22:
597:
Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of
Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations.
500:
unity of Indian
Muslims and Hindus, not of Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims; 2. the benefits of philosophy and modern science; and 3. attacks on Sayyed Aḥmad Khan for being pro-British. On nationalism, he writes in "The Philosophy of National Unity and the Truth about Unity of Language" that linguistic ties are stronger and more durable than religious ones (he was to make exactly the opposite point in the pan-Islamic al-ʿOrwat al-woṯqā a few years later). In India he felt the best anti-imperialist policy was Hindu-Muslim unity, while in Europe he felt it was pan-Islam.
596:
However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the
Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'. ...
499:
In
Hyderabad 1880-81 Afḡānī published six Persian articles in the journal Moʿallem-e šafīq, which were reprinted in Urdu and Persian in various editions of Maqālāt-e Jamālīya. The three major themes of these articles are: 1. advocacy of linguistic or territorial nationalism, with an emphasis upon the
146:
Whatever our faiths we must live together in our country in an atmosphere of perfect amity and our relations should be the relations of the several brothers of a joint family, various members of which are free to profess their faith as they like without any let or hindrance and of whom enjoy equal
118:
championed the concept in 1917, teaching that "Indian youths should be brought up so as 'to make the
Mussalman a good Mussalman, the Hindu boy a good Hindu ... Only they must be taught a broad and liberal tolerance as well as enlightened love for their own religion, so that each may remain Hindu or
52:
is made up of people of diverse cultures, castes, communities, and faiths. The idea teaches that "nationalism cannot be defined by religion in India." While Indian citizens maintain their distinctive religious traditions, they are members of one united Indian nation. Composite nationalism maintains
263:
The concept of composite nationalism as advocated by Gandhi has parallels with the shaping of unified nations in other countries whose peoples comprise subsets of multiple ethnic and religious nations. Especially diverse examples include the shaping of a unified
American national identity in the
173:
Maulana Madani, who wrote a book
Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam persuasively argued in favour of composite nationalism by profusely quoting from the Quran the prophets shared the same territory with the unbelievers and hence their Qaumiyal was not different from those who did not believe in their
654:
Madani, head for several decades of the
Deoband training centre for theologians, strongly supported Congress nationalism and the ideal of a 'composite nationalism' within an united India, which he thought would be more conducive to the spread and prosperity of his community over the entire
151:
After Gandhi returned to colonial India he expanded the idea of composite nationalism to include not only religious groups, but castes and other communities. Hardiman writes that this led to a "massive expansion of the nationalist movement in India" with people from all segments of society
290:). Both Gandhi and Lenin sought to unite various nations within a diverse empire to dethrone a ruler that was seen as oppressive, and both would need a vision for why those various nations should remain united once the former state was overthrown (lest they instead form multiple
358:
One of the two was the dominant ideology of composite nationalism represented by the Indian
National Congress. It was based on the belief that India with its vast diversities of religions, creeds, castes, sub-castes, communities and cultures represented a composite
570:
Within five weeks of the passage of the Pak resolution, an assembly of nationalist
Muslims under the name of the Azad Muslim Conference was convened in Delhi. The Conference met under the presidentship of Khan Bahadur Allah Bakhsh, the then Chief Minister of
387:
This chapter argues that, as far as Bihar is concerned and unlike the areas just mentioned, strong voices were raised by Muslim communities against the separatist policies of the Muslim League. The Muslims in Bihar displayed far more affinity for
254:
to affirm composite nationalism. The Islamic organisation launched one hundred meetings starting from that date "around the theme of freedom, nationalism and how the organisation can the minority community contribute to nation building."
107:
advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity in India as opposed to unity between Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims, holding that Hindu-Muslim unity would be more effective in supporting anti-British movements, leading to an independent India.
625:
To counter the Lahore Resolution, the Jamiat convened the Azad Muslim Conference that promulgated the Jamiyat formula in 1942 that supported United Indian Nationalism or muttahidah qawmiyat and the protection of Muslim communal
86:
in 1906, promulgating the idea that "Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and other religious minorities (including the 'animistic' tribals) should preserve their distinctive religious cultures while fighting together for freedom."
542:
The Azad Muslims' Federation was started in 1940 just as the All-India Muslim Conference was started in 1929 to distinguish the bulk of the Indian Muslims from the attenuated League of those days.
