the Constitution. It ends with the standard 1268:An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia 5036:Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law 4522:; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). 4494:; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). 4443:; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). 4415:; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). 4362:; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). 3424:Australian constitutional law: concepts and cases 3259:"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900" 1684:policies. Those tensions and the outbreak of the 8586: 5159:Saunders, Cheryl; Stone, Adrienne, eds. (2018). 2871:Australian Capital Territory self government Act 2143: 5038:(4th ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Thomson Reuters. 4205:Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 3585:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 2577:Proposals for amendment via British legislation 1964:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 1563:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 1351:Constitution Alteration (Senate Elections) 1906 6457: 3677:Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper 3603:Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper 3497:"Principles for a new Australian Constitution" 3233:Australian Library and Information Association 2405:right to trial by jury for indictable offences 2350:, and appointed the Liberal Opposition leader 2111: 1970:on 9 July 1900. It consists of nine sections. 1952: 1375:Constitution Alteration (Social Services) 1946 8374: 7400: 6597: 6573: 6443: 5231: 5217: 5158: 4502:The University of New South Wales Law Journal 4451:The University of New South Wales Law Journal 4423:The University of New South Wales Law Journal 4389:Final report of the Constitutional Commission 4020:"Reflections from the Seventies (transcript)" 3651:Final report of the Constitutional Commission 2190: 1767:After this and some other minor changes, the 1700:, the largest colony, did not join the body. 1216: 694:Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia 244:Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia 24:Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia 4732: 4281: 3724:"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act" 3160:"House of Representatives: Official Hansard" 2586:In 1917, during World War I, Prime Minister 2445:Section 128 of the Constitution of Australia 2228:Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution 2223:Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution 2030: 1891: 1821:. The adoption act acceded Australia to the 1293: 267:Constitutional Conventions, 1891 and 1897–98 8388: 5334:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia 5293:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia 5257:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia 4739:International Journal of Constitutional Law 4648: 4314:. Melbourne University Press. p. 151. 4129:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3052: 1931:in 1900. The date is not a public holiday. 8381: 8367: 7407: 7393: 6604: 6590: 6450: 6436: 6333:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks 5401:Implied freedom of political communication 5224: 5210: 5033: 4892:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 2891:– concept underlying constitutional states 2787:and the centrality of it to the country's 2665: 2607:crossed the floor. Hughes then called the 2330:Unwritten conventions during the dismissal 1929:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1862:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1797:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1769:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1577:within the new Commonwealth of Australia. 1407:Constitution Alteration (Referendums) 1977 1383:Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967 1367:Constitution Alteration (State Debts) 1928 1359:Constitution Alteration (State Debts) 1909 1302: 1239:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1223: 1209: 297:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 239:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 29: 6611: 5053:Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901). 4750: 4530:University of New South Wales Law Journal 4370:University of New South Wales Law Journal 3165:. Commonwealth of Australia. p. 94. 3136:"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 1" 3084:The Making of the Australian constitution 2449:Amendment to the Constitution requires a 2322:controversially dismissed Prime Minister 2178: 1947:Department of Immigration and Citizenship 5498:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 4733:Arcioni, Elisa; Stone, Adrienne (2016). 4391:(Report). Vol. 1. pp. 109–10. 3999: 3747: 3623: 3186:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 3172:from the original on 17 September 2023. 3080: 2747:speech in February 2020, Prime Minister 2166: 2115: 1827: 1818:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 1790: 1434:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 5132:; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). 4985: 4780:"The Australian Constitution as Symbol" 4642: 4467: 4257:; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). 4229:; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). 4198: 3556:from the original on 17 September 2023. 