Comoros - Knowledge

1455:; جمهورية القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية). Bob Denard served as Abdallah's first advisor; nicknamed the "Viceroy of the Comoros," he was sometimes considered the real strongman of the regime. Very close to South Africa, which financed his "presidential guard," he allowed Paris to circumvent the international embargo on the apartheid regime via Moroni. He also set up from the archipelago a permanent mercenary corps, called upon to intervene at the request of Paris or Pretoria in conflicts in Africa. Abdallah continued as president until 1989 when, fearing a probable coup, he signed a decree ordering the Presidential Guard, led by Bob Denard, to disarm the armed forces. Shortly after the signing of the decree, Abdallah was allegedly shot dead in his office by a disgruntled military officer, though later sources claim an antitank missile was launched into his bedroom and killed him. Although Denard was also injured, it is suspected that Abdallah's killer was a soldier under his command. 1248: 1518:, a French-trained former gendarme elected President of Ndzwani in 2001, refused to step down at the end of his five-year mandate. He staged a vote in June 2007 to confirm his leadership that was rejected as illegal by the Comoros federal government and the African Union. On 25 March 2008 hundreds of soldiers from the African Union and the Comoros seized rebel-held Ndzwani, generally welcomed by the population: there have been reports of hundreds, if not thousands, of people tortured during Bacar's tenure. Some rebels were killed and injured, but there are no official figures. At least 11 civilians were wounded. Some officials were imprisoned. Bacar fled in a speedboat to Mayotte to seek asylum. Anti-French protests followed in the Comoros (see 216: 1373: 1384: 3118: 2293: 1912: 2480: 3214: 7639: 5007:

Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017).

2683: 1018: 3320: 1264: 1256: 2830: 8163: 105: 2470: 2507: 119: 2012: 691: 1395: 10501: 3092:, or grand marriage, and this must generally be within the village. The hallmarks of the grand marriage are dazzling gold jewelry, two weeks of celebration and an enormous bridal dowry. Although the expenses are shared between both families as well as with a wider social circle, an ada wedding on Ngazidja can cost up to €50,000. Many couples take a lifetime to save for their ada, and it is not uncommon for a marriage to be attended by a couple's adult children. 1807: 6651: 10415: 9771: 8078: 7854: 7866: 1589: 8088: 7111: 6477: 716: 672: 657: 628: 613: 2048:. The Constitution of the Union of the Comoros was ratified by referendum on 23 December 2001, and the islands' constitutions and executives were elected in the following months. It had previously been considered a military dictatorship, and the transfer of power from Azali Assoumani to Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi in May 2006 was a watershed moment as it was the first peaceful transfer in Comorian history. 2134:, which adopted a series of resolutions under the caption "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte", opining that Mayotte belongs to the Comoros under the principle that the territorial integrity of colonial territories should be preserved upon independence. As a practical matter, however, these resolutions have little effect and there is no foreseeable likelihood that Mayotte will become 6373: 2063:

of autonomy in the Union, including having their own constitutions (or Fundamental Law), president, and Parliament. The presidency and Assembly of the Union are distinct from each of the islands' governments. Up to a referendum on 30.7.2018 (62.7% participation, 92.34% for the amendment according to the Comorian government) the presidency of the Union rotated between the islands.

3104:, a type of shawl, across his shoulders, and he can enter the mosque by the door reserved for elders, and sit at the front. A woman's status also changes, although less formally, as she becomes a "mother" and moves into her own house. The system is less formalised on the other islands, but the marriage is nevertheless a significant and costly event across the archipelago. The 1002: 1436:, held in February 1976, confirmed that vote with an overwhelming 99.4%, while the third, in April 1976, confirmed that the people of Mayotte wished to remain a French territory. The three remaining islands, ruled by President Soilihi, instituted a number of socialist and isolationist policies that soon strained relations with France. On 13 May 1978, 5381:(PDF)", United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/31/4, (21 October 1976) states "the occupation by France of the Comorian island of Mayotte constitutes a flagrant encroachment on the national unity of the Comorian State, a Member of the United Nations," rejecting the French-administered referendums and condemning French presence in Mayotte. 5065:

Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

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May 2009 to decide whether to cut down the government's unwieldy political bureaucracy. 52.7% of those eligible voted, and 93.8% of votes were cast in approval of the referendum. Following the implementation of the changes, each island's president became a governor and the ministers became councillors.

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Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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Around 80 percent of the central government's annual budget is spent on the country's complex administrative system which provides for a semi-autonomous government and president for each of the three islands and a rotating presidency for the overarching Union government. A referendum took place on 16

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Nicolas Brucato; Veronica Fernandes; Stéphane Mazières; Pradiptajati Kusuma; Murray P. Cox; Joseph Wainaina Ng'ang'a; Mohammed Omar; Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle; Coralie Frassati; Farida Alshamali; Bertrand Fin; Anne Boland; Jean-Francois Deleuze; Mark Stoneking; Alexander Adelaar; Alison Crowther;

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system. This was mainly for children of the elite. After Comoros gained independence in 1975, the education system changed again. Funding for teachers' salaries was lost, and many went on strike. Thus, the public education system was not functioning between 1997 and 2001. Since gaining independence,

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as a percent of the total labor force ranged from 4.38% to 4.3%. An October 2005 paper by the Comoros Ministry of Planning and Regional Development, however, reported that "registered unemployment rate is 14.3 percent, distributed very unevenly among and within the islands, but with marked incidence

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With about 850,000 residents, the Comoros is one of the least populous countries in the world, but its population density is high, with an average of 275 inhabitants per square kilometre (710/sq mi). In 2001, 34% of the population was considered urban, but the urban population has since grown;

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Once the new government was installed in May–June 2011, an expert mission from UNREC (Lomé) came to the Comoros and produced guidelines for the elaboration of a national security policy, which were discussed by different actors, notably the national defence authorities and civil society. By the end

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and parliament. The preamble of the constitution guarantees an Islamic inspiration in governance, a commitment to human rights, and several specific enumerated rights, democracy, "a common destiny" for all Comorians. Each of the islands (according to Title II of the Constitution) has a great amount

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on Mohéli. Karthala and Mount Ntrigui national parks cover the highest peaks on the respective islands, and Coelacanth, Mitsamiouli Ndroudi, and Shisiwani are marine national parks that protect the island's coastal waters and fringing reefs. Mohéli National Park includes both terrestrial and marine

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located on Ngazidja, is the country's highest point, at 2,361 metres (7,746 feet). It contains the Comoros' largest patch of disappearing rainforest. Karthala is currently one of the most active volcanoes in the world, with a minor eruption in May 2006, and prior eruptions as recently as April 2005

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of South Africa, imposed sanctions on Ndzwani to help broker negotiations and effect reconciliation. Under the terms of the Fomboni Accords, signed in December 2001 by the leaders of all three islands, the official name of the country was changed to the Union of the Comoros; the new state was to be

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Development of the Comoros is divided into phases. The earliest reliably recorded phase is the Dembeni phase (eighth to tenth centuries), during which there were several small settlements on each island. From the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries, trade with the island of Madagascar and merchants

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High population densities, as much as 1000 per square kilometre in the densest agricultural zones, for what is still a mostly rural, agricultural economy may lead to an environmental crisis in the near future, especially considering the high rate of population growth. In 2004 the Comoros' real GDP

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and the executive. The Supreme Court acts as a Constitutional Council in resolving constitutional questions and supervising presidential elections. As High Court of Justice, the Supreme Court also arbitrates in cases where the government is accused of malpractice. The Supreme Court consists of two

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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist,

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marriage marks a man's transition in the Ngazidja age system from youth to elder. His status in the social hierarchy greatly increases, and he will henceforth be entitled to speak in public and participate in the political process, both in his village and more widely across the island. He will be

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opened in 1869 there was no longer any significant supply trade at Ndzwani. Local commodities exported by the Comoros were, in addition to slaves, coconuts, timber, cattle and tortoiseshell. British and American settlers, as well as the island's sultan, established a plantation-based economy that

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The military resources of the Comoros consist of a small standing army and a 500-member police force, as well as a 500-member defence force. A defence treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comorian military personnel, and air surveillance.

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The climate is generally tropical and mild, and the two major seasons are distinguishable by their raininess. The temperature reaches an average of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F) in March, the hottest month in the rainy season (called kashkazi/kaskazi , which runs from November to April), and an

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Assoumani stepped down in 2002 to run in the democratic election of the President of the Comoros, which he won. Under ongoing international pressure, as a military ruler who had originally come to power by force, and was not always democratic while in office, Assoumani led the Comoros through

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In May 2013 the Union of the Comoros became known for filing a referral to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) regarding the events of "the 31 May 2010 Israeli raid on the Humanitarian Aid Flotilla bound for Gaza Strip". In November 2014 the ICC Prosecutor

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based schooling system. Although the state sector is plagued by a lack of resources, and the teachers by unpaid salaries, there are numerous private and community schools of relatively good standard. The national curriculum, apart from a few years during the revolutionary period immediately

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and the islands were devastated as crops were destroyed and the people were slaughtered, taken into captivity or fled to the African mainland: it is said that by the time the raids finally ended in the second decade of the 19th century only one man remained on Mwali. The islands were

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was held on all four of the islands. Three voted for independence by large margins, while Mayotte voted against. On 6 July 1975, however, the Comorian parliament passed a unilateral resolution declaring independence. Ahmed Abdallah proclaimed the independence of the Comorian State

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is often criticized because of its great expense, but at the same time it is a source of social cohesion and the main reason why migrants in France and elsewhere continue to send money home. Increasingly, marriages are also being taxed for the purposes of village development.

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growth was a low 1.9% and real GDP per capita continued to decline. These declines are explained by factors including declining investment, drops in consumption, rising inflation, and an increase in trade imbalance due in part to lowered cash crop prices, especially vanilla.

1667:(Anjouan), three major islands in the Comoros Archipelago, as well as many minor islets. The islands are officially known by their Comorian language names, though international sources still use their French names (given in parentheses above). The capital and largest city, 1200:'s second fleet in 1503. For much of the 16th century the islands provided provisions to the Portuguese fort at Mozambique and although there was no formal attempt by the Portuguese crown to take possession, a number of Portuguese traders settled and married local women. 1499:

highly decentralised and the central union government would devolve most powers to the new island governments, each led by a president. The Union president, although elected by national elections, would be chosen in rotation from each of the islands every five years.

3190:. There are a number of smaller newsletters published on an irregular basis as well as a variety of news websites. The government-owned ORTC (Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores) provides national radio and television service. There is a TV station run by the 1648: 1330:, one of the sultanates on Ngazidja, placed the island under French protection in exchange for French support of his claim to the entire island, which he retained until his abdication in 1910. In 1908 the four islands were unified under a single administration ( 1313:

Meanwhile, Ndzwani (or Johanna as it was known to the British) continued to serve as a way station for English merchants sailing to India and the Far East, as well as American whalers, although the British gradually abandoned it following their possession of

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At 1,659 km (641 sq mi), the Comoros is the third-smallest African country by area. In 2019, its population was estimated to be 850,886. The sovereign state consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands, all of the volcanic

1338:. In 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed of Ndzwani abdicated in favour of French rule and in 1912 the protectorates were abolished and the islands administered as a single colony. Two years later the colony was abolished and the islands became a province of the 1965:

fish was re-discovered off the Comoros coast. The 66 million-year-old species was thought to have been long extinct until its first recorded appearance in 1938 off the South African coast. Between 1938 and 1975, 84 specimens were caught and recorded.