478:
Both these approaches are shown to be within the framework of 'composite nationalism', where Indian Christians maintained their communal distinctiveness while aspiring for national integration.
392:, that is, common/composite nationalism--the expression used by one of the Muslim leaders of the Bihar Congress, Shah Mohammad Umair (1894–1978), in his Urdu autobiography (1967),
525:
Much before Madani, Jamaluddin Afghani argued that Hindus and Muslims must come together to overthrow the British. Husain Ahmad would argue the same thing after five decades.
923:
174:
message. According to Maulana Madani, the very spirit of the Koran is to encourage harmonious co-existence in a multi-cultural, multi-racial and multi-religious world.
776:
294:
in its wake). Composite nationalism differs from Lenin's theories in that Gandhi maintained that each group should be able to follow their own way of life after
238:
supported a united Indian movement against British colonial rule and preached that a divided India would weaken Muslims, both economically and politically.
1854:
1505:
57:, no enmity between people of different religious faiths existed; and as such these artificial divisions can be overcome by Indian society.
1894:
1547:
696:
228:, heralded composite nationalism, emphasizing the fact that Muslims were natives of the Indian subcontinent as with their Hindu brethren.
1879:
747:
1929:
1884:
1869:
987:
2128:
1899:
287:
268:(across many ethnicities and religions) and the shaping of a unified national identity in the Soviet Union according to the ideas of
2078:
1919:
1914:
876:
871:
821:
298:
from British colonial rule had been achieved, whereas Leninism prescribes many political positions that all citizens are bound by.
104:
1844:
1008:
2053:
1924:
1864:
1105:
2113:
730:
618:
471:
446:
380:
351:
1821:
139:
74:
26:
2048:
1909:
251:
1904:
2073:
1952:
1849:
679:
647:
563:
282:
235:
1223:
123:
21:
2018:
1836:
1090:
992:
1530:
721:
McDermott, Rachel Fell; Gordon, Leonard A.; Embree, Ainslie T.; Pritchett, Frances W.; Dalton, Dennis (2014).
2133:
142:. Allah Bakhsh Soomro, as well as the All India Azad Muslim Conference, advocated for composite nationalism:
516:
1565:
1179:
814:
295:
277:
221:
187:
165:
2118:
2063:
1286:
1988:
1983:
1538:
520:
1557:
1394:
866:
2038:
1957:
1801:
1726:
1706:
1630:
1520:
1359:
807:
307:
127:
2068:
2043:
2028:
1962:
1761:
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1075:
1028:
881:
846:
66:
1535:
1469:
1459:
1334:
1229:
977:
940:
918:
494:
183:
490:
95:, "there was no profound enmity between Hindus and Muslims; the British created divisions."
1489:
903:
861:
322:
273:
160:
70:
748:"Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew, the freedom fighter who is hailed as the hero of Jallianwala Bagh"
8:
2033:
1741:
1711:
1671:
1620:
1605:
1364:
1261:
1246:
1175:
1152:
962:
945:
247:
195:
156:
131:
49:
37:
2013:
1998:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1525:
1515:
1444:
1409:
1404:
1379:
1266:
1256:
1188:
1083:
1023:
856:
781:
317:
231:
217:
135:
100:
1701:
2123:
1811:
1625:
1464:
1429:
1389:
1344:
1307:
1125:
1050:
957:
950:
908:
726:
675:
643:
614:
587:
559:
467:
442:
376:
347:
312:
265:
225:
79:
2088:
2083:
2003:
1731:
1666:
1484:
1449:
1213:
972:
913:
591:
280:
and the national question in the Soviet Union (as ideas such as those explored in
1978:
1786:
1746:
1691:
1661:
1615:
1600:
1595:
1570:
1424:
1414:
1399:
1251:
1130:
179:
155:
Composite nationalism was championed by the Islamic scholar and Principal of the
1947:
1781:
1766:
1736:
1696:
1580:
1575:
1474:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1339:
1300:
1272:
1112:
1098:
967:
830:
269:
96:
92:
88:
83:
54:
2107:
2023:
2008:
1993:
1776:
1771:
1640:
1590:
1585:
1374:
1369:
1313:
1293:
1169:
891:
1806:
1791:
1751:
1645:
1541:
1479:
1354:
886:
851:
291:
111:
697:"The forgotten story of two Maulanas who mocked Jinnah's idea of Pakistan"
103:
as "religions are different roads converging to the same point." Earlier,
2058:
1721:
1716:
1635:
1384:
1329:
1218:
1208:
1162:
1118:
1060:
1796:
1610:
1510:
1349:
1065:
1045:
935:
898:
209:
1278:
1040:
1035:
930:
700:
611:
Resisting Regimes: Myth, Memory, and the Shaping of a Muslim Identity
201:
723:
Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
400:, that is, united/composite nationalism--the expression used by the
1419:
1241:
1198:
1018:
982:
751:
404:, the organization representing the clerics of the Deobandi school.
