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determine. The farms that receive irrigation water must pay for it, but due to insufficient data from the Bureau of
Reclamation, it is not possible to compare the total cost paid by the Bureau to the payments received. Nevertheless, the farm payments account for only a small fraction of the total cost to the government, resulting in the project's agricultural corporations receiving a large water subsidy from the government. Critics describe the CBP as a classical example of federal money being used to subsidize a relatively small group of farmers in the American West in places where it would never be economically viable under other circumstances.
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site, for example, indicate that a "fish ladder might have to be 5 miles (8.0 km) long to get the fish up the 550 feet (170 m) needed, and many fish would die before reaching the upper end" thus no fish ladders were built. Advocates of remedial measures point out that such steps would still be better than the status quo, which has led to marked die-offs and the likely extinction of several types of salmon.
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addition to the physical barriers the dams pose, the slowing speed and altered course of the river raises temperatures, alters oxygen content, and changes river bed conditions. These altered conditions can stress and potentially kill both migratory and local non-migratory organisms in the river. The decimation of these migratory fish stocks above Grand Coulee Dam would not allow the former fishing lifestyle of
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annual flows of the nearby Yakima, Wenatchee, and
Okanogan rivers. There were plans to double the area of irrigated land, according to tour guides at the dam, over the next several decades. However, the Bureau of Reclamation website states that no further development is anticipated, with 671,000 acres (2,720 km) irrigated out of the original 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km) planned.
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377:(1953) consist of 12 pump-turbine units and two reversible pump-turbine units.) The reversible pump-turbines are used to move water from Lake Roosevelt into Banks Lake, from which it can be either sent south into the Columbia Basin Irrigation system or returned to Lake Roosevelt by the generating pumps to create additional electricity for the grid.
418:, or South Dam, near Coulee City, has a maximum height of 123 feet (37 m) and a crest length of 8,880 feet (2,710 m). The crest elevation of both dams is 1,580 feet (480 m). Project water enters Banks Lake through the Feeder Canal from the Pump-generating plant. The outlet for Banks Lake is the Main Canal near
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recovered, and that the benefits of the project were unevenly distributed and increasingly going to larger businesses and corporations. These issues and others dampened enthusiasm for the project, although the exact motives behind the decision to stop construction with the project about half finished are not known.
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There are a number of issues regarding the runoff of irrigation water. The project region receives about 6 to 10 inches (250 mm) of annual rainfall, while the application of irrigation water amounts to an equivalent 40 to 50 inches (1,300 mm). The original plans did not sufficiently address
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The environmental impacts of the
Columbia Basin Project have made it a contentious and often politicized issue. A common argument for not implementing environmental safeguards at dam sites is that post-construction modifications would likely have to be significant. Tour guides at the Grand Coulee dam
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After World War II the project suffered a number of setbacks. Irrigation water began to arrive between 1948 and 1952, but the costs escalated, resulting in the original plan, in which the people receiving irrigation water would pay back the costs of the project over time, being repeatedly revised and
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is carried over 331 miles (533 km) of main canals, stored in a number of reservoirs, then fed into 1,339 miles (2,155 km) of lateral irrigation canals, and out into 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of drains and wasteways. The Grand Coulee Dam, powerplant, and various other parts of the CBP are
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was built just south of the project and aluminum smelting plants flocked to the
Columbia Basin. A new power house was built at the Grand Coulee Dam, starting in the late sixties, that tripled the generating capacity. Part of the dam had to be blown up and re-built to make way for the new generators.
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makes possible. It is the largest water reclamation project in the United States, supplying irrigation water to over 670,000 acres (2,700 km) of the 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km) large project area, all of which was originally intended to be supplied and is still classified irrigable and open
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The total amount of the
Columbia flow that is diverted into the CBP at Grand Coulee varies a little from year to year, and is currently about 3.0 million acre-feet. This is about 3.8 percent of the Columbia's average flow as measured at the Grand Coulee dam. This amount is larger than the combined
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The determination to finish the project's plan to irrigate the full 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km) waned during the 1960s. The estimated total cost for completing the project had more than doubled between 1940 and 1964, it had become clear that the government's financial investment would not be
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One environmental impact has been the reduction in native fish stocks above the dams. The majority of fish in the
Columbia basin are migratory fish like salmon, sturgeon and steelhead. These migratory fish are often harmed or unable to pass through the narrow passages and turbines at dams. In
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According to the federal Bureau of
Reclamation the yearly value of the Columbia Basin Project is $ 630 million in irrigated crops, $ 950 million in power production, $ 20 million in flood damage prevention, and $ 50 million in recreation. The project itself involves costs that are difficult to
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When it was built, Grand Coulee Dam was the largest dam in the world, but it was only part of the irrigation project. Additional dams were built at the north and south ends of Grand Coulee, the dry canyon south of Grand Coulee Dam, allowing the coulee to be filled with water pumped up from the
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The irrigation water provided by this project greatly benefits the agricultural production of the area. North
Central Washington is one of the largest and most productive tree fruit producing areas on the planet. Without Coulee Dam and the greater Columbia Basin Project, much of North Central
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Feeder Canal (1951) links North Dam at northern end of Banks Lake with the siphon outlets for the Grand Coulee
Pumping—Generating plants discharge lines. It is 1.6 miles (2.6 km) long running in an open concrete-lined canal, and a twin-barrel concrete cut—and-cover
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becoming a permanent water subsidy. In addition, the original vision of a social engineering project intended to help farmers settle on small landholdings failed. Farm plots, at first restricted in size, became larger and soon became corporate agribusiness operations.