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At 1,659 km (641 sq mi), it is one of the smallest countries in the world. The Comoros also has claim to 320 km (120 sq mi) of territorial seas. The interiors of the islands vary from steep mountains to low hills.

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The government is struggling to upgrade education and technical training, to privatise commercial and industrial enterprises, to improve health services, to diversify exports, to promote tourism, and to reduce the high population growth rate.

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during the 19th century, before its independence in 1975. It has experienced more than 20 coups or attempted coups, with various heads of state assassinated. Along with this constant political instability, it has one of the highest levels of

1487:, Army Chief of Staff, seized power in a bloodless coup, overthrowing the Interim President Massounde, citing weak leadership in the face of the crisis. This was the Comoros' 18th coup, or attempted coup d'état since independence in 1975. 1540:

on constitutional reform that would permit a president to serve two terms. The amendments passed, although the vote was widely contested and boycotted by the opposition, and in April 2019, and to widespread opposition, Assoumani was

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The Comoros has an inadequate transportation system, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labour force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity, high

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are also official languages, along with Comorian. Arabic is widely known as a second language, being the language of Quranic teaching. French is the administrative language and the language of most non-Quranic formal education.

1885:(three islets) and three unnamed islets – one of France's overseas districts. The Glorioso Islands were administered by the colonial Comoros before 1975, and are therefore sometimes considered part of the Comoros Archipelago. 1234:

The islands were well placed to meet the needs of Europeans, initially supplying the Portuguese in Mozambique, then ships, particularly the English, on the route to India, and, later, slaves to the plantation islands in the

1511:, a Sunni Muslim cleric nicknamed the "Ayatollah" for his time spent studying Islam in Iran. Assoumani honoured the election results, thus allowing the first peaceful and democratic exchange of power for the archipelago. 1482:

declared their independence from the Comoros in 1997, in an attempt to restore French rule. But France rejected their request, leading to bloody confrontations between federal troops and rebels. In April 1999, Colonel

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became president by election. He led the country from 1996, during a time of labour crises, government suppression, and secessionist conflicts, until his death in November 1998. He was succeeded by Interim President

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of the programme in end March 2012, a normative framework agreed upon by all entities involved in SSR will have been established. This will then have to be adopted by Parliament and implemented by the authorities.

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However, in the early 2000s a university was created in the country. This served to help economic growth and to fight the "flight" of many educated people who were not returning to the islands to work.

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part of the Comoros without its people's consent. More recently, the Assembly has maintained this item on its agenda but deferred it from year to year without taking action. Other bodies, including the

4862: 3321: 1310:(also known as Tsy Levalo) signed the Treaty of April 1841, which ceded the island to the French authorities. After its annexation, France attempted to convert Mayotte into a sugar plantation colony. 9112: 1444:), returned to overthrow President Soilihi and reinstate Abdallah with the support of the French, Rhodesian and South African governments. Ali Soilihi was captured and executed a few weeks later. 10720: 9102: 3133:

who are also matrilineal, while other goods and patronymics are passed in the male line. However, there are differences between the islands, the matrilineal element being stronger on Ngazidja.

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In 2019, more than 56% of the labor force was employed in agriculture, with 29% employed in industry and 14% employed in services. The islands' agricultural sector is based on the export of

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that would have affirmed Comorian sovereignty over the island. Mayotte became an overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum which was passed overwhelmingly.

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used about one-third of the land for export crops. In addition to sugar on Mayotte, ylang-ylang and other perfume plants, vanilla, cloves, coffee, cocoa beans, and sisal were introduced.

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of the Comoros are Christian, both Catholic and Protestant denominations are represented, and most Malagasy residents are also Christian. Immigrants from metropolitan France are mostly

2848:, followed by as much as 99% of the population. Comoros is the only Muslim-majority country in Southern Africa and one of the three southernmost Muslim-majority territories, along with 5459: 3668: 1897:

in 1976 as an unclaimed territory. The Comoros and France each still view the Banc du Geyser as part of the Glorioso Islands and, thus, part of its particular exclusive economic zone.

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had died. Nonetheless, after a stay in Mecca, he returned to Ngazidja, where he built a mosque in his home town of Ntsaweni, and led the gradual conversion of the islanders to Islam.

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on the other islands). The little marriage is a simple legal marriage. It is small, intimate, and inexpensive, and the bride's dowry is nominal. A man may undertake a number of

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Ngazidja is the largest of the Comoros Archipelago, with an area of 1,024 km. It is also the most recent island, and therefore has rocky soil. The island's two volcanoes,

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In 2000, 44.2% of children aged 5" to 14 years were attending school. There is a general lack of facilities, equipment, qualified teachers, textbooks and other resources.

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average low of 19 °C (66 °F) in the cool, dry season (kusi (meaning south monsoon), which proceeds from May to October). The islands are rarely subject to

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law was passed in early 2005 that defines the responsibilities of each governmental body, and is in the process of implementation. The elections in 2006 were won by

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In contrast to Soilihi, Abdallah's presidency was marked by authoritarian rule and increased adherence to traditional Islam and the country was renamed the Federal

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education systems in Comoros focused on necessary skills such as agriculture, caring for livestock and completing household tasks. Religious education also taught

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through the sizable Comorian diaspora form a substantial part of the country's GDP and have contributed to decreases in poverty and increases in living standards.

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and Anjouan each operate a radio station. There are also a few independent and small community radio stations that operate on the islands of Grande Comore and

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Eliphas G. Mukonoweshuro (October 1990). "The Politics of Squalor and Dependency: Chronic Political Instability and Economic Collapse in the Comoro Islands".

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UN Integrated Regional Information Networks (15 May 2006). "Comoros; Ahmed Abdallah Sambi Set to Win Presidency by a Landslide". AllAfrica, Inc. Africa News.

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post-independence, has been very much based on the French system, both because resources are French and most Comorans hope to go on to further education in

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Almost all children attend Quran Religious schools, usually before, although increasingly in tandem with regular schooling. Children are taught about the

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in recent years rural population growth has been negative, while overall population growth is still relatively high. In 1958 the population was 183,133.

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was inaugurated as president on 26 May 2011. Dhoinine is the first President of the Comoros from the island of Mwali. Following the 2016 elections,

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The Portuguese arrived in the Indian Ocean at the end of the 15th century and the first Portuguese visit to the islands seems to have been that of

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cultural and economic complex and the islands became a major hub of trade and an important location in a network of trading towns that included

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Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress under the Country Studies/Area Handbook Program (August 1994). Ralph K. Benesch (ed.).

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of $ 1.9 per person per day, only two out of every ten Comorians could be classified as poor, a rate that places the Comoros ahead of other

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system. Lineage membership and inheritance of immovable goods (land, housing) is matrilineal, passed in the maternal line, similar to many

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By the end of the 16th century local rulers on the African mainland were beginning to push back and, with the support of the Omani Sultan

10760: 10364: 9694: 9420: 9341: 9336: 4933:"President Azali Assoumani of the Union of Comoros, Takes Over as the New Chairperson of the African Union (AU) for 2023 | African Union" 1358:; دولة القمر) and became its first president. France did not recognise the new state until 31 December, and retained control of Mayotte. 457: 9450: 9055: 8970: 5924: 5391: 5378: 3708: 2960:

the education system has also undergone a democratization and options exist for those other than the elite. Enrollment has also grown.

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Fiscal policy is constrained by erratic fiscal revenues, a bloated civil service wage bill, and an external debt that is far above the

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Assoumani failed to consolidate power and reestablish control over the islands, which was the subject of international criticism. The

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Walker, Iain. "Becoming the Other, Being Oneself: Constructing Identities in a Connected World." Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2010.

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threshold. Membership in the franc zone, the main anchor of stability, has nevertheless helped contain pressures on domestic prices.

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eventually decided that the events did constitute war crimes but did not meet the gravity standards of bringing the case before ICC.

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France maintains the presence of a few senior officers in the Comoros at government request, as well as a small maritime base and a

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Damir Ben Ali & Iain Walker. 2017 "Attempts at fusion of the Comorian educational systems: Religious education in Comorian and

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Rodrique Ngowi (3 August 2000). "Breakaway island's ruler says no civilian rule until secession crisis resolved". Associated Press.

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in Mayotte and the Mascarenes. On the Comoros, it was estimated in 1865 that as much as 40% of the population consisted of slaves.

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Pierre Vérin (1982). "Mtswa Muyindza et l'introduction de l'Islam à Ngazidja; au sujet de la tradition et du texte de Pechmarty".

10785: 10328: 9637: 9445: 9156: 7648: 5713: 5711: 5698: 3733: 2665: 1537: 5626: 5303: 4800: 4685: 10715: 9584: 9290: 6769: 6620: 6223: 5708: 1079:-speaking settlers were present on the islands from the beginnings of settlement , probably brought to the islands as slaves. 215: 10467: 9407: 9389: 9253: 9216: 8056: 7698: 6759: 6422: 6136: 5542: 5270: 4491: 3479: 3448: 1845: 1429: 1350: 902: 5969: 5877: 5329: 5192: 9619: 9608: 9369: 8378: 6249: 5944: 5764: 4666: 4582: 4535: 3874: 3618: 3610: 2792:, and the four different variants (Shingazidja, Shimwali, Shindzwani and Shimaore) are spoken on each of the four islands. 938: 870: 397: 5189:

UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Comoros from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 31 August 2021.

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The next 30 years were a period of political turmoil. On 3 August 1975, less than one month after independence, president

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In 1886, Mwali was placed under French protection by its Sultan Mardjani Abdou Cheikh. That same year, Sultan Said Ali of

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marriages in his lifetime, often at the same time, a woman fewer; but both men and women will usually only undertake one

2148: 1572: 1542: 6640: 6503: 4892: 10755: 10482: 9263: 5499: 1546: 4770:"Comoros said "calm" after Azali Assoumani declared elected as federal president". BBC Monitoring Africa. 10 May 2002. 4733:"Mbeki flies in to Comoros islands summit in bid to resolve political crisis". Agence France Presse. 20 December 2003. 8914: 8421: 7326: 7293: 6933: 6813: 6565: 6441: 4121: 3327: 3227: 2144: 1628: 1091:

flourished, more villages were founded and existing villages grew. Settlers from the Arabian peninsula, particularly

5130: 4330: 1772:(dormant), and the lack of good harbours are distinctive characteristics of its terrain. Mwali, with its capital at 1560:, making it a nuclear-weapon-free state. and in 2023, Comoros was invited as a non-member guest to the G7 summit in 9914: 9599: 9532: 9522: 9458: 9318: 8178: 7659: 7417: 6727: 6686: 2857: 2110: 2083:) legal code, and customary law (mila na ntsi). Village elders, kadis or civilian courts settle most disputes. The 1955: 238: 5718: 3669:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 1432:, held on all the islands on 22 December 1974, won 63.8% support for maintaining ties with France on Mayotte; the 10730: 9674: 8416: 8394: 8129: 2379: 2131: 1345:

Agreement was reached with France in 1973 for the Comoros to become independent in 1978, despite the deputies of

5724:. Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development. October 2005. 5498:

Office of the Prosecutor, Situation on Registered Vessels of Comoros, Greece and Cambodia Article 53(1) Report,

4063:

Nicolas Brucato; Veronica Fernandes; Stéphane Mazières; Pradiptajati Kusuma; Murray P. Cox; et al. (2018).

