5762:
6421:
5544:
4603:
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362:
300:
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187:, there will exist for the first time a strong, identifiable market for 'routine' transportation service to and from LEO, and that this will be only the first step in what will be a huge opportunity for truly commercial space enterprise. We believe that when we engage the engine of competition, these services will be provided in a more cost-effective fashion than when the government has to do it."
226:
In 2007 NASA asserted that once COTS was operational, it would no longer procure
Russian cargo delivery services. NASA anticipates that COTS services to ISS will be necessary through at least 2015. NASA projects at most a half-dozen COTS flights a year that would transport 10 tonnes annually. The
426:
The COTS program was successfully concluded in
November 2013 after two companies, SpaceX and Orbital Sciences, designed, built and launched "a pair of new spacecraft on rockets that also were newly designed". NASA has published its own history of the COTS program including the controlling of the
376:
By 18 June 2007, NASA had signed separate non-reimbursable Space Act
Agreements with three additional firms, Constellation Services International (CSI), SpaceDev and Spacehab. These agreements included no financial support, however NASA agreed to share information to help the companies to develop
314:
Boeing may have submitted a proposal in conjunction with
Arianespace to launch the ESA ATV module on a Delta IV rocket. Whereas the ESA launches the ATV on an Ariane 5, the two companies worked together to make this proposal. The ATV can carry up to 7.6 metric tons with a suitable launcher.
117:
Unlike any previous NASA project, the proposed spacecraft were intended to be owned and financed primarily by the companies themselves and were designed to serve both U.S. government agencies and commercial customers. NASA will contract for missions as its needs become clear.
403:
In
January 2008 industry sources claimed that the field had been downselected to four; Spacehab, Andrews Space, PlanetSpace and Orbital Sciences, with the announcement date set to 7 February. Several sources later suggested that Boeing and not Andrews was a final contestant.
33:
155:
NASA explored a program for ISS services in the mid 1990s entitled "Alt Access" for
Alternate Access. While NASA funded Alt Access no further than preliminary studies, this program convinced numerous entrepreneurs that ISS could emerge as a significant market opportunity.
352:
NASA terminated the COTS agreement with RpK in
September 2007 after NASA warned RpK that it had failed to raise sufficient private funding by 31 July 2007 deadline, freeing up $ 175 million from the COTS budget to be awarded to another company or companies.
2583:
78:
for crew and cargo services. While the approach has significantly lowered costs for NASA, companies other than SpaceX have struggled under the fixed-price system, with some refusing to bid and others experiencing large losses on contracts.
1696:
345:
On 18 August 2006, NASA's
Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) announced that SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler won Phase I of the COTS program. NASA planned to engage winners in funded Space Act agreements through 2010.
415:. NASA's selection statement showed that Orbital beat Boeing on expected lower costs and the added benefit of a new medium lift launcher Taurus II with Andrews, PlanetSpace and Spacehab being eliminated on funding concerns.
1244:
in a press conference on 23 December 2008. The contracts include a minimum of 20 missions, 12 missions for SpaceX ($ 1.6 Billion) and 8 missions for
Orbital Sciences ($ 1.9 Billion). PlanetSpace submitted a protest to the
2774:
1445:
1769:
275:(which later became Rocketplane Kistler) for $ 227 million, despite the fact that Kistler had already filed for bankruptcy a year before. Some observers saw this as a gift for the head of Kistler, NASA legend
1235:
On 22 December 2008, NASA stated they would discuss the contract selection to provide commercial cargo resupply services for the
International Space Station. NASA announced the awarding of contracts to both
1893:"Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier Associate Administrator for Space Operations before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics U.S. House of Representatives"
2580:
380:
On 22 October 2007, NASA solicited proposals for the $ 175 million in unawarded first round funds. Some of the new contenders who entered before the deadline in November 2007 for the funding were
5500:
439:— originally awarded contract worth $ 207 million; Rocketplane Kistler received only $ 32.1 million before NASA terminated their contract for failure to complete milestones in October 2007.
1700:
2409:
2383:
3399:
2756:
1453:
459:— awarded contract worth $ 170 million in the second round in February 2008; in 2011 additional milestones were added bringing the total contract value to $ 288 million. The
191:
Furthermore, if such services were unavailable by the end of 2010, NASA would have been forced to purchase orbital transportation services on foreign spacecraft such as the
1773:
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Following the original $ 500M Space Act Agreement, an additional $ 288M in "augmentation" funding was awarded to the two contractors before the demonstration flights.
17:
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175:
stated that without affordable Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), the agency will not have enough funds remaining to achieve the objectives of the
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4606:
109:(CCDev) program, focusing on crew transportation, is similar to COTS and, along with CRS, falls under NASA's Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO).
1587:
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4267:
476:
More than twenty organizations had submitted COTS proposals by March 2006. NASA received new COTS proposals from at least seven firms by 21 November 2007.
3221:
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made its maiden flight lifting a payload mass simulator to low Earth orbit (LEO) on 21 April 2013. On 18 September 2013, Antares successfully launched a
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1969:
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2468:"Constellation Services International and Space Systems Loral Team on NASA COTS Proposal using a U.S. version off CSI's LEO express cargo system"
1617:
451:
to the International Space Station. After rendezvousing, berthing and unloading the capsule successfully reentered landing in the Pacific Ocean.
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confirmed that NASA was no longer purchasing any cargo resupply services from Russia and would rely solely on the American CRS vehicles, the
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1302:
5538:* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. †denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites.
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planned to issue a ruling in support of Musk. NASA returned to the planning phase, and this eventually resulted in the COTS competition.
1249:
after receiving a NASA debriefing on the outcome of the award. On 22 April 2009 GAO publicly released its decision to deny the protest.
62:
NASA's final report on the program considered it a success and a model for future public-private collaboration. Compared to traditional
5107:
4388:
3622:
2098:
1644:
445:— awarded contract worth $ 278 million; in 2011 additional milestones were added bringing the total contract value to $ 396 million.