3494: 3354: 3154: 1849:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1757:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1335:Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885 949:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 313:This article is part of a series on the 278:Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885 8587: 7414: 6298:(v) Post and telegraph (communication) 4825: 4346: 4334: 4309: 4080: 4057:"Sir John Kerr's Statement of Reasons" 3776: 3774: 3750:"Re-thinking the separation of powers" 3674: 3600: 3507:from the original on 21 November 2022. 3281: 3053:Worthington, Brett (14 October 2023). 2876:Northern Territory self government Act 2756:Other Labor Party supported amendments 2611:, which saw his government re-elected. 1661: 35:Original 1900 copy of the Constitution 8615:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 8362: 7388: 6585: 6572: 6431: 5559:Separatist movements within Australia 5406:Implied immunity of instrumentalities 5205: 5077: 4854: 4850: 4848: 4772: 4770: 4728: 4726: 4654: 4630: 4480:from the original on 6 February 2023. 4168: 4164: 4162: 4076: 4074: 3870: 3517: 3484:from the original on 24 October 2021. 3471: 3320: 2707: 1997:enacting clause of the United Kingdom 1815:, adopted into Australian law by the 1773:proclaim the actual act of federation 1472:Text of statute as originally enacted 241:(Imp) 63 & 64 Vict, c 12, s 9 (' 5610:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution 5549:List of proposed states of Australia 4776: 4670:from the original on 17 August 2023. 4051: 3944: 3789: 3446: 3421: 2837:and territory self government Acts: 2771:reform "matters of territory rights" 2088:Chapter II: The Executive Government 2083:Chapter II: The Executive Government 1619:The document may only be amended by 1502:, that establishes the country as a 1299:William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne 6393:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration 5524:Constitutional history of Australia 5034:Gerangelos, George A., ed. (2017). 4926:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 4067:from the original on 16 April 2016. 3890: 3833: 3804: 3771: 3530:from the original on 27 April 2023. 3495:Lambert, Scott (16 November 2017). 3124:from the original on 20 April 2023. 2428:freedom of interference from voting 2346:dismissed the Labor Prime Minister 1957: 1786: 1657:Constitutional history of Australia 1623:, through the procedure set out in 13: 6896:State and Territory Shadow Cabinet 5152: 4912:1931 (Imp) 22 & 23 Geo 5, c 4" 4861:In Celebration of the Constitution 4845: 4767: 4723: 4387:Constitutional Commission (1988). 4219: 4159: 4071: 3919:from the original on 7 March 2016. 3819: 3226: 3046: 2933:suggests this happened during the 2778: 2653:Existing major amendment proposals 2457:. This reflects the commitment to 2424:freedom of political communication 1860:In 1988, the original copy of the 1479:Revised text of statute as amended 333: 14: 8636: 6288:(i) Interstate trade and commerce 5180: 4826:Miller, Nick (20 February 2015). 4457:(2): 402–10 – via Informit. 3297:. Federation Press. p. 101. 3141:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 2861:Constitution of Western Australia 2678:1897–8 constitutional conventions 2642:matters recently codified in the 2377: 4536:(2): 396–7 – via Informit. 4468:McCooey, David (29 April 2019). 4376:(2): 384–5 – via Informit. 3624:Stellios, James Stephen (2022). 3472:Strom, Marcus (18 August 2017). 2819: 2805: 2725:Indigenous recognition and voice 2015: 1922: 1633:recognise Indigenous Australians 1571:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1256:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1249: 1146: 1002:Australia and the United Nations 498: 493: 291: 6338:(xix) Naturalization and aliens 4951:Federal Register of Legislation 4933:Federal Register of Legislation 4899:Federal Register of Legislation 4819: 4700: 4674: 4582: 4540: 4512: 4484: 4461: 4433: 4405: 4380: 4352: 4303: 4275: 4247: 4199:Gilbert, Christopher D (1989). 4192: 4178:Melbourne University Law Review 4143: 4121: 4099: 4045: 4012: 3971: 3938: 3923: 3905: 3864: 3848: 3741: 3716: 3691: 3668: 3642: 3617: 3594: 3578: 3568:"Constitution Day Celebrations" 3560: 3534: 3518:Belot, Henry (16 August 2017). 3511: 3488: 3465: 3440: 3415: 3399: 3348: 3314: 3275: 3251: 3220: 3194: 3179: 3148: 3128: 3032:Australian Electoral Commission 2944: 2924: 2856:Constitution of South Australia 2841:Constitution of New South Wales 2465:Past referendums and amendments 2439:Alterations to the Constitution 2280:oaths or affirmations of office 2253:The oath or affirmation reads: 1426:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 8407:Federated States of Micronesia 6388:(xxxi) Acquisition of property 4508:(2): 415 – via Informit. 4429:(2): 402 – via Informit. 4107:Roach v Electoral Commissioner 4063:(published 16 February 2015). 3871:Korff, Jens (8 October 2014). 3587:(Imp) 63 & 64 Vict, c 12, 3550:National Archives of Australia 3542:National Archives of Australia 3327:"The Law and the Constitution" 3206:Parliamentary Education Office 3118:Parliamentary Education Office 3105: 3087:. Melbourne University Press. 3074: 3065: 3028:"Referendum dates and results" 3020: 3006:Parliamentary Education Office 2994: 2969: 2914: 2902: 2285: 2245:Oath of Allegiance (Australia) 1881:National Archives of Australia 1693:Federal Council of Australasia 1645:Indigenous Voice to Parliament 1: 8620:Australian constitutional law 5376:Australian Constitutional Law 4719:. 19 August 2023. p. 82. 3570:. 9 July 2008. Archived from 3355:Lindell, G. J. (March 1986). 3120:. Commonwealth of Australia. 