277:) may also be used and are positioned at the edge of the buffer zones, 50 metres (160 ft) along each axis beyond marked corners of the aerobatic box. They monitor and record each excursion beyond the buffer zone; the competitor earns a penalty for each such excursion. Each corner judge guards 2 of the 4 lines that define the box. In most competitions, 2 corner judges are used, located at opposing corners. Two judges guard each line; they must agree that a competitor has crossed a boundary in order for the competitor earn a penalty. In FAI championships more accurate electronic feedback systems are required to provide a constant measurement of the aircraft position, and hence its excursions beyond the buffer zone if these occur; if such equipment is not available this task is confined to the judge's position grade.
255:
a "Perception Zero" if a mandatory though subtle element of the figure is perceived to have been missing. At the conclusion of each flight, the grading judge assigns a
Presentation or Positioning mark based on the competitor's placement of figures within the aerobatic box throughout the sequence. A grading judge also determines if the competitor has flown below the floor of the box or above its ceiling. Each grading judge is further charged with assessing whether a competitor is flying safely and advocating for the competitor's disqualification if not.
159:: This program is made known to the contestants only about 12 hours before the competition. The figures are chosen by either teams or pilots, each submitting a single figure. Under CIVA rules pilots fly up to three Free Unknown sequences (see below). In Local contests often the governing body or the contest chief judge choose the unknown sequence. The pilots must not practice before flying the unknown sequence. (For classes Intermediate and above.)
189:
220:
179:: Only the top unlimited pilots might be invited to fly this final program. In this program pilots strive to display their creativity and superior skills as performers, the judging here being almost entirely subjective as opposed to objective assessments of figures according to the Aresti system as used for all other programs.
254:
A grading judge assesses the quality of each figure flown according to well-defined criteria and assigns it a numerical mark in steps of 0.5 between 0 and 10. Under FAI and some national aero clubs' rules, the judge may also assign a mark of "Hard Zero" to indicate that the wrong figure was flown, or
203:
The Y-Axis (called the B-Axis by some aero clubs) runs perpendicular to the X-Axis, toward and away from the judges. This axis is used for cross-box position correction. The official wind direction is always declared by contest officials to be along the X-Axis. This, however, does not always reflect
262:
oversees the operation of the judging line. He or she is often responsible for sequencing competitors into the aerobatic box, identifying and resolving judging and safety issues, reviewing the judges marking sheets, assessing penalties, monitoring the aerobatic box for traffic conflicts, conducting
207:
The box floor is as high as 460 metres (1,510 ft) above ground level (AGL) for
Primary level competitors and as low as 100 metres (328 ft) AGL for Unlimited level competitors. The box ceiling is as high as 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) above its floor. Before a category starts, a competitor
199:
The box has two axes, the identification of which is based on the location of the judges. The X-Axis (called the A-Axis by some aero clubs), runs across the line of sight of the judges. It is along this axis that most figures are usually flown. In some contests a center line is marked along the
195:
The aerobatic box is a volume of airspace in which the aircraft must remain while performing a sequence. Its length and width are each 1,000 metres (3,280 ft). Its height varies based on whether FAI, national aero club or local rules apply to the competition. White ground markers at each
283:
may be positioned along a deadline, if one has been established by the contest's sanctioning body. They monitor and record each infringement of the deadline. The competitor earns a penalty for each such infringement, that penalty being more severe than an excursion out of the aerobatic box.
1223:(CIVA) governs competition aerobatics. While FAI itself oversees international competitions, it recognizes national aero clubs to regulate competition aerobatics locally. A national aero club often delegates this responsibility to an affiliate organization focused on aerobatics.
97:
Some aero clubs include a
Classic category for airplanes without inverted fuel and oil systems. The sequences flown are similar to those flown in the Sportsman category. A one-design Yak-52 class exists in many countries which is flown in conjunction with the intermediate class.
231:, each of whom is accredited by the contest's sanctioning body. They are positioned between 150 and 250 metres (490 and 820 ft) back from the edge of the box, at the center of the X-Axis and facing that axis. Each grading judge is assisted by an
147:: At FAI championships each pilot integrates 5 'Known' figures with 5 of their own that are freely selected from the Aresti Catalog so that together the 10 figures meet the specified overall versatility and total-K (difficulty) requirements.
204:
reality, and generally during the course of a sequence the competitor will drift either toward or away from the judging line. The competitor can extend or shorten maneuvers flown along the Y-Axis to obtain the desired positioning.
45:
An aerobatic competition is sanctioned by a national aero club, its designee, or in the case of international competitions, by CIVA, the
Commission Internationale de Voltige Aerienne, which is a constituent body of the
251:), who records the judges marks and comments, commentary and ancillary information on a competitor's score sheet. For some flight programs, a single individual may serve concurrently as assistant judge and recorder.
