1543:
472:
245:
641:
887:
946:
655:
1762:
68:
1931:
170:
27:
669:
2010:
588:
456:
1431:
954:
1474:. Since the raster image is only perceptible to the human eye as a whole for a very short time, the raster must be refreshed many times per second to give the appearance of a persistent display. The electronic demands of refreshing display memory meant that graphic terminals were developed much later than text terminals, and initially cost much more.
1918:, one's display is typically occupied by a collection of windows associated with various applications, rather than a single stream of text associated with a single process. In this case, one may use a terminal emulator application within the windowing environment. This arrangement permits terminal-like interaction with the computer (for running a
1640:, despite the introduction of ANSI terminals in 1978, were essentially "dumb" terminals, although some of them (such as the later ADM and TVI models) did have a primitive block-send capability. Common early uses of local processing power included features that had little to do with off-loading data processing from the
601:, both in 1964. These were block-mode terminals designed to display a page at a time, using proprietary protocols; in contrast to character-mode devices, they enter data from the keyboard into a display buffer rather than transmitting them immediately. In contrast to later character-mode devices, the Uniscope used
1649:
the mid-1980s most intelligent terminals, costing less than most dumb terminals would have a few years earlier, could provide enough user-friendly local editing of data and send the completed form to the main computer. Providing even more processing possibilities, workstations like the TeleVideo TS-800 could run
260:
1270:â move to the start of the first enterable field. Programmers might "protect" the last screen position to prevent inadvertent wrap. Likewise a protected field following an enterable field might lock the keyboard and sound an audible alarm if the operator attempted to enter more data into the field than allowed.
1660:
was to simplify and reduce the electronics required in a terminal. That also made it practicable to load several "personalities" into a single terminal, so a Qume QVT-102 could emulate many popular terminals of the day, and so be sold into organizations that did not wish to make any software changes.
1161:
to an arbitrary position, clearing portions of the screen, changing colors and displaying special characters, and also responding to function keys. The great problem here is that there are many different terminals and terminal emulators, each with its own set of escape sequences. In order to overcome
1648:
The advance in microprocessors and lower memory costs made it possible for the terminal to handle editing operations such as inserting characters within a field that may have previously required a full screen-full of characters to be re-sent from the computer, possibly over a slow modem line. Around
1644:
but added useful features such as printing to a local printer, buffered serial data transmission and serial handshaking (to accommodate higher serial transfer speeds), and more sophisticated character attributes for the display, as well as the ability to switch emulation modes to mimic competitor's
845:
files, the stty utility, and the TERM environment variable would be used; in Data
General's Business BASIC software, for example, at login-time a sequence of codes were sent to the terminal to try to read the cursor's position or the 25th line's contents using a sequence of different manufacturer's
2051:
console for retaining a record of commands, responses and other console messages. However, in the late 1960s it became common for operating systems to support many more consoles than 3, and operating systems began appearing in which the console was simply any terminal with a privileged user logged
1218:
entry, into the appropriate fields. When entry is complete (or ENTER or PF key pressed on 3270s), a block of data, usually just the data entered by the operator (modified data), is sent to the host in one transmission. The 3270 terminal buffer (at the device) could be updated on a single character
869:
were available since the 1950s, cathode-ray tubes continued to dominate the market until the personal computer had made serious inroads into the display terminal market. By the time cathode-ray tubes on PCs were replaced by flatscreens after the year 2000, the hardware computer terminal was nearly
849:
The great majority of terminals were monochrome, manufacturers variously offering green, white or amber and sometimes blue screen phosphors. (Amber was claimed to reduce eye strain). Terminals with modest color capability were also available but not widely used; for example, a color version of the
1465:
under control of the host computer system. The lines are continuously formed, but since the speed of electronics is limited, the number of concurrent lines that can be displayed at one time is limited. Vector-mode displays were historically important but are no longer used. Practically all modern
1519:
does its own processing, usually implying a microprocessor is built in, but not all terminals with microprocessors did any real processing of input: the main computer to which it was attached would have to respond quickly to each keystroke. The term "intelligent" in this context dates from 1969.
2231:
on
Windows does not emulate a physical terminal that supports escape sequences so SSH and Telnet programs (for logging in textually to remote computers) for Windows, including the Telnet program bundled with some versions of Windows, often incorporate their own code to process escape sequences.
921:
Character-oriented terminals can be "dumb" or "smart". Dumb terminals are those that can interpret a limited number of control codes (CR, LF, etc.) but do not have the ability to process special escape sequences that perform functions such as clearing a line, clearing the screen, or controlling
382:) terminals there was a conflicting usage of the term "smart terminal" as a dumb terminal with no user-accessible local computing power but a particularly rich set of control codes for manipulating the display; this conflict was not resolved before hardware serial terminals became obsolete.
299:
were used as early-day hard-copy terminals and predated the use of a computer screen by decades. The computer would typically transmit a line of data which would be printed on paper, and accept a line of data from a keyboard over a serial or other interface. Starting in the mid-1970s with
846:
control code sequences, and the terminal-generated response would determine a single-digit number (such as 6 for Data
General Dasher terminals, 4 for ADM 3A/5/11/12 terminals, 0 or 2 for TTYs with no special features) that would be available to programs to say which set of codes to use.