3002:"The Federation of Australia" 2957: 2384:Australian constitutional law 2149:Chapter IV: Finance and Trade 2144:Chapter IV: Finance and Trade 1582:Australian constitutional law 6886:Premiers and Chief Ministers 6881:Governors and Administrators 6534:Australian Capital Territory 5580:II: The Executive Government 4150:Unions NSW v New South Wales 4083:Constitutional Law Guidebook 3984:National Museum of Australia 3873:"Australian 1967 Referendum" 3071:Australian Constitution s 74 2962: 2413:right to freedom of religion 2394:intergovernmental immunities 2205:Australian Capital Territory 1190:Australian Capital Territory 852:Premiers and chief ministers 847:Governors and administrators 7: 5493:Statute of Westminster 1931 5472:Retirement of judges (1977) 2798: 2645:Statute of Westminster 1931 2368:national referendum in 1977 2238: 2129:Chapter III: The Judicature 2112:Chapter III: The Judicature 1981: 1953:Document structure and text 1748:with an address requesting 1746:British Imperial Parliament 1595:Statute of Westminster 1931 802:Referendums and plebiscites 10: 8641: 6891:Parliaments and Assemblies 5554:Republicanism in Australia 5534:Constitutional Conventions 5391:Constitutional conventions 5099:10.1177/0067205X6600200102 4876: 3410:[1996] NSWSC 583 3373:10.1177/0067205X8601600102 2851:Constitution of Queensland 2764:recognise local government 2728: 2714:Republicanism in Australia 2711: 2669: 2468: 2442: 2381: 2291:Constitutional conventions 2242: 2191:Chapter VII: Miscellaneous 2140:against the Commonwealth. 2101:constitutional conventions 1879:The copy was given to the 1838:Parliament House, Canberra 1731:United States Constitution 1705:premier of New South Wales 1665: 1654: 1650: 1586:constitutional conventions 1235:United Kingdom legislation 857:Parliaments and assemblies 720:State and territory courts 667:Federal Court of Australia 229:1977 Australian referendum 163:, exercisable through the 8595:Constitution of Australia 8498: 8475: 8394: 8313: 8211: 8081: 8072: 7963: 7954: 7901: 7777:Intelligence and security 7703: 7694: 7662: 7567: 7558: 7493: 7435: 7426: 7217: 7135: 7050: 6946: 6869: 6725: 6656:Federal Executive Council 6619: 6579: 6574:Links to related articles 6552: 6522: 6479: 6469: 6273: 5625: 5618: 5567: 5516: 5488:Constitution of Australia 5480: 5424: 5411:Reserve power (sovereign) 5368: 5347: 5316: 5308:Federal Executive Council 5275: 5239: 5233:Constitution of Australia 4832:The Sydney Morning Herald 3503:. Private Media Pty Ltd. 3271:, 9 July 1900, 1900 c. 12 2935:abdication of Edward VIII 2686:constitutional monarchist 2271:Constitution of Australia 2153:Consolidated Revenue Fund 2124:as Australia's apex court 2096:Federal Executive Council 2071:Commonwealth law prevails 2036:Chapter I: The Parliament 2031:Chapter I: The Parliament 1836:(UK) document located in 1492:Commonwealth Constitution 1488:Constitution of Australia 1477: 1470: 1459: 1452: 1417: 1342: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1309: 1285: 1272: 1262: 1248: 1243: 446:Federal Executive Council 290: 285: 272: 262: 251: 234: 224: 208: 203: 187: 169:Federal Executive Council 146: 123: 95: 90: 72: 55: 45: 40: 28: 23: 8553:Northern Mariana Islands 6678:House of Representatives 6363:(xxiiiA) Social security 5262:House of Representatives 5078:Sawer, Geoffrey (1966). 4797:10.1177/0067205X20955076 3855:McCloy v New South Wales 3654:. 1988. pp. 79–82. 2895: 2866:Constitution of Tasmania 2846:Constitution of Victoria 2471:Referendums in Australia 2120:Chapter III establishes 2048:House of Representatives 787:Federal electoral system 541:House of Representatives 218:Referendums in Australia 133:House of Representatives 61:1 January 1901 16:Supreme law of Australia 8518:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8389:Constitution of Oceania 7339:Parliamentary secretary 7309:Independent politicians 6378:(xxix) External affairs 5462:Casual vacancies (1977) 5437:Senate elections (1906) 4986:Arcioni, Elisa (2012). 4154:[2013] HCA 58 4007:The Truth of the Matter 3930:Australian Constitution 3897:Australian Constitution 3859:[2015] HCA 34 3840:Australian Constitution 3827:Australian Constitution 3811:Australian Constitution 3796:Australian Constitution 3781:Australian Constitution 3748:McMillan, John (2010). 3728:Parliament of Australia 2981:Parliament of Australia 2977:"Constitution Act 1900" 2688:, then prime minister, 2666:Inclusion of a preamble 2626:, was heard by a joint 2554:to vote in referendums. 2538:Senate casual vacancies 2318:where Governor-General 1936:Centenary of Federation 1668:Federation of Australia 1614:High Court of Australia 1606:prerogative instruments 1508:constitutional monarchy 870:State electoral systems 615:High Court of Australia 194:High Court of Australia 85:constitutional monarchy 8605:1901 in Australian law 8600:1900 in Australian law 8171:Indigenous Australians 7672:States and territories 7359:Responsible government 7259:Contempt of parliament 6712:Statute of Westminster 6275:Enumerated legislative 5452:Social services (1946) 5447:2nd State debts (1928) 5442:1st State debts (1910) 5381:Responsible government 5355:Inter-State Commission 5165:. Oxford: Oxford U.P. 4910:Statute of Westminster 4716:Australian Labor Party 4310:Souter, Gavin (1988). 4285:; Hume, David (2010). 2524:Aboriginal Australians 2372:responsible government 2304:responsible government 2276: 2184:Chapter VI: New States 2179:Chapter VI: New States 2161:Inter-State Commission 2125: 2105:responsible government 2013: 1892: 1870:Australian Bicentenary 1840: 1823:Statute of Westminster 1812:Statute of Westminster 1799: 1724:responsible government 1641:most recent referendum 1612:of these laws by the 967:Diplomatic missions of 839:States and territories 338: 8501:and other territories 7465:Territorial evolution 6613:Politics of Australia 6383:(xxx) Pacific islands 5590:IV: Finance and Trade 5416:Reserved State powers 5061:Angus & Robertson 4134:[1997] HCA 25 4112:[2007] HCA 43 4081:Harris, Bede (2015). 