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both, and 19% were not admitted to any medical schools. Geographic location was the top reason given by both DO and MD students for choosing the school in which they enrolled. Of first-year medical students matriculating in 2016, 25.9% (7,369 students) entered US-DO schools and 74.1% (21,030 students) entered US-MD schools. The
Association of American Medical Colleges projects that from 2016 to 2021, first-year DO student enrollment will increase by 19.4% versus a 5.7% increase in MD students. Between 1980 and 2005, the annual number of new MDs remained stable at around 16,000. During the same period, the number of new DOs increased by more than 150% (from about 1,000 to about 2,800). The number of new MDs per 100,000 people fell from 7.5 to 5.6, while the number of new DOs per 100,000 rose from 0.4 to 0.8.
587:
respondents used OMT (osteopathic manipulative treatment) on less than 5% of their patients. The survey was the latest indication that DOs have become more like MD physicians in all respects: fewer perform OMT, more prescribe drugs, and many perform surgery as a first option. One area which has been implicated, but not been formally studied regarding the decline in OMT usage among DOs in practice, is the role of reimbursement changes. Only in the last several years could a DO charge for both an office visit (Evaluation & Management services) and use a procedure (CPT) code when performing OMT; previously, it was bundled.
33:
632:(NBOME). This exam is a prerequisite for DO-associated residency programs, which are available in almost every specialty of medicine and surgery. DO medical students may also choose to sit for the USMLE if they wish to increase their competitiveness for residency and about 48% take USMLE Step 1. However, if they have taken COMLEX, it may or may not be needed, depending on the individual institution's program requirements.
656:
for a DO resident in any MD program to apply for osteopathic approval of their training. The topic of dual-accreditation is controversial. Opponents claim that by merging DO students into the "MD world", the unique quality of osteopathic philosophy will be lost. Supporters claim the programs are popular because of the higher prestige and higher resident reimbursement salaries associated with MD programs.
248:, as a protest against the present medical system. Still believed that the conventional medical system lacked credible efficacy, was morally corrupt, and treated effects rather than causes of disease. Throughout the 1900s, DOs gained practice rights and government recognition. The first state to pass regulations allowing DOs medical practice rights was
450:
counseling. Some authors describe subjective distinctions in patient interactions, but Avery Hurt writes, "In actual practice, the variations between the two types of physicians are often so slight as to be unnoticeable to patients, and a day in the life of each can appear indistinguishable. The differences are there—subtle, but deep."
543:
own a hospital. Osteopathic medical schools tend to have a stronger focus on primary care medicine than MD schools. DO schools have developed various strategies to encourage their graduates to pursue primary care, such as offering accelerated three-year programs for primary care, focusing clinical education in
342:(ACGME), which accredits all residency programs, hold a DO degree. 65.1% of the 19,302 DO graduates enrolled in post-doctoral training are in ACGME-accredited programs, with the remainder in AOA programs. Since 2020, the ACGME accredits all residency programs in the United States for both MDs and DOs.