1197:
The IBM 3270 is perhaps the most familiar implementation of a block-oriented display terminal, but most mainframe computer manufacturers and several other companies produced them. The description below is in terms of the 3270, but similar considerations apply to other types.
397:. Today few if any dedicated computer terminals are being manufactured, as time sharing on large computers has been replaced by personal computers, handheld devices and workstations with graphical user interfaces. User interactions with servers use either software such as
2099:, still use serial consoles. In larger installations, the console ports are attached to multiplexers or network-connected multiport serial servers that let an operator connect a terminal to any of the attached servers. Today, serial consoles are often used for accessing
535:
The DECwriter was the last major printing-terminal product. It faded away after 1980 under pressure from video display units (VDUs), with the last revision (the DECwriter IV of 1982) abandoning the classic teletypewriter form for one more resembling a desktop printer.
1635:
user-input within the terminalânot interrupting the main computer at each keystrokeâand send a block of data at a time (for example: when the user has finished a whole field or form). Most terminals in the early 1980s, such as ADM-3A, TVI912, Data
General D2, DEC
1129:
the input text until the Enter key is pressed, so the application receives a ready string of text. In this mode, the application need not know much about the terminal. For many interactive applications this is not sufficient. One of the common enhancements is
1265:
Unlike a character-oriented terminal, where typing a character into the last position of the screen usually causes the terminal to scroll down one line, entering data into the last screen position on a block-oriented terminal usually causes the cursor to
2305:), the terminal is buffered and provides a local full-screen data function. The user can enter input into multiple fields in a form on the screen (defined to the terminal by the receiving system), moving the cursor around the screen using keys such as
692:
operating in character mode, both from 1970. Despite this capability, early devices of this type were often called "Glass TTYs". Later, the term "glass TTY" tended to be restrospectively narrowed to devices without full cursor addressibility.
1242:
Early terminals had limited editing capabilities – 3270 terminals, for example, only could check entries as valid numerics. Subsequent "smart" or "intelligent" terminals incorporated microprocessors and supported more local processing.
1043:, which usually provides rich formatting features that the text editor lacks. The first word processors used text to communicate the structure of the document, but later word processors operate in a graphical environment and provide a
1120:
system calls. For an application, the simplest way to use a terminal is to simply write and read text strings to and from it sequentially. The output text is scrolled, so that only the last several lines (typically 24) are visible.
853:
VDUs were eventually displaced from most applications by networked personal computers, at first slowly after 1985 and with increasing speed in the 1990s. However, they had a lasting influence on PCs. The keyboard layout of the
1234:
on the host and less network traffic than character-oriented terminals. They also appear more responsive to the user, especially over slow connections, since editing within a field is done locally rather than depending on
832:
The great variations in the control codes between makers gave rise to software that identified and grouped terminal types so the system software would correctly display input forms using the appropriate control codes; In
421:
in 1942â1945. However, these consoles could only be used to enter numeric inputs and were thus analogous to those of calculating machines; programs, commands, and other data were entered via paper tape. Both machines had
1219:
basis, if necessary, because of the existence of a "set buffer address order" (SBA), that usually preceded any data to be written/overwritten within the buffer. A complete buffer could also be read or replaced using the
2153:, especially in servers, also support serial consoles, giving access to the BIOS through a serial port so that the simpler and cheaper serial console infrastructure can be used. Even where BIOS support is lacking, some
683:
The next generation of VDUs went beyond teletype emulation with an addressable cursor that gave them the ability to paint two-dimensional displays on the screen. Very early VDUs with cursor addressibility included the
532:(1970). Respective top speeds of teletypes, IBM 2741 and the LA30 (an early DECwriter) were 10, 15 and 30 characters per second. Although at that time "paper was king" the speed of interaction was relatively limited.
2542:
Based on OED, B.2.d. (terminal), the paraphrase says that a terminal is a device for feeding data into a computer or receiving its output, especially one that can be used by a person for two-way communication with a
1205:
which stores one screen or more of data, and also stores data attributes, not only indicating appearance (color, brightness, blinking, etc.) but also marking the data as being enterable by the terminal operator vs.
3523:
Directive 1999/5/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE Directive)
1507:, this suffered from being run as a closed standard: non-members were unable to obtain even minimal information and there was no realistic way a small company or independent developer could join the consortium.
512:
reader and punch which could record output such as a program listing. The data on the tape could be re-entered into the computer using the tape reader on the teletype, or printed to paper. Teletypes used the
2373:
key will rather cause the terminal to transmit the contents of the character row where the cursor is currently positioned to the host, host-issued prompts and all. Some block-mode terminals have both an
2286:
line-at-a-time mode): In this mode, the terminal is buffered, provides a local line editing function, and sends an entire input line, after it has been locally edited, when the user presses an, e.g.,
1838:
in the PC, or (in most graphics modes) by the CPU and software. An IBM PC monitor, whether it was the green monochrome display or the 16-color display, was technically much more similar to an analog
1089:
In the simplest form, a text terminal is like a file. Writing to the file displays the text and reading from the file produces what the user enters. In Unix-like operating systems, there are several
1039:. A text editor typically occupies the full area of display, displays one or more text documents, and allows the user to edit the documents. The text editor has, for many uses, been replaced by the
366:
The function of a terminal is typically confined to transcription and input of data; a device with significant local, programmable data-processing capability may be called a "smart terminal" or
2134:
have the equivalent function. Since the monitor cable carries video signals, it cannot be extended very far. Often, installations with many servers therefore use keyboard/video multiplexers (
2047:
Some early operating systems supported either a single keyboard/print or keyboard/display device for controlling the OS. Some also supported a single alternate console, and some supported a
728:. This made them inexpensive and they quickly became extremely popular input-output devices on many types of computer system, often replacing earlier and more expensive printing terminals.