1165:

including the Comoros. As the importance of the Comoros grew along the East African coast, both small and large

10379: 10354: 9527: 9245: 8894: 7283: 7136: 6882: 6808: 6635: 6591: 4711:"COMOROS: COUP LEADER GIVES REASONS FOR COUP". BBC Monitoring Africa (Radio France Internationale). 1 May 1999. 3596: 3029: 2932:. There have recently been moves to Comorianise the syllabus and integrate the two systems, the formal and the 2160: 2092:

members selected by the president, two elected by the Federal Assembly, and one by the council of each island.

1610: 1433: 1335: 1224: 1220: 6603: 5876:

Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2005)

4914: 4004:

Alison Crowther; Leilani Lucas; Richard Helm; Mark Horton; Ceri Shipton; Henry T. Wright; et al. (2016).

1413:

was removed from office in an armed coup and replaced with United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) member

10475: 9800: 9751: 9579: 9567: 9310: 9222: 8368: 6764: 6671: 6189: 3990: 2223: 2140: 802: 10059: 7563: 5841: 5160: 1571:

In January 2024, President Azali Assoumani was re-elected with 63% of the vote in the disputed presidential

10725: 10710: 9666: 9629: 9604: 9415: 9268: 9173: 7319: 6676: 6650: 6545: 6382: 6377: 5577:

FINAL EVALUATION, Peace Building Fund Programme in the Comoros 2008–2011, 19 October 2011 – 8 November 2011

4215: 2758:

origin in Grande Comore (especially Moroni). Although most French left after independence in 1975, a small

1962: 1508: 1468: 778: 768: 124: 1819:

and 1991. In the 2005 eruption, which lasted from 17 to 19 April, 40,000 citizens were evacuated, and the

1219:

rule. Nevertheless, the Comoros remained independent, and although the three smaller islands were usually

10735: 10110: 9642: 9379: 9278: 9149: 8139: 8124: 8101: 6862: 6823: 6732: 6717: 6168: 5588: 5360: 4227:

Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 49-50.

3796: 2727: 2418: 2269: 2195: 320: 10438: 5676: 5233: 3814:

Nicole Boivin; Luisa Pereira; Pascal Bailly; Jacques Chiaroni; François-Xavier Ricaut (4 January 2018).

2694:

In 2009, almost half the population of the Comoros was under the age of 15. Major urban centres include

9689: 9494: 9201: 8399: 8134: 8114: 8109: 6966: 6795: 6737: 6469: 6274:

Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 212.

4317:

Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 254.

3632:

Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 8-9.

2275: 1295:

France first established colonial rule in the Comoros by taking possession of Mayotte in 1841 when the

950: 754: 46: 2970:

Prior to 2000, students seeking a university education had to attend school outside of the country In

2479: 10750: 9647: 8049: 6852: 6488: 5785: 4822: 4062: 3812: 3167: 2747: 2451: 2006: 2390:, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture contributes 40% to 9899: 9793: 9684: 9328: 9186: 8965: 8859: 8091: 7402: 6887: 6867: 6828: 6722: 6659: 6630: 6608: 6480: 6350: 6140: 2895: 2777: 2771: 2203: 2033: 1814:

The islands of the Comoros Archipelago were formed by volcanic activity. Mount Karthala, an active

1642: 1606: 1519: 1463: 1402: 361: 5351: 3763: 2316:." Poverty declined by about 10% between 2014 and 2018, and living conditions generally improved. 1545:

president to serve the first of potentially two five-year terms. In January 2020, the legislative

10359: 9785: 9756: 9746: 9484: 8119: 7156: 6907: 6902: 6705: 6691: 6538: 6123: 6069: 5879:

World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision

5269:. Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa. 23 December 2001. Archived from 2824: 2242: 2199: 2000: 1983: 1941: 1599: 954: 946: 874: 705: 594: 553: 4145:

Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019.

1987: 10517: 10349: 10182: 9774: 9741: 9652: 9361: 9206: 9142: 8854: 6926: 6857: 6818: 6783: 6596: 6573: 6521: 5863: 3232: 3154:

in the early 20th century, remains the most influential genre on the islands and is popular at

3117: 2287: 1906: 1525:

Since independence from France, the Comoros experienced more than 20 coups or attempted coups.

1285: 991: 933: 917: 636: 588: 405: 10497: 7819: 7110: 5807: 5208: 2911:

Most parents prefer their children to attend Koran Religious schools before moving on to the

2762:

community, descended from settlers from France, Madagascar and Réunion, lives in the Comoros.

1889:, a former island in the Comoros Archipelago, now submerged, is geographically located in the 1129:

describe early Islamic trade routes, and how the coast and islands were frequently visited by

118: 104: 9919: 9507: 9479: 8363: 7422: 6877: 6749: 6525: 4006:"Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion" 3984: 2873: 2249: 1053: 348: 8457: 7882: 6036: 6006: 5921: 5482:"African leaders leave Russia summit without grain deal or a path to end the war in Ukraine" 5402: 4966:

Institut Nationale de la Statistique et Études Économiques et Démographiques, Comoros (web).

3697: 3524: 2292: 10156: 9474: 8976: 8929: 8806: 8286: 8081: 8042: 7255: 6897: 6892: 5719:"Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper (Updated Interim Paper)" 5299: 5078: 4796: 4283:

Prestholdt, Jeremy (2007). "Similitude and empire: on Comorian strategies of Englishness".

4017: 3142: 2845: 2309: 1820: 1367: 1272: 824: 522: 4507:

Abdourahim Said Bakar (1988). "Small Island Systems: A Case Study of the Comoro Islands".

1383: 1372: 8: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10639: 10395: 10212: 8504: 7680: 7663: 6872: 6451: 4483: 4449: 2317: 2152: 2059: 2026: 1459: 1414: 1387: 1376: 1327: 1289: 1049: 906: 856: 828: 342: 183: 110: 5392:"Forty-ninth session: Agenda item 36: 49/18. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte" 5082: 4021: 2940:, into one, thus moving away from the secular educational system inherited from France. 2210:

to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Comoros signed the UN

1417:. Months later, in January 1976, Jaffar was ousted in favour of his Minister of Defence 1255: 1048:

The first attested human inhabitants of the Comoro Islands are now thought to have been

10400: 10197: 9725: 9678: 8731: 8251: 6387: 5741: 5705:, International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in December 2019. 5107: 5066: 5041: 5008: 4453: 4415: 4300: 4265: 4257: 4175: 4091: 4064: 4040: 4005: 3840: 3815: 3575: 3384: 3336: 2781: 2682: 2506: 2456: 2313: 2045: 2041: 1911: 1672: 832: 382: 7311: 4744: 3737: 2163:. The new status was effective on 31 March 2011 and Mayotte has been recognised as an 1063:

Subsequent settlers came from the east coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the

1017: 969: 843:. The religion of the majority of the population, and the official state religion, is 10202: 9939: 9512: 9211: 7865: 7438: 6437: 6418: 5903: 5695: 5618: 5456:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 5295: 5112: 5094: 5046: 5028: 4792: 4574: 4487: 4304: 4269: 4096: 4045: 3845: 3590: 3475: 3126: 2993: 2332: 2305: 2055: 1529: 1398: 1339: 1315: 1068: 444: 418: 276: 6227: 3430: 2469: 2278:

are illegal in Comoros. Such acts are punished with up to five years' imprisonment.

1428:

voted against independence from France in three referendums during this period. The

1211:, increased Omani Arab influence in the region, moving his administration to nearby 10705: 9191: 7146: 6942: 6625: 6512: 6293: 5102: 5086: 5036: 5020: 4516: 4475: 4445: 4407: 4292: 4249: 4167: 4086: 4076: 4035: 4025: 4003: 3835: 3827: 3289: 3009: 2916: 2789: 2356: 2164: 2156: 1880: 1859: 1855: 1798: 1694:

The areas and populations (at the 2017 Census) of the main islands are as follows:

1458:

A few days later, Bob Denard was evacuated to South Africa by French paratroopers.

1448: 1263: 760: 680: 497: 4988: 3440: 1671:, is located on Ngazidja. The archipelago is situated in the Indian Ocean, in the 10344: 9994: 8864: 8147: 7858: 7767: 7354: 6492: 6196: 6132: 5961: 5948: 5928: 5886: 5768: 5748: 5702: 5683: 5661: 5529: 5506: 5366: 5357: 5325: 5196: 5190: 4950: 4334: 3399: 3391: 3369: 3353: 3256: 3187: 3005: 2912: 2883: 2811: 2801: 2735: 2695: 2492: 2474: 2215: 2172: 2080: 2051: 2015: 1951: 1933: 1668: 1533: 1484: 1305: 1208: 1204: 1076: 1033:(spirit) dropped a jewel, which formed a great circular inferno. This became the 921: 882: 840: 367: 335: 281: 232: 163: 148: 76: 61: 6253: 6063:"WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region – WHO Regional Office for Africa" 5941: 5761: 4670: 4566: 4398:

Barbara Dubins (September 1969). "The Comoro Islands: A Bibliographical Essay".

4240:

Thomas Spear (1984). "The Shirazi in Swahili Traditions, Culture, and History".

4065:"The Comoros show the earliest Austronesian gene flow into the Swahili Corridor" 3866: 3816:"The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor" 10192: 9196: 9181: 8934: 8444: 7804: 7788: 6800: 6586: 6098: 5518: 5090: 4471: 4081: 3831: 2983: 2879: 2829: 2759: 2755: 2207: 2179: 2168: 2116: 1979: 1937: 1886: 1815: 1515: 1410: 1042: 1034: 925: 894: 738: 20: 4350: 3495: 2611: 10699: 10453: 10440: 10115: 9964: 9165: 8919: 8614: 8020: 7996: 7870: 7478: 6581: 6455: 6284:

Walker, Iain (2002). "Les aspects économiques du grand mariage de Ngazidja".

6146: 6110: 5131:"Prehistoric fish offers rare glimpse of hidden sea life – Coelacanth (1953)" 5098: 5032: 4884: 4578: 4520: 3252: 3219: 3195: 3130: 3034:

Traditionally, women on Ndzwani wear red and white patterned garments called

3017: 2853: 2793: 2731: 2670: 2634: 2562: 2497: 2364: 2219: 2183: 2127:

chose to become French citizens and keep their island as a French territory.