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An MD degree is accepted in most countries worldwide, while the DO degree is currently accepted in 85 countries abroad; this does not indicate that the DO degree is rejected in the rest of the countries but showcases a history of graduates approaching the medical boards of the accepting countries. DO
586:
include spinal manipulation as one of several treatment options for practitioners to consider using when pain does not improve with self-care. Spinal manipulation is generally a safe treatment for low-back pain. Serious complications are very rare. A 2001 survey of DOs found that more than 50% of the
538:
explored the possibility of starting an MD program that would be offered alongside the DO program. Both proposals were met with controversy. Proponents argued that adding an MD program would lead to the creation of more local residency programs and improve the university's ability to acquire research
350:
There are significantly more MDs than DOs. However, the number of DOs is increasing at a rate faster than MDs. A 2012 survey of students applying to both U.S. MD and DO schools found that 9% of applicants were admitted only to an MD school, 46% were admitted only to a DO school, 26% were admitted to
260:
The
American Medical Association's current definition of a physician is "an individual who has received a 'Doctor of Medicine' or a 'Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine' degree or an equivalent degree following successful completion of a prescribed course of study from a school of medicine or osteopathic
659:
Over five years starting in July 2015, the AOA, AACOM, and the ACGME will create a single, unified accreditation system for graduate medical education programs in the United States. This will ensure that all physicians trained in the U.S. will have the same graduate medical education accreditation,
655:
Since 1981, a single residency training program can be dual-accredited by both the ACGME and the AOA. The number of dually accredited programs increased from 11% of all AOA approved residencies in 2006 to 14% in 2008, and then to 22% in 2010. In 2000, the AOA adopted a provision making it possible
542:
61% of graduating seniors at osteopathic medical schools evaluated that over half of their required in-hospital training was delivered by MD physicians. Overall, osteopathic medical schools have more modest research programs compared to MD schools, and fewer DO schools are part of universities that
466:
One study of DOs attempted to investigate their perceptions of differences in philosophy and practice between themselves and their MD counterparts: "59 percent of the respondents believed they practiced differently from allopathic physicians, and 72 percent of the follow-up responses indicated that
272:
After more than a century of often bitterly contentious relationships between the osteopathic and allopathic medical professions, we now find ourselves living at a time when osteopathic and allopathic graduates are both sought after by many of the same residency programs; are in most instances both
613:
between MD and DO matriculants. In 2016, the average MCAT and GPA for students entering U.S.-based MD programs were 508.7 and 3.70, respectively, and 503.8 and 3.54 for DO matriculants. DO medical schools are more likely to accept non-traditional students, who are older, coming to medicine as a
470:
As the training of DOs and MDs became less distinct, some expressed concern that the unique characteristics of osteopathic medicine would be lost. Others welcomed the rapprochement and already considered modern medicine to be the type of medicine practiced by both "MD and DO type doctors". One
449:
The study of approximately 341 million healthcare visits founds that there was no difference on the rate that doctors provided to patients diet or nutrition counseling, weight-reduction counseling, exercise counseling, tobacco use or exposure counseling, and mental health or stress reduction
424:
stated that research from osteopathic schools amounted to "fewer than 15 publications per year per school, and more than a quarter of these publications had never been cited. Clearly, scholarly contributions from osteopathic medical schools are unacceptably low in both quantity and quality."
462:
found significant differences in the attitudes of DOs and MDs. The study found that 40.1% of MD students and physicians described themselves as "socioemotionally" oriented over "technoscientific" orientation. In comparison, 63.8% of their DO counterparts self-identified as socioemotional.
569:(OMM), a form of hands-on care used to diagnose, treat and prevent illness or injury and is taught only at DO schools. As of 2006, the average osteopathic medical student spent almost eight weeks on clerkships for OMM during their third and fourth years. The
445:
physicians in the U.S., including 277 million visits to MDs and 65 million visits to DOs, found that there was no significant difference between DOs and MDs with regard to time spent with patients and preventive medicine services.
415:
While the number of MD students and MD schools is significantly greater than the number of DO students and DO schools, MD schools have applied for and received 800 times more funding for scientific and clinical research from the
2241:
Chou, R; Huffman, LH (2 October 2007). "Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an
American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline".
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Cerritelli, Francesco; Pizzolorusso, Gianfranco; Ciardelli, Francesco; La Mola, Emiliano; Cozzolino, Vincenzo; Renzetti, Cinzia; D'Incecco, Carmine; Fusilli, Paola; Sabatino, Giuseppe; Barlafante, Gina (26 April 2013).
1428:
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states that overall, studies have shown that spinal manipulation can provide mild-to-moderate relief from low-back pain and appears to be as effective as conventional medical treatments. In 2007 guidelines, the
652:(NRMP) rather than completing a DO residency. As of 2014, 54% of DOs in post-doctoral training are enrolled in an ACGME-accredited residency program and 46% are enrolled in an AOA-accredited residency program.