330:. Erosion allowed glacial Lake Columbia to begin to drain into what became Grand Coulee, which was fully created when glacial Lake Missoula along with glacial Lake Columbia catastrophically emptied. This flood event was one of several known as the
57:. There are three irrigation districts (the Quincy-Columbia Basin Irrigation District, the East Columbia Basin Irrigation District, and the South Columbia Basin Irrigation District) in the project area, which operate additional local facilities.
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Draft
Environmental Statement, Columbia Basin Project, Washington; Columbia Basin Project, Ephrata, Washington; Department of the Interior, (INT DES-75-3), Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior; Washington, D.C.;
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Interest in completing the Columbia Basin Project's 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km) has grown in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. One reason for the renewed interest is the substantial depletion of the
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the inevitable seepage and runoff. In some cases the results are beneficial. For example, numerous new lakes provide recreation opportunities and habitat for fish and game. In other cases
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452:– zoned earth & rockfill) (1951) aka (Long Lake Dam) is at the south end of Long Lake Coulee. The reservoir is 6 miles (9.7 km) long and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide.
473:, and reservoirs were built south of Bank Lake, reaching over 100 miles (160 km). Water is lifted 280 feet (85 m) from Lake Roosevelt to feed the massive network.
485:. Agricultural operations within the CBP's boundaries but outside the developed portion have for decades used groundwater pumped from the Odessa aquifer to irrigate crops.
422:. It is near the east abutment of Dry Falls Dam. Banks Lake serves as an equalizing reservoir for storage of water for irrigation and can be used to for power generation.
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394:. It is 27 miles (43 km) long and 1 to 3 miles (1.6 to 4.8 km) wide. The coulee has nearly vertical rock walls up to 600 feet (180 m) high.
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of 1939.) Construction of Grand Coulee Dam began in 1933 and was completed in 1942. Its main purpose of pumping water for irrigation was postponed during
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Third Powerhouse (1974) was added as a north wing of the dam from the original Right powerhouse. This addition expanded power generation by 300%.
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Bacon Tunnel and Siphon (1950) is a 1,037.5 feet (316.2 m) long sealed Siphon under the eastern extension of the Dry Falls draw.
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Photographs of the construction of the Columbia Basin Project, with a special emphasis on the construction of Grand Coulee Dam.
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thwarted the goal of both agencies of settling the project area with small family farms; larger corporate farms arose instead.
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823:"Grand Coulee Powerplant". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
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Roise, Charlene (16 September 2014). "Powerhouse: Marcel Breuer at Grand Coulee". docomomo-us. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
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epoch. These flood basalts are exposed in some places, while in others they are covered with thick layers of loess.
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group (further south) wanted a large dam on the Columbia River, which would pump water up to fill the nearby
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Main Canal (1951) is 8.3 miles (13.4 km), including 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of lake sections.
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would manage the entire system. Instead, conflicts between the Bureau of Reclamation and the
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Official explanation of Salmon Recovery and Salmon Death-minimizing activities required
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in Central Washington is fertile due to its loess soils, but large portions are a near
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in honor of the president. The irrigation holding reservoir in Grand Coulee was named
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in favor of electrical power generation that was used for the war effort. Additional
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https://web.archive.org/web/20141003030357/http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp
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was created in 1902 to aid development of dry western states. Central Washington's
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989:"Updated Status of Federally Listed ESUs of West Coast Salmon and Steelhead"
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https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure52.pdf
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https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure56.pdf
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https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure60.pdf
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University of Idaho Libraries Digital Collections- Columbia Basin Project
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1001:(HAER) documentation, filed under Grand Coulee, Grant County, WA:
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for the possible enlargement of the system. Water pumped from the
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1015:", 13 photos, 19 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
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generating capacity was added into the 1970s. The Columbia River
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of the area, who once depended on the salmon for a way of life.