263:
briefings for pilots and judging line personnel, and certifying scores. A chief judge is typically assisted by 2 or more individuals. In some competitions, a chief judge may concurrently serve as a grading judge.
292:
Here is a précis of the principal "faults" that you should look for and the number of marks to deduct whilst you are applying standard CIVA rules of critique to sequence programmes at all levels.
208:
will mark the box by flying along its boundaries at its floor. This allows the judges to visualize the box in the sky and prepares them to adjudge an aircraft flying below the box floor.
169:
system, adding up to 4 additional figures (2 for gliders) that are employed principally to reposition or turn-around the aircraft to ensure smooth continuity of the whole sequence.
50:(FAI). The sanctioning body establishes the rules that apply to the competition, including entry qualifications for all participants, operating procedures, and judging criteria.
61:. Each flight receives a total score from the judges; ranking each pilot's combined total scores for all flight programs within each category determines that category's winner.
153:: In this program, each pilot is given the opportunity to demonstrate his personal flying skills, creative talent and his aircraft performance by designing his own sequence.
1473:
211:
At a groundspeed of 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph) the pilot has 12 seconds from entering the box on the one side before exiting the box on the other.
1272:
57:
of his or her choice, which defines the level of difficulty of the aerobatic sequences to be flown. Within each category, a pilot flies one or more
133:: Determined each year by the national aero club. It is flown by all competitors at all contests all year long. In the past this was known as the
1276:
196:
corner of the box make it visible to the pilot from the air. For most categories, penalties are assessed for flight outside the aerobatic box.
77:
they contain, as well as the combination of those maneuvers within the sequence. In order of increasing difficulty, the power categories are:
47:
1350:
1339:
In some competitions, scores from the Known
Program are used for qualifying purposes only and do not count to determine the final standings.
1389:
1470:
FAI Sporting Code
Section 6, "Regulations for the Conduct of International Aerobatic Events, Part 1 - Powered Aircraft"
1513:
1231:
1483:
165:: Teams or pilots together select 10 figures (7 for gliders) that they must all use in a similar fashion to the
1375:
1291:
1243:
1438:
1315:
1287:
1227:
1488:
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73:(and other countries that adopt the BAeA model). They vary by difficulty of the individual
1267:
31:
8:
1508:
1503:
1393:
1207:, whose technical advisor and chief pilot was the former world champion aerobatic pilot
74:
39:
1369:
239:
and verbalizes to the grading judge each figure to be flown, and if possible also a
1239:
236:
1235:
1439:
Commission
Internationale de Voltige Aerienne (FAI Aerobatics Commission CIVA)
126:
Within each category, each pilot flies one or more flight programs. They are:
1497:
1208:
70:
1247:
1203:
1219:
The FAI is the international governing body for all airborne sports. Its
1479:
OpenAero - CIVA approved free software for design of aerobatic sequences
27:
858:
295:
35:
1201:
Several of the aforementioned concepts are shown in the 1980 film
1454:
219:
23:
1319:
188:
1465:
1414:
1356:. Sport Aviation. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012
1489:
Listing of
Current and Past National Military Aerobatic Teams
1474:
Judging tutorial for 2017, The
British Aerobatic Association
1448:
1443:
874:
Up/down-line pos/neg/left/right n-deg (before or after roll)
833:
Up/down-line pos/neg/left/right n-deg {before or after roll}
660:
Up/down-line pos/neg/left/right n-deg (before or after roll)
591:
Up/down-line pos/neg/left/right n-deg (before or after roll)
227:
Each category within a competition may have between 3 and 9
118:
Categories flown in a competition are announced in advance.
668:
Short, long or no line drawn up/down (before or after roll)
599:
Short, long or no line drawn up/down (before or after roll)
84:
Sportsman (elsewhere Sports); earlier in the UK "Standard".
