Pike and shot - Knowledge

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offensive weapon; by the end of the 16th and into the 17th, its niche was primarily defensive, though this did not preclude fights between pikemen. The push of pike became rare and battles were increasingly resolved by shooting. Directly linked to this was halberds becoming less common, as their primary role in breaking the push became less relevant and their secondary role (repulsing cavalry) was better filled by more pikes: the French regulars abandoned the halberd in 1568 (aside from NCOs), and the Dutch not long after, while the Spanish army, as well as those of various Holy Roman Empire states, would continue to use the halberd in limited numbers into the mid-17th century (the English used the similar billhook). The predominance of shooting was not a universal advancement, however. For example, in the Wars of Religion of the 1560s and 1570s, 54% of wounds suffered by French soldiers were inflicted by swords, these being the most common weapons on the battlefield as pikemen, halberdiers, arquebusiers, musketeers, and cavalry all carried them as sidearms.

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against cavalry – still the dominant fast-attack arm on the battlefield – and was extremely sturdy and difficult to defeat. It was very hard to isolate or outflank and destroy a tercio by maneuver due to its great depth and distribution of firepower to all sides (as opposed to the maximization of combat power in the frontal arc as adopted by later formations). The individual units of pikemen and musketeers were not fixed and were re-ordered during battle to defend a wing or to bring greater fire power or pikes to bear in a certain direction. Finally, its depth meant that it could run over shallower formations in a close assault – that is, should the slow-moving tercio manage to strike the enemy line.

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musketeers, and those arquebusiers whose shooting was not blocked by friendly forces, were supposed to keep up a continuous fire by rotation. This led to a fairly slow rate of advance, estimated by modern writers at roughly 60 meters a minute. Movement of such seemingly unwieldy groups of soldiers was difficult but well-trained and experienced tercios were able to move and manoeuvre with surprising facility and to great advantage over less-experienced opponents. They would be co-ordinated with each other in a way that often caught attacking infantry or cavalry with fire coming from different directions from two or more of these strong infantry squares.

3074:, resulted in the abandonment of the deeper formations of troops more ideal for the melee-oriented pikemen. Military thinking switched to shallower lines that maximized the firepower of an infantry formation. By one calculation, a formation equipped entirely with mid-18th century flintlocks could output ten times as many shots in an equivalent period of time as a typical early 17th century pike and shot formation equipped with matchlocks (pike:shot ratio of 3:2), enormously changing the tactical calculus of the infantry's armament. From 1688 to 1696, 3 out of every 5 Austrian and British soldiers had a flintlock musket, the rest mostly had matchlocks. 2879:. Although inspired by the Romans, Maurice's soldiers carried the weapons of their day—250 were pikemen and the remaining 300 were arquebusiers and musketeers, 60 of the shot serving as a skirmish screen in front of the battalion, the rest forming up in two equal bodies, one on either side of the pikemen. Two or more of these battalions were to form the regiment, which was thus theoretically 1,100 men or stronger, but unlike the tercio, the regiment had the battalions as fully functional sub-units, each of mixed pike and shot which could, and generally did, operate independently, or could support each other closely. 38: 2824: 2985:

where all of the gunners in the ranks would fire at the same time. This was intended to bring down as many members of the opposing force's front line as possible, causing ranks moving up behind them to trip and fall as they were forced forward by the ranks further back. Finally, he embedded four small "infantry guns" into each battalion, allowing them to move about independently and not suffer from a lack of cannon fire if they became detached.

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and 40% pikes; this was adjusted in 1589 to 10% halberds, 30% pikes and 60% unspecified firearms. By 1600 France set a 1:1 ratio of pikes to firearms, and Spain 10% halberds, 30% pikes, 25% muskets, and 35% arquebuses. In 1560, following an order to increase the proportion of firearms, Spanish units in Italy became 54% pikes and 46% firearms. The Spanish average throughout the 16th century was 2 pikes for every 1 firearm.

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arquebusiers, 45 pikemen, 12 halberdiers and targeteers, and 3 musicians (two fifers and a drummer). A study of a selection of Dutch companies from 1587, standardized by William of Orange, showed 34% pikes, 9% halberds, 5% swords and bucklers, and 52% firearms. Bucklers disappeared from the ranks by the end of the 16th century, as did halberds except in the hands of NCOs and bodyguards.

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India, China, and Southeast Asia until about the mid-19th century due to being far less complicated to manufacture. For example, by the mid-17th century, only 10–13% of Javanese soldiers used firearms, and by the 1680s, 20% of Thai soldiers used firearms. By 1825, 50% of Burmese soldiers had firearms, and as late as 1858, only 15% of the Vietnamese soldiers summoned to fight the

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were not as useful in these engagements due to the pike's low value as a personal weapon (indeed, in the English Civil Wars, only 15% of battle deaths occurred in major battles, whereas nearly half occurred in battles with fewer than 250 total casualties). In 1632, the Spanish army standardized their infantry companies at 68% arquebuses and muskets and 32% pikes.

3107:, where flintlock muskets were outnumbered by matchlocks (the flintlock would not enter regular service until 1699). During the same conflict, the Polish-Lithuanian army also made extensive use of pikes. In 1703, the French army also discontinued the use of the pike, followed in 1704 by the British and in 1708 by the Dutch. Between 1699 and 1721, 2578:" at each corner. The large square in the center was made up of the pikemen, 56 files across and 22 ranks deep. The outer edges of the central pike square were lined with a thin rank of arquebusiers totaling 250 men. At each corner of this great pike square were the smaller squares of arquebusiers, called 3011:

positional advantage, but Gustav's smaller and lighter units were able to easily re-align to face the formerly open flank, their light guns cutting into their ranks while the heavier guns on both sides continued to exchange fire elsewhere. Tilly was soon driven from the field, his forces in disarray.