359:
The geographic distribution of MD and DO physicians is not uniform. As of 2012, the states with the greatest ratio of active physicians holding a DO degree versus active physicians holding an MD degree were
256:
in 1989. Up through the 1960s, osteopathic medicine was labeled a cult by the
American Medical Association, and collaboration by physicians with osteopathic practitioners was considered to be unethical.
2736:
491:. Some authors argue that the terms "osteopathic" and "allopathic" should be dropped altogether, since their original meanings bear little relevance to the current practice of modern medicine.
420:
than DO schools. In 2011, DO schools ranked last out of 17 types of educational institutions, including veterinary medicine, optometry, social work, and dentistry. In 2014, an article in the
925:
Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene
Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, and Kurt J. Isselbacher, Eds (2012). "10: Complementary and Alternative Medicine".
1393:
109:
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The use of standardized exams as indicators of performance or aptitude has been debated. However, while less than the difference between other factors such as race (which may affect
467:
the osteopathic approach to treatment was a primary distinguishing feature, mainly incorporating the application of OMT, a caring doctor–patient relationship, and a hands-on style."
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of choice after medical school in order to practice medicine and surgery in the United States. Since 2020, all DO and MD graduates complete GME training at a program approved by the
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1212:
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licensed by the same licensing boards; are both privileged by many of the same hospitals; and are found in appreciable numbers on the faculties of each other's medical schools.
858:(CME). CME requirements differ from state to state and between the American Osteopathic Medical Association (DO) and the American Medical Association (MD) governing bodies.
1640:"A comparison of patient visits to osteopathic and allopathic general and family medicine physicians: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2003–2004"
2552:
Chick DA; Friedman HP; Young VB; Solomon D (January 2010). "Relationship between COMLEX and USMLE scores among osteopathic medical students who take both examinations".
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1435:
2416:
2765:
924:
3158:
574:
84:
3214:
1704:
Johnson SM, Kurtz ME (December 2002). "Perceptions of philosophic and practice differences between US osteopathic physicians and their allopathic counterparts".
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graduates may apply to countries outside of the 85 countries for recognition or practicing rights. Accredited DO and MD medical schools are both included in the
835:
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206:(AOA) or ACGME. Historically AOA-approved GME programs either gained approval by the ACGME or were dissolved with the 2020 merger between the AOA and the ACGME.
104:
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assesses the applicants' preparedness for entering these US training programs. IMG physicians tend to enter primary care at higher rates than US MD physicians.
3183:
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516:(COCA) accredits the 38 osteopathic medical schools that award the DO degree. Osteopathic medical schools tend to be affiliated with smaller universities.
339:
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128:
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persistent difference is the respective acceptance of the terms "allopathic" and "osteopathic." DO medical schools and organizations all include the word
1125:
531:
2202:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society"
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Several studies have investigated whether there is a difference in the approach to patients by MDs and DOs. A study of patient visits to general and
1235:
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950:
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Burkhart, DN; Lischka, TA (April 2011). "Dual and parallel postdoctoral training programs: implications for the osteopathic medical profession".
2030:
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307:(11.2%) . IMG physicians are more likely to enter primary care specialties than US MD physicians. As of 2007, IMG physicians represented 36% of
165:
121:
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Briggs, Josephine P. (16 April 2018). Kasper, Dennis; Fauci, Anthony; Hauser, Stephen; Longo, Dan; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph (eds.).
287:
Of the 989,320 physicians actively practicing in the United States as of
December 31, 2022, 66% hold an MD degree granted in the U.S., 26% are
1400:
663:
There are notable differences in the specialty choices of DOs and MDs. 60% of DOs work in primary care specialties, compared to 35% of MDs.
291:(IMG), and 8% hold a DO degree. The percentage of physicians that hold a DO degree varies by specialty, with the greatest representation in
3209:
551:
232:
was formed, and standards were put into place, with a three-year program including lectures, dissection, and hospital experience. In 1892,
475:
in their names, and such groups actively promote an "osteopathic approach" to medicine. While "osteopathy" was a term used by its founder
3081:
618:
220:
While MD schools have followed the development of society, osteopathic medicine is a more recent development. The first MD school in the
176:. Foreign-trained osteopaths do not hold DO degrees and are not recognized as physicians in the United States or in other jurisdictions.