1194:
that communicates with its host one character at a time. A block-oriented terminal may be card-oriented, display-oriented, keyboard-display, keyboard-printer, printer or some combination.
351:. Early Teletypes only printed out with a communications speed of only 75 baud or 10 5-bit characters per second, and by the 1970s speeds of video terminals had improved to 2400 or 9600
1645:
models, that became increasingly important selling features during the 1980s especially, when buyers could mix and match different suppliers' equipment to a greater extent than before.
1250:
information for the transaction in progress on the screen, possibly in a hidden field, rather than depending on a running program to keep track of status. This was the precursor of the
347:
systems, terminals slowly pushed these older forms of interaction from the industry. Related development were the improvement of terminal technology and the introduction of inexpensive
1597:(and so on) computers there were many visual display suppliers competing against the computer manufacturer for terminals to expand the systems. In fact, the instruction design for the
2083:. This terminal was usually kept in a secured room since it could be used for certain privileged functions such as halting the system or selecting which media to boot from. Large
926:, for they essentially have the same limited functionality as does a mechanical Teletype. This type of dumb terminal is still supported on modern Unix-like systems by setting the
2187:
from the console. Depending on configuration, the operating system may treat a login session from the console as being more trustworthy than a login session from other sources.
433:
computer became the first computer equipped with a keyboard-printer combination with which to support direct input of data and commands and output of results. That device was a
1737:, what character attributes were available, block-sending of fields within forms, "foreign" character facilities, and handling of printers connected to the back of the screen.
999:
is often a text terminal used to operate a computer. Modern computers have a built-in keyboard and display for the console. Some Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and
1850:
could be booted into terminal emulator mode from its ROM. Eventually microprocessor-based personal computers greatly reduced the market demand for conventional terminals.
1210:
against entry, as allowing the entry of only numeric information vs. allowing any characters, etc. In a typical application the host sends the terminal a preformatted
906:
that communicates in blocks of data. It is the most common type of data terminal, because it is easy to implement and program. Connection to the mainframe computer or
2743:
1616:(1978), the user and programmer could notice significant advantages in VDU technology improvements, yet not all programmers used the features of the new terminals (
552:(CRT). VDUs in the 1950s were typically designed for displaying graphical data rather than text and were used in, e.g., experimental computers at institutions like
2040:, used a combination of electromechanical switches and a CRT to provide console functionsâthe CRT displaying memory contents in binary by mirroring the machine's
1157:). To achieve all this, the application must deal not only with plain text strings, but also with control characters and escape sequences, which allow moving the
1145:
applications. Those applications completely control the screen layout; also they respond to key-pressing immediately. This mode is very useful for text editors,
1857:
have combined economical local processing power with central, shared computer facilities to retain some of the advantages of terminals over personal computers:
2750:
2333:
and so forth. The terminal sends only the completed form, consisting of all the data entered on the screen, to the receiving system when the user presses an
2577:
2690:
2271:
Terminals can operate in various modes, relating to when they send input typed by the user on the keyboard to the receiving system (whatever that may be):
1153:. In addition, such programs control the color and brightness of text on the screen, and decorate it with underline, blinking and special characters (e.g.
937:. Smart or intelligent terminals are those that also have the ability to process escape sequences, in particular the VT52, VT100 or ANSI escape sequences.
3527:
2918:
3552:
2397:, as provided by Unix and POSIX-compliant operating systems, does not accommodate block-mode terminals at all, and only rarely requires the terminal
2142:
devices have become available that allow a remote computer to view the video output and send keyboard input via any TCP/IP network and therefore the
2781:
2409:
local echo in the terminal, and performs line editing functions at the host end. Most usually, and especially so that the host system can support
632:. This reflects the fact that early character-mode terminals were often deployed to replace teletype machines as a way to reduce operating costs.
1503:, that would allow a single CRT screen to implement multiple windows, each of which was to behave as a distinct terminal. Unfortunately, like
2719:
2602:
2649:
2788:
2176:(HMC), consisting of a PC and a specialized application, instead of a 3270 or serial link. Other IBM product lines also use an HMC, e.g.,
756:
serial ports (25-pin, ready to connect to a modem, yet some manufacturer-specific pin usage extended the standard, e.g. for use with 20-mA
389:
software that replicates functions of a real-world terminal, sometimes allowing concurrent use of local programs and access to a distant
1620:
in the VT100 and later TeleVideo terminals, for example, with "dumb terminals" allowed programmers to continue to use older software).
1904:
2410:
789:
to provide underlining, dim or reverse-video character highlighting, and especially to clear the display and position the cursor.
2937:
2537:
1922:, for example) without the need for a physical terminal device; it can even run multiple terminal emulators on the same device.