3412:, (1996) 40 NSWLR 650 3269:The National Archives 2700:" in the wake of the 2609:1917 federal election 2443:Further information: 2398:reserved state powers 2382:Further information: 2255: 2217:removed by referendum 2172:Chapter V: The States 2167:Chapter V: The States 2119: 2061:by the Constitution. 2001: 1831: 1794: 1735:constitutional rights 1722:added provisions for 1559:series of referendums 487:Australian Parliament 428:Deputy Prime Minister 337: 167:on the advice of the 7911:Cabinet of Australia 7886:Government ministers 7654:World Heritage Sites 7460:European exploration 7314:Kirribilli agreement 7299:Hardworking Families 7254:Chardonnay socialist 6554:External territories 6539:Jervis Bay Territory 6525:Mainland territories 5481:Constitutional texts 5386:Separation of powers 4777:Lino, Dylan (2020). 4658:(18 February 2020). 4061:whitlamdismissal.com 4055:(11 November 1975). 3877:creativespirits.info 3763:: 424–5 – via 3333:Law Quarterly Review 2562:Retirement of Judges 2390:separation of powers 2004:hereby established: 1866:Public Record Office 1795:Royal Assent to the 1775:, which was done by 1520:Executive Government 1512:parliamentary system 1500:written constitution 1153:Australia portal 179:Cabinet of Australia 110:Executive government 91:Government structure 8625:1900 in British law 7983:Gross state product 7294:Group voting ticket 6373:(xxvii) Immigration 6277:powers (Section 51) 5585:III: The Judicature 5004:10.22145/flr.40.3.1 4894:(The Constitution)" 4752:10.1093/icon/mow003 4645:, pp. 300–301. 4633:, p. 25–26,30. 4349:, pp. 297–298. 3987:. 29 September 2022 3945:Pyke, John (2020). 3447:Pyke, John (2020). 3422:Beck, Luke (2020). 2835:State constitutions 2735:Voice to Parliament 2660:Voice to Parliament 2138:indictable offences 2094:, who appoints the 1752:to enact the bill. 1716:Sir Samuel Griffith 1662:Prior to Federation 1601:Australia Acts 1986 1590:state constitutions 1490:(also known as the 1240: 792:Electoral divisions 57:Date effective 8301:Australian studies 8236:Australian English 8045:Telecommunications 7881:Government leaders 7824:Political ideology 7364:Stolen Generations 7279:Double dissolution 7072:Northern Territory 6544:Northern Territory 6408:(xxxviii) Imperial 6398:(xxxvi) Transition 5605:VII: Miscellaneous 5503:Australia Act 1986 5467:Referendums (1977) 5457:Aboriginals (1967) 5432:Referendum process 5348:Other institutions 5339:Boilermakers' Case 5087:Federal Law Review 4992:Federal Law Review 4969:legislation.gov.uk 4954:. 4 December 1985. 4916:legislation.gov.uk 4785:Federal Law Review 4686:The Canberra Times 4612:on 21 October 2020 4570:on 21 October 2020 3757:Federal Law Review 3699:"Enacting formula" 3664:– via Trove. 3361:Federal Law Review 3264:legislation.gov.uk 3208:. 6 September 2022 3158:(25 August 1937). 2708:Republic proposals 2340:Whitlam government 2278:Since 1901, other 2126: 2024:Boilermakers' case 1966:(Imp) was granted 1841: 1834:Australia Act 1986 1800: 1686:American Civil War 1627:. This requires a 1442:Australia Act 1986 1290:Joseph Chamberlain 1238: 1195:Northern Territory 810:Voter registration 339: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8568:Wallis and Futuna 8476:Associated states 8356: 8355: 8309: 8308: 8131:Human trafficking 8068: 8067: 7950: 7949: 7750:Foreign relations 7690: 7689: 7554: 7553: 7501:Asian Australians 7382: 7381: 7354:Quiet Australians 7122:Western Australia 6688:Opposition Leader 6666:Foreign relations 6652: 6566: 6565: 6514:Western Australia 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6403:(xxxvii) Referral 6343:(xx) Corporations 5575:I: The Parliament 5240:Legislative power 5143:978-1-76002-151-1 5045:978-0-45523-972-9 4979:Secondary sources 4296:978-1-74223-215-7 4268:978-1-76002-151-1 4240:978-1-76002-151-1 4092:978-0-19-559400-3 4033:on 9 January 2009 3956:978-0-455-24415-0 3635:978-1-76002-370-6 3458:978-0-455-24415-0 3433:978-1-108-70103-7 3304:978-1-86287-371-1 3094:978-0-522-84016-2 3034:. 7 November 2023 2883:Constitutionalism 2620:a 1933 referendum 2593:Constitution Act; 2426:, the other is a 1943:National Archives 1781:Western Australia 1742:Western Australia 1637:become a republic 1547:Western Australia 1484: 1483: 1325:Other legislation 1244:Act of Parliament 1233: 1232: 1175:Western Australia 989:Visa requirements 941:Foreign relations 927:Political parties 825:Political funding 820:Political parties 457:Albanese ministry 324: 306: 305: 161:King of Australia 8632: 8610:1901 in politics 8558:Pitcairn Islands 8528:French Polynesia 8513:Christmas Island 8442:Papua New Guinea 8422:Marshall Islands 8395:Sovereign states 8383: 8376: 8369: 8360: 8359: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8198:Waste management 8079: 8078: 8000:Household income 7961: 7960: 7923:Governor-General 7733:Electoral system 7701: 7700: 7565: 7564: 7433: 7432: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7324:Leadership spill 7304:How-to-vote card 7289:Forgotten People 7159:Liberal National 6948:State/territory 6871:State/territory 6646: 6634:Governor-General 6606: 6599: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6570: 6569: 6555: 6527: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6413:(xxxix) Incident 6358:(xxiii) Pensions 5623: 5622: 5303:Governor-General 5226: 5219: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5176: 5147: 5130:Williams, George 5125: 5123: 5121: 5084: 5074: 5049: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4973: 4955: 4937: 4919: 4903: 4870: 4869: 4858:(12 June 2008). 