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1918:
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212:
447:
On 22 May 2012 SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 completed the NASA and SpaceX Space Act Agreement. Falcon 9 #3 flew capsule
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with milestone-based payments, while CRS utilizes binding contracts with strict performance obligations. The
2442:
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456:
408:
227:
NASA Administrator has suggested that space transportation services procurement may be expanded to orbital
192:
176:
98:
91:
2332:"SpaceDev Selected as a Finalist in NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Solicitation"
5574:
5187:
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3999:
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3467:
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106:
59:(ISS). Launched in 2006, COTS successfully concluded in 2013 after completing all demonstration flights.
56:
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2335:
2076:
1977:
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907:
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251:
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101:(CRS) program, which procured cargo delivery services using the COTS developed vehicles. COTS employed
71:
1621:
121:
This was more challenging than existent commercial space transportation because it required precision
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3752:
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2026:
74:
and two automated cargo spacecraft". After the conclusion of the COTS program, NASA shifted towards
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1943:
349:
On 8 November 2006 RpK and ATK announced that ATK would become the lead contractor for the K-1.
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5511:
4888:
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2996:
2896:
2125:"Spaceflight Now | Antares | Commercial rocket gets new name as debut launch nears"
911:
878:
255:
216:
204:
2473:(Press release). Constellation Services International, Inc. 11 December 2007. Archived from
2358:"SpaceDev signs Space Act Agreement with NASA for development of commercial access to space"
2102:
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could develop and operate such a system more efficiently and affordably than a government
8:
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331:
247:
200:
130:
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102:
87:
52:
2441:(Press release). Constellation Services International, Inc. 18 June 2007. Archived from
2203:
2171:
1675:"Rocketplane Kistler and ATK Announce Agreement for K-1 Launch Vehicle and COTS Program"
1566:
1416:
427:
development program using Space Act Agreements (SAA), with lessons for future programs.
6140:
5888:
5874:
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4718:
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3171:
3145:
3085:
3069:
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2124:
1999:
746:
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172:
146:
Capability level D: Crew Transportation (was not funded, but formed the basis of CCDev)
67:
63:
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5074:
5727:
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5703:
5448:
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3650:
3534:
3494:
3454:
3374:
3334:
3201:
3191:
2939:
2615:
2361:
1645:"NASA – NASA Invests in Private Sector Space Flight with SpaceX, Rocketplane-Kistler"
1525:
985:
531:
464:
412:
272:
232:
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6410:
6400:
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2986:
2714:
2693:
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1861:
1747:
1358:
1258:
751:
536:
526:
460:
287:. Musk protested, and NASA withdrew the contract to Kistler after hearing that the
228:
196:
5102:
250:; with the exception of a few vehicle-specific payloads delivered on the European
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6217:
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902:
817:
717:
683:
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303:
122:
5324:
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1862:
NASASpaceflight.com – Orbital beat a dozen competitors to win NASA COTS contract
6259:
5559:
5359:
5051:
4329:
4019:
3899:
3656:
3342:
3140:
3130:
2976:
2971:
2829:
1285: – NASA program contracting commercial transportation services to the Moon
490:
1487:
841:
318:
In May 2006, NASA selected six semifinalist proposals for further evaluation:
283:, as there had not been a competition and Musk could have used the funding at
6783:
6472:
6462:
6241:
6225:
6210:
6196:
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4759:
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4047:
4029:
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3914:
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3691:
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2834:
1970:"SpaceX Dragon Capsule Splashes Down in Pacific, Ending Historic Test Flight"
1576:," AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 11 January 2007 (accessed 28 April 2014).
1210:
1197:
598:
588:
562:
389:
369:
323:
243:
143:
Capability level C: Internal pressurized cargo delivery, return and recovery
6715:
6694:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6502:
6492:
6482:
6233:
6161:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5937:
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5923:
5916:
5909:
5814:
5417:
5407:
5351:
5056:
4799:
4728:
4697:
3894:
3461:
921:
807:
645:
2054:
1799:
90:, but the latter's agreement was terminated due to insufficient progress.
6543:
6533:
6523:
6513:
5652:
5645:
5482:
2856:
2732:
2266:"Spacehab Finalist as NASA's Commercial Space Station Logistics Supplier"
1330:"SpaceX just stomped the competition for a new contract—that's not great"
954:
949:
944:
883:
664:
641:
448:
393:
168:
164:
1179:
Launch of Dragon spacecraft to test its orbital maneuvering and reentry
5821:
5061:
4989:
3587:
3289:
3282:
2797:
2101:(Press release). Rocketplane Limited, Inc. 24 July 2006. Archived from
1944:"Commercial Orbital Transportation Services – A New Era in Spaceflight"
674:
485:
137:
Capability level A: External unpressurized cargo delivery and disposal
5470:
4787:
4307:
4297:
4004:
3977:
3825:
3737:
3597:
3566:
3559:
3356:
3254:
3008:
2288:"Spacehab Responds to NASA RFP Seeking Commercial ISS Resupply Means"
851:
846:
280:
6332:
140:
Capability level B: Internal pressurized cargo delivery and disposal
5777:
5334:
5129:
5006:
4975:
4793:
4746:
4680:
802:
778:
702:
567:
397:
381:
339:
335:
2539:"NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts"
2197:"PlanetSpace, Lockheed Martin and ATK team up to bid on NASA COTS"
1488:"SpaceX/NASA Discuss launch of Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule"
361:
6405:
4102:
3519:
3509:
3412:
2851:
2099:"Orbital and Rocketplane Kistler Announce Strategic Relationship"
916:
836:
812:
712:
385:
327:
1822:"NASA Picks Finalists for Space Station Resupply Demonstrations"
299:
6286:
4820:
4648:
4484:
4312:
3553:
3484:
2981:
2846:
1237:
1205:
Launch of boilerplate Cygnus spacecraft to test Antares rocket
783:
707:
557:
442:
319:
284:
83:
2202:(Press release). PlanetSpace. 21 November 2007. Archived from
1618:"NASA Selects Crew and Cargo Transportation to Orbit Partners"
70:, the $ 800 million COTS investment resulted in "two new U.S.
6250:
3577:
3350:
3314:
3309:
3100:
2170:(Press release). PlanetSpace. 1 February 2007. Archived from
773:
407:
On 19 February 2008, the second round selection was made to
235:
deliveries should the first phase of COTS prove successful.