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Michael Mallett. "The Italian Wars 1494–1559 War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe." Routledge: October 2018. "The Black Band of Guelders, one of the most prestigious landskecht contingents, which fought for the French at Marignano, had 12,000 pikemen, 2,000 arquebusiers, 2,000 swordsmen, and

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In the end, Maurice's armies depended primarily on defensive siege warfare to wear down the Spanish attempting to wrest control of the heavily fortified towns of the Seven Provinces, rather than risking the loss of all through open battle. On the rare occasion that open battle occurred, this reformed

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In addition to standardizing drill, weapon caliber, pike length, and so on, Maurice turned to his readings in classical military doctrine to establish smaller, more flexible combat formations than the ponderous regiments and tercios which then presided over open battle. Each Dutch battalion was to be

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in 1700, Russian line infantry companies were 83% muskets and 17% pikes. The musketeers were initially equipped with sword-like plug bayonets; they did not fully switch to socket bayonets until 1709. A Swedish infantry company at the start of the war consisted of 66% muskets and 33% pikes. While they

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The proportion of melee weapons to shot varied depending on the state and era, as did the exact weapons used. In general, the later the date, the more prominent firearms were. Due to this, the role of the pike changed over time. In the late 15th century and the first half of the 16th, the pike was an

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and established the Landsknechte units. Many of their tactics were adapted from the Swiss mercenaries, but the use of firearms was added. The firearms, in conjunction with the pike formations, gave the Imperials a tactical edge over the French. Those pike and shot regiments were recruited in Germany,

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doctrine used by the French. A common end date for the use of the pike in infantry formations is 1700, although some armies such as the Prussians had already abandoned the pike decades prior, whereas others such as the Swedish and Russians continued to use it for several decades afterward—the Swedes

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against the cavalry-heavy Manchus. The arquebusiers inflicted many losses on the Manchus, but were routed. This prompted a revision of military tactics in Korea. After the defeat at Sarhū, the Joseon forces revised their doctrine to have spearmen supporting the arquebusiers to better withstand shock

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He started by re-arranging the formations to be thinner, typically only four to six ranks deep, spreading them out horizontally into rectangles instead of squares. This further maximized the number of musketeers near the front of the formation. Additionally he introduced the practice of volley fire,

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In 1618–1629, the pike to shot ratio fluctuated between 1 and 2 muskets per pike for various Western European armies. 1631–1632 saw an increased proportion of firearms, with some formations being more than 80% gunmen. The standard in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire in 1641 was 66% muskets

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were 58% muskets and arquebuses, 36% pikes, and 6% halberds; this changed again in 1627 to 65% muskets, 20% pikes, and 15% halberds. The ideal field ratio often deviated from the usual combat experience; skirmishes, sieges, and minor actions were far more common than large pitched battles, and pikes

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In Venice the proportions were first fixed in 1548, at 10% halberds, 30% arquebuses, and 60% pikes. French contracts of 1562 simply specified 33% of arquebusiers. For the English 1571-2 campaign in France the recommended balance in newly formed companies was 6% halberds, 20% muskets, 34% arquebuses,

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Normal attrition of combat units (including sickness and desertion) and the sheer lack of men usually led to the tercios being far smaller in practice than the numbers above suggest but the roughly 1:1 ratio of pikemen to shooters was generally maintained. The tercios for all armies were usually of

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The rapidly rising percentage of firearms spurred by pike-and-shot battles, until reaching near-100% by the 18th century, was generally not mirrored in non-European countries that did not adopt such tactics. Nor was the proliferation of the flintlock; matchlocks remained the most common firearms in

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The Spanish army standardized the tercio arrangement in 1534. At this time a tercio was 14 companies of two types. The first type, numbering twelve per tercio, had 219 pikemen and 20 musketeers. The second, comprising the remaining 2, had 224 arquebusiers and 15 musketeers. Thus, at full strength a

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was one of the first forces to use the arquebus to a large degree. In its 1477 to 1488 wars, 25 percent of its soldiers had firearms (both arquebuses and more primitive handgonnes), an unusually high ratio for the time. The average in Europe by the end of the 15th century was that 10 percent of the

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organized its army into 1,250 lances of nine men each, thus its forces were 2/8 heavy cavalry (men-at-arms and sergeants), 3/8 mounted archers (who also carried hand weapons and could fight dismounted), 1/8 pikemen, 1/8 crossbowmen, and 1/8 handgunners; the last man in each lance was a noncombatant

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officially stopped using pikemen in 1699. It had been progressively phasing out both pikes and lances since the Thirty Years War. Following Montecuccoli's reforms in the 1660s, the paper strength of an Imperial infantry company was 48 pikemen, 88 musketeers, and 8 shieldmen. The Imperial Army used

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Gustav also placed detached musketeers in small units among the cavalry. In traditional deployments the infantry would be deployed in the middle with cavalry on both sides, protecting the flanks. Battles would often open with the cavalry attacking their counterparts in an effort to drive them off,

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The great rivals of the Spanish/Habsburg Empire, the Kings of France, had access to a smaller and poorly organized force of pike and shot. The French military establishment showed considerably less interest in shot as a native troop type than did the Spanish until the end of the sixteenth century,

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in the 1530s by order of Charles. The tercios were originally made up of one-third pikemen, one-third arquebusiers and one-third swordsmen. Tercios were administrative organizations and were in charge of up to 3000 soldiers. These were divided into ten companies that were deployed in battle. These

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tercio had 2,628 pikemen (77%), 448 arquebusiers (14%), and 300 musketeers (9%). However in practice, muster rolls showed that tercios averaged 1,500-strong and had a ratio of 31% shot to 69% pikes. The musketeers used a particularly heavy firearm which fired balls twice the size of an arquebus's.