4856:Keane, Patrick A 4852: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4782: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4664:The Conversation 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4611: 4605:. 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Archived from 3227:Powell, Graeme. 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3099:Internet Archive 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2973: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939:Irish Free State 2928: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813:Australia portal 2810: 2809: 2808: 2793:German Basic Law 2632:House of Commons 2628:select committee 2616:Constitution Act 2484:Senate elections 2316:occurred in 1975 2274: 2134:Queen in Council 2092:governor-general 1988:Constitution Act 1958:Covering clauses 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1787:After Federation 1696:problematically 1510:governed with a 1304: 1295: 1279:63 & 64 Vict 1253: 1252: 1241: 1237: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1115:Multiculturalism 1090:Environmentalism 1068: 956:Foreign Minister 942: 885: 884:Local government 840: 815:Leadership spill 747:Recent elections 740: 725:Law of Australia 607: 502: 497: 479: 419:Anthony Albanese 403: 380:Governor-General 356: 327: 322: 314: 308: 307: 295: 294: 256:Parliament House 165:governor-general 68: 66: 33: 21: 20: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8500: 8494: 8477: 8471: 8452:Solomon Islands 8390: 8387: 8357: 8352: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8305: 8266:Public holidays 8207: 8151:Life expectancy 8064: 7946: 7897: 7686: 7658: 7644:Protected areas 7550: 7489: 7422: 7413: 7383: 7378: 7239:Branch stacking 7220: 7213: 7169:Centre Alliance 7163:Country Liberal 7138: 7131: 7092:South Australia 7062:New South Wales 7053: 7046: 6949: 6942: 6872: 6865: 6728: 6721: 6615: 6610: 6575: 6567: 6562: 6553: 6548: 6523: 6518: 6499:South Australia 6489:New South Wales 6475: 6465: 6456: 6426: 6417: 6328:(xiv) Insurance 6308:(ix) Quarantine 6276: 6269: 5614: 5563: 5512: 5476: 5420: 5364: 5343: 5312: 5276:Executive power 5271: 5235: 5230: 5183: 5173: 5155: 5153:Further reading 5150: 5144: 5119: 5117: 5082: 5071: 5059:. Sydney, NSW: 5046: 5024: 5022: 4976: 4958: 4940: 4936:. 3 March 1986. 4922: 4906: 4902:. 29 July 1977. 4888: 4882:Primary sources 4879: 4874: 4873: 4853: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4820: 4775: 4768: 4731: 4724: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4545: 4541: 4517: 4513: 4489: 4485: 4466: 4462: 4438: 4434: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4385: 4381: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4224: 4220: 4197: 4193: 4170:Stone, Adrienne 4167: 4160: 4148: 4144: 4126: 4122: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4079: 4072: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4005:Gough Whitlam. 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3957: 3943: 3939: 3928: 3924: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3869: 3865: 3853: 3849: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3794: 3790: 3779: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3673: 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2163:, now defunct. 2146: 2114: 2085: 2033: 2018: 1993:agreed to unite 1984: 1976:Perth Agreement 1960: 1955: 1925: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1845:state governors 1789: 1698:New South Wales 1670: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1629:double majority 1610:interpretations 1551:South Australia 1535:New South Wales 1455: 1454:Status: Amended 1448: 1413: 1330:Repeals/revokes 1297: 1258: 1250: 1236: 1229: 1200: 1199: 1180:South Australia 1160:New South Wales 1147: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1019: 1006: 998: 979:Nationality law 975: 963: 944: 940: 932: 931: 887: 883: 875: 874: 861: 842: 838: 830: 829: 806: 783: 742: 738: 730: 729: 716: 705:Will Alstergren 689: 662: 626:Stephen Gageler 609: 605: 597: 596: 592:Shadow Ministry 568: 536: 504: 481: 477: 469: 468: 441: 405: 401: 393: 392: 358: 354: 325: 321: 312: 292: 183: 142: 119: 64: 62: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8638: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8548:Norfolk Island 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8508:American Samoa 8504: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8478:of New Zealand 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8338: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8060:Welfare system 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8035:Superannuation 8032: 8030:Stock exchange 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7993:Public housing 7988:Home ownership 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7935:Prime Minister 7932: 7931: 7930: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7907: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7893:Shadow Cabinet 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7871:Public Service 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7752: 7747: 7745:Federal budget 7742: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7577:Climate change 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7506:Constitutional 7503: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7369:Working Family 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7244:Casual vacancy 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7109: 7099: 7089: 7079: 7069: 7058: 7056: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6877: 6875: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6649:Shadow Cabinet 6641: 6639:Prime Minister 6636: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6564: 6563: 6560:Norfolk Island 6558: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:(xxii) Divorce 6350: 6348:(xxi) Marriage 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6323:(xiii) Banking 6320: 6318:(xii) Currency 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:VI: New States 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5317:Judicial power 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181:External links 5179: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5126: 5075: 5069: 5050: 5044: 5031: 4982: 4975: 4974: 4956: 4938: 4920: 4904: 4885: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4844: 4818: 4791:(4): 543–555. 