2037: 2023: 1781: 1565: 1536:, from Ngazidja, became president for a third term. In 2018 Assoumani held a 1491: 1197: 1170: 1154: 1084: 860: 795: 253: 240: 8162: 6953: 6500:– The Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros in New York, United States 6097:

and secular education in French". In I. Walker. ed., Contemporary issues in

5024: 4030: 1863: 9869: 8791: 8751: 8741: 8564: 8261: 7914: 7588: 7578: 7382: 7230: 7090: 6998: 6497: 5907: 5116: 5050: 4780: 4343: 4100: 4049: 3849: 3072:

There are two types of marriages in Comoros, the little marriage (known as

3056:

to their faces. Traditional male clothing is a long white shirt known as a

3013: 2952: 2944: 2797: 2743: 2387: 2072: 1064: 1038: 836: 314: 296: 6297: 4296: 4115: 3407: 3362: 1207:

they began to defeat the Dutch and the Portuguese. One of his successors,

1060:, although settlement beginning in the first century has been postulated. 85: 10272: 10074: 10054: 9974: 8924: 8639: 8529: 8434: 8343: 8065: 7762: 7593: 7483: 4327: 2841: 2699: 2360: 2187: 2120: 2088: 2076: 1495: 1418: 1394: 1088: 929: 852: 844: 6996: 3971:(4): 40. July–August 1996. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 3622:. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. 1806: 10247: 10242: 10136: 10069: 10009: 9999: 9989: 9894: 9720: 8801: 8771: 8699: 8689: 8659: 8649: 8604: 8554: 8544: 8236: 8152: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7945: 7669: 7573: 7538: 7523: 7508: 7463: 7397: 7277: 7250: 7130: 7084: 7073: 7068: 7058: 6210:"World University Rankings 2021–22 | Global 2000 List | CWUR" 4261: 3043: 2321: 2191: 1894: 1780:, has a distinctive triangular shape caused by three mountain chains – 1776:, is the smallest of the four major islands. Ndzwani, whose capital is 1684: 1676: 1613: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1437: 1319: 1236: 1182: 1107:, islanders are said to have dispatched an emissary, Mtswa-Mwindza, to 1092: 1072: 8012: 7746: 7045: 5009:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 4457: 4419: 4179: 2206:. On 10 April 2008, the Comoros became the 179th nation to accept the 1958:

mean score of 7.69/10, ranking it 33rd globally out of 172 countries.

10232: 10227: 10172: 10014: 8624: 8327: 7950: 7528: 7300: 7240: 7235: 7170: 7063: 4951:"Comoros President Azali Assoumani wins fourth term in disputed poll" 4745:"Accord cadre pour la reconciliation aux Comores (Accord de Fomboni)" 3178: 3173: 3052: 2901: 2707: 2703: 2521: 2484: 2084: 2011: 1947: 1777: 1769: 1561: 1146: 1126: 949:. Between 2009 and 2014, about 19% of the population lived below the 878: 308: 6323:

Graebner, Werner (2001). "Twarab ya shingazidja: a first approach".

4253: 3272:

The current constitution has been slightly revised in February 2018.

3202:, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV. 3199: 2580: 2320:

remains widespread, with a major gap between rural and urban areas.

1588: 1549:

in Comoros were dominated by President Azali Assoumani's party, the

10771:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

10374: 10298: 10267: 10262: 9929: 9924: 9884: 9879: 9864: 8874: 8766: 8719: 8679: 8674: 8589: 8574: 8201: 7975: 7935: 7628: 7603: 7453: 7448: 7427: 7392: 7377: 7245: 7220: 7205: 7200: 7100: 7017: 6530: 6516: 5696:

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

4855:"The Dangers of Assoumani's 'Creeping Authoritarianism' in Comoros" 4823:"Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition" 4411: 4171: 3435: 3433: 3348: 3151: 2975: 2967:

for teachers are often so far in arrears that many refuse to work.

2964: 2861: 2647: 2355:, and thus susceptible to price fluctuations in the volatile world 2348: 2171:

on 1 January 2014. This decision legally integrates Mayotte in the

2130:

The Comoros has repeatedly pressed its claim to Mayotte before the

2029: 1975: 1789: 1765: 1680: 1656: 1296: 1276: 1212: 1178: 1112: 851:

from France on 6 July 1975. The Comoros is the only country of the

790: 742: 9815: 5902:(mircofilm). New Haven, Connecticut: Research Publications. 1977. 4515:(2, Special Number (11): Education and Minority Groups): 181–191. 1271:

In the last decade of the 18th century, Malagasy warriors, mostly

10282: 10277: 10252: 10207: 10187: 10177: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10064: 10044: 10029: 10019: 9984: 9874: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 8781: 8756: 8746: 8709: 8694: 8664: 8549: 8539: 8534: 8317: 8307: 8281: 8266: 8241: 8226: 8191: 8186: 8004: 7965: 7922: 7835: 7814: 7783: 7741: 7613: 7583: 7568: 7553: 7543: 7533: 7498: 7493: 7443: 7387: 7362: 7210: 7125: 7078: 7038: 7027: 6190:

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, country profile of Comoros; 2004

6145:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5837: 5686:, Center for Strategic and International Studies (14 April 2008). 5623:

International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association

5517:

Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court,

4827: 4642:. Associated Press. 6 October 1995. Section A; Page 7; Column 1. 3642: 3191: 2937: 2849: 2834: 2800:

scripts are both used, Arabic being the more widely used, and an

2751: 2715: 2652: 2616: 2598: 2575: 2544: 2526: 2371:

industry; some 80% of the world's supply comes from the Comoros.

2368: 2344: 2301: 2253: 2124: 1921: 1838: 1773: 1664: 1475: 1425: 1346: 1186: 1057: 1041:

is also said to have visited the island accompanied by his queen

1022: 898: 431: 330: 9134: 5377:

The first UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "

4686:"COMORO ISLANDS: Tension Rising in the Indian Ocean Archipelago" 3194:

regional government, and regional governments on the islands of

3012:

In 2004, about 57 percent of the population was literate in the

2955:

in the early 1900s which brought secular education based on the

2359:

for these goods. The Comoros is the world's largest producer of

2233:

The emigration rate of skilled workers was about 21.2% in 2000.

1564:. On 18 February 2023 the Comoros assumed the presidency of the 10257: 10237: 10222: 10217: 10151: 10146: 10120: 10049: 10024: 9959: 9954: 9944: 9889: 8869: 8796: 8786: 8654: 8644: 8619: 8609: 8569: 8312: 8221: 8216: 7980: 7638: 7623: 7618: 7558: 7513: 7473: 7367: 7346: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7032: 6209: 6102: 6094: 5540: 4669:. Associated Press. pp. International News. Archived from 3147: 2997: 2979: 2971: 2956: 2921: 2905: 2807: 2711: 2593: 2557: 2352: 1166: 1134: 1130: 1010: 886: 484: 286: 10721:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

8034: 3304: 1440:, once again commissioned by the French intelligence service ( 10141: 10039: 10034: 9969: 9949: 9934: 9859: 9537: 8827: 8811: 8761: 8736: 8704: 8669: 8599: 8594: 8559: 8487: 8322: 8291: 8276: 8271: 8256: 8231: 8206: 7940: 7912: 7809: 7598: 7548: 7503: 7488: 7468: 7458: 7432: 7372: 7260: 7225: 7165: 7095: 7053: 7022: 6160: 6106: 3047: 3001: 2948: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2718:. There are between 200,000 and 350,000 Comorians in France. 2539: 2511: 2406: 2340: 2115:

In November 1975, the Comoros became the 143rd member of the

1660: 1479: 1441: 1280: 1223:, the largest island, Ngazidja, was divided into a number of 1190: 1174: 1150: 1142: 1108: 1104: 783: 8501:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

5900:

Population census of the Comoro Islands, 1951, 1956 and 1958

5267:"Fundamental Law of the Union of Comoros (English excerpts)" 4235: 4233: 2403:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

2018:, capital of the Comoros, with the port and Badjanani Mosque 19:

This article is about the country. For the archipelago, see

10079: 10004: 9979: 9904: 8776: 8714: 8684: 8634: 8629: 8579: 8246: 8211: 7608: 7518: 7407: 7215: 7180: 7175: 4158:

Thomas Spear (2000). "Early Swahili History Reconsidered".

3307: 3260: 2739: 2331:'s ILOSTAT statistical database, between 1991 and 2019 the 1553:, CRC. It took an overwhelming majority in the parliament. 1242: 1216: 1162: 1158: 1138: 1119: 1030: 1006: 979: 6485: 6342: 5751:, globalEDGE, Michigan State University (29 January 2020). 3949:. United Nations Development Programme. 2022. p. 297. 3932:. United Nations Development Programme. 2022. p. 283. 3786:"Article 33, Repertory, Supplement 5, vol. II (1970–1978)" 3298: 6392: 5161:"70-million-year-old fish dissected – Coaelacanth (1975)" 5005: 4230: 3897:"Intrigue in the world's most coup-prone island paradise" 3895: 3546:"World Economic Outlook database: October 2023 (Comoros)" 2951:. The education system underwent a transformation during 2391: 2328: 1647: 1161:

and slaves. They also brought Islam to the people of the

1125:

Among the earliest accounts of East Africa, the works of

807: 10776:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

5326:"Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government" 5261: 5259: 5063: 4435: 4431: 4429: 3676:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

3647:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

2022:

Politics of the Comoros takes place in a framework of a

1978:, Coelacanth, and Mitsamiouli Ndroudi on Grande Comore, 1528:

Following elections in late 2010, former Vice-president

1334:) and placed under the authority of the French colonial 1037:, which created the island of Ngazidja (Grande Comore). 7341: 6434:

Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros

4160:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

1111:—but by the time he arrived there, the Islamic prophet 1001: 38: 5990: 5543:"The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011: Comoros" 4688:. IPS-Inter Press Service/Global Information Network. 3752: 3469: 3038:, while on Ngazidja and Mwali colourful shawls called 2119:. The new nation was defined as comprising the entire 6309: 6307: 5371: 5256: 4606:"1,000 French Troops Invade Comoros to Put Down Coup" 4506: 4426: 3328: 3310: 3295: 2312:

and 30 percentage points ahead of other countries in

1503:

constitutional changes that enabled new elections. A

5420:"unfccc.int KYOTO PROTOCOL – STATUS OF RATIFICATION" 4793:"COMOROS: The legacy of a Big Man on a small island" 4664: 4141: 4139: 3209: 932:, and seafaring Arab traders. It became part of the 901:. Mayotte voted against independence from France in 5993:

Introduction à la grammaire structurale du comorien

5541:Ratha, Dilip; Sanket Mohapatra; Ani Silwal (2011). 4999: 4533: 4470: 4212:"Saudi Aramco World : The Islands of the Moon" 3734:"Comoros – Permanent Mission to the United Nations" 3301: 3292: 911:

vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution

905:, and continues to be administered by France as an 6304: 6007:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 5057: 3470:Ottenheimer, Martin; Ottenheimer, Harriet (1994). 3076:on Ngazidja) and the customary marriage (known as 2804:has recently been developed for the Latin script. 9554:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 8983:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 5458:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 5318: 4136: 1522:). Bacar was eventually granted asylum in Benin. 1177:, in present-day Tanzania, Sofala (an outlet for 10697: 6410:Martin Ottenheimer; Harriet Ottenheimer (1994). 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 3826:(1). American Society of Human Genetics: 58–68. 3674:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 3016:while more than 90 percent were literate in the 2878:There are 15 physicians per 100,000 people. The 2726:The islands of the Comoros are 97.1% ethnically 1349:voting for increased integration with France. A 965:The name "Comoros" derives from the Arabic word 9595:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 6125:2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor 4885:"Comoros ratifies UN nuclear weapon ban treaty" 4120:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Army. 4010:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3176:published in the Comoros, the government-owned 3112: 1823:in the volcano's three-by-four-kilometre (2-by- 9817:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 5838:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 4721: 4603: 4564: 4397: 1974:There are six national parks in the Comoros – 1259:An 1808 map refers to the islands as "Camora". 1169:were constructed. The Comoros are part of the 866:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 10483: 10324:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 9801: 9150: 8473: 8050: 7898: 7327: 6982: 6958: 6546: 6412:Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands. 6055: 5856: 5641: 5589:"71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal" 5350:Security Council S/PV. 1888 para 247 S/11967 4962: 4960: 4915:"G7 Summit 2023: Scrutinizing the Guest List" 4500: 3793:United Nations, Office of Legal Affairs (OLA) 3042:are worn. Many women apply a paste of ground 2886:at birth is 67 for females and 62 for males. 1103:According to legend, in 632, upon hearing of 9590:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 9003: 7713:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 5942:FACTBOX-Relations between France and Comoros 5296:"COMOROS: Reforming 'the coup-coup islands'" 4683: 4536:"Mercenary Holding Island Nation Seeks Deal" 4239: 4192: 4157: 3698:"Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte" 3100:entitled to display his status by wearing a 2304:in the Comoros is high, but "judging by the 2218:, President of the Comoros and Chair of the 2212:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 1558:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 966: 877:. The country has three official languages: 155: 140: 68: 53: 10365:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 8958: 6431: 5677:Comoros: Big Troubles on Some Small Islands 4636:"French Mercenary Gives Up in Comoros Coup" 4567:"Mercenaries seek fun and profit in Africa" 4406:(2). African Studies Association: 131–137. 3661: 3552:. International Monetary Fund. October 2023 3472:Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands 10796:States and territories established in 1975 10791:States and territories established in 1503 10490: 10476: 10319:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 9808: 9794: 9398:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 9157: 9143: 8971:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 8480: 8466: 8087: 8057: 8043: 7905: 7891: 7334: 7320: 6989: 6975: 6553: 6539: 5379:Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte 4957: 4667:"Comoros president dies from heart attack" 4358:Encyclopedia of Islam 1979, vol. v, p. 381 4282: 4214:. saudiaramcoworld.com. Archived from the 3861: 3859: 3705:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1854:(Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) – 214: 16:African island country in the Indian Ocean 10741:French-speaking countries and territories 8440:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees 6506:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 6343:"Accueil – Al-watwan, Quotidien comorien" 5984: 5830: 5106: 5040: 4090: 4080: 4039: 4029: 3839: 3778: 3496:"Comoros Constitution of October 1, 1978" 1629:Learn how and when to remove this message 1556:In 2021, Comoros signed and ratified the 1551:Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros 1453:République Fédérale Islamique des Comores 916:The Comoros were likely first settled by 690: 534:2,235 km (863 sq mi) ( 6997:Countries and territories bordering the 6508:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 6450:This article incorporates text from the 6322: 4665:Kamal Eddine Saindou (6 November 1998). 4248:. African Studies Association: 291–305. 4153: 4151: 3760:"Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes" 3116: 2828: 2681: 2291: 2010: 1910: 1805: 1675:, between the African coast (nearest to 1646: 1393: 1382: 1371: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1243:European contact and French colonisation 1016: 1000: 10329:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 6414:African Historical Dictionaries; No. 59 6250:"Comoros Islands: Islands & Beyond" 5672: 5670: 5655:Latest Report on Poverty in the Comoros 5328:. AllAfrica Global Media. 19 May 2009. 4534:Christopher S. Wren (8 December 1989). 3856: 1118:In 933, the Comoros was referred to by 10698: 6283: 5731:from the original on 31 December 2006. 5306:from the original on 30 September 2009 4069:The American Journal of Human Genetics 3635: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3409:al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī / Qamarī 3347: 2296:GDP per capita development, since 1950 1361: 10471: 9789: 9547:Specialised agencies and institutions 9138: 8461: 8038: 7886: 7315: 6970: 6957: 6534: 6522:Key Development Forecasts for Comoros 6436:. London, England: Hurst Publishers. 6252:. comoros-islands.com. Archived from 6226:. Arab Cultural Trust. Archived from 6137:Bureau of International Labor Affairs 6116: 5599:from the original on 11 December 2019 5586: 5244:from the original on 6 September 2015 4803:from the original on 20 December 2008 4480:The Rhodesian War: A Military History 4328:Comoros – Early Visitors and Settlers 4218:on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 2023-12-06. 4186: 4148: 3762:. Global Policy Forum. Archived from 3451:from the original on 19 December 2020 831:, located at the northern end of the 10746:Island countries of the Indian Ocean 9296:Permanent Representatives' Committee 8374:Arab League–European Union relations 6560: 6043:from the original on 10 January 2021 6017:from the original on 10 January 2021 5864:"Comoros Cities by Population, 2022" 5818:from the original on 18 January 2017 5762:Comoros seeks sweet smell of success 5667: 5629:from the original on 8 February 2020 4692:from the original on 24 October 2014 4585:from the original on 24 October 2014 4450:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098331 4367:from the original on 8 December 2015 4124:from the original on 12 January 2007 3944:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 3927:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 3907:from the original on 25 January 2019 3619:United Nations Development Programme 3550:World Economic Outlook, October 2023 3502:from the original on 27 October 2020 2104: 2095: 1611:adding citations to reliable sources 1582: 871:Organisation of Islamic Co-operation 142:"Unité – Solidarité – Développement" 10781:Member states of the United Nations 9705:Single African Air Transport Market 9700:African Continental Free Trade Area 8489:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 7289:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 6353:from the original on 26 August 2017 5782:"Comoros: Financial Sector Profile" 4339:Library of Congress Country Studies 3531: 3403: 3357: 3121:Villagers in Bangwa Kuuni, Ngazidja 2996:has no native script, but both the 2149:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 1961:In December 1952 a specimen of the 1844:The Comoros also lays claim to the 1141:merchants and sailors in search of 1098: 156: 69: 13: 10761:Member states of the African Union 5844:from the original on 26 March 2009 5462:from the original on 6 August 2019 4835:from the original on 15 April 2021 4684:Moyiga Nduru (17 September 1997). 4546:from the original on 20 March 2017 3877:from the original on 28 March 2008 3820:American Journal of Human Genetics 3611:"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24" 2754:). There are recent immigrants of 2435:Largest cities or towns in Comoros 2394:and provides most of the exports. 1969: 1494:, under the auspices of President 1279:, started raiding the Comoros for 839:. Its capital and largest city is 196: 170:"Unity – Solidarity – Development" 14: 10807: 9164: 8915:Economic Cooperation Organization 7294:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 6463: 6454:Country Studies, which is in the 6417:. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. 5559:from the original on 4 March 2016 5401:. 6 December 1994. Archived from 5171:from the original on 1 April 2019 5141:from the original on 1 April 2019 4895:from the original on 28 July 2022 4865:from the original on 1 March 2021 4646:from the original on 22 July 2016 4616:from the original on 22 July 2016 4604:Marlise Simons (5 October 1995). 4565:Judith Matloff (6 October 1995). 3867:"Anti-French protests in Comoros" 3714:from the original on 8 April 2008 3643:"World Population Prospects 2022" 3228:Index of Comoros-related articles 2904:, and memorise it, and learn the 2882:was 4.7 per adult woman in 2004. 2145:Movement of Non-Aligned Countries 1803:(1,575 m or 5,167 ft). 1792:– emanating from a central peak, 1332:Colonie de Mayotte et dépendances 1052:settlers travelling by boat from 579:457/km (1,183.6/sq mi) ( 220:Location of the Comoros (circled) 10766:Member states of the Arab League 10499: 10414: 10413: 9915:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9770: 9769: 9620:African Union–Ethiopia relations 9301:Specialized Technical Committees 8161: 8086: 8077: 8076: 7864: 7853: 7852: 7660:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7637: 7418:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7109: 6649: 6475: 6409: 6376: This article incorporates 6371: 6365: 6335: 6316: 6277: 6268: 6242: 6216: 6202: 6183: 6153: 6087: 6029: 5999: 5972:from the original on 16 May 2021 5954: 5934: 5523:"Statement of 6th November 2014" 5332:from the original on 25 May 2009 5137:. 23 February 1953. p. 25. 4975: 4612:. Section A; Page 10; Column 3. 4385: 3736:. 6 January 2008. Archived from 3288: 3212: 2852:and the Australian territory of 2721: 2505: 2478: 2468: 2111:Foreign relations of the Comoros 2054:is exercised by the government. 1956:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 1587: 1122:sailors as the Perfume Islands. 941:of any nation, and ranks in the 715: 714: 689: 671: 670: 656: 655: 627: 626: 612: 611: 117: 103: 87:Jamhuriyat al-Qumur al-Muttaḥida 9125:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 8064: 6171:from the original on 3 May 2017 5991:Mohamed Ahmed-Chamanga (2010). 5914: 5892: 5870: 5800: 5774: 5771:, BBC News (14 September 2004). 5754: 5735: 5689: 5611: 5580: 5571: 5534: 5511: 5492: 5474: 5448: 5412: 5399:United Nations General Assembly 5384: 5344: 5288: 5226: 5201: 5183: 5153: 5123: 4981: 4969: 4943: 4925: 4907: 4877: 4847: 4815: 4785: 4774: 4763: 4737: 4726: 4715: 4704: 4677: 4658: 4628: 4597: 4558: 4527: 4464: 4391: 4379: 4351:"French acquisition of Comoros" 4320: 4311: 4276: 4221: 4205: 4107: 4056: 3997: 3953: 3936: 3919: 3889: 3806: 3726: 3690: 3626: 3441:"Comoros – People | Britannica" 3378: 3364:Juzur al-Qumur / Qamar 3281: 2412: 2401:The Comoros is a member of the 2306:international poverty threshold 2263: 2178:The Comoros is a member of the 2132:United Nations General Assembly 2066: 1927: 1598:needs additional citations for 1251:French map of the Comores, 1747 10786:Small Island Developing States 10355:International Francophonie Day 8895:Moro National Liberation Front 7284:Australian Antarctic Territory 7137:British Indian Ocean Territory 6068:. Afro.who.int. Archived from 5587:Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). 