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group wanted a 134 miles (216 km) gravity flow canal from
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Competing groups lobbied for different irrigation projects; a
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Electricity is now transmitted to Canada and as far south as
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The original plan was that a federal agency similar to the
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Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
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Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers
639:"The Columbia Basin Project: Seventy-Five Years Later"
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the demand for electricity in the region boomed. The
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money. (It was later specifically authorized by the
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Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
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Washington State would be too arid for cultivation.
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was not the primary goal of the project, but during
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382:Feeder Canal, North and Dry Falls Dams, Banks Lake
175:was a prime candidate—a desert with fertile
1369:Water supply infrastructure in Washington (state)
987:West Coast Salmon Biological Review Team (2003).
974:from the Northwest Power and Conservation Council
390:(1951) is an artificial impoundment in the Upper
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465:Columbia River. The resulting reservoir, called
1156:Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge
280:Drumheller Channels, 10 miles (16 km) south of
1013:Columbia Basin Project, Visitor Arrival Center
1008:", 58 photos, 11 photo caption pages
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322:and Spokane. Ice age glaciers also created
347:Grand Coulee Dam Complex and Lake Roosevelt
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693:"Project details - Columbia Basin Project"
440:Aerial view of Pinto Dam, Washington, USA.
338:, are attributed to these amazing floods.
209:After thirteen years of debate, President
924:"The Story of the Columbia Basin Project"
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400:North Dam on Banks Lake with Feeder Canal
155:Learn how and when to remove this message
597:Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River
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636:Bloodworth, Gina; James White (2008).
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221:of 1935, and then reauthorized by the
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834:"Columbia River - Annual Report 2001"
375:Grand Coulee Pumping-Generating Plant
23:The Columbia Basin Irrigation Project
999:Historic American Engineering Record
994:. National Marine Fisheries Service.
93:adding citations to reliable sources
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1364:United States Bureau of Reclamation
928:United States Bureau of Reclamation
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697:United States Bureau of Reclamation
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334:. Unique erosion features, called
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587:Tributaries of the Columbia River
1233:Steamboats of the Columbia River
1136:Geology of the Pacific Northwest
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215:National Industrial Recovery Act
213:authorized the dam project with
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1359:Irrigation in the United States
1268:Bonneville Power Administration
1258:Historic Columbia River Highway
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342:Component units of the project
243:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake
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1322:The Columbia River Collection
1243:Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes
913:NWFS 2003 Update Summary, p.5
896:Bureau of Reclamation website
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202:, a formerly-dry canyon-like
592:Cities on the Columbia River
314:shaped the landscape of the
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1141:Columbia River Basalt Group
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538:Economic benefits and costs
502:Hanford nuclear reservation
16:American irrigation project
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1311:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On
1213:Lewis and Clark Expedition
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258:Tennessee Valley Authority
223:Columbia Basin Project Act
169:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
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1011:HAER No. WA-139-G, "
901:December 6, 2008, at the
602:Columbia Basin Initiative
262:Department of Agriculture
241:behind the dam was named
358:Right (north) Powerhouse
310:During the last ice age
104:"Columbia Basin Project"
39:, United States, is the
1208:Robert Gray exploration
1004:HAER No. WA-139, "
650:(Annual 2008): 96–111.
565:Renewable energy portal
361:Left (south) Powerhouse
227:Reclamation Project Act
1374:Moses Lake, Washington
1263:Columbia Basin Project
1006:Columbia Basin Project
982:Endangered Species Act
532:agricultural chemicals
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316:Columbia River Plateau
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219:Rivers and Harbors Act
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1290:Vanport flood of 1948
1253:Columbia River Treaty
1129:Geology and geography
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324:Glacial Lake Missoula
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211:Franklin D. Roosevelt
55:Bureau of Reclamation
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1146:Columbia River Gorge
844:on December 23, 2017
780:Orr (1996), pg. 305.
771:Orr (1996), pg. 288.
703:on February 15, 2015
513:Environmental impact
89:improve this article
1354:Irrigation projects
1299:Ecology and culture
1223:Pacific Fur Company
489:Hydroelectric power
408:, near the town of
336:channeled scablands
286:channeled scablands
1316:Confluence Project
1238:Big Bend Gold Rush
1161:Columbia Mountains
972:History of the CBP
732:on October 3, 2014
656:10.1353/pcg.0.0006
455:Potholes Reservoir
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282:Potholes Reservoir
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192:Lake Pend Oreille
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1279:Sohappy v. Smith
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