66:
employed by NASA, such as the $ 12 billion contract for the
32:
2672:
2526:"NASA to Announce Space Station Resupply Services Contract"
2501:"Dispatches from the Final Frontier: Advent going for COTS"
2334:(Press release). SpaceDev, Inc. 15 May 2006. Archived from
1266: – NASA space program partnership with space companies
48:
2412:(Press release). t/Space. 29 November 2007. Archived from
5899:
4617:
2616:"B-401016; B-401016.2, PlanetSpace, Inc., April 22, 2009"
2386:(Press release). t/Space. 1 February 2007. Archived from
2077:"Space Systems/Loral Proposes Bus for NASA's Cargo Needs"
1887:
1885:
1883:
223:, since refocused, would not have been ready until 2014.
184:
2310:"Orbital To Pull Out of Rocketplane Kistler's COTS Team"
2027:"Orbital Sciences about to make first space station run"
133:
vendors were competing for four specific service areas:
2641:
2360:(Press release). SpaceDev. 18 June 2007. Archived from
1748:"NASA Signs Space Act Agreements with Three More Firms"
1268:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1880:
94:
replaced Rocketplane Kistler in the program in 2008.
2602:"Planetspace officially protest NASA's CRS selection"
1620:(Press release). NASA. 18 August 2006. Archived from
2000:"Orbital Successfully Launches First Antares Rocket"
1919:"NASA Holds Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference"
1450:
FAA Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Council
2248:"ATK's new vehicle to provide multi-access options"
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1439:
1437:
467:
to rendezvous with the International Space Station.
179:. In November 2005, Dr. Griffin articulated that:
2559:"NewSpace: The Emerging Commercial Space Industry"
1798:. Space Fellowship. 7 January 2008. Archived from
1699:. Aviation Week. 10 September 2007. Archived from
1452:. Washington, D.C.: FAA. p. 2. Archived from
1403:
1305:(Press release). NASA. 3 June 2014. Archived from
1218:CRS mission simulation including docking with ISS
1192:CRS mission simulation including docking with ISS
129:and possibly docking with another spacecraft. The
2165:"NASA signs Space Act Agreement with Planetspace"
1475:"Commercial Space Development – What's the Next?"
1404:Griffin, Michael; Valin Thorn (11 January 2007).
6781:
5589:
2290:(Press release). Spacehab, Inc. 29 November 2007
1772:. Aviation Week. 19 October 2007. Archived from
1538:
1434:
2047:"Private ventures vie to service space station"
1415:. Reno, Nevada: NASA. p. 2. Archived from
1224:
4427:
2312:(Press release). Space News. 25 September 2006
1406:"Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Overview"
1373:
1371:
6348:
5575:
4633:
4088:
2657:
2079:(Press release). Space News. 10 December 2007
1846:. forum.NasaSpaceflight.com. 5 February 2008.
1511:
1509:
1135:
271:In February 2004, NASA awarded a contract to
159:After years of keeping orbital transport for
2599:
1898:. U.S. House of Representatives. 26 May 2011
1567:Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Overview
1443:
2268:(Press release). Spacehab, Inc. 10 May 2006
2024:
1876:. forum.NasaSpaceflight.com. 24 April 2008.
1553:"Boeing set to offer Delta IV-launched ATV"
1368:
1357:. NASA Johnson Space Center. Archived from
6355:
6341:
5582:
5568:
5383:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
5329:Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC
4640:
4626:
4095:
4081:
3036:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2664:
2650:
2581:"Space Station Resupply Contracts Awarded"
1506:
1166:Dragon spacecraft to test Falcon 9 rocket
55:and launch vehicles for deliveries to the
41:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
18:Commercial orbital transportation services
5501:Blue Origin v. United States & SpaceX
3930:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
2532:
1967:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1722:NASA Cuts Funds for Private Space Venture
1588:"NASA makes first round of cuts for COTS"
163:in-house, NASA concluded that firms in a
5518:Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space
2498:
1585:
360:
298:
31:
4015:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1949:. NASA. February 2014. NASA/SP-2014-617
1916:
1381:. NASA. 20 October 2006. Archived from
14:
6782:
4336:Window Observational Research Facility
2803:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2245:
1850:
1515:
1327:
6362:
6336:
5563:
5485:(former VP of Propulsion Development)
4621:
4076:
3593:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
2645:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1824:. Imaginova/Space.com. 8 January 2008
1736:, 5 June 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
1677:(Press release). ATK. 8 November 2006
1494:from the original on 19 December 2021
1444:Gerstenmaier, William (18 May 2007).
990:Constellation Services International
870:Constellation Services International
421:
5301:Rocket development and test facility
4055:
2141:. NASA. 2 March 2012. Archived from
1874:"COTS Selection Statement – Feb, 08"
1413:45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting
150:
2499:Belfiore, Michael (17 March 2006).
2384:"NASA signs agreement with t/Space"
1734:Nonreimbursable Space Act Agreement
51:program to spur the development of
24:
6322:Symbol †indicates failed missions
2709:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2590:. Aviation Week, 24 December 2008.
2505:Dispatches from the Final Frontier
2410:"t/Space enters COTS second round"
2033:
1642:
1592:Dispatches from the Final Frontier
1446:"Need for Commercial Cargo to ISS"
1379:"X Prize Comments by Mike Griffin"
213:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
25:
6806:
5398:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
3663:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3217:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2625:
2246:Bergin, Chris (21 January 2008).
2025:Dunn,Marcia (17 September 2013).
1917:Messier, Doug (6 December 2013).
1303:"NASA Releases COTS Final Report"
1283:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
6419:
6385:Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS
5760:
5754:
5543:
5542:
5258:Autonomous spaceport drone ships
4819:
4602:
4601:
4538:Centrifuge Accommodations Module
4411:
4054:
4043:
4042:
3958:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3716:Space Flight Operations Facility
2902:Operations and Checkout Building
2600:Chris Bergin (15 January 2009).
1968:Moskowitz, Clara (31 May 2012).
1697:"RpK's COTS Contract Terminated"
1586:Belfiore, Michael (9 May 2006).