132:
573:
104:
3479:
3460:
3437:
3415:
3396:
3377:
3358:
3339:
3031:
2963:
2413:, terminals for POSIX-compliant systems are always in character-at-a-time mode. In contrast, IBM 3270 terminals connected to
2402:
1214:
containing both static data and fields into which data may be entered. The terminal operator keys data, such as updates in a
1477:
Most terminals today are graphical; that is, they can show images on the screen. The modern term for graphical terminal is "
3557:
1623:
Some dumb terminals had been able to respond to a few escape sequences without needing microprocessors: they used multiple
742:
or anything specific to one company), but early/economy models often supported only capital letters (such as the original
2819:
111:
2205:
and broadband internet access, many computers would use a serial access program to communicate with other computers via
1846:
a PC could, however, emulate a terminal, and in that capacity it could be connected to a mainframe or minicomputer. The
1834:
of a PC did not contain any character generation hardware; all video signals and video formatting were generated by the
1783:
1138:); it also may give access to command history. This is very helpful for various interactive command-line interpreters.
85:
40:
1677:
910 to 950 (these models copied ADM3 codes and added several of their own, eventually being copied by Qume and others)
3512:
2990:
1809:
1586:
770:
Some type of cursor that can be positioned (with arrow keys or "home" and other direct cursor address setting codes).
581:
231:
213:
151:
54:
2201:
A terminal emulator is a piece of software that emulates a text terminal. In the past, before the widespread use of
1791:
195:
3562:
602:
118:
3165:
609:
interface to communicate between the multiplexer and the host, while the 2260 used either a channel connection or
2173:
561:
3522:
2279:
character-at-a-time mode): In this mode, typed input is unbuffered and sent immediately to the receiving system.
1721:
escape code standard produced uniformity to some extent, but significant differences remained. For example, the
3087:
1900:
1787:
1571:
763:
24 lines (or possibly 25 â sometimes a special status line) of 72 or 80 characters of text (80 was the same as
757:
514:
180:
89:
1017:
100:
2695:
2072:
829:, many of which had incompatible command sequences (although many used the early ADM-3 as a starting point).
806:
557:
249:
3148:
1590:
1167:
802:
295:
to input or display bits and had to be connected to a terminal to print or input text through a keyboard.
3542:
2184:
577:
2663:
902:
is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its host one character at a time, as opposed to a
610:
3125:
2553:
2532:
1967:
1958:
is the text entry and display device for system administration messages, particularly those from the
1492:
Modern graphic terminals allow display of images in color, and of text in varying sizes, colors, and
1211:
750:
model 6052 â which could be upgraded to a 6053 with a lower-case character ROM â and the
Heathkit H9)
3547:
2427:
2394:
2255:âdo emulate physical terminals including support for escape sequences; e.g., xterm can emulate the
1978:. It is a physical device consisting of a keyboard and a printer or screen, and traditionally is a
1919:
1911:
1772:
1259:
1007:
2644:
2610:
1577:
or RS-422 or RS-423 or a current loop serial interface. IBM systems typically communicated over a
1485:
for
Microsoft Windows. The bandwidth needed depends on the protocol used, the resolution, and the
1047:
simulation of the formatted output. However, text editors are still used for documents containing
3047:
Raymond, J.; Banerji, D.K. (1976). "Using a
Microprocessor in an Intelligent Graphics Terminal".
2797:
2759:
2432:
2033:
1776:
1482:
1170:) have been created, together with terminal description databases, such as Termcap and Terminfo.
1158:
1029:
721:
713:
696:
The classic era of the VDU began in the early 1970s and was closely intertwined with the rise of
191:
78:
437:, which would continue to serve this purpose on many other early computers well into the 1960s.
2472:
1617:
1562:
and often had a green or amber screen. Typically terminals communicate with the computer via a
1090:
548:(VDU) displays information on a screen rather than printing text to paper and typically uses a
505:
501:
125:
46:
518:
2487:
2393:
require different degrees of mode support when terminals are used as computer terminals. The
2221:
1823:
1696:
1624:
1542:
1344:
1154:
810:
3181:
1733:
QVT-108 terminals all followed the ANSI standard, yet differences might exist in codes from
2821:
IBM System/360 Component
Description: - IBM 2260 Display Station - IBM 2848 Display Control
2467:
1827:
1354:
927:
915:
187:
1466:
graphic displays are raster-mode, descended from the picture scanning techniques used for
617:
and the host. The 2265, related to the 2260, also used asynchronous serial communication.
488:
Early user terminals connected to computers were, like the
Flexowriter, electromechanical
8:
3085:
Pardee, S. (1971). "G101âA Remote Time Share Terminal with Graphic Output Capabilities".
2452:
2442:
2165:, can be configured for serial console operation either during bootup, or after startup.
1163:
980:) is a serial computer interface for text entry and display. Information is presented as
3507:
3449:
797:
in 1978. By the early 1980s, there were dozens of manufacturers of terminals, including
332:
or, sometimes, a consumer TV, but most larger computers continued to require terminals.