854:
To maintain a professional license to practice medicine, U.S. physicians are required to complete ongoing additional training, known as
264:
In a 2005 editorial about mitigating the impending shortage of physicians in the United States, Jordan Cohen, MD, then-president of the
1310:"THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL GRADUATES IN THE U.S. PHYSICIAN WORKFORCE: A Policy Monograph of the American College of Physicians"
1514:
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3019:
23:
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Hayes OW (November 1998). "Dual approval of a residency program: ten years' experience and implications for postdoctoral training".
591:
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About sixteen percent of IMG MD physicians hold academic positions, whereas eighty percent practice medicine in community settings.
3153:
265:
1068:"Effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment on length of stay in a population of preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial"
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202:(ACGME). Before 2020, practicing physicians holding the DO could have completed GME training at a program approved by either the
3173:
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2817:
505:
161:
59:
1348:
1309:
380:. During that same year, the states with the greatest ratio of active physicians holding an MD degree versus a DO degree were
1976:
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Kansas City, Mo: Hudson-Kimberly Pub Co; 1902:9–20,185,210,270. Version 2.0. Inter Linea Web site. Accessed
January 23, 2006.
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scores of those who matriculate at DO schools versus those who matriculate at MD schools. There is also a difference of 0.16
195:
1147:
2769:
459:
64:
903:
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555:
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2363:"Table A-18: MCAT Scores and GPAs for Applicants and Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools by Race/Ethnicity, 2019-2020"
934:
872:
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The curriculum and coursework at MD- and DO-granting schools is virtually indistinguishable other than the addition of
169:
1953:
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2279:"Diminished use of osteopathic manipulative treatment and its impact on the uniqueness of the osteopathic profession"
566:
180:
74:
2791:
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1261:
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Zeigler, Jennifer (April 2004). "Osteopathic residencies struggle to keep up with the growing number of DO grads".
786:
641:
509:
203:
79:
1372:
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884:
400:. The states with the greatest per capita number of MD physicians are Washington, D.C., Massachusetts, Maryland,
288:
69:
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3050:
3024:
688:
606:
579:
157:
89:
49:
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1239:
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2059:
417:
3311:
3148:
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2998:
855:
849:
570:
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229:
2181:. National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 26 January 2015
1927:
2966:
191:
2362:
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2392:"Table A-16: MCAT Scores and GPAs for Applicants and Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools, 2016-2017"
1465:"Physician workforce shortages: implications and issues for academic health centers and policymakers"
868:
519:
1905:
544:
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3249:
988:
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Physicians who bear an MD or DO can be licensed to practice medicine and surgery in all states.
2095:"The separate osteopathic medical education pathway: uniquely addressing national needs. Point"
1039:
2680:"Approval of ACGME Training as an AOA-approved internship: history and review of current data"
2391:
964:
624:
DO students are required to take the
Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination (
2981:
2971:
2709:
Terry RR (August 2003). "Dually accredited family practice residencies: wave of the future".
1822:
583:
241:
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2218:
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scores by 9 points or more), there is a statistical difference of about 5 points on average
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Many authors note the most obvious difference between the curricula of DO and MD schools is
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2005:
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funding and state funding, while opponents wanted to protect the discipline of osteopathy.
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245:
184:
8:
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As of 2015, 9.0% of residents and fellows in medical training programs accredited by the
237:
40:
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3014:
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1803:
1666:
1639:
1568:
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1102:
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programs. Now all DO students apply to ACGME-accredited residency programs through the
534:
proposed starting a dual MD/DO program in addition to the existing DO program, and the
304:
153:
1717:
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Currently, the ACGME accredits all MD and DO residency programs, while previously the
2718:
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324:
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1807:
1544:"Comparison of Osteopathic and Allopathic Medical Schools' Support for Primary Care"
547:, and selecting rural or under-served urban areas for the location of new campuses.