1247:Government Accountability Office
289:Government Accountability Office
5367:SpaceX fairing recovery program
4512:Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules
3177:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2608:
2593:
2573:
2551:
2518:
2492:
2460:
2436:"NASA Signs Agreement with CSI"
2428:
2402:
2376:
2350:
2324:
2302:
2280:
2258:
2239:
2221:
2189:
2157:
2131:
2117:
2091:
2069:
2018:
1992:
1961:
1936:
1910:
1866:
1844:"COTS I ReAward Final Cut Poll"
1836:
1814:
1788:
1762:
1739:
1726:
1715:
1689:
1667:
1636:
1610:
1579:
1559:
356:
82:COTS contracts were awarded to
5313:Satellite development facility
4288:International Docking Adapters
2006:. Orbital Sciences Corporation
1480:
1468:
1397:
1347:
1321:
1295:
471:
294:
171:. The then NASA Administrator
36:Logo used for the COTS program
13:
1:
2045:Boyle, Alan (20 March 2006).
1328:Berger, Eric (23 July 2024).
1289:
266:
5388:Commercial Resupply Services
3995:Space program on U.S. stamps
3920:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3870:Solar System Family Portrait
3646:Joint Polar Satellite System
3515:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2769:Vision for Space Exploration
2739:Space Exploration Initiative
2528:. NASA HQ. 22 December 2008.
2139:"COTS 2006 Demo Competition"
1242:Orbital Sciences Corporation
1231:Commercial Resupply Services
1225:Commercial Resupply Services
457:Orbital Sciences Corporation
409:Orbital Sciences Corporation
328:Transformational Space Corp.
193:Russian Federal Space Agency
177:Vision for Space Exploration
99:Commercial Resupply Services
92:Orbital Sciences Corporation
72:medium-class launch vehicles
7:
4325:Pressurized Mating Adapters
4105:International Space Station
3990:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3947:We choose to go to the Moon
3910:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3468:International Space Station
3448:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3187:Great Observatories program
3031:International Space Station
3009:Roscosmos State Corporation
2926:Science Mission Directorate
2872:Manned Space Flight Network
1770:"NASA Reopens COTS Bidding"
1264:Commercial Crew Development
1252:
107:Commercial Crew Development
57:International Space Station
10:
6811:
5403:Gateway Logistics Services
5140:in the Russo-Ukrainian War
4817:
4647:
4293:Integrated Truss Structure
4283:ExPRESS Logistics Carriers
4278:External Stowage Platforms
3807:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3618:James Webb Space Telescope
3530:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2751:U.S. National Space Policy
2229:"Strange space bedfellows"
1976:. New York. Archived from
1750:. Space News. 19 June 2007
1522:William Morrow and Company
1228:
1211:Orbital COTS Demo Flight 1
1136:Demonstration flight tests
368:approaches the ISS on its
306:approaches the ISS on its
261:
209:Automated Transfer Vehicle
112:
6767:indicate launch failures.
6758:
6707:
6686:
6454:
6428:
6417:
6393:
6370:
6317:indicates future missions
6301:
6132:
5898:
5838:
5831:
5769:
5752:
5630:
5601:
5536:
5492:
5463:
5431:
5375:
5343:
5281:
5250:
5212:
5164:
5155:
5108:Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
5093:
5020:
4999:
4961:
4935:
4928:
4868:
4835:
4828:
4780:
4739:
4706:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4597:
4576:
4525:
4502:
4477:
4458:
4451:
4420:
4409:
4344:
4255:
4173:
4118:
4111:
4038:
3938:
3815:
3730:
3675:
3638:
3437:
3247:
3234:
3164:
3078:
3068:
3023:
2949:
2938:
2882:Vehicle Assembly Building
2790:
2689:
2679:
2637:COTS Space Act Agreements
2548:. NASA, 23 December 2008.
1477:. NASA, 15 November 2007.
1185:SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2
1172:SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1
430:
377:their proposed vehicles.
370:COTS demonstration flight
308:COTS demonstration flight
6306:Ongoing spaceflights in
5289:Headquarters and factory
4584:Manufacturing of the ISS
4558:Universal Docking Module
3953:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3877:The Day the Earth Smiled
3212:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2671:
1278:Space Shuttle successors
1273:Commercial off-the-shelf
670:Orbital Transfer Vehicle
221:Crew Exploration Vehicle
183:"With the advent of the
5393:Commercial Crew Program
4563:Russian Research Module
4303:Mobile Servicing System
4010:Other primates in space
3722:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3542:Mars Science Laboratory
3330:Spitzer Space Telescope
2919:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2862:Launch Services Program
2231:. MSNBC. Archived from
1007:Advent Launch Services
5512:Billionaire space race
5444:Falcon 9 landing tests
4553:Science Power Platform
4517:Interim Control Module
4025:National Astronaut Day
3968:The Astronaut Monument
3790:Space Shuttle missions
3490:Mars Exploration Rover
3473:Hubble Space Telescope
3382:Kepler space telescope
3182:Earth Observing System
3156:Mars Exploration Rover
2867:Mercury Control Center
1745:SpaceHab, and SpaceDev
1058:Odyssey Space Research
373:
311:
246:and Orbital Sciences'
97:COTS differs from the
37:
5294:Hawthorne, California
4466:Axiom Orbital Segment
3973:Lunar sample displays
3963:Space Mirror Memorial
3905:Voyager Golden Record
3797:United States rockets
2989: (with the
2897:Launch Control Center
2618:. GAO. 22 April 2009.
2586:22 March 2012 at the
2579:Morring, Jr., Frank.
1516:Berger, Eric (2021).
1490:. NASA. 22 May 2012.
1364:on 29 September 2006.
1084:Thortek Laboratories
1032:Exploration Partners
842:Crew Transfer Vehicle
364:
302:
217:H-II Transfer Vehicle
205:European Space Agency
76:fixed-price contracts
35:
5882:In-Flight Abort Test
5507:Commercial astronaut
5408:Human Landing System
4942:Starship prototypes
4568:Science Power Module
4273:European Robotic Arm
2991:Soviet space program
2909:Johnson Space Center
2877:Kennedy Space Center
2840:spinoff technologies
2544:15 July 2016 at the
2364:on 27 September 2011
1524:. pp. 109–110.