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with "El Gran Capitán". The arquebusiers could shoot down their foes, and could then run to the nearby pikemen for shelter if enemy cavalry or pikes drew near. This was especially necessary because the firearms of the early 16th century were inaccurate, took a very long time to load and only had a

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Philip T. Hoffman. "Why Did Europe Conquer the World?". Princeton University Press: January 2017. Pages 56–58. A matchlock would output 1–2 shots per minute, a flintlock 2–4, and a formation of 1,000 for each unit would respectively have 400 and 1,000 gunners, with the matchlock musketeers having

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These battalions were fielded much less deep than the infantry squares of the Spanish, the pikemen being generally described as five to ten ranks deep, the shot eight to twelve ranks. In this way, fewer musketeers were left inactive in the rear of the formation, as was the case with tercios which

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in 1631. Battle opened in traditional fashion, with Tilly's cavalry moving forward to attack the flanks. This drove off the Saxons on the one flank, but on the other Gustav's new combined cavalry/musket force drove off any attempt to charge. With one flank now open Tilly nevertheless had a major

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The effect of these changes was profound. Gustav had been largely ignored by most of Europe after his mixed results in Poland, and when he arrived in Germany in 1630 he was not immediately challenged. He managed to build up a force of 24,000 regulars and was joined by a force of 18,000 Saxons of

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To modern eyes the tercio square seems cumbersome and wasteful of men, many of the soldiers being positioned so that they could not bring their weapons to bear against the enemy. However, in a time when firearms were short-ranged and slow to load, it had its benefits. It offered great protection

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wrote a military manual outlining his ideal compositions for military formations. In regards to missile weapons, an infantry brigade of 2,699 men was to be equipped with 1,080 matchlock arquebuses and 216 bows (40% firearms). A cavalry brigade of 2,988 men was to be equipped with 1,152 bows, 432

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was now so deadly that combat was often decided by shooting alone. Moreover, the flintlock could be loaded and fired approximately twice as fast as the matchlock, and misfired far less. The abandonment of the pike, together with the faster firing rate made possible by the standardization of the

3045:. Both times, they were defeated, but their performance left a strong impression on the Manchus. The first emperor of the newly declared Qing dynasty later wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting." 3014:

Follow-up battles had similar outcomes, and Tilly was eventually mortally wounded during one of these. By the end of 1632 Gustav controlled much of Germany. His successes were short-lived however, as the opposing Imperial forces quickly adopted similar tactics. From this point on pike and shot

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of at least three tercios, with one in the front and two behind, the rearward formations echeloned off on either side so that all three resembled a stepped pyramid. The word tercio means "a third" (that is, one third of the whole brigade). This entire formation would be flanked by cavalry. The

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According to a Castilian ordinance for "people of war" of 1497, Spanish foot soldiers were divided into three categories. One-third of the infantry carried pikes; one-third had swords and shields; and the final one-third consisted of crossbowmen and gunmen. It is in this configuration that the

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also had their own small contingents of arquebusiers, usually comprising not more than 10–20% of their total force. The French were also late to adopt the musket, the first reference to their use being at the end of the 1560s—twenty years after its use by the Spanish, Germans and Italians.

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In the 1570s the standard infantry company in Dutch service (whether they be Dutch or foreign hires such as Germans and English) had about 150 men, including 4 officers (a captain, lieutenant, quartermaster, and barber-surgeon), 5 NCOs (two sergeants and three corporals), 15 musketeers, 65

2705:. Detachments of around 1,000 men could be sent off to separate duty, but in practice the Legions were initially little more than an ill-disciplined rabble and a failure as a battlefield force, and as such were soon relegated to garrison duty until they matured in the seventeenth century. 2749:, defending themselves with the pike when surviving heavy cavalry got close. Although the battle was ultimately lost by the Spanish and Imperial forces, it demonstrated the self-sufficiency of the mixed pike and shot formations, something sorely lacking in the French armies of the day. 3118:

Even later, the obsolete pike would still find a use in such countries as Ireland, Russia, and China, generally in the hands of desperate peasant rebels who did not have access to firearms. One attempt to resurrect the pike as a primary infantry weapon occurred during the

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a real advantage before the two forces met. Under normal conditions detached musketeers without pikemen would be easy targets for the enemy cavalry, but if they did close to sabre range, the Swedish cavalry would be a more immediate concern.

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and 33% pikes. As pike-on-pike clashes became less common in field battles, so did armor. By 1660 body armor had mostly disappeared in pike and shot formations; the pikes themselves had also shortened, from 18 feet to 13 feet. During the

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Maurice called for a deployment of his battalions in three offset lines, each line giving the one in front of it close support by means of a checkerboard formation, another similarity to Roman military systems, in this case the Legion's

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In 1601, Spanish regiments in the Low Countries were 44% pikes and 56% muskets and arquebuses. German ones had far fewer firearms, with 79% pikes to 21% arquebuses and muskets. Proportions changed, and by 1625 the field infantry of the

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supported their gunmen (25–30% of their initial force) with spear and bow levies, but the pike was not as emphasized as it was in contemporary Europe due to the lack of a large cavalry threat in either Japan or Korea. At the 1619

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manned by two men each, and 512 arquebuses (33% firearms), plus eight proper cannons. On paper these were roughly in line with contemporary European rates but it is not known if these proportions were ever reached in practice.