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2334:
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2251:
2213:
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Chou R; Qaseem A; Snow V; Casey D; Cross T; Shekelle P; Owens DK (2 October 2007).
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508:(LCME) accredits the 144 U.S. medical schools that award the MD degree, while the
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to contrast the conventional medicine of his day with his alternative system of
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2006:"Texas university explores offering an MD degree in addition to its DO program"
683:
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Hurt, Avery (February 2007). "Inside osteopathic medicine's parallel world".
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2447:. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. 2016. p. 19
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621:(USMLE)'s series of three licensing exams during and after medical school.
328:
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1868:
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1612:
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1434:. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. Archived from
172:
lists both LCME accredited MD programs and COCA accredited DO programs as
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and as of June 30, 2020, the AOA will cease its accreditation functions.
397:
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187:, has received criticism regarding its efficacy and therapeutic value.
94:
2739:. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Archived from
1513:. Association of American Medical Colleges. p. 19. Archived from
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183:(OMM), which is taught at DO-granting schools only. One OMM practice,
1596:"Research in the Osteopathic Medical Profession: Roadmap to Recovery"
381:
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149:
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1931:
2133:
393:
369:
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253:
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54:
2060:"AACOM 2014-15 Academic Year Survey of Graduating Seniors Summary"
1847:
Gundling K (9 November 1998). "When Did I Become an "Allopath"?".
666:
For IMG graduates applying for residency training in the US, the
32:
2598:. National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners. Archived from
1126:"DO vs. MD: How much does the medical school degree type matter?"
479:
in the 19th century to describe his new philosophy of medicine, "
160:
degree (DO). Institutions awarding the MD are accredited by the
1423:
1421:
747:
719:
710:
2031:"Fired medical school president had been pushing big changes"
772:
737:
715:
706:
373:
1824:
Nature Cures: The
History of Alternative Medicine in America
1418:
407:
The sex and racial distribution of DOs and MDs are similar.
2513:"COMLEX-1 and USMLE-1 are not interchangeable examinations"
2323:"Billing and coding for osteopathic manipulative treatment"
2199:
1786:
Berkenwald A (1 February 1998). "In the Name of
Medicine".
602:
453:
365:
212:
The history of the MD and DO degrees differ significantly.
164:(LCME). Institutions awarding the DO are accredited by the
2929:
2422:. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
1541:
1399:. Association of American Medical Colleges. Archived from
2792:"MD vs DO - What are the Differences (and similarities)?"
3159:
American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
2417:"2016 AACOMAS Profile: Applicant and Matriculant Report"
1930:. Liaison Committee on Medical Education. Archived from
575:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
2134:
Krueger PM; Dane P; Slocum P; Kimmelman M (June 2009).
1166:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1149:
The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy.
3184:
Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
1827:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 18, 52,
1429:"2012 Applicants to U.S. and Offshore Medical Schools"
1394:"Results of the 2016 Medical School Enrollment Survey"
2510:
2320:
2136:"Osteopathic clinical training in three universities"
2088:
2086:
2084:
3194:
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
3169:
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
2179:"Spinal Manipulation for Low-Back Pain | NCCIH"
929:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 63.
668:
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
560:
340:
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
200:
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
2818:"Does osteopathic medicine have a future? - Philly"
2647:
1600:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
530:offer both MD and DO accredited programs. In 2009,
194:(GME) via residency and optional fellowship in any
2768:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
2081:
1462:
1347:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
410:
1741:
1015:"Chiropractic and osteopathy – how do they work?"
494:
3288:
3179:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
2895:American Osteopathic Association: What is a DO?
2240:
1594:Clark, Brian C.; Blazyk, Jack (1 August 2014).
1542:Peters AS, Clark-Chiarelli N, Block SD (1999).