99:
taught that these "artificial divisions" could be overcome through
1193:
799:
1236:
1158:
1055:
234:, a Kashmiri Indian independence activist and president of the
169:, which advocated for composite nationalism in a united India:
115:
777:"Composite Nationalism key to counter divisive forces: Jamiat"
720:
1203:
439:
Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas
466:. SAIACS Press & Oxford House Research. p. 157.
464:
Indian and Christian: Changing Identities in Modern India
25:
Those who advocated for composite nationalism vehemently
163:. Asgar Ali summarized a key point of Madni's 1938 text
91:, a historian of modern India, writes that prior to the
186:, campaigned for composite nationalism and opposed the
540:. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1942. p. 866.
556:
Political Thinkers of Modern India: Abul Kalam Azad
455:
462:Bennema, Cornelis; Bhakiaraj, Paul Joshua (2011).
2105:
461:
82:put forward the idea of composite patriotism in
665:
663:
631:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
214:) to convey these Indian nationalistic views.
815:
770:
768:
558:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 503.
258:
190:in colonial India, with the latter authoring
660:
264:United States centered on democracy and the
55:arrival of the British into the subcontinent
638:Peers, Douglas M.; Gooptu, Nandini (2017).
637:
581:
579:
510:
508:
409:
373:Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours
344:Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts
822:
808:
765:
739:
725:. Columbia University Press. p. 457.
688:
655:subcontinent than any religious partition.
335:
547:
441:. Columbia University Press. p. 22.
396:(In Search of Destination), as also for
364:
288:national delimitation in the Soviet Union
669:
613:. Oxford University Press. p. 128.
576:
505:
436:
105:Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi
20:
608:
341:
114:, a supporter of both Indian and Irish
2106:
2054:Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
1106:The Story of My Experiments with Truth
774:
745:
694:
553:
370:
346:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 33.
803:
585:
514:
483:
236:Punjab Provincial Congress Committee
75:Opposition to the partition of India
48:) is a concept that argues that the
2049:Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
775:Pandit, Ambika (15 December 2018).
252:National Capital Territory of Delhi
161:Maulana Sayyid Hussain Ahmed Madani
13:
829:
14:
2145:
1953:International Day of Non-Violence
1850:National Salt Satyagraha Memorial
746:Sharma, Unnati (9 October 2019).
695:Ashraf, Ajaz (6 September 2016).
283:Marxism and the National Question
147:benefits of their joint property.
16:A concept about the Indian nation
2129:History of the Republic of India
1224:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
126:was established in 1929, by the
124:All India Azad Muslim Conference
119:Mussalman, but both be Indian."
2019:Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
1536:Indian currency (Gandhi Series,
714:
674:. APH Publishing. p. 240.
602:
241:
182:, along with Islamic historian
93:arrival of the British in India
1531:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
1092:Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
586:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016).
530:
515:Aslam, Arshad (28 July 2011).
140:opposed the partition of India
27:opposed the partition of India
1:
1548:Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp
924:Second Round Table Conference
672:Converts Do Not Make a Nation
328:
2114:Indian independence movement
958:Gujarat Vidyapith University
872:Indian independence movement
640:India and the British Empire
278:proletarian internationalism
222:Indian independence activist
188:Pakistan separatist movement
166:Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam
7:
2064:Mohandas Gandhi High School
1646:Leela (great-granddaughter)
1445:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
642:. Oxford University Press.
301:
138:(Sind United Party), which
10:
2150:
1566:Karamchand Gandhi (father)
1287:Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram
259:Parallels in other nations
64:
60:
1971:
1940:
1829:
1820:
1654:
1556:
1498:
1322:
1144:
1074:
1001:
837:
554:Grover, Verinder (1992).
517:"The Politics Of Deoband"
371:Sajjad, Mohammad (2014).