2689:, in which he was defeated and captured. Francis had declared the establishment of the French "Legions" in the 1530s, large infantry formations of 6,000 men which were roughly composed of 60% pikemen, 30% arquebusiers and 10% 2855:

from Spanish control starting in 1568. After soldiering on for years with a polyglot army of foreign-supplied troops and mercenaries, the Dutch took steps to reform their armies starting in 1590 under their captain-general,

2298:, one of the great victories of the Italian Wars, in which the heavily outnumbered Spanish pike-and-shot forces, in a strong defensive position, crushed the attacking gendarmes and Swiss mercenaries of the French army. 2590:

1,000 to 2,000 men, although even these numbers could be reduced by the conditions already mentioned. Tercio-type formations were also used by other powers, chiefly in the Germanic areas of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Contemporary Japanese units, while heavily focused on firearms by East Asian standards, had higher ratios of other weapons to arquebuses compared to late 16th to early 17th century European formations. When Japan

2366:, the standard unit, had 400 men, of whom 300 were pikemen (75%), 50 were arquebusiers (12.5%), and 50 were halberdiers or two-handed swordsmen (12.5%). Arquebusiers, halberdiers, and swordsmen 2899:, and crushing them. Maurice's reforms are more famous for the effect they had on others—taken up and perfected, and would be put to the test on the battlefields of the seventeenth century. 3127:

planned to recruit twenty regiments of pikemen in 1862. In April 1862 it was authorized that every Confederate infantry regiment would include two companies of pikemen, a plan supported by

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by an army composed of armoured gendarme cavalry and Swiss mercenary infantry. The chastened Spanish undertook a thorough reorganization of their army and tactics under the great captain

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companies were further subdivided into small units that could be deployed individually or brought together to form great battle formations that were sometimes called "Spanish squares".

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Jörgensen, Christer; Pavkovic, Michael F.; Rice, Rob S.; Schneid, Frederick C.; Scott, Chris L. (2006). Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern World. Thomas Dunne Books. Page 12.

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A 16th-century pamphlet showing a mixed pike and shot formation. Pikemen are represented by the letter "p", the two "winges of shot" by the letter "o". (The letter "h" represents

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formations gradually spread out into ever-wider rectangles to maximize firepower of the muskets. Formations became more flexible, with more firepower and independence of action.

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continued to show valuable flexibility as the Italian Wars progressed, and the Spanish string of battlefield successes continued. The colunellas were eventually replaced by the

2401:", miniature bombards loaded with one hundred pellets each, essentially 21.6 kg blunderbusses (20% firearms). A wagon brigade of 3,109 men was equipped with 145 wagons, 256 2533: 2895:

army, as many reformed armies have done in the past, behaved variably, running from the Spanish tercios one day, fighting those same tercios only a few days later, at the

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As these squares matured in usage during the 16th century, they generally took on the appearance of a "bastioned square" – that is, a large square with smaller square "

2262:("El Gran Capitán"). Realizing that he could not match the sheer offensive power of the French gendarmes and Swiss pikes, he took advantage of the shooting power of 2270:, and to employ them in a mutually-supporting formation, preferably in a strong defensive position. At first, this mixed infantry formation was referred to as a 2739:

In the one great battle fought in the sixteenth century between the French and their Imperial rivals after the Spanish and Imperial adoption of the tercio, the

2362:'s companies consisted of 70% pikes, 12% arquebuses, 12% two-handed swords, and 6% halberds. For landsknechts in general, the usual arrangement was that one 3388:

Alexander Astroth. "The Decline of Japanese Firearm Manufacturing and Proliferation in the Seventeenth Century." Emory Endeavors in History: 2013. Page 136.

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Delbrück, Hans (1990) . The Dawn of Modern Warfare. History of the Art of War. IV. Transl. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

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In 1588, the English Trained Bands consisted of 36% arquebusiers, 6% musketeers, 16% bowmen, 26% pikemen, and 16% billmen. Lansdowne MS 56, attributed to

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Andrade, Tonio (2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Page 187.

2716:, or, to a lesser extent, French pikemen being supported at times by bands of mercenary adventurer shot, largely Gascons and Italians. (The Swiss and 3061:, had been in use since the mid-16th century, but remained less common than matchlocks until the late 17th), or to greatly decrease their numbers. A 2340:

set his companies at 50% pikes, 33% swords and shields, and 17% arquebuses. This ratio was flexible and could be changed as tactics required. The

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decided to reorganize his battlefield formations, initially adopting the "Dutch formations", but then adding a number of innovations of his own.

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The armies of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, further developed the pike and shot formation. The front line of Charles' German

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had firearms. By the 1840s, only 30–40% of Chinese soldiers had firearms (all matchlocks), the rest being armed with spears, swords, and bows.

3481:(2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Pages 240–241. 2423:

in 1592, 30% of Japanese soldiers had firearms, and the rest were equipped with pikes, swords, and bows. Firearms usage declined after 1603.

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foes had to improvise a native infantry force, it was largely made up of arquebusiers with few if any pikes (other than the large blocks of

2344:, which demonstrated the power of the arqebus, had the Spanish army roughly following this ratio, with the infantry being 25% arquebusiers. 2442:

in the 1690s still had 2 muskets for every 1 pike. Meanwhile, by 1687, the French army's ratio was set at 75–80% muskets and 20–25% pikes.

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Guthrie, William. "The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia." Praeger: Feb. 2003. Page 33.

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Gahir, Sunita; Spencer, Sharon, eds. (2006). "Weapon – A Visual History of Arms and Armor". New York City: DK Publishing. Page 260.

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Chandler, David G.; Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2003). "The Oxford History of the British Army." Oxford University Press. p. 65

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thereby opening the infantry to a cavalry charge from the side. An attempt to do this against his new formations would be met with

2278:. It interspersed formations of men in close order armed with the pike and looser formations armed with the firearm, initially the 1078: 3032:, the Koreans (drawing on lessons from 1592 to 1598) deployed an all-shot formation (10,000 arquebusiers and 3,000 archers) using 3024: 1510: 2158:. Other weapons such as swords, halberds, and crossbows were also sometimes used. The formation was initially developed by the 3549: 3524: 3406:

Stuart Reid. "All The King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War: 1642–1651." History Press: 2007. Chapter 1.