843:
630:National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners
592:Status of OMM within the Osteopathic profession
514:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
422:Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
240:founded the American School of Osteopathy (now
166:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
2442:"Osteopathic Medical College Information Book"
2092:
1766:Northern California Neurosurgery Medical Group
1637:
1633:
1631:
1262:"2023 U.S. Physician Workforce Data Dashboard"
1238:. American Medical Association. Archived from
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2492:. United States Medical Licensing Examination
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483:" was originally a derogatory term coined by
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1500:
1342:"2016 Osteopathic Medical Profession Report"
949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
861:
552:List of medical schools in the United States
190:Both MD and DO degree holders must complete
2511:Sarko J; Svoren E; Katz E (February 2010).
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1291:. Association of American Medical Colleges.
619:United States Medical Licensing Examination
3271:Issues in higher education inside the U.S.
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2869:. University of Copenhagen. Archived from
2397:. Association of American Medical Colleges
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1908:. Association of American Medical Colleges
1846:
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1532:
1508:"2013 State Physician Workforce Data Book"
1453:
1379:
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1190:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1040:"Are Osteopathic Physicians Real Doctors?"
927:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
896:
354:
136:
122:
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2110:
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1999:
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1611:
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1164:The DO's: osteopathic medicine in America
1101:
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215:
24:Osteopathic medicine in the United States
3154:Association of American Medical Colleges
2708:
2673:
2671:
2620:
2490:"Eligibility for the USMLE Examinations"
2173:
2171:
454:Self-characterization and identification
266:Association of American Medical Colleges
2321:Snider KT; Jorgensen DJ (August 2009).
2256:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00007
2219:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006
1977:"Osteopathic Physicians Versus Doctors"
1886:. National Council Against Health Fraud
1800:10.7326/0003-4819-128-3-199802010-00023
1732:
1589:
1587:
1336:
1334:
1278:
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3307:Medical education in the United States
3289:
3174:Liaison Committee on Medical Education
2931:Medical education in the United States
2003:
1994:
1186:
1161:
698:Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
510:American Osteopathic Association (AOA)
506:Liaison Committee on Medical Education
301:Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
162:Liaison Committee on Medical Education
2903:
2766:"The Single GME Accreditation System"
2668:
2168:
1227:
1213:"H-405.969 Definition of a Physician"
152:in the United States hold either the
16:Differences in U.S. medical practices
2867:"World Directory of Medical Schools"
1974:
1682:
1584:
1331:
1289:"2016 Physician Specialty Data Book"
695:Standardized admissions examination
460:Journal of General Internal Medicine
2596:"Information for Program Directors"
1013:Mohammadi, Dara (18 October 2015).
703:Medical school application service
673:
556:Medical school in the United States
282:
50:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
13:
3276:Physician shortage inside the U.S.
3164:National Resident Matching Program
1956:. American Osteopathic Association
1236:"Following in Flexner's Footsteps"
906:. American Osteopathic Association
873:World Directory of Medical Schools
650:National Resident Matching Program
499:
170:World Directory of Medical Schools
14:
3323:
2888:
2737:"Single GME Accreditation System"
1373:"Single GME Accreditation System"
1233:
804:AOA approval of an ACGME program
567:osteopathic manipulative medicine
561:Osteopathic manipulative medicine
181:osteopathic manipulative medicine
75:Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
3189:American Osteopathic Association
2847:American Osteopathic Association
2530:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00632.x
2296:10.1097/00001888-200108000-00016
2004:Hedger, Brian (April 27, 2009).
1884:"Misuse of the Term "Allopathy""
1762:"Medical/Neurosurgical Glossary"
1560:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.03179.x
1482:10.1097/00001888-200609000-00003
1319:. American College of Physicians
642:American Osteopathic Association
204:American Osteopathic Association
31:
2859:
2835:
2810:
2784:
2729:
2702:
2641:
2614:
2588:
2545:
2504:
2482:
2468:"Never too late to be a doctor"
2459:
2434:
2409:
2384:
2355:
2270:
2234:
2193:
2127:
2023:
1968:
1946:
1920:
1898:
1875:
1840:
1814:
1779:
1754:
1697:
1365:
1254:
1205:
1180:
1155:
965:"Dubious Aspects of Osteopathy"
885:Physicians in the United States
411:Research and scholarly activity
289:international medical graduates
277:
3051:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3025:International medical graduate
2466:Madison Park (June 13, 2011).