246:On 15 December 2018, the
2079:Roads named after Gandhi
1395:Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
877:Non-cooperation movement
670:Chitkara, M. G. (1998).
437:Hardiman, David (2003).
206:, रूह-ए-रौशन मुस्तक़बिल
192:Rooh-e-Raushan Mustaqbil
178:Fellow Deobandi scholar
1707:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
1641:Tushar (great-grandson)
1621:Gopalkrishna (grandson)
1521:Gandhi Peace Foundation
1360:Brij Krishna Chandiwala
609:Mayaram, Shail (1997).
342:Bahadur, Kalim (1998).
2069:National Gandhi Museum
2044:Mahatma Gandhi College
2029:Gandhi Temple, Bhatara
1963:Season for Nonviolence
1762:Maria Lacerda de Moura
1757:Martin Luther King Jr.
1136:Gandhi Heritage Portal
968:India ashrams (Kochrab
882:Chauri Chaura incident
847:Indian Ambulance Corps
491:"AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN"
402:Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind
176:
149:
128:Chief Minister of Sind
30:
1626:Ramchandra (grandson)
1470:Rettamalai Srinivasan
1460:Anugrah Narayan Sinha
1230:The Masque of Anarchy
1014:Composite nationalism
1009:Practices and beliefs
941:Natal Indian Congress
495:Encyclopaedia Iranica
184:Tufail Ahmad Manglori
171:
152:participating in it.
144:
134:, who founded of the
65:Further information:
34:Composite nationalism
24:
2134:Partition (politics)
1490:Kishorlal Mashruwala
1279:Gandhi's translation
904:Dharasana Satyagraha
862:Champaran Satyagraha
538:The Indian Year Book
390:mushtareka wataniyat
323:Indian reunification
274:socialist patriotism
71:Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
42:mushtareka wataniyat
2034:Kaba Gandhi No Delo
1742:Lal Bahadur Shastri
1712:Govind Vallabh Pant
1616:Rajmohan (grandson)
1611:Ela (granddaughter)
1506:Artistic depictions
1365:Sudhakar Chaturvedi
1262:Henry Stephens Salt
1247:Sermon on the Mount
1176:Henry David Thoreau
1153:A Letter to a Hindu
963:Harijan Sevak Sangh
398:muttahidah qaumiyat
308:Madani–Iqbal debate
296:Indian independence
248:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
198:: روحِ روشن مستقبل
157:Darul Uloom Deoband
132:Allah Bakhsh Soomro
46:muttahidah qaumiyat
2119:Community building
1687:C. Rajagopalachari
1682:Brajkishore Prasad
1677:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1636:Kanu (grandnephew)
1539:Gandhi New Series,
1526:Gandhi Peace Prize
1516:Gandhi Peace Award
1410:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1405:Hermann Kallenbach
1380:Dada Dharmadhikari
1257:Shrimad Rajchandra
1189:Civil disobedience
1181:Civil Disobedience
857:Bardoli Satyagraha
782:The Times of India
318:Indian nationalism
232:Saifuddin Kitchlew
218:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
136:Sind Ittehad Party
101:Hindu-Muslim unity
67:Hindu–Muslim unity
53:that prior to the
31:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
1880:Parliament Square
1812:Vallabhbhai Patel
1601:Samaldas (nephew)
1596:Maganlal (cousin)
1465:Sri Krishna Sinha
1430:Vallabhbhai Patel
1415:Acharya Kripalani
1390:Shiv Prasad Gupta
1345:Shankarlal Banker
1308:Vaishnava Jana To
1126:Seven Social Sins
919:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
909:Vaikom Satyagraha
732:978-0-231-51092-9
620:978-0-19-563955-1
473:978-81-87712-26-8
448:978-0-231-13114-8
382:978-1-317-55982-5
353:978-81-241-0083-7
313:Civic nationalism
266:U.S. Constitution
226:Khudai Khidmatgar
224:, along with his
213:
205:
80:Bipin Chandra Pal
2141:
2089:Satyagraha House
2084:Sabarmati Ashram
2004:Gandhi Promenade
1930:Washington, D.C.