3169:
Retailers can .. reduce costs with .. Epson TM-T88V-DT ... a unique integrated terminal
3104:
3064:
2202:
1983:
1887:, few genuine hardware terminals are used to interface with computers today. Using the
1628:
1559:
989:
957:
866:
434:
324:
computer systems, with the computer handling character generation and outputting to a
3475:
3456:
3433:
3411:
3392:
3373:
3354:
3335:
3027:
2492:
2482:
2196:
2127:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2084:
2068:
1994:
1892:
1884:
1873:
1843:
1098:
1093:
that correspond to available text terminals. For other operations, there are special
1012:
629:
628:, announced in 1967 and shipped in 1969, was a character-mode device that emulated a
493:
462:
386:
370:. A terminal that depends on the host computer for its processing power is called a "
317:
280:
277:
3108:
3096:
3068:
3056:
3019:
2894:
2850:
2390:
2353:
keys. In some multiple-mode terminals, that can switch between modes, pressing the
2252:
2154:
2131:
2088:
2021:
1888:
1865:
1847:
1601:
was originally conceived at Computer Terminal Corporation as the processor for the
1462:
1366:
1236:
1231:
985:
881:
859:
597:
Two early landmarks in the development of the VDU were the Univac Uniscope and the
556:; computers used in academia, government and business, sold under brand names like
549:
471:
363:
by the end of the decade, with higher speeds possible on more expensive terminals.
329:
325:
2691:"The DEC LA36 Dot Matrix Printer Made Business Printing Faster and more efficient"
1032:
environments. In a shell, most of the commands are small applications themselves.
3516:
3502:
3425:
3023:
2866:
Some computers have consoles containing only buttons, dials, lights and switches.
2573:
2092:
2037:
1915:
1594:
1455:
1451:
1418:
1407:
1372:
1094:
1048:
907:
818:
786:
774:
244:
2401:
to be in line-at-a-time mode, since the operating system is required to provide
2369:
key will cause an input line to be sent to the host in line-at-a-time mode, the
1864:
clients provide emulation of the most common terminal, the DEC VT100, using the
1631:; the single factor that classed a terminal as "intelligent" was its ability to
3206:
2260:
2240:
2213:
2206:
2138:) and possibly video amplifiers to centralize console access. In recent years,
2112:
1839:
1705:
1657:
1641:
1602:
1536:
1187:
1040:
996:
782:
689:
621:
301:
3201:
1003:
have virtual consoles to provide several text terminals on a single computer.
393:
system, either over a direct serial connection or over a network using, e.g.,
283:
device that can be used for entering data into, and transcribing data from, a
3536:
2497:
2457:
2328:
2228:
2041:
1979:
1745:
1582:
423:
418:
414:
371:
348:
3100:
3060:
1246:
Programmers of block-oriented terminals often used the technique of storing
1074:
and the local terminal to let the user interact with remote servers. On the
2177:
2056:
1877:
1734:
1690:
1665:
1555:
1500:
1499:
In the early 1990s, an industry consortium attempted to define a standard,
1481:". A thin client typically uses a protocol like X11 for Unix terminals, or
1413:
1395:
1146:
1135:
1083:
862:
shipped on IBM PCs from 1985, and through it all later computer keyboards.
747:
697:
481:"golfball" typing element and was faster than the earlier teletype machines
398:
344:
340:
336:
1993:, operator's console or simply console is a hardware component used by an
3014:
Kaya, E. M. (1985). "New Trends in Graphic Display System Architecture".
2217:
2123:
2029:
1998:
1963:
1578:
1563:
1486:
1478:
1450:
can display images as well as text. Graphical terminals are divided into
1202:
1150:
1126:
1105:
1036:
489:
430:
410:
375:
321:
296:
292:
3372:. Professional and industrial computing series. BSP Professional Books.
2115:
and other telecommunication equipment have RS-232 serial console ports.
850:
popular Wyse WY50, the WY350, offered 64 shades on each character cell.
767:
punched cards). Later models sometimes had two character-width settings.
3073:
However, a major problem with the use of a graphic terminal is the cost
2477:
2342:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2135:
1854:
1718:
1598:
1567:
1467:
1025:
886:
725:
717:
524:
Custom-designs keyboard/printer terminals that came later included the
509:
497:
367:
2899:
1114:. For more complex operations, the programs can use terminal specific
1020:
for commands from the user and executes each command after a press of
731:
After 1970 several suppliers gravitated to a set of common standards:
572:; military computers supporting specific defence applications such as
2348:
2294:, key. A so-called "line mode terminal" operates solely in this mode.
2236:
2076:
2048:
1702:
1674:
1547:
1401:
1360:
981:
949:
A typical text terminal produces input and displays output and errors
945:
922:
cursor position. In this context dumb terminals are sometimes dubbed
834:
822:
778:
625:
529:
478:
288:
259:
1761:
1006:
The fundamental type of application running on a text terminal is a
992:" or "visual display unit" (VDU) or "video display terminal" (VDT).
654:
640:
401:, or terminal emulators, with connections over high-speed networks.
198:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
67:
3187:
3138:
Twentieth Century Words; by John Ayto; Oxford Unity Press; page 413
2462:
2437:
2169:
2143:
2025:
2013:
2009:
1869:
1868:
standard X3.64, or could run as X terminals using software such as
1726:
1653:, blurring the distinction between terminal and Personal Computer.
1609:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1383:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1289:
1284:
1215:
1075:
911:
842:
814:
614:
598:
591:
525:
508:(ASR). Some terminals, such as the ASR Teletype models, included a
335:
Early terminals were inexpensive devices but very slow compared to
305:
284:
263:
3202:"How to make win32 console recognize ANSI/VT100 escape sequences?"