594:Andrews Cargo Module
103:Space Act Agreements
6790:Private spaceflight
5479:(President and COO)
5318:Redmond, Washington
4946:first stage booster
4719:Super Heavy booster
4589:Assembly of the ISS
4548:Crew Return Vehicle
4298:Life Support System
4000:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3856:Pillars of Creation
3763:Space Shuttle crews
3241:(human and robotic)
3235:Individual featured
2818:Ranks and positions
2632:NASA's COTS webpage
2480:on 26 February 2009
2416:on 30 November 2007
2338:on 24 November 2006
2254:on 24 January 2008.
2235:on 2 December 2007.
1655:on 8 September 2021
1456:on 26 February 2009
976:Space Systems/Loral
770:Venturer Aerospace
737:Rocketplane Kistler
680:Alliant Techsystems
604:Alliant Techsystems
437:Rocketplane Kistler
332:Rocketplane Kistler
201:Progress spacecraft
131:private spaceflight
88:Rocketplane Kistler
64:cost-plus contracts
27:Former NASA program
5847:Dragon test flight
4765:"Full Thrust" v1.2
4470:US Deorbit Vehicle
4103:Components of the
3802:NASA cancellations
3697:Deep Space Network
3687:Near Earth Network
3172:Living With a Star
3146:Project Prometheus
3126:Planetary Observer
2390:on 2 February 2007
2105:on 17 October 2006
2057:on 29 October 2020
1796:"COTS 1.5 Roundup"
1572:2012-10-20 at the
1422:on 20 October 2012
422:Program conclusion
374:
312:
173:Michael D. Griffin
53:private spacecraft
38:
6775:
6774:
6364:Cygnus spacecraft
6330:
6329:
6297:
6296:
5557:
5556:
5521:(2021 docuseries)
5246:
5245:
5157:Launch facilities
5095:Lists of missions
5016:
5015:
4924:
4923:
4815:
4814:
4615:
4614:
4543:Habitation Module
4533:Propulsion Module
4498:
4497:
4447:
4446:
4407:
4406:
4268:Electrical System
4070:
4069:
3983:stolen or missing
3780:uncrewed missions
3758:Apollo astronauts
3753:Gemini astronauts
3671:
3670:
3455:2001 Mars Odyssey
3230:
3229:
3106:Mars Surveyor '98
3064:
3063:
3007: (with
2940:Human spaceflight
2934:
2933:
2892:Launch Complex 48
2887:Launch Complex 39
1624:on 20 August 2011
1531:978-0-06-297997-1
1385:on 24 August 2009
1222:
1221:
1215:18 September 2013
1155:Falcon 9 Flight 1
1133:
1132:
465:Cygnus spacecraft
413:Cygnus spacecraft
273:Kistler Aerospace
254:and the Japanese
240:Bill Gerstenmaier
219:since NASA's own
161:human spaceflight
151:Program rationale
16:(Redirected from
6802:
6751:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6700:
6699:
6687:Current missions
6679:
6678:
6669:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6619:
6618:
6609:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6589:
6588:
6579:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6559:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6498:
6497:
6488:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6446:Northrop Grumman
6423:
6411:Falcon 9 Block 5
6357:
6350:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6318:
6310:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6229:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6125:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5836:
5835:
5824:
5817:
5808:
5801:
5799:v1.2 Full Thrust
5794:
5787:
5780:
5764:
5758:
5747:
5740:
5730:
5723:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5689:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5546:
5545:
5432:R&D programs
5325:Regional offices
5282:Other facilities
5162:
5161:
4933:
4932:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4671:
4670:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4605:
4604:
4456:
4455:
4425:
4424:
4415:
4116:
4115:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4045:
3884:Fallen Astronaut
3525:Van Allen Probes
3245:
3244:
3151:Mars Exploration
3076:
3075:
2947:
2946:
2715:Space Task Group
2687:
2686:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2250:. Archived from
2243:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:on 17 March 2007
2176:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:. Archived from
2042:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:. Archived from
1583:
1577:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1555:. 12 April 2005.
1549:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1309:on 7 August 2020
1299:
1269:
1259:Cargo spacecraft
1140:
1139:
752:Orbital Sciences
527:Orbital Sciences
479:
478:
461:Antares (rocket)
238:On 22 May 2012,
68:Orion spacecraft
21:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6771:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6708:Future missions
6703:
6697:
6693:
6682:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6450:
6424:
6415:
6394:Launch vehicles
6389:
6366:
6361:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6293:
6284:
6275:
6266:
6257:
6248:
6239:
6232:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6133:Crewed missions
6128:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5765:
5759:
5750:
5743:
5733:
5726:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5591:SpaceX Dragon 1
5588:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5532:
5526:Return to Space
5488:
5477:Gwynne Shotwell
5459:
5427:
5371:
5363:(recovery ship)
5355:(recovery ship)
5339:
5306:McGregor, Texas
5277:
5242:
5208:
5151:
5089:
5012:
4995:
4957:
4920:
4864:
4824:
4811:
4776:
4735:
4702:
4666:Launch vehicles
4660:
4651:
4646:
4616:
4611:
4593:
4572:
4521:
4504:
4494:
4473:
4443:
4429:
4416:
4403:
4346:
4340:
4251:
4169:
4120:Russian Segment
4107:
4101:
4071:
4066:
4034:
3934:
3925:Mission patches
3900:Pioneer plaques
3863:Mystic Mountain
3840:Family Portrait
3833:The Blue Marble
3817:
3811:
3785:Apollo missions
3726:
3678:
3667:
3634:
3439:
3433:
3270:Mercury-Atlas 6
3240:
3236:
3226:
3160:
3096:Mariner Mark II
3060:
3041:Commercial Crew
3019:
2942:
2930:
2914:Mission Control
2813:Astronaut Corps
2808:Chief Scientist
2786:
2691:
2675:
2670:
2628:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2588:Wayback Machine
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2546:Wayback Machine
2537:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2448:on 28 July 2007
2445:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2209:on 23 July 2008
2206:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2145:on 22 June 2017
2137:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1802:on 30 July 2012
1794:
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1656:
1643:Dunbar, Brian.