1885:Tavistock Square
1870:Pietermaritzburg
1827:
1826:
1732:Jawaharlal Nehru
1667:Aung San Suu Kyi
1485:Ravishankar Vyas
1450:Bibi Amtus Salam
1214:Parsee Rustomjee
914:Aundh Experiment
867:Kheda Satyagraha
824:
817:
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592:The Friday Times
588:"The dissenters"
583:
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551:
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534:
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527:
512:
503:
502:
497:. 22 July 2011.
487:
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459:
453:
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434:
407:
406:
394:Talaash-e-Manzil
368:
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361:
339:
276:in a context of
250:gathered in the
207:
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2149:
2148:
2144:
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2138:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2014:Gandhi Memorial
1989:Gandhi Mandapam
1979:Aga Khan Palace
1967:
1936:
1816:
1787:Rajendra Prasad
1747:Lanza del Vasto
1702:François Bayrou
1692:Eknath Easwaran
1662:14th Dalai Lama
1650:
1631:Kanu (grandson)
1606:Arun (grandson)
1571:Kasturba (wife)
1552:
1494:
1425:Mohanlal Pandya
1400:J. C. Kumarappa
1318:
1140:
1131:Navajivan Trust
1070:
997:
839:
833:
828:
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773:
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180:Mohammad Sajjad
77:
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2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
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1955:
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1948:Gandhi Jayanti
1944:
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1938:
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1932:
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1824:
1818:
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1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Nelson Mandela
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:Mehdi Bazargan
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Joan Bondurant
1734:
1729:
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1719:
1714:
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1697:Draupadi Murmu
1694:
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1487:
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1475:V. A. Sundaram
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Sonja Schlesin
1452:
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50:Indian nation
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2039:Kirti Mandir
1958:Martyrs' Day
1865:Johannesburg
1807:Vinoba Bhave
1792:Ramjee Singh
1752:Maulana Azad
1727:James Lawson
1591:Devdas (son)
1586:Ramdas (son)
1542:Indian rupee
1480:Abbas Tyabji
1355:Vinoba Bhave
1271:
1228:
1222:
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1168:
1119:
1111:
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1097:
1091:
1084:
1076:Publications
1013:
887:Purna Swaraj
852:Tolstoy Farm
786:. Retrieved
780:
755:. Retrieved
741:
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704:. Retrieved
690:
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286:would shape
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242:Contemporary
230:
220:, a Pashtun
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121:
112:Annie Besant
110:
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45:
41:
33:
32:
18:
2059:Mani Bhavan
1941:Observances
1802:Sane Guruji
1722:James Bevel
1717:Ho Chi Minh
1385:Kanu Gandhi
1330:Swami Anand
1219:Leo Tolstoy
1209:John Ruskin
1163:nonviolence
1120:Young India
1061:Eleven vows
1029:trusteeship
838:Life events
2108:Categories
1999:Bookstores
1797:Steve Biko
1672:Abhay Bang
1655:Influenced
1511:Gandhigiri
1350:Sarla Behn
1323:Associates
1267:Tirukkuṛaḷ
1145:Influences
1066:Gandhi cap
1046:Satyagraha
1002:Philosophy
946:Quit India
936:Poona Pact
899:Salt March
706:3 November
329:References
272:regarding
210:Devanagari
196:Hindustani
38:Hindustani
1910:Milwaukee
1855:New Delhi
1822:Memorials
1041:Sarvodaya
1036:Education
1024:Economics
983:Sevagram)
973:Sabarmati
931:Padayatra
701:Scroll.in
202:Nastaleeq
116:self-rule
2124:Gandhism
2074:Raj Ghat
1925:San Jose
1915:New York
1420:Mirabehn
1242:Pacifism
1199:Hinduism
1051:Swadeshi
1019:Gandhism
752:ThePrint
302:See also
1905:Houston
1830:Statues
1252:Shravan
1194:Fasting
1183:(essay)
1085:Harijan
788:6 April
757:29 July
626:rights.
521:Outlook
359:nation.
61:History
1900:Denver
1841:India
1558:Family
1499:Legacy
1237:Narmad
1159:Ahimsa
1056:Swaraj
951:speech
729:
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470:
445:
379:
350:
73:, and
1972:Other
1895:Davis
1891:U.S.
1845:Patna
1837:Ghana
1204:Khadi
571:Sind.
892:flag
790:2020
759:2020
727:ISBN
708:2020
676:ISBN
644:ISBN
615:ISBN
560:ISBN
468:ISBN
443:ISBN
377:ISBN
348:ISBN
122:The
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