3205: 3539: 2438:, the Imperial Army had set its infantry companies at 61% firearms, 33% pikes, and 6% shieldmen. The English army of the 1866: 134: 3023:

Meanwhile in East Asia, the utility of pike and shot style formations were still being tested. The Japanese army in the

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and continued to prefer close combat arms, particularly heavy cavalry, as the decisive force in their armies until the

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Simon Millar, Peter Dennis. "Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans." Osprey Publishing: 2008. Page 22-24.

3188: 2960: 2810: 2663: 2519: 2386: 2337: 2259: 1515: 81: 59: 3131:. Many pikes were produced but were never used in battle and the plan to include pikemen in the army was abandoned. 2942: 2792: 2645: 2501: 52: 3003: 2239: 1593: 2708:

In practice, pike and shot formations that the French used on the sixteenth-century battlefield were often of an

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Bouko de Groot. "Dutch Armies of the 80 Years’ War 1568–1648 (1)." Bloomsbury Publishing, April 7 2017. Page 12

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short range, meaning the shooters were often only able to get off a few shots before the enemy was upon them.

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P. Groen (ed.), De Tachtigjarige Oorlog, Van opstand naar geregelde oorlogvoering 1568–1648 (The Hague 2013).

3124: 3095: 2582:(sleeves), each 240 men strong. Finally, two groups in open order, each of 90 men and armed with the longer 2333: 2142:

that first appeared during the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and was used until the development of the

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Chandler, David G. "The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough" Spellmount Limited: 1990. Page 78.

2389:, states that ideally infantry formations should consist of 50% shot, 30% pikes, and 20% billhooks. 2923: 2773: 2626: 2482: 2411: 2091: 1958: 1505: 1198: 1011: 859: 46: 3352:

Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, p. 163-165.

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Gabriele Esposito. "Armies of the Great Northern War: 1700–1720." Osprey: 2019. Pages 10 and 16.

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Foremost amongst the enemies of the Spanish Habsburg empire in the late 16th century were the

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all carried swords, Swedish musketeers were not completely equipped with bayonets until 1704.

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had an army armed 70% with pikes, 10% with muskets, and the remaining 20% with halberds,

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The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)

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By the 16th century, late-medieval troop types that had proven most successful in the

3636: 3595:, eds Brett D. Steele and Tamera Dorland. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2005. 3577: 3545: 3184: 3100: 2857: 2255: 2159: 2112: 2021: 1968: 1871: 1861: 1856: 1826: 1809: 1804: 1777: 1722: 1423: 1413: 1408: 1398: 1318: 1308: 1303: 1278: 1248: 1138: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1073: 988: 941: 911: 750: 543: 520: 454: 102:.) A group of "loose shotte" has been pushed forward into the front of the formation. 3617:

Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern World: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics

3593:

The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment

3294:

J. R. Hale: "War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450 —1620." London 1985, p. 52.

2431:(1642–1651), both sides preferred 2 guns to 1 pike, though this ratio was flexible. 2232:. The emerging artillery corps of heavy cannons was a rapidly improving technology. 2081: 3451:

Artéus, G Karolinska och Europeisk stridstaktik 1700–1712, P 29, 30. Exlibria, 1972

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began to abandon the pike altogether (flintlocks and proto-flintlocks, such as the

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turned his undefeated 31,000-man veteran army to do battle, meeting Gustav at the

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questionable quality under von Arnim. Battle was first joined in major form when

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After the mid-seventeenth century, armies that standardized the adoption of the

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Charney, Michael (2004). "Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300–1900." Page 55-56, 246.

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This was essentially the condition of the French Royal infantry throughout the

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This new tactic resulted in triumph for the Spanish and Fernández de Córdoba's

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The Battle of Lützen: an examination of 17th century military material culture

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in the late 17th century. This type of formation combined soldiers armed with

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The French Reluctance to Adopt Firearms Technology in the Early Modern Period

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Showaler, Dennis. "The Early Modern World." Greenwood Press: 2007. Page 63.

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could be affixed to the musket, turning it into a spear, and the musket's

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they sometimes hired), rendering formal pike and shot tactics impossible.

3248:

Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, "The Italian Wars: 1494–1559", p. 64.

3033: 2990: 2848: 2283: 2266:, an emerging technology at the time, with the defensive strength of the 2225: 2203: 2164: 2016: 1767: 1732: 1571: 1258: 1223: 931: 874: 777: 561: 262: 257: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2352: 1973: 1943: 1665: 1029: 3230:

Lopez, Ignacio. "The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704." Osprey: 2012. Page 4.

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Jeremy Black, "European Warfare: 1494–1660", Routledge 2002, p. 39-40.