1930:
477:
Closeup of an IBM 2741 printing terminal, which used a changeable
3166:"Epson TM-T88V-DT Intelligent Terminal, 16GB SSD, LE, Linux, ..."
2790:
Uniscope 300 General Description - Visual Communications Terminal
2447:
2306:
2244:
2158:
1650:
1375:
1350:
1110:
1067:
1052:
1044:
1000:
838:
355:. Similarly, the speed of remote batch terminals had improved to
313:
3432:. Addison-Wesley professional computing series. Addison-Wesley.
517:
interface that was already used in telegraphy. A less expensive
3126:"intelligent terminal Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia"
2139:
2108:
2064:
1975:
1861:
1668:
1574:
1380:
1079:
798:
753:
739:
701:
646:
606:
569:
379:
309:
316:, display circuitry and keyboards began to be integrated into
3496:
2256:
2248:
2162:
2080:
1989:
Another, older, meaning of system console, computer console,
1896:
1722:
1685:
1613:
1471:
1439:
1435:
1116:
1071:
1063:
1056:
961:
953:
891:
855:
794:
743:
735:
709:
674:
668:
252:
2991:"The ADM-31. A terminal far too smart to be considered Dumb"
1461:
A vector-mode display directly draws lines on the face of a
1227:
command (unformatted or formatted in the case of the 3270).
266:, a widely emulated computer terminal in the 1960s and 1970s
2502:
2405:, where the terminal device driver in the operating system
2220:
was used to communicate with many computers, including the
2150:
1971:
1959:
1730:
1710:
1681:
1637:
1493:
1390:
1251:
1122:
826:
705:
685:
660:
587:
455:
3221:
3219:
3217:
1585:
using a proprietary protocol, a communications link using
1470:, in which the visual elements are a rectangular array of
1430:
1186:
is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its
1108:
that a program can use, most easily via a library such as
3391:. Hewlett-Packard professional books. Prentice Hall PTR.
2920:
IBM 3270 Information Display System Component Description
2828:
2668:
2538:"What is the etymology of "[computer] terminal"?"
2414:
2361:
in block mode does not do the same thing as pressing the
2096:
1504:
1255:
764:
565:
553:
394:
3306:
2938:"Already over 80,000 winners out there! (advertisement)"
2709:"Paper was used for everything - letters, proposals ..."
1729:
H19 in ANSI mode, Televideo 970, Data General D460, and
793:
The experimental era of serial VDUs culminated with the
3248:
3246:
3214:
2568:
2566:
1997:
to control the hardware, typically some combination of
1907:, which are mostly independent from the hardware used.
3282:
3182:"MacTerminal Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia"
1883:
Since the advent and subsequent popularization of the
3270:
3231:
2752:
Uniscope 100 - Display Terminal - General Description
3294:
3258:
3243:
2563:
1842:(without a tuner) than to a terminal. With suitable
492:/teletypewriters (TeleTYpewriter, TTY), such as the
521:(RO) configuration was available for the Teletype.
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3448:
2643:
2301:screen-at-a-time mode): In this mode (also called
1656:Another of the motivations for development of the
1273:
1141:Even more advanced interactivity is provided with
1035:Another important application type is that of the
984:. When such devices use a video display such as a
3455:. Yourdon Press computing series. Yourdon Press.
2417:systems are always required to be in block mode.
1201:Block-oriented terminals typically incorporate a
3534:
2855:has a display screen ... behaves like a teletype
2645:"Is this, finally, the thin client from Oracle?"
1527:, predecessor to the IBM 3250 and IBM 5080, and
1191:
576:and radar/air defence coordination systems like
2916:
2603:"What is dumb terminal? definition and meaning"
2315:and performing editing functions locally using
1934:Knoppix system console showing the boot process
873:
500:; early Teletypes were typically configured as
3353:. Business Perspective Series. Maximum Press.
3046:
2827:. Systems Reference Library (Fifth ed.).
3330:Bangia, Ramesh (2010). "line mode terminal".
2988:
2684:
2682:
1661:Frequently emulated terminal types included:
1593:protocol, but for many DEC, Data General and
2879:key used on buffered text terminals and PCs.
2302:
2024:system consoles, some computers such as the
1853:In the 1990s especially, "thin clients" and
903:
773:Implementation of at least 3 control codes:
3149:"What is 3270 (Information Display System)"
3141:
2640:the term "thin client" was coined in 1993)
2631:Thin clients came later than dumb terminals
1790:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1173:
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2679:
2016:console, with a typewriter and front panel
982:an array of pre-selected formed characters
3348:
3225:
3113:Terminal cost is currently about $ 10,000
2898:
2688:
2597:
2595:
2020:Prior to the development of alphanumeric
2001:, keyboard/printer and keyboard/display.
1810:Learn how and when to remove this message
1353:Dataspeed 40 (3270 clone manufactured by
785:(Ctrl-G), but usually many more, such as
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
3499:, an encyclopedia of computer terminals.
2910:
2008:
1929:
1830:, these screens were not terminals. The
1541:
1510:
1429:
952:
944:
885:
586:
291:system. Most early computers only had a
258:
243:
3446:
3424:
3386:
3367:
3312:
3288:
3276:
3252:
2652:from the original on December 10, 2022.
1258:as data to be passed as arguments to a
3535:
3469:
3405:
3329:
3300:
3264:
3237:
3153:3270 .. over its predecessor, the 2260
3084:
2882:
2698:.. debuted the DECwriter LA30 in 1970.