2093:Chen C; Mullan F (June 2009).
1215:. American Medical Association
1140:
1128:. American Medical Association
1118:
1058:
1032:
1006:
989:"Why Cranial Therapy Is Silly"
981:
957:
918:
734:Medical Licensing Exams (MLE)
628:) that is administered by the
580:American College of Physicians
495:Medical education and training
158:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1:
2277:Johnson SM, Kurtz ME (2001).
1954:"Osteopathic Medical Schools"
1882:Jarvis WT (1 December 2000).
1718:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00357-4
1463:Salsberg E; Grover A (2006).
890:
418:National Institutes of Health
327:, 17.8% of OB/GYNs, 18.8% of
41:Andrew Taylor Still (founder)
3149:American Medical Association
2999:Continuing medical education
2153:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a409b1
2112:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a3dd28
1861:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2185
1201:– via Access Medicine.
856:continuing medical education
850:Continuing medical education
844:Continuing medical education
635:
571:National Institute of Health
528:Nova Southeastern University
295:/General Practice (16.5% of
230:American Medical Association
7:
2678:Bulger JB (December 2006).
2340:10.7556/jaoa.2009.109.8.409
878:
597:Student aptitude indicators
10:
3328:
2967:Graduate medical education
1928:"Medical School Directory"
847:
589:
549:
192:Graduate Medical Education
3263:
3223:
3202:
3141:
3069:
3038:
3020:Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
3007:
2937:
2843:"International Licensure"
2566:10.1080/10401330903445422
869:World Health Organization
862:International recognition
819:
728:
697:
536:University of North Texas
520:Michigan State University
458:A study published by the
345:
836:medical specialty boards
830:medical specialty boards
767:(Prior to June 30, 2020)
726:Years of medical school
644:(AOA) accredited all DO
545:community health centers
3302:Health care occupations
3250:William Stewart Halsted
1644:Osteopath Med Prim Care
1638:Licciardone JC (2007).
1193:. McGraw-Hill Education
1162:Gevitz, Norman (2004).
1085:10.1186/1471-2431-13-65
364:(20.7% of physicians),
355:Geographic distribution
532:Kansas City University
275:
252:in 1901, the last was
216:History and background
100:MD & DO Comparison
2010:American Medical News
1657:10.1186/1750-4732-1-2
1613:10.7556/jaoa.2014.124
779:One must be selected:
590:Further information:
584:American Pain Society
297:general practitioners
270:
242:A.T. Still University
3297:Osteopathic medicine
2711:J Am Osteopath Assoc
2684:J Am Osteopath Assoc
2650:J Am Osteopath Assoc
2623:J Am Osteopath Assoc
2327:J Am Osteopath Assoc
825:Board certification
614:second career, etc.
489:homeopathic medicine
437:Patient interactions
432:Cultural differences
246:Kirksville, Missouri
60:US Medical education
3312:Medical comparisons
3255:Andrew Taylor Still
2989:Board certification
2873:on 20 February 2010
2796:medicalschoolhq.net
2772:on 5 September 2015
2037:. December 25, 2009
1934:on 14 November 2013
1821:Whorton JC (2004),
1242:on 23 February 2013
481:allopathic medicine
404:, and Connecticut.
311:physicians, 29% of
238:Andrew Taylor Still
156:degree (MD) or the
3215:Specialty colleges
3046:Doctor of Medicine
2372:. October 16, 2019
1975:Salzberg, Steven.