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cavalry. The new Korean force was tested against the Manchus again in

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that occupied most of the latter sixteenth century, and when their

2694: 2586:, were placed in front of, and to the sides of, the arquebusiers. 2553: 2279: 2263: 2151: 2136: 1978: 1953: 1586: 1218: 1193: 806: 361: 303: 215: 3062: 2836: 2702: 2690: 2598: 2575: 2566: 2275: 2143: 1988: 1948: 1712: 1546: 1542: 884: 869: 745: 406: 401: 371: 290: 252: 99: 2332:

Spanish army won the first Italian Wars. In preparation for the

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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

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After bad experiences with the classic tercios formations in

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in particular were using it to great effect until 1721. The

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Armies using the tercio generally intended to field them in

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A model of a section of a pike and shot formation from the

242: 237: 94: 2851:(often retroactively known as the "Dutch"), who fought a 2685:

to establish his own pike and shot contingents after the

2532: 115: 3203: 3183:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 205–10. 2860:, who had read ancient military treatises extensively. 2839:) dress was not common for military troops at the time. 2693:. These legions were raised regionally, one in each of 3512: 3576:. Pisa: Pisa University Press, Edizioni Plus, 2005. 3610:

A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century

2461: 2993:, perhaps not dangerous on its own, but giving the 2864:550 men strong, similar to the size of the ancient 2605: 3081:fought on 19 May 1643, the Spanish abandoned the 3648: 3619:. New York, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006. 3111:converted almost all Russian foot-regiments to 3206:"A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war" 3602:New York, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 2712:nature, the large blocks of Swiss mercenary, 2113: 2941:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2791:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2644:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2500:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3523:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGuthrie2003 ( 3143:, a society devoted to study of the period 2120: 2106: 2961:Learn how and when to remove this message 2811:Learn how and when to remove this message 2664:Learn how and when to remove this message 2520:Learn how and when to remove this message 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 2822: 2531: 2212:(a professional version of the medieval 1079:List of military strategies and concepts 93: 45:This article includes a list of general 3518: 3178: 14: 3649: 3537: 2902: 2328:infantry were equipped with firearms. 2274:("colonelcy"), and was commanded by a 2560:during the Italian wars. The Spanish 2347:Following its 1506 military reforms, 3018: 2939:adding citations to reliable sources 2906: 2789:adding citations to reliable sources 2756: 2642:adding citations to reliable sources 2609: 2498:adding citations to reliable sources 2465: 31: 3635:. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. 3612:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. 24: 3657:Warfare of the early modern period 3633:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529 2681:; this despite the desire of King 51:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 3668: 3204:Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982). 3134: 2462:Spanish and Imperial developments 2392:In 1571 the Ming Chinese general 2355:, or other close-combat weapons. 2336:of 1502 to 1504, Spanish general 2238:opposed the French armies in the 3600:France in the Sixteenth Century. 3004:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 2911: 2883:deployed in a bastioned-square. 2761: 2752: 2614: 2470: 2240:War of the Burgundian Succession 133: 36: 3615:Jorgensen, Christer (et al.). 3558: 3531: 3503: 3493: 3484: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 2606:The French failure to keep pace 2178:) infantries, and later by the 3626:. University of Glasgow, 2015 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3197: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3099:this configuration during the 13: 1: 3500:twice the number of misfires. 3147: 3125:Confederate States of America 3096:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 2282:. They reappeared during the 2552:, renowned for their use of 2338:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 2260:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 2186:armies in the 17th century. 7: 3141:The Pike & Shot Society 1577:Military–industrial complex 1051:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 3673: 3587:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 3179:Vaughan, Richard (2002) . 3048: 2835:in Stockholm. Consistent ( 2301: 2202:and the late phase of the 3631:Taylor, Frederick Lewis. 3598:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 3544:. ABC-CLIO. p. 202. 2306: 2189: 1641:Loss-of-strength gradient 493:Combat information center 3538:Tucker, Spencer (2011). 2853:long war of independence 2150:and soldiers armed with 1959:Military science fiction 1444:Technology and equipment 860:List of military tactics 3339:J. Tincey and R. Hook, 3285:Jörgensen et al, p. 15. 3103:, most famously at the 3085:system and adopted the 2726:French Wars of Religion 2679:French Wars of Religion 2368:all received double pay 2027:Wartime sexual violence 1783:Full-spectrum dominance 1594:Supply-chain management 66:more precise citations. 2840: 2541: 2412:German Catholic League 1939:Awards and decorations 1912:Peace through strength 1887:Low-intensity conflict 1521:Conscientious objector 1394:Area of responsibility 103: 3070:flintlock musket and 3008:Battle of Breitenfeld 2826: 2540:in "bastioned square" 2535: 2370:compared to pikemen. 2325:Black Army of Hungary 526:Torpedo data computer 516:Ship gun fire-control 97: 3572:Arfaioli, Maurizio. 2935:improve this section 2897:Battle of Nieuwpoort 2785:improve this section 2638:improve this section 2494:improve this section 2456:Cochinchina campaign 2445:At the start of the 2397:arquebuses, and 60 " 2247:Austria, and Tyrol. 2236:Emperor Maximilian I 2057:Military occupations 1892:Military engineering 1794:Unrestricted Warfare 1651:Force multiplication 544:Military manoeuvrers 3341:The Armada Campaign 3267:1,000 halberdiers." 