2641:
2592:
1425:
724:chips, or microprocessors such as the
445:
16:Computer input/output device for users
3553:History of humanâcomputer interaction
3389:MPE/iX system administration handbook
3351:Exploring IBM client/server computing
2964:"HP 3000s, IBM CPUs Get On-Line Link"
2888:
2522:E.g., displaying, printing, punching.
2378:and local cursor moving keys such as
2298:
2283:
2276:
1693:D1 to D3 and especially D200 and D210
910:is achieved via RS-232 serial links,
539:
465:ASR teleprinter, usable as a terminal
255:, a widely emulated computer terminal
3408:Mastering UNIX serial communications
3332:Dictionary of Information Technology
3013:
2574:"Direct keyboard input to computers"
2067:serial link to a terminal such as a
1788:adding citations to reliable sources
1755:
1442:conversion board displaying graphics
1254:technique of storing context in the
1230:Block-oriented terminals cause less
712:. These devices used no complicated
700:. Important early products were the
163:
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
20:
2341:There is a distinction between the
1190:in blocks of data, as opposed to a
417:had a keyboard in 1941, as did the
359:at the beginning of the decade and
13:
3528:epocalc list of Computer Terminals
3472:A system V guide to UNIX and XENIX
2689:Goldstein, Phil (March 17, 2017).
2580:from the original on July 17, 2017
14:
3574:
3490:
2800:. 1968. pp. 5-1â5-5. UP-7619
1925:
1587:Binary Synchronous Communications
1554:Most terminals were connected to
1134:(assisted with such libraries as
940:
858:terminal strongly influenced the
738:character set (rather than, say,
613:serial communication between the
605:serial communication over an EIA
574:ballistic missile warning systems
36:This article has multiple issues.
3451:UNIX database management systems
2642:Waters, Richard (June 2, 2009).
2172:, IBM large systems have used a
2032:while the very first electronic
1895:, modern operating systems like
1760:
1550:and programmed function keyboard
716:, instead relying on individual
667:
653:
639:
470:
454:
168:
66:
25:
3370:UNIX systems for microcomputers
3194:
3174:
3158:
3132:
3118:
3078:
3040:
3007:
2982:
2956:
2930:
2869:
2860:
2843:
2812:
2774:
2762:. 1973. pp. 24â27. UP-7701
2736:
2712:
2703:
2235:The terminal emulators on most
2216:was released, a program called
1751:
1740:In the 21st century, the term
1274:Common block-oriented terminals
77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
3088:IEEE Transactions on Computers
3016:Frontiers in Computer Graphics
2656:
2634:
2625:
2546:
2531:similar to a paraphrase of an
2525:
2516:
2239:systemsâsuch as, for example,
1680:Digital Equipment Corporation
1389:Digital Equipment Corporation
343:for input; with the advent of
1:
3322:
2696:Digital Equipment Corporation
2674:1965 ... IBM 2741 ... July 8.
2111:. Also, routers, enterprise
2073:Digital Equipment Corporation
1608:From the introduction of the
1523:Notable examples include the
626:Computer Terminal Corporation
440:
3519: (archived May 23, 2010)
3024:10.1007/978-4-431-68025-3_23
2190:
2028:had console typewriters and
2004:
1546:IBM 2250 Model 4, including
874:Character-oriented terminals
385:A personal computer can run
7:
3558:Operating system technology
3470:Topham, Douglas W. (1990).
3430:The art of Unix programming
3334:. Laxmi Publications, Ltd.
2744:"5. Functional Description"
2420:
2174:Hardware Management Console
2071:or, later, a terminal from
1192:character-oriented terminal
960:text editor running in the
900:character-oriented terminal
194:the claims made and adding
10:
3579:
3513:Video Terminal Information
2831:. January 1969. A27-2700-4
2194:
2183:It is usually possible to
2126:, the computer's attached
1744:can now refer to a retail
879:
404:
3406:Gofton, Peter W. (1991).
3349:Bolthouse, David (1996).
2533:Oxford English Dictionary
934:
930:
2917:IBM Corporation (1972).
2509:
2428:Blit (computer terminal)
2411:non-canonical input mode
2395:POSIX terminal interface
2266:
1920:command-line interpreter
1912:graphical user interface
1174:Block-oriented terminals
1008:command-line interpreter
378:. In the era of serial (
3563:Block-oriented terminal
3101:10.1109/T-C.1971.223364
3061:10.1109/C-M.1976.218555
2798:Sperry Rand Corporation
2760:Sperry Rand Corporation
2433:Data terminal equipment
2034:stored-program computer
1180:block-oriented terminal
1091:character special files
1030:interactive programming
904:block-oriented terminal
894:character mode terminal
3447:Rodgers, Ulka (1990).
3368:Burgess, Ross (1988).
2905:3270 .. block oriented
2607:BusinessDictionary.com
2473:Communication endpoint
2017:
1935:
1880:software under Linux.
1625:printed circuit boards
1618:backward compatibility
1570:cable, often using an
1551:
1443:
1239:from the host system.
1155:box-drawing characters
965:
950:
895:
698:time sharing computers
594:
506:Automatic Send-Receive
496:, originally used for
494:Teletype Model 33
424:a row of display lamps
269:
256:
3387:Diercks, Jon (2002).