305:Emergency Medicine
224:opened in 1807 in
174:US medical schools
154:Doctor of Medicine
105:Specialty Colleges
3284:
3283:
3142:Regulatory bodies
2743:on 29 August 2015
1906:"Medical Schools"
1855:(20): 2185–2186.
1834:978-0-19-517162-4
1744:The New Physician
1691:The New Physician
1441:on 15 August 2014
1406:on 25 August 2017
1173:978-0-8018-7833-6
841:
840:
808:
807:
759:
758:
617:MD students take
325:family physicians
313:anesthesiologists
309:internal medicine
196:medical specialty
146:
145:
3319:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2602:on 7 August 2011
2592:
2586:
2585:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2090:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1548:J Gen Intern Med
1539:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1087:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
961:
955:
954:
948:
940:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
900:
834:Either DO or MD
817:
782:
781:
768:
744:
743:
678:
677:
674:Steps to license
524:Rowan University
485:Samuel Hahnemann
333:general surgeons
283:Medical training
138:
131:
124:
35:
26:
19:
18:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3259:
3231:Abraham Flexner
3219:
3210:Medical schools
3198:
3137:
3065:
3034:
3003:
2933:
2928:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2707:
2703:
2676:
2669:
2646:
2642:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2554:Teach Learn Med
2550:
2546:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2319:
2312:
2275:
2271:
2239:
2235:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2132:
2128:
2091:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1849:Arch Intern Med
1845:
1841:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1740:
1733:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1636:
1629:
1592:
1585:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:on 4 March 2016
1517:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1234:Cohen, Jordan.
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1046:. 30 April 2012
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
963:
962:
958:
942:
941:
937:
923:
919:
909:
907:
904:"What is a DO?"
902:
901:
897:
893:
881:
864:
852:
846:
815:
814:
799:combined DO/MD
766:
765:
755:USMLE optional
676:
638:
599:
594:
563:
558:
502:
500:Medical schools
497:
456:
443:family medicine
439:
434:
413:
357:
348:
293:Family Medicine
285:
280:
268:(AAMC) stated:
228:. In 1845, the
218:
185:cranial therapy
142:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:Flexner Report
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:Sub-internship
2957:
2950:Medical school
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2889:External links
2887:
2885:
2884:
2858:
2834:
2809:
2798:. 3 March 2012
2783:
2754:
2728:
2701:
2690:(12): 708–13.
2667:
2640:
2629:(11): 647–52.
2613:
2587:
2544:
2517:Acad Emerg Med
2503:
2481:
2458:
2433:
2408:
2383:
2354:
2310:
2269:
2250:(7): 492–504.
2244:Ann Intern Med
2233:
2212:(7): 478–491.
2206:Ann Intern Med
2192:
2167:
2126:
2080:
2048:
2022:
1993:
1967:
1945:
1919:
1897:
1874:
1839:
1833:
1813:
1794:(3): 246–250.
1788:Ann Intern Med
1778:
1753:
1731:
1712:(12): 2141–8.
1696:
1681:
1627:
1606:(8): 608–614.
1583:
1531:
1496:
1452:
1417:
1378:
1364:
1330:
1294:
1277:
1253:
1226:
1204:
1179:
1172:
1154:
1139:
1117:
1072:BMC Pediatrics
1057:
1031:
1005:
993:quackwatch.com
980:
969:quackwatch.org
956:
936:978-0071748896
935:
917:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
877:
863:
860:
848:Main article:
845:
842:
839:
838:
832:
826:
822:
821:
818:
810:
809:
806:
805:
801:
800:
796:
795:
791:
790:
776:
769:
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
741:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
713:
704:
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
686:
681:
675:
672:
637:
634:
598:
595:
562:
559:
501:
498:
496:
493:
455:
452:
438:
435:
433:
430:
412:
409:
356:
353:
347:
344:
284:
281:
279:
276:
217:
214:
144:
143:
141:
140:
133:
126:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3324:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:William Osler
3243:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Medicine (MD)
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2717:(8): 367–70.
2716:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2656:(4): 247–56.
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
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