2903:Swedish innovations 2342:Battle of Cerignola 2296:Battle of Cerignola 2284:conquest of Granada 2160:Holy Roman Imperial 1743:Penal military unit 1728:Rules of engagement 1404:Command and control 1024:Operations research 488:Director (military) 478:Fire-control system 228:Command and control 109:Part of a series on 3361:Guthrie, p. 16-17. 3212:on 26 January 2011 3160:Hillgarth, p. 377. 3121:American Civil War 2841: 2831:on display at the 2741:Battle of Ceresole 2542: 2447:Great Northern War 2429:English Civil Wars 2252:Battle of Seminara 2196:Hundred Years' War 2140:tactical formation 1852:Counter-insurgency 1773:Command of the sea 1718:Jewish laws on war 1693:Geneva Conventions 1229:Divide and conquer 1019:Military operation 984:Tactical objective 483:Fire-control radar 460:Electronic-warfare 104: 27:Infantry formation 3622:Schürger, André. 3551:978-1-59884-429-0 3101:Great Turkish War 3019:Outside of Europe 2971: 2970: 2963: 2858:Maurice of Nassau 2829:Thirty Years' War 2821: 2820: 2813: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2334:Third Italian War 2135:was a historical 2130: 2129: 2022:Horses in warfare 1969:Anti-war movement 1872:Gunboat diplomacy 1862:Disaster response 1810:Philosophy of war 1805:Principles of war 1778:Deterrence theory 1723:Right of conquest 1646:Lanchester's laws 1414:Principles of war 1104:Counter-offensive 1084:Military campaign 989:Target saturation 912:Counterinsurgency 521:Gun data computer 455:Close air support 417:Aircraft carriers 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 3664: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3303:Iganacio, p. 13. 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3181:Charles the Bold 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3105:Battle of Vienna 3079:Battle of Rocroi 3055:flintlock musket 2966: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2915: 2907: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2765: 2757: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2618: 2610: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2474: 2466: 2436:Battle of Vienna 2399:crouching tigers 2317:Burgundian State 2122: 2115: 2108: 1877:Humanitarian aid 1815:Security dilemma 1636:Power projection 1419:Economy of force 1399:Chain of command 1114:Defence in depth 1099:Commerce raiding 917:Defeat in detail 233:Defense ministry 137: 128: 127: 118: 106: 105: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 62:this article by 53:inline citations 40: 39: 32: 21: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3647: 3646: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3468: 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230: 225: 219: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 204: 203: 198: 188: 187: 186: 181: 171: 170: 169: 162:Post-classical 159: 154: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 130: 129: 111: 110: 90: 89: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3669: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3642: 3641:0-8371-5025-6 3638: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3606:Oman, Charles 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3582:88-8492-231-3 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3515: 3506: 3496: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3190:0-85115-918-4 3186: 3182: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3129:Robert E. Lee 3126: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3113:line infantry 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3087:line infantry 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:miquelet lock 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2965: 2962: 2954: 2951:November 2022 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920:This section 2918: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2875:described by 2874: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2815: 2812: 2804: 2801:November 2022 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2770:This section 2768: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2753:Dutch reforms 2750: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2697:, Languedoc, 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2668: 2665: 2657: 2654:November 2022 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2623:This section 2621: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:doppelsöldner 2548:consisted of 2547: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2521: 2513: 2510:November 2022 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2479:This section 2477: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2421:invaded Korea 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2387:Lord Burghley 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2315:In 1471, the 2313: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2133:Pike and shot 2123: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949:Warrior caste 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1919:Show of force 1917: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1907:Peacebuilding 1905: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1763:Air supremacy 1761: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703:Islamic rules 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1683:Court-martial 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582:Arms industry 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Broken-backed 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1036:Expeditionary 1034: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 968: 965: 964: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 907:Counterattack 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 856: 851: 850: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 832:Psychological 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 768:Combined arms 766: 764: 761: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 710: 705: 704: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 680: 677: 676: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 641: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 607:Fortification 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 589: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 567: 566: 563: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 423: 422:Landing craft 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 373: 370: 369: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 292: 288: 287:Standing army 285: 283: 280: 278: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 217: 212: 211: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 179:pike and shot 177: 176: 175: 172: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 136: 132: 131: 125: 117: 113: 112: 108: 107: 101: 96: 86: 83: 75: 65: 61: 55: 54: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 3632: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3573: 3560: 3540: 3533: 3519:Guthrie 2003 3514: 3505: 3495: 3486: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3210:the original 3199: 3180: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3117: 3076: 3052: 3022: 3013: 3000: 2987: 2983: 2972: 2957: 2948: 2933:Please help 2921: 2893: 2891:deployment. 