4573:. Vol. 87, no. 219. 3603: 3564: 3517: 3488: 3463: 3266: 3245: 3030:Public holidays in the Comoros 1851:Îles éparses de l'océan indien 1336:Governor-General of Madagascar 1095:, arrived during this period. 859:. It is a member state of the 193:The Unity of the Great Islands 1: 10716:1975 establishments in Africa 9752:United States of Latin Africa 9446:Rural Economy and Agriculture 9223:Organisation of African Unity 8369:Arab League monitors in Syria 7913:Countries and regions in the 6472:– Official government website 6037:"CIA World Factbook: Comoros" 5500:"Report of 6th November 2014" 4751:(in French). 17 February 2001 4571:The Christian Science Monitor 3419: 3172:There are two daily national 2141:Organization of African Unity 1994: 1318:in 1814, and by the time the 1267:A public square, Moroni, 1908 996: 9609:United States military bases 9605:United States Africa Command 5664:, World Bank (14 June 2018). 5619:"State-Sponsored Homophobia" 4843:– via www.reuters.com. 3424: 3113:Kinship and social structure 2889: 2858:A minority of the population 2765: 1963:West Indian Ocean coelacanth 1578: 1509:Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi 1469:Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde 1288:from the mainland, who were 960: 827:made up of three islands in 39: 7: 10111:French Community of Belgium 9436:HR, Sciences and Technology 8410:Economic and Social Council 5931:". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5784:. mfw4a.org. Archived from 3408: 3363: 3205: 3067: 2818: 2742:people. Minorities include 2419:Demographics of the Comoros 2270:Human rights in the Comoros 2236: 2196:International Monetary Fund 2123:, although the citizens of 1757: 1754: 1742: 1739: 1731: 1728: 1720: 1717: 86: 10: 10812: 9690:African Economic Community 9495:Peace and Security Council 9202:African and Malagasy Union 6481:Wikimedia Atlas of Comoros 6402: 5951:". Reuters. 27 March 2008. 5234:"Comoros 2001 (rev. 2009)" 5167:. 28 May 1975. p. 6. 5091:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 4082:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.011 3832:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.011 3595:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3182:, and the privately owned 3165: 3140: 3027: 3023: 2893: 2871: 2822: 2769: 2504: 2467: 2426: 2416: 2363:, a plant whose extracted 2285: 2281: 2267: 2240: 2108: 2004: 1998: 1946:The Comoros constitute an 1931: 1904: 1900: 1640: 1365: 1029:According to mythology, a 989: 985: 951:international poverty line 18: 10756:Least developed countries 10562: 10526: 10513: 10409: 10388: 10337: 10311: 10291: 10165: 10129: 10104:National/regional members 10103: 9832: 9823: 9765: 9734: 9713: 9665: 9628: 9615:United States ambassadors 9575: 9566: 9546: 9493: 9467: 9431:Social Affairs and Health 9426:Infrastructure and Energy 9406: 9388: 9360: 9327: 9309: 9286: 9277: 9244: 9172: 9121: 9068: 8996: 8951: 8903: 8883: 8843: 8836: 8820: 8522: 8513: 8496: 8430: 8387: 8356: 8336: 8300: 8177: 8170: 8159: 8100: 8072: 7989: 7921: 7848: 7828: 7797: 7776: 7755: 7734: 7723: 7707: 7691: 7678: 7646: 7635: 7353: 7343:Countries and territories 7269: 7118: 7107: 7005: 6964: 6959:Links to related articles 6920: 6848: 6841: 6791: 6782: 6713: 6704: 6667: 6658: 6647: 6572: 6383:"Comoros: Communications" 5962:"Comoros country profile" 3989:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3961:"The Islands of the Moon" 3474:. Scarecrow. p. 73. 3168:Mass media in the Comoros 2867: 2224:2023 Russia–Africa Summit 2007:List of rulers of Comoros 1655:The Comoros is formed by 1054:islands in Southeast Asia 967: 855:which is entirely in the 847:. Comoros proclaimed its 801: 789: 777: 767: 749: 734: 704: 679: 664: 649: 635: 620: 605: 587: 573: 559: 552: 542: 528: 521: 517: 507: 494: 477: 469:• Internal autonomy 467: 458:French Overseas Territory 454: 441: 428: 415: 411: 404: 392: 388: 377:President of the Assembly 373: 358: 354: 341: 329: 295: 269: 225: 213: 177: 141: 133: 99: 30: 9900:Central African Republic 9390:African Court of Justice 9187:Decolonisation of Africa 8966:Abuja Declaration (1989) 8860:Central African Republic 7403:Central African Republic 6631:2008 invasion of Anjouan 6609:Territory of the Comoros 6491:27 February 2021 at the 6195:31 December 2006 at the 6161:"Université des Comores" 6141:U.S. Department of Labor 4521:10.1080/0305006880240203 4400:African Studies Bulletin 4285:Journal of World History 4117:A Country Study: Comoros 3572:"Gini Index coefficient" 3498:. Digithèque MJP. 2012. 3238: 3161: 3136: 3060:, and a bonnet called a 2896:Education in the Comoros 2784:, collectively known as 2778:languages in the Comoros 2772:Languages of the Comoros 2730:, which is a mixture of 2204:African Development Bank 2034:President of the Comoros 1687:, with no land borders. 1643:Geography of the Comoros 1520:2008 invasion of Anjouan 1464:Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim 1403:President of the Comoros 430:• French colony of 10360:Jeux de la Francophonie 9757:East African Federation 9747:United States of Africa 9485:African Investment Bank 7157:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5947:12 October 2017 at the 5767:29 January 2020 at the 5747:29 January 2020 at the 5682:29 January 2020 at the 5660:29 January 2020 at the 4859:worldpoliticsreview.com 4031:10.1073/pnas.1522714113 3125:Comorian society has a 2825:Religion in the Comoros 2243:Military of the Comoros 2200:Indian Ocean Commission 2079:, an inherited French ( 2001:Politics of the Comoros 1942:Wildlife of the Comoros 1915:Comoros diver with fish 1810:Grande Comore landscape 955:purchasing power parity 947:Human Development Index 875:Indian Ocean Commission 270:Official languages 10731:East African countries 10350:UN French Language Day 10183:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9468:Financial institutions 9459:Cross-Cutting Programs 9362:Pan-African Parliament 8855:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8725:Pakistan-OIC relations 6597:Slavery in the Comoros 6378:public domain material 6131:9 January 2014 at the 5812:ruralpovertyportal.org 5808:"Rural Poverty Portal" 5365:6 October 2014 at the 5195:31 August 2021 at the 4995:. World Wildlife Fund. 4993:Terrestrial Ecoregions 3395: 3373: 3233:Outline of the Comoros 3184:La Gazette des Comores 3122: 2838: 2788:. They are related to 2687: 2297: 2288:Economy of the Comoros 2087:is independent of the 2058:is vested in both the 2019: 1916: 1907:Climate of the Comoros 1811: 1652: 1406: 1391: 1380: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1026: 1014: 992:History of the Comoros 934:French colonial empire 897:with the exception of 207: 54: 10060:São Tomé and Príncipe 9920:Republic of the Congo 9508:African Standby Force 9480:African Monetary Fund 8364:Arab Peace Initiative 8144:Joint Defence Council 7564:São Tomé and Príncipe 7423:Republic of the Congo 6526:International Futures 6298:10.3917/autr.023.0157 5505:19 March 2015 at the 5356:17 March 2008 at the 5135:Abilene Reporter-News 5071:Nature Communications 5025:10.1093/biosci/bix014 4509:Comparative Education 4297:10.1353/jwh.2007.0015 3678:, Population Division 3649:, Population Division 3166:Further information: 3150:music, imported from 3141:Further information: 3120: 3004:alphabets are used.= 2894:Further information: 2874:Health in the Comoros 2872:Further information: 2846:the dominant religion 2832: 2823:Further information: 2770:Further information: 2685: 2295: 2274:Both male and female 2252:Detachment (DLEM) on 2226:in Saint Petersburg. 2014: 1914: 1893:, but was annexed by 1809: 1650: 1397: 1386: 1375: 1286:repopulated by slaves 1266: 1258: 1250: 1020: 1004: 953:of US$ 1.90 a day by 544:• Water (%) 398:Assembly of the Union 349:presidential republic 206: 70:جمهورية القمر المتحدة 10157:United Arab Emirates 9475:African Central Bank 8977:OIC Resolution 10/11 8930:Non-Aligned Movement 8807:United Arab Emirates 8287:United Arab Emirates 7256:United Arab Emirates 6432:Iain Walker (2019). 5927:26 June 2009 at the 5885:23 June 2017 at the 5701:12 June 2019 at the 5436:on 18 September 2017 5302:. 25 February 2009. 5165:Redlands Daily Facts 4861:. 14 February 2020. 4799:. 10 December 2008. 4486:. pp. 120–121. 4333:13 June 2011 at the 3186:, both published in 3143:Music of the Comoros 2802:official orthography 2310:low-income countries 2276:same-sex sexual acts 1988:Mohéli National Park 1950:in their own right, 1651:A map of the Comoros 1607:improve this article 1368:State of the Comoros 1340:colony of Madagascar 1290:traded to the French 903:a referendum in 1974 825:archipelagic country 821:Union of the Comoros 561:• 2024 estimate 417:• Discovery by 32:Union of the Comoros 10726:Comoros archipelago 10711:Countries in Africa 10450: / 10396:Francophone economy 9056:Arab–Islamic (2023) 8505:Hissein Brahim Taha 7820:Plazas de soberanía 7724:African territories 7664:unclear sovereignty 7649:States with limited 6498:Embassy des Comores 6452:Library of Congress 6256:on 15 November 2016 6230:on 27 December 2016 5528:2 June 2015 at the 5083:2020NatCo..11.5978G 4484:Pen and Sword Books 4195:Études Océan Indien 4022:2016PNAS..113.6635C 3707:. 21 October 1976. 2318:Economic inequality 2153:overseas department 1505:Loi des compétences 1460:Said Mohamed Djohar 1415:Said Mohamed Jaffar 1388:Flag of the Comoros 1377:Flag of the Comoros 1362:Independence (1975) 1225:autonomous kingdoms 1221:politically unified 1215:, which came under 907:overseas department 857:Southern Hemisphere 829:Southeastern Africa 443:• Province of 250: / 184:Udzima wa ya Masiwa 10736:Former federations 10401:Senghor University 10198:Dominican Republic 9726:African Border Day 9441:Trade and Industry 9416:Peace and Security 9408:ECOSOCC Committees 9342:Deputy Chairperson 7728:non-African states 6814:Telecommunications 6614:Colonial governors 6388:The World Factbook 6224:"Union of Comoros" 5995:. Moroni: Komedit. 4953:. 17 January 2024. 4640:The New York Times 4610:The New York Times 4540:The New York Times 4472:Moorcraft, Paul L. 3802:on 6 October 2014. 3576:The World Factbook 3527:. 6 December 2023. 3445:www.britannica.com 3349:[ko.mo.ri] 3123: 2839: 2833:A view of Domoni, 2782:Comorian languages 2688: 2686:A mosque in Moroni 2314:Sub-Saharan Africa 2298: 2046:multi-party system 2042:head of government 2020: 1917: 1812: 1673:Mozambique Channel 1653: 1424:The population of 1407: 1392: 1381: 1269: 1261: 1253: 1027: 1015: 833:Mozambique Channel 645:2023 estimate 601:2023 estimate 383:Moustadroine Abdou 297:Ethnic groups 208: 157:وحدة، تضامن، تنمية 10693: 10692: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10307: 10306: 10292:Suspended members 10130:Associate members 9940:Equatorial Guinea 9783: 9782: 9661: 9660: 9585:Foreign relations 9562: 9561: 9513:Panel of the Wise 9421:Political Affairs 9291:Executive Council 9234:Secretary General 9212:Sirte Declaration 9132: 9131: 9064: 9063: 8992: 8991: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8455: 8454: 8379:Foreign relations 8352: 8351: 8032: 8031: 7880: 7879: 7844: 7843: 7719: 7718: 7439:Equatorial Guinea 7309: 7308: 6951: 6950: 6916: 6915: 6837: 6836: 6778: 6777: 6755:Political parties 6728:Foreign relations 6700: 6699: 6470:Union des Comores 6424:978-0-585-07021-6 6075:on 7 January 2010 5625:. 20 March 2019. 5276:on 9 October 2006 4989:"Comoros forests" 4831:. 26 March 2019. 4673:on 28 March 2015. 4493:978-1-84415-694-8 4476:McLaughlin, Peter 4242:History in Africa 4016:(24): 6635–6640. 3873:. 27 March 2008. 3740:on 6 January 2008 3481:978-0-8108-2819-3 3396:Union des Comores 3389:Udzima wa Komori; 3127:bilateral descent 2679: 2678: 2336:in urban areas." 2333:unemployment rate 2105:Foreign relations 2096:Political culture 2056:Legislative power 1762: 1761: 1659:(Grande Comore), 1639: 1638: 1631: 1530:Ikililou Dhoinine 1405:from 2011 to 2016 1399:Ikililou Dhoinine 1069:Malay Archipelago 939:income inequality 819:, officially the 813: 812: 698:medium inequality 666:• Per capita 622:• Per capita 445:French Madagascar 419:Portuguese Empire 204: 91: 55:Union des Comores 47:Ngazidja Comorian 10803: 10751:Island countries 10504: 10503: 10502: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10417: 10416: 9830: 9829: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9773: 9772: 9685:Development Bank 9573: 9572: 9455:Women and Gender 9451:Economic Affairs 9380:Gallagher Estate 9284: 9283: 9192:Casablanca Group 9159: 9152: 9145: 9136: 9135: 9001: 9000: 8956: 8955: 8841: 8840: 8520: 8519: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8459: 8458: 8175: 8174: 8165: 8090: 8089: 8080: 8079: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8036: 8035: 8025: 8017: 8009: 8001: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7868: 7856: 7855: 7732: 7731: 7689: 7688: 7641: 7435:(partly in Asia) 7355:Sovereign states 7336: 7329: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7162: 7152: 7147:Christmas Island 7141: 7113: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6954: 6936: 6929: 6846: 6845: 6804: 6789: 6788: 6711: 6710: 6665: 6664: 6653: 6626:Operation Azalee 6555: 6548: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6479: 6478: 6447: 6428: 6397: 6396: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6200: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6157: 6151: 6120: 6114: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5968:. 