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1598:on 14 June 2006
1584:
1580:
1574:Wayback Machine
1564:
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1233:
1227:
1176:8 December 2010
1138:
1109:Triton Systems
903:Lockheed Martin
818:Lockheed Martin
718:Lockheed Martin
684:Lockheed Martin
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
474:
446:
433:
424:
359:
297:
269:
264:
153:
123:orbit insertion
115:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6808:
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5913:
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5893:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5868:Pad Abort Test
5864:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5840:
5833:
5829:
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5455:Mars transport
5452:
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5262:Landing Zones
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5022:Rocket engines
5018:
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4902:
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4848:Dragon 2 Cargo
4845:
4843:Dragon 1 Cargo
4839:
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4818:
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4708:
4707:In development
4704:
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4280:
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4270:
4265:
4263:Bishop airlock
4259:
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4027:
4022:
4020:Astronauts Day
4017:
4012:
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3997:
3992:
3987:
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3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3679:and navigation
3677:Communications
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3657:Europa Clipper
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
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3627:
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3615:
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3257:
3251:
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3209:
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3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:New Millennium
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
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2999:
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2684:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2622:
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2607:
2592:
2572:
2550:
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2491:
2459:
2427:
2401:
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2257:
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2188:
2156:
2130:
2116:
2090:
2068:
2032:
2017:
1991:
1980:on 1 June 2012
1960:
1935:
1909:
1879:
1865:
1849:
1835:
1813:
1787:
1776:on 12 May 2011
1761:
1738:
1725:
1714:
1703:on 12 May 2011
1688:
1666:
1635:
1609:
1578:
1565:Valin Thorn, "
1558:
1537:
1530:
1505:
1479:
1467:
1433:
1396:
1367:
1355:"COTS Vendors"
1346:
1320:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1229:Main article:
1226:
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544:
541:
539:
534:
529:
523:
522:
517:
510:
509:semi-finalist
503:
496:
493:
491:Launch vehicle
488:
483:
473:
470:
469:
468:
453:
452:
440:
432:
429:
423:
420:
358:
355:
296:
293:
277:George Mueller
268:
265:
263:
260:
189:
188:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
114:
111:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6807:
6796:
6795:NASA programs
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6778:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:Past missions
6453:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
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6365:
6358:
6353:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6304:
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6300:
6289:
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6283:
6280:
6279:
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6270:
6265:
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6261:
6256:
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6017:
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6010:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5985:
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5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
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5961:
5957:
5953:
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5841:
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5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
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5768:
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5708:
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5307:
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5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:LZ-1 and LZ-2
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:Landing sites
5249:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5226:
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5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5203:Omelek Island
5201:
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4952:
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4931:
4929:Test vehicles
4927:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4878:
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4876:Dragon 2 Crew
4874:
4873:
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4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
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4352:
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4349:
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4337:
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4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4318:Boom Assembly
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
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4078:
4075:
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4053:
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4037:
4031:
4030:Nikon NASA F4
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
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4001:
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3918:
3916:
3915:NASA insignia
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Lunar plaques
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:Pale Blue Dot
3844:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:NASA missions
3773:
3771:
3770:NASA aircraft
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
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3693:
3692:Space Network
3690:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Space Shuttle
3323:
3321:
3318:
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3208:
3207:New Frontiers
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3190:
3188:
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3142:
3139:
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3127:
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3119:
3117:
3116:Lunar Orbiter
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
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3077:
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3067:
3057:
3056:Lunar Gateway
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:Constellation
3013:
3010:
3006:
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3000:
2998:
2997:Space Shuttle
2995:
2992:
2988:
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2835:NASA research
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2028:
2021:
2005:
2004:press release
2001:
1995:
1979:
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1923:Parabolic Arc
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1202:21 April 2013
1201:
1199:
1198:Antares A-ONE
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589:Andrews Space
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390:Andrews Space
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324:Andrews Space
321:
316:
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304:SpaceX Dragon
301:
292:
290:
286:
282:
279:. This upset
278:
274:
259:
257:
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244:SpaceX Dragon
241:
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233:lunar surface
230:
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50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
6777:
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6374:
6314:
6307:
6285:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6249:
6240:
6234:Polaris Dawn
6224:
6162:Inspiration4
6120:
5839:Demo flights
5736:
5719:
5695:
5685:
5661:
5613:
5524:
5516:
5499:
5418:Rocket Cargo
5382:
5358:
5350:
4988:
4981:
4968:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4800:Falcon 9 Air
4729:lunar lander
4698:Falcon Heavy
4436:
4345:Experimental
4244:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
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4060:
4048:
3882:
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3854:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3655:
3604:Perseverance
3603:
3565:
3558:
3535:
3495:
3478:
3462:New Horizons
3460:
3453:
3446:
3419:
3411:
3387:
3375:
3368:
3355:
3343:
3335:
3296:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3035:
3003:
2987:Apollo–Soyuz
2610:
2595:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2553:
2534:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2475:the original
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2443:the original
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:the original
2378:
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2362:the original
2352:
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2336:the original
2326:
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2304:
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2270:. Retrieved
2260:
2252:the original
2241:
2233:the original
2223:
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2204:the original
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2159:
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2143:the original
2133:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:the original
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2050:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1868:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1741:
1728:
1717:
1707:10 September
1705:. Retrieved
1701:the original
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1649:www.nasa.gov
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1581:
1561:
1517:
1496:. Retrieved
1482:
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1454:the original
1449:
1424:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1412:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1359:the original
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1334:Ars Technica
1333:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1297:
1234:
1149:Description
922:EADS Astrium
808:Dream Chaser
646:EADS Astrium
516:participant
502:participant
475:
425:
417:
406:
402:
379:
375:
357:Second round
351:
348:
344:
317:
313:
270:
237:
225:
190:
158:
154:
120:
116:
96:
81:
61:
44:
40:
39:
29:
6749:(Late 2026)
6463:Test flight
6441:Orbital ATK
5483:Tom Mueller
5439:Reusability
5213:Atmospheric
4970:Grasshopper
4951:upper stage
4806:BFR and ITS
4724:upper stage
4239:Tranquility
3890:Deep fields
3818:and artwork
3816:NASA images
3388:Opportunity
2857:NASA Social
2683:and history
2484:11 December
2452:11 December
2420:11 December
2394:11 December
2368:11 December
2342:21 November
2316:17 December
2294:11 December
2272:21 November
2213:11 December
2181:11 December
2109:21 November
2083:10 December
2029:. Phys.org.