2885: 2881: 2862: 2842: 2807: 2798: 2783:Please help 2771: 2744: 2738: 2734:Landsknechts 2733: 2723: 2718:Landsknechts 2717: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2675: 2660: 2651: 2636:Please help 2624: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2546:Landsknechte 2543: 2537: 2516: 2507: 2492:Please help 2480: 2452: 2444: 2434:At the 1683 2433: 2425: 2417: 2408: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2358:In 1515 the 2357: 2346: 2330: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2291: 2289: 2271: 2249: 2244:Italian wars 2234: 2207: 2193: 2173: 2165:Landsknechte 2163: 2132: 2131: 2032:Fifth column 2012:War resister 2007:Women in war 1902:Peacekeeping 1847:Arms control 1792: 1481:Mobilization 1476:Conscription 1434:Intelligence 1387:Organization 1028: 957:Encirclement 837:Radiological 773:Conventional 627:Subterranean 534:Development: 533: 510: 472: 434: 397:Naval units: 396: 389:Signal corps 356: 319:Intelligence 299:Specialties: 298: 223:Organization 178: 174:Early modern 78: 69: 50: 29: 3092:Charles XII 3034:volley fire 2991:volley fire 2849:Netherlands 2833:Army Museum 2714:Landsknecht 2691:Halberdiers 2403:swivel guns 2226:Landsknecht 2204:Reconquista 2017:War studies 1840:Non-warfare 1768:Appeasement 1733:Martial law 1572:War economy 1511:Transgender 1464:Recruitment 1224:Containment 1109:Culminating 1089:Anti-access 1012:Operational 932:Envelopment 875:Air assault 756:Air cavalry 716:Air defence 696:Information 597:Cold-region 562:Battlespace 511:Historical: 357:Land units: 263:Space force 258:Coast guard 191:Late modern 152:Prehistoric 100:halberdiers 64:introducing 3216:11 October 3148:References 3077:After the 2562:colunellas 2558:zweihänder 2394:Qi Jiguang 2360:Black Band 2353:hog-spears 2292:colunellas 2228:mercenary 2152:arquebuses 2077:War crimes 2067:Operations 1974:Foot drill 1944:Battle cry 1857:deterrence 1516:Harassment 1491:Specialism 1314:Technology 1309:Succession 1254:Liberation 1189:Asymmetric 1124:Empty fort 1030:Blitzkrieg 999:Withdrawal 962:Investment 741:Camouflage 736:Biological 674:Underwater 649:Amphibious 568:Aerospace 435:Air units: 412:Submarines 201:fourth-gen 196:industrial 184:napoleonic 72:March 2013 47:references 3123:when the 3067:firepower 3043:1636–1637 3025:Imjin War 2922:does not 2869:legionary 2772:does not 2746:gendarmes 2699:Champagne 2683:Francis I 2625:does not 2481:does not 2272:colunella 1964:War novel 1867:Grey-zone 1827:War games 1788:Overmatch 1738:War crime 1688:Desertion 1678:Ceasefire 1673:Armistice 1560:Logistics 1538:Mercenary 1526:Volunteer 1457:Personnel 1429:Engineers 1374:Sociology 1329:World war 1324:Total war 1304:Strategic 1294:Religious 1279:Political 1274:Perpetual 1249:Irregular 1164:Offensive 1139:Defensive 1134:Deception 1094:Attrition 942:Guerrilla 937:Formation 880:Airbridge 812:Loitering 726:Artillery 379:Artillery 314:Engineers 277:Irregular 248:Air force 18:Colunella 3651:Category 3090:of King 2889:Quincunx 2877:Vegetius 2871:480-man 2730:Huguenot 2695:Normandy 2599:brigades 2576:bastions 2554:arquebus 2364:Fähnlein 2349:Florence 2280:arquebus 2264:firearms 2242:and the 2224:and the 2209:gendarme 2137:infantry 1979:War song 1954:War film 1587:Materiel 1506:Children 1486:Training 1424:Medicine 1409:Doctrine 1364:Training 1299:Resource 1284:Princely 1234:Economic 1219:Conquest 1214:Colonial 1209:Cold war 1194:Blockade 1074:Strategy 1046:Maneuver 807:Infantry 763:Chemical 617:Mountain 577:Airborne 440:Fighters 407:Warships 362:Infantry 304:Rifleman 268:Reserves 216:Military 3109:Peter I 3063:bayonet 3049:Decline 2943:removed 2928:sources 2847:of the 2837:uniform 2793:removed 2778:sources 2703:Picardy 2646:removed 2631:sources 2567:tercios 2502:removed 2487:sources 2302:History 2294:at the 2276:colonel 2230:pikemen 2216:), the 2184:Swedish 2175:Tercios 2170:Spanish 2156:muskets 2154:and/or 2144:bayonet 2092:Writers 2087:Weapons 2052:Battles 2001:Related 1989:Wargame 1984:Uniform 1932:Culture 1713:Perfidy 1708:Justice 1629:Science 1614:Outpost 1567:History 1547:Warrior 1543:Soldier 1531:foreign 1469:counter 1369:Service 1319:Theater 1259:Limited 1239:Endemic 1154:Nuclear 922:Foxhole 897:Cavalry 885:Airdrop 870:Airlift 855:Tactics 827:Nuclear 817:Missile 746:Cavalry 731:Barrage 709:Weapons 669:Surface 450:Command 445:Bombers 402:Frogman 372:Cavalry 329:Medical 291:Militia 273:Regular 253:Marines 167:castles 157:Ancient 145:History 124:outline 60:improve 3639: 3580: 3548: 3187: 3083:Tercio 2975:Poland 2873:cohort 2710:ad hoc 2584:musket 2580:mangas 2538:tercio 2320:page. 2307:Ratios 2256:Naples 2222:Tercio 2214:knight 2190:Origin 2168:) and 2072:Sieges 1756:Theory 1496:Morale 1354:Policy 1349:Branch 1129:Mosaic 1119:Fabian 1061:Covert 994:Trench 979:Screen 902:Charge 892:Battle 865:Aerial 783:Denial 751:Horses 679:Seabed 632:Tunnel 612:Jungle 602:Desert 572:Aerial 339:Diving 334:Police 49:, but 3591:, in 2866:Roman 2218:Swiss 2180:Dutch 2148:pikes 2045:Lists 1501:Women 1439:Ranks 1359:Staff 1289:Proxy 1204:Class 1159:Naval 1144:Depth 974:Swarm 967:Siege 947:Naval 927:Drone 822:Music 797:Robot 793:Drone 778:Cyber 721:Armor 691:Cyber 664:Green 659:Brown 622:Urban 582:Space 503:Radar 498:Sonar 367:Armor 349:Pilot 344:Comms 324:Recon 309:Staff 282:Ranks 3637:ISBN 3578:ISBN 3546:ISBN 3525:help 3218:2010 3185:ISBN 3041:and 3039:1627 2926:any 2924:cite 2776:any 2774:cite 2701:and 2629:any 2627:cite 2556:and 2485:any 2483:cite 2323:The 2268:pike 2182:and 2082:Wars 1599:Base 1149:Goal 1056:Raid 654:Blue 592:Land 243:Navy 238:Army 3115:. 2937:by 2787:by 2640:by 2496:by 1666:Law 1609:FOB 1604:MOB 644:Sea 116:War 3653:: 3608:. 2977:, 2536:A 2198:, 1545:/ 795:/ 289:/ 275:/ 3643:. 3584:. 3554:. 3527:) 3220:. 3193:. 2964:) 2958:( 2953:) 2949:( 2945:. 2931:. 2814:) 2808:( 2803:) 2799:( 2795:. 2781:. 2667:) 2661:( 2656:) 2652:( 2648:. 2634:. 2523:) 2517:( 2512:) 2508:( 2504:. 2490:. 2172:( 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