1107:
Any line between stopping loop/roll and starting roll/loop
1484:
Historic Olan software for design of aerobatic sequences
1478:
1444:
CIVA's home website and comprehensive reference resource
947:
Axis changed left/right/up/down n-deg during/after roll
841:
1st/2nd etc. 45 steep or shallow {before or after roll}
737:
Large or small radius at top or in 1st/2nd etc. quarter
1459:
1079:
Same direction when opposite required (or vice versa)
409:
1462:(For pilots in the USA, rather than "International")
1143:
Entry not stalled, and/or "rolled" in – not spinning
931:
Roll barrelled (pitched and/or yawed whilst rolling)
1043:
Positive instead of negative, or neg instead of pos
999:
Under/over rotated 1st/2nd etc. half/quarter/eighth
542:
1007:Hesitation missed (wrong type of roll substituted)
859:Family 8 - combinations of lines, angles and loops
425:Rolling entry or exit (i.e. a "co-ordinated" turn)
296:At the entry to and exit from every figure element
1099:Rolls immediately prior to or just after looping
384:Positive or negative n-deg (before or after roll)
1495:
485:Not enough / too many rolls or a flick-roll seen
890:Larger or smaller 2nd quarter loop in half-loop
368:Climbing or diving n-deg (before or after roll)
849:Horizontal segment off axis left/right/up/down
721:
352:
1221:Commission Internationale de Voltige Aerienne
991:Slower or faster 2nd etc. half/quarter/eighth
907:
898:Push instead of pull, or pull instead of push
376:Steep or shallow n-deg (before or after roll)
287:
745:Line drawn between roll and looping segment
619:Turn-around too wide (pivot beyond wingtip)
400:Longer or shorter line before or after roll
635:Exit pull or push radius smaller or larger
1449:International Competition results history
1179:Line after was positive or negative n-deg
712:Pitched the wrong way (wheels up or down)
644:
575:
433:Bank angle too shallow (less than 60 deg)
343:Flying in wrong direction on the "A" axis
223:An aerobatic sequence in Aresti notation.
218:
1298:
704:Exit pull/push radius smaller or larger
477:Not an even integration of rolls at end
469:Roll stopped or turn and then restarted
69:Five power categories are flown in the
1496:
1390:"NAA: National Aeronautic Association"
1310:
1308:
817:Longer or shorter 2nd etc. line length
663:1 point/5 deg (was 2 per 5 - beware!)
627:Rolled or pitched n-deg in turn-around
48:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
22:is an air sport in which ground-based
1196:
797:Lower or higher 2nd half (horizontal)
1466:Sport Aerobatic Club of South Africa
1348:
1277:World Glider Aerobatic Championships
1256:Sport Aerobatic Club of South Africa
1234:'s delegate for aerobatics. In the
1171:Spin rotation short or too far n-deg
1027:Part flicked and part aileron'd roll
303:Horizontal start & finish lines
26:rate the skill of pilots performing
1455:British Aerobatic Association, BAeA
1415:"The British Aerobatic Association"
1305:
1214:
1118:1 point/5 deg (from required line)
753:Roll not central in looping segment
13:
1316:"FAI Aerobatics Commission - CIVA"
1087:Wrong number of rolls where linked
410:Family 2 - turns and rolling turns
392:No line drawn before or after roll
187:
121:
53:A pilot enters a competition in a
14:
1525:
1432:
1342:
1071:Significant(?) line between rolls
825:Larger or smaller 2nd etc. corner
558:Smaller or larger 2nd etc. corner
81:Primary (elsewhere: Club, Espoir)
30:flying. It is practised in both
1258:to manage all aerobatic events.
1115:Roll starts before loop finishes
543:Family 3 - combinations of lines
360:Horizontal 45's & verticals
183:
1232:National Aeronautic Association
761:Off axis during looping segment
566:Longer or shorter 2nd etc. line
1407:
1382:
1333:
1246:(BAeA) to fill this role. In
1123:Significant line between rolls
963:Wrong type of roll substituted
696:Yawed or rolled n-deg in slide
1:
1292:British Aerobatic Association
1244:British Aerobatic Association
923:Rolled n-deg short or too far
64:
1460:International Aerobatic Club
1288:International Aerobatic Club
1228:International Aerobatic Club
1154:Mark = Perception Zero (PZ)
1146:Mark = Perception Zero (PZ)
1038:Mark = Perception Zero (PZ)
882:Rolled or yawed in half-loop
691:Mark = Perception Zero (PZ)
311:Off axis left or right n-deg
101:Four glider categories are:
7:
1261:
1254:which in turn appoints the
1035:Not flicked (no stall seen)
722:Family 7 - loops and eights
353:Family 1 - lines and angles
10:
1530:
1063:Any line between two rolls
955:Hesitation at random point
908:Family 9 - rolls and spins
789:Smaller or larger 2nd half
513:Climbing or diving in turn
505:Turn rate or radius varied
288:Judging downgrades summary
214:
1374:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1252:Aeroclub of South Africa
1151:Flicked entry (too fast)
983:Climbed or sank in knife
319:Climbing or diving n-deg
1281:List of articles about
533:Was n-deg early or late
1514:Aerobatic competitions
1190:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
1126:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
1090:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
1082:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
1074:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
1055:Combinations of rolls
1046:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
1010:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
966:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
729:Half & full loops
715:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
645:Family 6 - tail slides
576:Family 5 - stall turns
346:Mark = Hard Zero (HZ)
335:No distinct line drawn
224:
200:middle of the X-Axis.