4766: 4722: 4699: 4673: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4601: 4581: 4559: 4539: 4511: 4483: 4460: 4432: 4404: 4397: 4379: 4351: 4339: 4337:, p. 152. 4327: 4320: 4302: 4295: 4274: 4267: 4246: 4239: 4218: 4191: 4158: 4142: 4120: 4098: 4091: 4070: 4044: 4011: 3998: 3970: 3955: 3937: 3922: 3904: 3889: 3863: 3847: 3832: 3818: 3803: 3788: 3770: 3740: 3715: 3690: 3667: 3660: 3641: 3634: 3616: 3593: 3577: 3559: 3533: 3510: 3487: 3464: 3457: 3439: 3432: 3414: 3398: 3347: 3313: 3303: 3274: 3250: 3239:on 6 July 2011 3219: 3193: 3178: 3147: 3127: 3104: 3093: 3073: 3064: 3045: 3019: 3008:. 12 July 2023 2993: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2923: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2831: 2830: 2816: 2800: 2797: 2789:civil religion 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2754: 2749:Scott Morrison 2726: 2723: 2712:Main article: 2709: 2706: 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2636:House of Lords 2612: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2566:federal courts 2555: 2541: 2531: 2517: 2507: 2497: 2487: 2469:Main article: 2466: 2463: 2440: 2437: 2433:Adrienne Stone 2379: 2378:Interpretation 2376: 2362:government of 2352:Malcolm Fraser 2331: 2328: 2312:reserve powers 2295:prime minister 2287: 2284: 2267: 2240: 2237: 2224: 2221: 2192: 2189: 2180: 2177: 2168: 2165: 2145: 2142: 2122:the High Court 2113: 2110: 2084: 2081: 2067:heads of power 2032: 2029: 2017: 2014: 1983: 1980: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1924: 1921: 1911:Following the 1804:Robert Menzies 1788: 1785: 1777:Queen Victoria 1762:British Empire 1750:Queen Victoria 1666:Main article: 1663: 1660: 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1647:was rejected. 1482: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1444:(Cth & UK) 1438: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1395: 1387: 1379: 1371: 1363: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1043:European Union 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028:United Kingdom 1025: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1004: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 974: 973: 962: 961: 952: 951: 945: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 888: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 867: 860: 859: 854: 849: 843: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 822: 817: 812: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 749: 743: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 715: 714: 712:List of Judges 708: 707: 698: 697: 688: 687: 685:List of Judges 681: 680: 678:Debra Mortimer 671: 670: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 628: 619: 618: 610: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 588: 587: 577: 576: 567: 566: 556: 555: 545: 544: 535: 534: 524: 523: 513: 512: 491: 490: 482: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 460: 459: 450: 449: 440: 439: 436:Richard Marles 432: 431: 423: 422: 415: 414: 411:Prime Minister 406: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 384: 383: 375: 374: 368: 367: 359: 352: 351: 348: 347: 341: 340: 330: 329: 317: 316: 304: 303: 288: 287: 283: 282: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 258:public gallery 253: 249: 248: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 212: 206: 205: 201: 200: 198:federal courts 191: 185: 184: 182: 181: 171: 152: 150: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 129: 127: 121: 120: 118: 117: 112: 107: 101: 99: 93: 92: 88: 87: 76: 70: 69: 59: 53: 52: 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8637: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8543:New Caledonia 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8523:Easter Island 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8372: 8370: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166:Ethnic groups 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005:Manufacturing 8003: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Republicanism 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7814:National debt 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7329:Mortgage belt 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7274:Dorothy Dixer 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:Caucus revolt 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204:Other parties 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6717:Australia Act 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6459:Constitutions 6453: 6448: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313:(x) Fisheries 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:(ii) Taxation 6291: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:V: The States 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:The Dismissal 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5360:Privy Council 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5172:9780198738435 5168: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5070:0-9596568-0-4 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4962:Australia Act 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4944:Australia Act 4939: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4703: 4688:. 