1754:11 December
1681:21 November
1628:21 November
1602:21 November
1189:22 May 2012
1164:boilerplate
1159:4 June 2010
884:RKK Energia
665:PlanetSpace
642:Arianespace
472:Competitors
394:PlanetSpace
295:First round
229:fuel depots
169:bureaucracy
165:free market
6784:Categories
6739:(Jan 2026)
6729:(Jun 2025)
6719:(Feb 2025)
6698:(Aug 2024)
6677:(Jan 2024)
6667:(Aug 2023)
6657:(Nov 2022)
6647:(Feb 2022)
6637:(Aug 2021)
6627:(Feb 2021)
6617:(Oct 2020)
6607:(Feb 2020)
6597:(Nov 2019)
6587:(Apr 2019)
6577:(Nov 2018)
6567:(May 2018)
6557:(Nov 2017)
6547:(Apr 2017)
6537:(Oct 2016)
6527:(Mar 2016)
6517:(Dec 2015)
6507:(Oct 2014)
6496:(Jul 2014)
6486:(Jan 2014)
6476:(Sep 2013)
6466:(Apr 2013)
5822:SuperDraco
5696:Resilience
5631:Spacecraft
5473:(CEO, CTO)
5464:Key people
5451:(canceled)
5449:Red Dragon
5423:Starshield
5236:Boca Chica
5225:New Mexico
5062:SuperDraco
4990:Starhopper
4891:Resilience
4829:Spacecraft
4430:components
4256:Subsystems
4175:US Segment
3978:Moon rocks
3738:Astronauts
3731:NASA lists
3588:OSIRIS-REx
3422:helicopter
3290:Pioneer 11
3283:Pioneer 10
3086:Hitchhiker
2961:suborbital
2798:Space Race
2565:3 November
2561:. NASA.gov
2149:3 November
1928:7 December
1828:27 January
1806:12 January
1780:28 October
1290:References
1162:Launch of
847:QuickReach
675:Athena III
486:Spacecraft
449:Dragon C2+
411:, for the
267:Background
127:rendezvous
6429:Operators
6308:underline
6278:Polaris-2
5902:logistics
5720:Endurance
5686:Endeavour
5662:DragonFly
5471:Elon Musk
5376:Contracts
5118:2020–2021
5113:2010–2019
4983:DragonFly
4899:Endurance
4883:Endeavour
4853:Dragon XL
4788:Falcon 1e
4781:Cancelled
4751:Falcon 9
4526:Cancelled
4394:PK-3 Plus
4379:ISS-CREAM
4308:Canadarm2
4005:Moon tree
3826:Earthrise
3701:Goldstone
3598:Mars 2020
3567:Voyager 2
3560:Voyager 1
3496:Curiosity
3440:operating
3438:Currently
3420:Ingenuity
3357:MESSENGER
3336:Sojourner
3265:Mercury 3
3255:Apollo 11
3202:Discovery
3192:Explorers
2781:Augustine
2745:Augustine
1974:Space.com
981:Space Tug
955:Space Van
950:Space Van
852:AirLaunch
334:("RpK"),
281:Elon Musk
211:, or the
5832:Missions
5778:Falcon 9
5770:Hardware
5595:Dragon 2
5548:Category
5335:STARGATE
5231:Starbase
5220:McGregor
5147:Starship
5135:launches
5130:Starlink
5125:SpaceBEE
5103:Falcon 1
5007:F9R Dev2
4976:F9R Dev1
4915:Starship
4859:Starship
4794:Falcon 5
4747:Falcon 1
4714:Starship
4691:boosters
4681:Falcon 9
4607:Category
4505:hardware
4478:Proposed
4399:SAGE III
4224:Leonardo
4189:Columbus
4112:Orbiting
4049:Category
3711:Canberra
3623:timeline
3611:timeline
3547:timeline
3503:timeline
3400:observed
3395:timeline
3363:Aquarius
3303:timeline
3276:Magellan
3238:missions
3136:Surveyor
3072:programs
3002:Shuttle–
2943:programs
2775:Aldridge
2694:creation
2584:Archived
2542:Archived
2051:NBC News
2010:21 April
1902:28 April
1570:Archived
1492:Archived
1253:See also
986:Aquarius
874:Progress
803:SpaceDev
779:Falcon 9
703:SpaceHab
637:Delta IV
599:Hercules
568:Falcon 9
495:Partner
482:Company
398:SpaceDev
382:Spacehab
340:SpaceDev
336:Spacehab
47:) was a
6436:Orbital
6406:Atlas V
6401:Antares
6315:Italics
6269:Axiom-4
6260:Crew-10
6218:Axiom-3
6204:Axiom-2
6176:Axiom-1
5806:Block 5
5737:Freedom
5493:Related
5413:Polaris
5360:Shannon
5344:Support
5165:Orbital
5052:Kestrel
5000:Unflown
4962:Retired
4936:Current
4907:Freedom
4770:Block 4
4740:Retired
4686:Block 5
4674:Current
4658:History
4577:Related
4459:Planned
4347:devices
4233:airlock
4210:Harmony
4203:Destiny
4150:Rassvet
4143:Prichal
4061:Commons
3939:Related
3748:by year
3743:by name
3520:GOES 15
3510:GOES 14
3427:flights
3413:InSight
3369:Cassini
3297:Galileo
3222:SIMPLEx
3197:Voyager
3165:Current
3121:Pioneer
3091:Mariner
3070:Robotic
3051:Artemis
3024:Current
2967:Mercury
2959: (
2852:NASA TV
2791:General
2690:History
2510:21 June
2061:21 June
1518:Liftoff
1498:23 June
1460:13 June
1339:24 July
945:PanAero
917:Atlas V
837:t/Space
813:Atlas V
713:Atlas V
537:Antares
386:t/Space
262:History
113:Purpose
6473:Orb-D1
6287:Vast-1
6242:Crew-9
6226:Crew-8
6211:Crew-7
6197:Crew-6