20 July 2018. 5958: 5952: 5938: 5932: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5896: 5890: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5760:Sarah Graingerm 5758: 5752: 5742:Comoros: Economy 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5706: 5693: 5687: 5674: 5665: 5652: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5547: 5538: 5532: 5515: 5509: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5429:. Archived from 5424: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5205: 5199: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4444:(357): 555–577. 4433: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4237: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4155: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4084: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4033: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3795:. Archived from 3790: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3766:on 17 March 2008 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3437: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3382: 3376: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3285: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3249: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3215: 2837:including mosque 2776:The most common 2509: 2482: 2472: 2436: 2424: 2423: 2357:commodity market 2165:outermost region 2157:region of France 1986:on Anjouan, and 1954:. It had a 2018 1884: 1860:Grande Glorieuse 1856:Glorioso Islands 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1802: 1697: 1696: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1591: 1583: 1451:of the Comoros ( 1449:Islamic Republic 1309: 1099:Medieval Comoros 1035:Karthala volcano 974: 973: 922:Malagasy peoples 758: 725: 724: 718: 717: 711: 700: 699: 693: 692: 686: 674: 673: 659: 658: 642: 630: 629: 615: 614: 598: 513:23 December 2001 498:Islamic Republic 473:22 December 1961 400: 265: 264: 262: 261: 260: 255: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 228:and largest city 218: 205: 189: 167: 159: 158: 152: 144: 143: 121: 107: 89: 83: 80: 72: 71: 65: 57: 50: 42: 40:Udzima wa Komori 28: 27: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10558: 10522: 10509: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10405: 10384: 10345:French language 10333: 10303: 10287: 10161: 10125: 10099: 9995:North Macedonia 9819: 9814: 9784: 9779: 9761: 9730: 9709: 9657: 9624: 9558: 9542: 9489: 9463: 9402: 9384: 9356: 9323: 9305: 9273: 9240: 9168: 9163: 9133: 9128: 9117: 9060: 8988: 8939: 8908: 8906: 8899: 8888: 8886: 8879: 8865:Northern Cyprus 8848: 8847:and territories 8846: 8832: 8816: 8509: 8492: 8486: 8456: 8451: 8426: 8383: 8348: 8332: 8296: 8166: 8157: 8096: 8068: 8063: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7985: 7917: 7911: 7881: 7876: 7840: 7824: 7793: 7772: 7768:Pelagie Islands 7751: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7703: 7685: 7682: 7674: 7653: 7650: 7642: 7633: 7349: 7340: 7310: 7305: 7265: 7160: 7150: 7139: 7114: 7105: 7001: 6995: 6960: 6952: 6947: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6912: 6833: 6802: 6774: 6745:Law enforcement 6696: 6654: 6645: 6568: 6559: 6493:Wayback Machine 6486:Tourism website 6476: 6466: 6461: 6444: 6425: 6405: 6400: 6381: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6197:Wayback Machine 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6165:Univ-comores.km 6159: 6158: 6154: 6133:Wayback Machine 6121: 6117: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5949:Wayback Machine 5939: 5935: 5929:Wayback Machine 5919: 5915: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5887:Wayback Machine 5875: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5769:Wayback Machine 5759: 5755: 5749:Wayback Machine 5740: 5736: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5703:Wayback Machine 5694: 5690: 5684:Wayback Machine 5675: 5668: 5662:Wayback Machine 5653: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5530:Wayback Machine 5516: 5512: 5507:Wayback Machine 5497: 5493: 5488:. 30 July 2023. 5480: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5408:on 27 May 2008. 5405: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5372: 5367:Wayback Machine 5358:Wayback Machine 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5197:Wayback Machine 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5062: 5058: 5004: 5000: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4919:thediplomat.com 4913: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4682: 4678: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4528: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4478:(April 2008) . 4469: 4465: 4438:African Affairs 4434: 4427: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4335:Wayback Machine 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4281: 4277: 4254:10.2307/3171638 4238: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4210: 4206: 4191: 4187: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4112: 4108: 4061: 4057: 4002: 3998: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3383: 3379: 3344: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3170: 3164: 3145: 3139: 3115: 3070: 3032: 3026: 2898: 2892: 2884:Life expectancy 2876: 2870: 2827: 2821: 2774: 2768: 2724: 2680: 2510: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2367:is used in the 2290: 2284: 2272: 2266: 2245: 2239: 2222:, attended the 2216:Azali Assoumani 2173:French Republic 2161:2009 referendum 2113: 2107: 2098: 2081:Napoleonic Code 2069: 2052:Executive power 2009: 2003: 1997: 1972: 1970:Protected areas 1952:Comoros forests 1944: 1934:Comoros forests 1932:Main articles: 1930: 1909: 1903: 1878: 1841:was destroyed. 1833: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1796: 1709: 1704: 1645: 1635: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1604: 1592: 1581: 1534:Azali Assoumani 1485:Azali Assoumani 1474:The islands of 1370: 1364: 1303: 1299:usurper sultan 1245: 1209:Said bin Sultan 1205:Saif bin Sultan 1101: 999: 994: 988: 972: 963: 943:medium quartile 753: 722: 721: 720: 709: 697: 696: 695: 684: 667: 660:$ 1.364 billion 652: 640: 623: 616:$ 3.432 billion 608: 592: 576: 565:1,000,000 ( 562: 545: 531: 510: 500: 496:• Federal 487: 470: 463:27 October 1946 460: 447: 434: 421: 396: 379: 368:Azali Assoumani 364: 325: 301: 291: 258: 256: 254:11.69°S 43.26°E 252: 249: 244: 241: 239: 237: 236: 235: 229: 221: 209: 197: 191: 187: 173: 161: 146: 129: 128: 127: 122: 114: 113: 108: 95: 94: 74: 59: 44: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10809: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10495: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10472: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10193:Czech Republic 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9836: 9834: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9813: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9790: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9738: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9671: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9499: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9333: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9259:Extreme points 9256: 9250: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9197:Monrovia Group 9194: 9189: 9184: 9182:Pan-Africanism 9178: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9162: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9139: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9108:Largest cities 9105: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9086:GDP per capita 9083: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8953: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8935:United Nations 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8445:Pan Arab Games 8437: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8084: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8062: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8002: 8000:(South Africa) 7993: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7927: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7862: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7805:Canary Islands 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7789:Savage Islands 7786: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7708:United Kingdom 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7656: 7654: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7316: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7143: 7140:United Kingdom 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7042: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6770:Prime Minister 6767: 6765:Vice-President 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6604:French Comoros 6601: 6600: 6599: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6558: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6519: 6510: 6501: 6495: 6483: 6473: 6465: 6464:External links 6462: 6460: 6459: 6448: 6442: 6429: 6423: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6364: 6334: 6315: 6303: 6276: 6267: 6241: 6215: 6201: 6182: 6152: 6115: 6086: 6054: 6028: 5998: 5983: 5953: 5933: 5913: 5891: 5869: 5855: 5829: 5799: 5788:on 13 May 2011 5773: 5753: 5734: 5707: 5688: 5666: 5640: 5610: 5579: 5570: 5533: 5519:Fatou Bensouda 5510: 5491: 5473: 5447: 5411: 5383: 5370: 5343: 5317: 5287: 5255: 5225: 5209:"Comoros 2018" 5200: 5182: 5152: 5122: 5056: 5019:(6): 534–545. 4998: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4942: 4924: 4906: 4876: 4846: 4814: 4784: 4773: 4762: 4736: 4725: 4714: 4703: 4676: 4657: 4627: 4596: 4557: 4526: 4499: 4492: 4463: 4425: 4412:10.2307/523155 4390: 4378: 4342: 4319: 4310: 4291:(2): 113–138. 4275: 4229: 4220: 4204: 4185: 4172:10.2307/220649 4166:(2): 257–290. 4147: 4135: 4106: 4055: 3996: 3952: 3935: 3918: 3888: 3855: 3805: 3777: 3751: 3725: 3689: 3660: 3634: 3625: 3602: 3563: 3530: 3516: 3487: 3480: 3462: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3404:الاتحاد القمري 3377: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3207: 3204: 3163: 3160: 3138: 3135: 3114: 3111: 3069: 3066: 3025: 3022: 2984:United Kingdom 2891: 2888: 2880:fertility rate 2869: 2866: 2820: 2817: 2767: 2764: 2723: 2720: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2417:Main article: 2414: 2411: 2286:Main article: 2283: 2280: 2268:Main article: 2265: 2262: 2250:Foreign Legion 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2208:Kyoto Protocol 2180:United Nations 2169:European Union 2117:United Nations 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2068: 2065: 2032:, whereby the 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1980:Mount Ntringui 1971: 1968: 1938:Comoro Islands 1929: 1926: 1905:Main article: 1902: 1899: 1887:Banc du Geyser 1816:shield volcano 1760: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1641:Main article: 1637: 1636: 1595: 1593: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1516:Mohammed Bacar 1411:Ahmed Abdallah 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1244: 1241: 1100: 1097: 998: 995: 990:Main article: 987: 984: 968: 962: 959: 928:speakers from 895:Comoro Islands 811: 810: 805: 799: 798: 793: 787: 786: 781: 775: 774: 771: 765: 764: 751: 747: 746: 739:Comorian franc 736: 732: 731: 712: 702: 701: 687: 677: 676: 668: 665: 662: 661: 653: 650: 647: 646: 643: 633: 632: 624: 621: 618: 617: 609: 606: 603: 602: 599: 585: 584: 577: 575:• Density 574: 571: 570: 563: 560: 557: 556: 550: 549: 546: 543: 540: 539: 532: 529: 526: 525: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 508: 505: 504: 503:1 October 1978 501: 495: 492: 491: 488: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 461: 455: 452: 451: 448: 442: 439: 438: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 402: 401: 394: 390: 389: 386: 385: 380: 374: 371: 370: 365: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 