3 July 2023 4687: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4608: 4604: 4602:9781921975295 4598: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4566: 4562: 4560:9781921975295 4556: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4214: 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3335: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2702:Mabo decision 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2624:Hal Colebatch 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Thomas Bakhap 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:Gough Whitlam 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:the dismissal 2327: 2325: 2321: 2320:Sir John Kerr 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:plenary power 2055: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2016:Main document 2012: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1923:Commemoration 1920: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1854:Australia Act 1850: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1832:Photo of the 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1682:protectionist 1678: 1676: 1669: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1608:and judicial 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1300: 1291: 1288: 1286:Introduced by 1284: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1242: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1125:Republicanism 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033:United States 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 972: 968: 965: 964: 960: 957: 954: 953: 950: 947: 946: 943: 936: 935: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 886: 879: 878: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 841: 834: 833: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 745: 744: 741: 734: 733: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 713: 710: 709: 706: 703: 702:Chief Justice 700: 699: 696: 695: 691: 690: 686: 683: 682: 679: 676: 675:Chief Justice 673: 672: 669: 668: 664: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 627: 624: 623:Chief Justice 621: 620: 617: 616: 612: 611: 608: 601: 600: 593: 590: 589: 585: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 570: 569: 564: 561: 558: 557: 553: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 538: 537: 532: 529: 526: 525: 521: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 506: 505: 503: 501: 496: 489: 488: 484: 483: 480: 473: 472: 465: 462: 461: 458: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 443: 442: 437: 434: 433: 430: 429: 425: 424: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 408: 407: 404: 397: 396: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 361: 360: 357: 350: 349: 346: 343: 342: 336: 332: 331: 328: 319: 318: 315: 310: 309: 302: 298: 289: 284: 281: 279: 275: 271: 268: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 246: 245: 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Retrieved 5090: 5086: 5055: 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 4995: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4967: 4961: 4949: 4943: 4931: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4897: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4860: 4835:. Retrieved 4831: 4821: 4788: 4784: 4745:(1): 60–79. 4742: 4738: 4714: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4685: 4676: 4663: 4656:Davis, Megan 4650: 4643:Arcioni 2012 4638: 4626: 4616:15 September 4614:. Retrieved 4607:the original 4591: 4584: 4574:15 September 4572:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4549: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4486: 4473: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4407: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4311: 4305: 4286: 4277: 4258: 4249: 4230: 4221: 4211:– via 4208: 4204: 4194: 4181: 4177: 4149: 4145: 4127: 4123: 4105: 4101: 4082: 4060: 4047: 4035:. Retrieved 4031:the original 4027:Four Corners 4014: 4006: 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3982: 3973: 3946: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3907: 3896: 3892: 3880:. Retrieved 3876: 3866: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3821: 3810: 3806: 3795: 3791: 3780: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3727: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3702: 3693: 3679:(11/71): 9. 3676: 3670: 3650: 3644: 3625: 3619: 3602: 3596: 3584: 3580: 3572:the original 3562: 3536: 3523: 3513: 3501:The Mandarin 3500: 3490: 3477: 3467: 3448: 3442: 3423: 3417: 3405: 3401: 3391:– via 3367:(1): 29–49. 