6190:Crew-5
6183:Crew-4
6169:Crew-3
6155:Crew-2
6148:Crew-1
6141:Demo-2
6122:CRS-31
6114:CRS-30
6107:CRS-29
6100:CRS-28
6093:CRS-27
6086:CRS-26
6079:CRS-25
6072:CRS-24
6065:CRS-23
6058:CRS-22
6051:CRS-21
6044:CRS-20
6037:CRS-19
6030:CRS-18
6023:CRS-17
6016:CRS-16
6009:CRS-15
6002:CRS-14
5995:CRS-13
5988:CRS-12
5981:CRS-11
5974:CRS-10
5889:Demo-2
5875:Demo-1
5861:COTS-2
5854:COTS-1
5529:(2022)
5191:SLC-4E
5183:LC-39A
5175:SLC-40
5084:Vacuum
5067:Raptor
5046:Vacuum
5030:Merlin
4869:Crewed
4649:SpaceX
4485:Node 4
4452:Future
4421:Former
4354:AMS-02
4332:cranes
4330:Strela
4313:Dextre
4196:Cupola
4164:Zvezda
3706:Madrid
3639:Future
3554:NuSTAR
3485:THEMIS
3407:RHESSI
3344:Spirit
3141:Viking
3131:Ranger
2982:Skylab
2977:Apollo
2972:Gemini
2830:Budget
2783:(2009)
2777:(2004)
2771:(2004)
2765:(2003)
2759:(2002)
2757:CFUSAI
2753:(1996)
2747:(1990)
2741:(1989)
2735:(1987)
2729:(1986)
2727:Rogers
2723:(1986)
2717:(1958)
2711:(1958)
2705:(1915)
2681:Policy
1984:31 May
1953:4 June
1732:NASA,
1659:18 May
1528:
1426:6 June
1389:6 June
1313:8 June
1238:SpaceX
1143:Flight
784:SpaceX
708:ARCTUS
627:Boeing
563:Dragon
558:SpaceX
532:Cygnus
521:round
512:Second
443:SpaceX
431:Awards
366:Cygnus
338:, and
320:SpaceX
285:SpaceX
248:Cygnus
203:, the
84:SpaceX
6763:Signs
6746:NG-25
6736:NG-24
6726:NG-23
6716:NG-22
6695:NG-21
6674:NG-20
6664:NG-19
6654:NG-18
6644:NG-17
6634:NG-16
6624:NG-15
6614:NG-14
6604:NG-13
6594:NG-12
6584:NG-11
6574:NG-10
6564:OA-9E
6554:OA-8E
6503:Orb-3
6493:Orb-2
6483:Orb-1
6251:Fram2
5967:CRS-9
5960:CRS-8
5952:CRS-7
5945:CRS-6
5938:CRS-5
5931:CRS-4
5924:CRS-3
5917:CRS-2
5910:CRS-1
5815:Draco
5735:C212
5718:C210
5694:C207
5684:C206
5660:C201
5352:Megan
5197:SLC-6
5195:VSFB
5172:CCSFS
5057:Draco
4905:C212
4897:C210
4889:C207
4881:C206
4836:Cargo
4503:Spare
4490:XBASE
4428:Major
4389:NICER
4359:CALET
4246:Unity
4231:Quest
4157:Zarya
4136:Poisk
4129:Nauka
3651:NISAR
3606:rover
3578:MAVEN
3498:rover
3479:Swift
3390:rover
3351:LADEE
3346:rover
3338:rover
3315:GRAIL
3310:GALEX
3101:MESUR
3046:Orion
2847:NASA+
2823:Chief
2721:Paine
2478:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2439:(PDF)
2207:(PDF)
2200:(PDF)
2175:(PDF)
2168:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1896:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1362:(xls)
879:Soyuz
774:S-550
514:round
507:round
505:First
500:round
498:First
197:Soyuz
6544:OA-7
6534:OA-5
6524:OA-6
6514:OA-4
6375:COTS
5745:C213
5728:C211
5711:C209
5704:C208
5677:C205
5670:C204
5653:C108
5646:C106
5639:C100
5614:COTS
5593:and
5271:LZ-4
5188:VSFB
4760:v1.1
4755:v1.0
4438:Pirs
4384:MAXI
4374:HDEV
4369:GEDI
4364:CATS
4217:KibĹŤ
4183:BEAM
3630:PACE
3573:WISE
3536:Juno
3376:Dawn
3320:WMAP
3260:COBE
3248:Past
3079:Past
2957:X-15
2950:Past
2763:CAIB
2733:Ride
2703:NACA
2673:NASA
2567:2022
2512:2024
2486:2007
2454:2007
2422:2007
2396:2007
2370:2007
2344:2006
2318:2007
2296:2007
2274:2006
2215:2007
2183:2007
2151:2022
2111:2006
2085:2007
2063:2024
2012:2013
1986:2012
1955:2014
1930:2013
1904:2014
1830:2008
1808:2008
1782:2007
1756:2007
1709:2007
1683:2006
1661:2021
1630:2006
1604:2006
1526:ISBN
1500:2012
1462:2007
1428:2007
1391:2007
1341:2024
1315:2014
1240:and
1146:Date
926:JAXA
859:Yes
856:Yes
825:Yes
822:Yes
788:Yes
759:Yes
756:Yes
728:Yes
725:Yes
722:Yes
694:Yes
618:Yes
615:Yes
612:Yes
583:Yes
580:Yes
577:Yes
574:Yes
552:Yes
549:Yes
396:and
231:and
199:and
86:and
49:NASA
45:COTS
6380:CRS
5900:ISS
5792:1.1
5785:1.0
5621:CRS
5607:CCP
5180:KSC
5037:1B*
3583:MMS
3004:Mir
1129:No
1123:No
1104:No
1098:No
1079:No
1073:No
1052:No
1046:No
1027:No
1021:No
1002:No
996:No
970:No
964:No
939:No
933:No
924:or
912:HTV
910:or
908:ATV
897:No
891:No
865:No
831:No
797:No
794:No
791:No
765:No
762:No
747:K-1
742:K-1
731:No
697:No
691:No
688:No
659:No
653:No
632:ATV
621:No
608:MDA
546:No
519:Won
256:HTV
252:ATV
215:'s
207:'s
195:'s
185:ISS
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6505:â€
5043:1D
5040:1C
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43:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