345: 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 324: 323: 317: 311: 304: 302: 299: 293: 292: 290: 289: 284: 279: 273: 271: 267: 266: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 211: 210: 195: 175: 174: 172: 171: 168: 153: 137: 131: 130: 123: 116: 115: 109: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 81: 66: 51: 35: 34: 31: 21:Comoro Islands 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10808: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10505:Years in the 10493: 10488: 10486: 10481: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10454:12.3°S 43.7°E 10420: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10116:New Brunswick 10114: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9965:Guinea-Bissau 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9804: 9799: 9797: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9776: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9680: 9679:Gold standard 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9352:2025 election 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9264:Member states 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9166:African Union 9160: 9155: 9153: 9148: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004:Extraordinary 9002: 8999: 8995: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8920:African Union 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8907:organizations 8905:International 8902: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Guinea-Bissau 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8515:Member states 8512: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8490: 8483: 8478: 8476: 8471: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8022: 8021:Somali Region 8019: 8014: 8011: 8006: 8003: 7998: 7997:KwaZulu-Natal 7995: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7903: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7873: 7872: 7871:Africa portal 7867: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7726:fully part of 7722: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7479:Guinea-Bissau 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 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6326: 6325:Swahili Forum 6319: 6310: 6308: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6186: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6148: 6147:public domain 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101:ethnography. 6100: 6096: 6090: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5994: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5738: 5727: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5555: 5551: 5550:Worldbank.org 5544: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5364: 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3269: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3220:Africa portal 3210: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196:Grande Comore 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3131:Bantu peoples 3128: 3119: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3080:on Ngazidja, 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3018:Arabic script 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:Cocos Islands 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722:Ethnic groups 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2671:Grande Comore 2669: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2635:Grande Comore 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2563:Grande Comore 2561: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2498:Grande Comore 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:essential oil 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327:According to 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300:The level of 2294: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2220:African Union 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:African Union 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2102: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071:The Comorian 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:head of state 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1913: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858:, comprising 1857: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1794:Mount Ntingui 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768:(active) and 1767: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1735: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663:(Mohéli) and 1662: 1658: 1649: 1644: 1633: 1630: 1622: 1619:December 2017 1612: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1596:This section 1594: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1566:African Union 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492:African Union 1488: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1356:État comorien 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Betsimisaraka 1265: 1257: 1249: 1240: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1198:Vasco da Gama 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:tortoiseshell 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:Swahili coast 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1008: 1003: 993: 983: 981: 977: 971: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 909:. France has 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867: 862: 861:African Union 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 809: 806: 804: 800: 797: 794: 792: 791:ISO 3166 code 788: 785: 782: 780: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 737: 733: 729: 713: 707: 703: 688: 682: 678: 669: 663: 654: 648: 644: 638: 634: 625: 619: 610: 604: 600: 596: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 568: 564: 558: 555: 551: 547: 541: 537: 533: 527: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509:• Union 506: 502: 499: 493: 489: 486: 482: 476: 472: 466: 462: 459: 453: 450:31 March 1914 449: 446: 440: 437:25 April 1841 436: 433: 427: 423: 420: 414: 410: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 381: 378: 372: 369: 366: 363: 357: 353: 350: 346: 344: 340: 337: 334: 332: 328: 322: 318: 316: 312: 310: 306: 305: 303: 298: 294: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 272: 268: 263: 259:-11.69; 43.26 234: 231: 224: 217: 212: 194: 186: 185: 180: 176: 169: 165: 154: 150: 139: 138: 136: 132: 126: 120: 112: 106: 98: 90: 88: 82: 78: 67: 63: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 36: 29: 26: 22: 10563:21st century 10527:20th century 10506: 10435: 10312:Organization 9909: 9870:Burkina Faso 9221: 9207:Abuja Treaty 9069:Demographics 8959:Declarations 8792:Turkmenistan 8752:Sierra Leone 8742:Saudi Arabia 8584: 8565:Burkina Faso 8417:Institutions 8395:Demographics 8262:Saudi Arabia 8196: 8130:Headquarters 7930: 7915:Somali Plate 7869: 7857: 7699:Îles Éparses 7589:South Africa 7579:Sierra Leone 7412: 7383:Burkina Faso 7276: 7231:Saudi Arabia 7155: 7145: 7135: 7091:South Africa 7083: 7044: 7037: 7012: 6999:Indian Ocean 6863:Demographics 6824:Trade unions 6733:Human rights 6718:Constitution 6561: 6433: 6415: 6411: 6386: 6367: 6355:. Retrieved 6347:Alwatwan.net 6346: 6337: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6270: 6258:. Retrieved 6254:the original 6244: 6232:. Retrieved 6228:the original 6218: 6204: 6185: 6173:. Retrieved 6164: 6155: 6144: 6124: 6118: 6113:: Routledge. 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6070:the original 6057: 6045:. Retrieved 6031: 6019:. Retrieved 6010: 6001: 5992: 5986: 5974:. Retrieved 5965: 5956: 5936: 5916: 5899: 5894: 5878: 5872: 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5832: 5820:. Retrieved 5811: 5802: 5790:. Retrieved 5786:the original 5776: 5756: 5737: 5691: 5631:. Retrieved 5622: 5613: 5601:. Retrieved 5592: 5582: 5573: 5561:. Retrieved 5549: 5536: 5513: 5494: 5485: 5476: 5464:. Retrieved 5450: 5438:. Retrieved 5431:the original 5426: 5414: 5403:the original 5398: 5386: 5373: 5346: 5334:. Retrieved 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5290: 5278:. Retrieved 5271:the original 5246:. Retrieved 5237: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5212: 5203: 5185: 5173:. Retrieved 5164: 5155: 5143:. Retrieved 5134: 5125: 5074: 5070: 5059: 5016: 5012: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4978:, pp. 20, 72 4971: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4897:. Retrieved 4888: 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4858: 4849: 4837:. Retrieved 4826: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4787: 4776: 4765: 4753:. Retrieved 4748: 4739: 4728: 4717: 4706: 4694:. Retrieved 4679: 4671:the original 4660: 4648:. Retrieved 4639: 4630: 4618:. Retrieved 4609: 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4570: 4560: 4548:. Retrieved 4539: 4529: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4482:. Barnsley: 4479: 4466: 4441: 4437: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4381: 4369:. Retrieved 4357: 4345: 4322: 4313: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4245: 4241: 4223: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4163: 4159: 4126:. Retrieved 4116: 4109: 4075:(1): 58–68. 4072: 4068: 4058: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3985:cite journal 3975:20 September 3973:. Retrieved 3968: 3965:Aramco World 3964: 3955: 3938: 3921: 3909:. Retrieved 3900: 3891: 3879:. Retrieved 3870: 3823: 3819: 3808: 3797:the original 3792: 3780: 3768:. Retrieved 3764:the original 3754: 3742:. Retrieved 3738:the original 3728: 3716:. Retrieved 3704: 3692: 3680:. Retrieved 3663: 3651:. Retrieved 3637: 3628: 3617: 3605: 3581:26 September 3579:. Retrieved 3566: 3554:. Retrieved 3549: 3519: 3504:. Retrieved 3490: 3471: 3465: 3455:25 September 3453:. Retrieved 3444: 3406: 3388: 3380: 3361: 3340: 3283: 3268: 3247: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3155: 3146: 3124: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3014:Latin script 2992: 2988: 2978:especially: 2969: 2962: 2953:colonisation 2945:colonization 2942: 2910: 2899: 2877: 2840: 2806: 2785: 2775: 2725: 2693: 2689: 2413:Demographics 2400: 2396: 2388:unemployment 2384: 2377: 2373: 2343:, including 2338: 2326: 2299: 2273: 2264:Human rights 2258: 2246: 2232: 2228: 2177: 2135: 2129: 2114: 2099: 2073:legal system 2070: 2067:Legal system 2050: 2027:presidential 2021: 1973: 1960: 1945: 1928:Biodiversity 1918: 1891:Îles Éparses 1890: 1850: 1847:Îles Éparses 1846: 1843: 1813: 1763: 1749: 1748: 1710:census 2017 1693: 1689: 1654: 1625: 1616: 1605:Please help 1600:verification 1597: 1570: 1555: 1527: 1524: 1513: 1504: 1501: 1489: 1473: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1423: 1408: 1355: 1344: 1331: 1325: 1312: 1301:Andriantsoly 1294: 1270: 1233: 1228: 1202: 1195: 1124: 1117: 1102: 1081: 1065:Persian Gulf 1062: 1050:Austronesian 1047: 1039:King Solomon 1028: 975: 964: 918:Austronesian 915: 891: 864: 849:independence 837:Indian Ocean 820: 816: 814: 803:Internet TLD 779:Calling code 651:• Total 607:• Total 530:• Total 481:Independence 192: 188: 182: 178: 135:Motto: 134: 84: 25: 10459:-12.3; 43.7 10457: / 10380:LGBT rights 10273:South Korea 10075:Switzerland 10055:Saint Lucia 9975:Ivory Coast 9600:Enlargement 9375:Secretariat 9337:Chairperson 9319:Chairperson 9229:Chairperson 9217:Lome Summit 8925:Arab League 8887:communities 8640:Ivory Coast 8530:Afghanistan 8435:Pan-Arabism 8344:South Sudan 8082:Arab League 8066:Arab League 7763:Pantelleria 7683:territories 7651:recognition 7594:South Sudan 7484:Ivory Coast 7251:Timor-Leste 7161:(Australia) 7151:(Australia) 6796:Agriculture 6292:: 157–171. 6260:29 November 6234:29 November 6122:"Comoros". 6039:. Cia.gov. 5563:29 November 5077:(1): 5978. 4976:Ottenheimer 4388:, pp. 53–54 4386:Ottenheimer 4371:18 November 3744:18 February 3718:18 February 3513:(in French) 3251:Mixture of 3158:marriages. 2842:Sunni Islam 2700:Mitsamihuli 2612:Adda-Douéni 2361:ylang-ylang 2322:Remittances 2188:Arab League 2121:archipelago 2089:legislative 2077:Islamic law 2044:, and of a 1879: [ 1876:Verte Rocks 1821:crater lake 1797: [ 1496:Thabo Mbeki 1419:Ali Soilihi 1390:(1975–1978) 1379:(1963–1975) 1304: [ 1089:Middle East 930:East Africa 853:Arab League 845:Sunni Islam 719: 0.586 490:6 July 1975 393:Legislature 257: / 10700:Categories 10248:Mozambique 10243:Montenegro 10070:Seychelles 10010:Mauritania 10000:Madagascar 9990:Luxembourg 9895:Cape Verde 9721:Africa Day 9675:Currencies 9329:Commission 9103:Population 8802:Uzbekistan 8772:Tajikistan 8700:Mozambique 8690:Mauritania 8660:Kyrgyzstan 8650:Kazakhstan 8555:Bangladesh 8545:Azerbaijan 8337:Candidates 8237:Mauritania 8171:Membership 8153:Arab Union 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