3364: 3360: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3316: 3308: 3294: 3283:Twomey, Anne 3277: 3262: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3237:the original 3232: 3222: 3210:. Retrieved 3205: 3196: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3150: 3139: 3130: 3117: 3107: 3097:– via 3083: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3010:. Retrieved 3005: 2996: 2984:. Retrieved 2980: 2971: 2946: 2926: 2916: 2904: 2782: 2774: 2759: 2742: 2738: 2720: 2717: 2682: 2675: 2656: 2643: 2615: 2605:John Keating 2592: 2588:Billy Hughes 2580: 2571: 2474: 2448: 2421: 2402: 2387: 2333: 2309: 2289: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2226: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2147: 2127: 2086: 2078: 2075: 2066: 2056: 2052: 2034: 2022: 2019: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1987: 1985: 1972: 1968:royal assent 1963: 1961: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1910: 1888: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1859: 1852: 1842: 1833: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1768: 1766: 1754: 1739: 1728: 1720: 1712: 1708:Henry Parkes 1702: 1691:In 1889 the 1690: 1679: 1671: 1618: 1599: 1593: 1584:, alongside 1579: 1562: 1528: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1441: 1433: 1425: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1382: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1350: 1334: 1316:Royal assent 1085:Conservatism 971:in Australia 865:State courts 797:By-elections 746: 692: 665: 613: 584:Peter Dutton 571: 539: 507: 492: 485: 444: 426: 409: 378: 362: 345:Constitution 344: 311: 277: 243: 238: 225:Last amended 215: 173: 155: 46:Jurisdiction 18: 8432:New Zealand 8296:Anglosphere 8136:Immigration 8101:Citizenship 7968:Agriculture 7854:Nationalism 7797:Enforcement 7770:Transgender 7604:Earthquakes 7592:Environment 7526:Immigration 7455:Archaeology 7334:Nationalism 7319:Langer vote 7269:Donkey vote 7221:terminology 6873:governments 6854:Referendums 6368:(xxvi) Race 4946:1986 (Cth)" 4928:1942 (Cth)" 4837:9 September 4347:Souter 1988 4335:Souter 1988 3322:Dixon, Owen 2931:Anne Twomey 2909:New Zealand 2889:Rule of law 2768:parliament) 2690:John Howard 2597:Nationalist 2552:territories 2548:Referendums 2528:section 127 2504:State debts 2494:State debts 2356:he then won 2286:Conventions 2213:Section 127 1625:section 128 1531:conventions 1498:. It is a 1320:9 July 1900 1120:Nationalism 1023:New Zealand 994:Visa policy 658:Beech-Jones 552:Milton Dick 478:Legislature 372:Charles III 323:Politics of 8589:Categories 8286:Television 8256:Literature 8141:Irreligion 8121:Healthcare 8116:Euthanasia 8096:Censorship 7903:Government 7849:Liberalism 7819:Parliament 7531:Indigenous 7521:Federation 7511:Diplomatic 7485:Since 1945 7450:Prehistory 7344:Playmander 7219:Political 7209:Historical 7194:One Nation 7137:Political 7082:Queensland 7054:government 6695:High Court 6673:Parliament 6494:Queensland 5619:By section 5568:By chapter 5425:Amendments 5396:Federalism 5324:High Court 5247:Parliament 4964:1986 (UK)" 4631:Sawer 1966 4398:0644068973 4321:0522844081 4053:Kerr, John 4037:13 January 3991:2 December 3965:1140000411 3901:s ch1 3882:9 November 3800:s 109 3708:2 December 3340:(4): 597. 3243:21 October 3212:4 December 3038:2 December 3012:4 December 2958:References 2827:Law portal 2694:Les Murray 2459:federalism 2451:referendum 2243:See also: 2157:Section 92 2063:Section 51 2046:, and the 1903:basic norm 1621:referendum 1543:Queensland 1524:Judicature 1516:Parliament 1504:federation 1418:Relates to 1343:Amended by 1264:Long title 1170:Queensland 1130:Secularism 1110:Monarchism 1105:Liberalism 1067:Ideologies 959:Penny Wong 573:Opposition 563:Tony Burke 531:Penny Wong 388:Sam Mostyn 301:Wikisource 273:Supersedes 210:Amendments 196:and other 115:Judicature 105:Parliament 65:1901-01-01 8402:Australia 8193:Squatting 8146:Languages 8111:Education 8091:Aged care 8055:Transport 7864:Socialism 7844:Far-right 7834:Christian 7829:Anarchism 7792:Judiciary 7728:Donations 7723:Elections 7634:Mountains 7582:Continent 7560:Geography 7480:1901–1945 7475:1851–1900 7470:1788–1850 7416:Australia 7147:Coalition 6950:elections 6729:elections 6474:Australia 6463:Australia 6284:Powers of 5369:Doctrines 5115:159414135 5107:1444-6928 5020:210774854 5012:1444-6928 4813:225303789 4805:0067-205X 4761:1474-2640 4692:29 August 4114:, (2007) 3934:s 64 3861: at – 3844:s 58 3830:(Cth) s 5 3815:s 52 3785:s 83 3733:29 August 3389:159157171 3381:0067-205X 2963:Citations 2599:senators 2344:John Kerr 2219:in 1967. 1917:Bob Hawke 1894:grundnorm 1864:from the 1496:Australia 1135:Socialism 1100:Hansonism 1095:Far-right 1080:Christian 1075:Anarchism 984:Passports 739:Elections 606:Judiciary 520:Sue Lines 517:President 402:Executive 326:Australia 286:Full text 263:Author(s) 189:Judiciary 148:Executive 50:Australia 8417:Kiribati 8343:Category 8188:Religion 8086:Abortion 8040:Taxation 7809:Monarchy 7804:Military 7760:Intersex 7696:Politics 7677:Capitals 7541:Monarchy 7536:Military 7516:Economic 7494:By topic 7440:Timeline 7420:articles 7349:Pub test 7229:Battlers 7155:National 7112:Victoria 7102:Tasmania 7042:Timeline 7030:Tas 2028 7025:NSW 2027 7020:Vic 2026 7005:Qld 2024 7000:ACT 2024 6988:Tas 2024 6983:NSW 2023 6978:Vic 2022 6963:Qld 2020 6958:ACT 2020 6861:Timeline 6737:Pre-1972 6727:Federal 6661:Ministry 6509:Victoria 6504:Tasmania 5298:Monarchy 5120:3 August 5025:3 August 4668:Archived 4478:Archived 4186:Archived 4172:(2001). 4065:Archived 3917:Archived 3554:Archived 3528:Archived 3524:ABC News 3505:Archived 3482:Archived 3478:ABC News 3324:(1935). 3293:(eds.). 3190:s 3 3167:Archived 3122:Archived 3059:ABC News 2921:States". 2799:See also 2698:activist 2640:Dominion 2415:and the 2307:House). 2273:schedule 2268:— 2239:Schedule 2209:Canberra 1982:Preamble 1945:and the 1555:Tasmania 1539:Victoria 1522:and the 1506:under a 1274:Citation 1185:Tasmania 1165:Victoria 454:Ministry 355:Monarchy 252:Location 235:Citation 175:de facto 125:Chambers 97:Branches 41:Overview 8563:Tokelau 8467:Vanuatu 8320:Outline 8291:Theatre 8281:Symbols 8246:Cuisine 8213:Culture 8074:Society 8050:Tourism 8020:Poverty 7956:Economy 7738:Parties 7639:Regions 7629:Islands 7624:Geology 7619:Forests 7587:Deserts 7572:Climate 7546:Railway 7428:History 7151:Liberal 7139:parties 7035:NT 2028 7015:SA 2026 7010:WA 2025 6993:NT 2024 6973:SA 2022 6968:WA 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