192:
20:Competition aerobatics
1392:. NAA. Archived from
1250:the FAI appoints the
222:
191:
1299:References and notes
1268:FAI World Grand Prix
769:Higher or lower exit
622:1 point/wing length
1187:No line drawn after
105:Sportsman or Sports
87:Intermediate/Yak-52
75:aerobatic maneuvers
1197:In popular culture
1110:At least 2 points
1066:At least 2 points
942:1 point/variation
508:1 point/variation
464:1 point/variation
444:1 point/variation
327:One wing low n-deg
225:
193:
1226:In the U.S., the
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975:Hesitation rolls
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901:Mark = hard zero
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488:Mark = hard zero
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441:Bank angle varied
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90:Advanced, Avancée
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1318:. Archived from
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1283:Aerobatic pilots
1215:Governing bodies
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939:Roll rate varied
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461:Roll rate varied
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1242:designates the
1240:Royal Aero Club
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1199:
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861:
724:
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298:
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281:Deadline judges
271:boundary judges
243:(also called a
237:Aresti notation
233:assistant judge
217:
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177:Final Freestyle
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122:Flight programs
67:
59:flight programs
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12:
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1433:External links
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1351:"Cloud Dancer"
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994:1 to 3 points
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902:
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828:1 to 3 points
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820:1 to 3 points
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792:1 to 3 points
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638:1 to 3 points
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583:Up/down lines
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569:1 to 3 points
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453:Rolling turns
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428:1 to 2 points
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229:grading judges
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34:single-engine
32:piston-powered
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1396:on 2012-09-12
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1322:on 2016-03-03
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1209:Tom Poberezny
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1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
973:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
950:1 point/5deg
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
913:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:Humpty bumps
865:
864:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
809:With corners
808:
807:
799:
796:
795:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
779:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:No slide seen
687:
686:
682:
679:
678:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
650:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
581:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
548:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
495:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
475:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
451:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
402:
399:
398:
395:1 point each
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
366:
362:
359:
358:
345:
342:
341:
338:1 point each
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
301:
293:
285:
282:
278:
276:
272:
269:(also called
268:
267:Corner judges
264:
261:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
190:
184:Aerobatic box
178:
174:
173:4-minute Free
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
119:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
78:
76:
72:
62:
60:
56:
51:
49:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1419:. Retrieved
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1384:
1358:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1255:
1251:
1248:South Africa
1225:
1220:
1218:
1204:Cloud Dancer
1202:
1200:
1019:Flick rolls
550:All figures
291:
280:
279:
274:
270:
266:
265:
259:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
235:, who reads
232:
228:
226:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
176:
172:
166:
163:Free Unknown
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
134:
130:
125:
117:
108:Intermediate
100:
96:
68:
58:
54:
52:
44:
19:
18:
1451:since 2008.
1135:Spin entry
915:Slow rolls
671:1-3 points
497:Both types
275:line judges
260:chief judge
1509:Air sports
1504:Aerobatics
1498:Categories
1421:2009-04-06
1400:2009-04-06
1349:Jack Cox.
1326:2009-04-06
1166:Deduction
1163:Spin exit
1138:Deduction
1102:Deduction
1058:Deduction
1022:Deduction
978:Deduction
918:Deduction
869:Deduction
812:Deduction
784:Deduction
732:Deduction
683:Deduction
680:The slide
655:Deduction
614:Deduction
586:Deduction
553:Deduction
528:Deduction
500:Deduction
456:Deduction
420:Deduction
363:Deduction
306:Deduction
167:Free Known
145:Free Known
141:) program.
139:qualifying
65:Categories
958:2 points
748:2 points
611:The turn
472:2 points
114:Unlimited
93:Unlimited
38:and also
36:airplanes
28:aerobatic
16:Air sport
1370:cite web
1273:European
1262:See also
241:recorder
111:Advanced
55:category
1360:May 27,
1290:(USA),
781:Eights
215:Judging
157:Unknown
40:gliders
1417:. BAeA
1238:, the
417:Turns
249:scribe
245:writer
24:judges
1354:(PDF)
525:Exit
137:(for
131:Known
1376:link
1362:2022
1294:(UK)
1275:and
151:Free
71:U.S.
273:or
247:or
175:or
1500::
1372:}}
1368:{{
1307:^
1236:UK
1211:.
258:A
42:.
1424:.
1403:.
1378:)
1364:.
1329:.
135:Q
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