2488:Terminal capabilities
2042:Williams-Kilburn tube
2012:
1933:
1697:Hazeltine Corporation
1545:
1531:, predecessor to the
1511:Intelligent terminals
1434:A normally text-only
1433:
1345:Burroughs Corporation
988:, they are called a "
956:
948:
916:proprietary protocols
889:
811:Hazeltine Corporation
590:
502:Keyboard Send-Receive
431:Whirlwind Mark I
262:
247:
3018:. pp. 310â320.
2672:. January 23, 2003.
2554:"The Teletype Story"
2468:Virtual console (PC)
2403:canonical input mode
2263:hardware terminals.
2059:, the console was a
1982:, but may also be a
1974:system and from the
1903:derivatives feature
1784:improve this section
1742:Intelligent Terminal
1517:intelligent terminal
1355:Teletype Corporation
1132:command-line editing
928:environment variable
825:, Volker-Craig, and
276:is an electronic or
86:improve this article
3508:The TTY demystified
3503:Text Terminal HOWTO
3474:. Springer-Verlag.
2891:TN3270 Enhancements
2720:"Uniscope brochure"
2453:Text user interface
2443:Micro-Term ERGO-201
2389:Different computer
2203:local area networks
1629:integrated circuits
1560:mainframe computers
1426:Graphical terminals
1184:block mode terminal
867:flat-panel displays
446:Hard-copy terminals
101:"Computer terminal"
3543:Computer terminals
3497:The Terminals Wiki
2989:Lear Siegler Inc.
2944:. January 18, 1982
2889:Kelly, B. (1998).
2875:As opposed to the
2613:on August 13, 2020
2209:or serial device.
2168:Starting with the
2087:, e.g. those from
2018:
1984:graphical terminal
1952:operator's console
1936:
1914:(or GUI) like the
1836:video display card
1552:
1535:, introduced with
1448:graphical terminal
1444:
1125:systems typically
1099:control characters
990:video display unit
966:
951:
896:
595:
546:video display unit
540:Video display unit
435:Friden Flexowriter
270:
268:(keyboard/printer)
257:
179:possibly contains
3481:978-0-387-97021-9
3462:978-0-13-945593-3
3439:978-0-13-142901-7
3417:978-0-89588-708-5
3398:978-0-13-030540-4
3379:978-0-632-02036-2
3360:978-1-885068-04-0
3341:978-93-8029-815-3
3033:978-4-431-68027-7
2493:Terminal emulator
2483:Node (networking)
2391:operating systems
2197:Terminal emulator
2155:operating systems
2105:terminal emulator
2103:, usually with a
1885:personal computer
1874:Microsoft Windows
1826:had single-color
1820:
1819:
1812:
1363:912,920, 925, 950
1062:Programs such as
964:terminal emulator
630:Model 33 Teletype
463:Teletype Model 33
387:terminal emulator
278:electromechanical
274:computer terminal
242:
241:
234:
224:
223:
216:
181:original research
162:
161:
154:
136:
59:
3570:
3485:
3466:
3454:
3443:
3426:Raymond, Eric S.
3421:
3402:
3383:
3364:
3345:
3316:
3315:, p. 88â90.
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3188:IBM 3278 Model 2
3178:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:. March 24, 1980
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2757:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2664:"DPD chronology"
2660:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2609:. Archived from
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2365:key. Whilst the
2300:
2285:
2278:
2275:Character mode (
2113:network switches
2101:headless systems
2089:Sun Microsystems
2085:midrange systems
1991:hardware console
1944:computer console
1905:virtual consoles
1866:ANSI escape code
1848:Data General/One
1815:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1764:
1756:
1713:W50, W60 and W99
1671:and later models
1463:cathode-ray tube
1438:terminal with a
1398:ADM31 (optional)
1367:Tandem Computers
1296:Remote job entry
1226:
1222:
1104:
1095:escape sequences
1086:work similarly.
1024:. This includes
986:cathode-ray tube
972:, or often just
936:
932:
882:Character device
805:, Data General,
787:escape sequences
671:
657:
643:
550:cathode-ray tube
474:
458:
362:
358:
354:
330:computer monitor
237:
230:
219:
212:
208:
205:
199:
196:inline citations
172:
171:
164:
157:
150:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
70:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3548:User interfaces
3533:
3532:
3517:Wayback Machine
3493:
3488:
3482:
3463:
3440:
3418:
3399:
3380:
3361:
3342:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3083:
3079:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2687:
2680:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2423:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2269:
2212:When the first
2199:
2193:
2093:Hewlett-Packard
2044:CRT-based RAM.
2038:Manchester Baby
2007:
1938:One meaning of
1928:
1916:X Window System
1860:Today, most PC
1816:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1781:
1765:
1754:
1513:
1454:terminals, and
1428:
1423:
1419:ICL 7500 series
1408:ITT Corporation
1373:Hewlett-Packard
1276:
1224:
1220:
1176:
1102:
1023:
943:
924:glass Teletypes
908:terminal server
884:
876:
819:Hewlett-Packard
775:Carriage Return
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
664:
663:
658:
650:
649:
644:
542:
528:(1965) and the
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
475:
467:
466:
459:
448:
443:
409:The console of
407:
360:
357:4800 bit/s
356:
353:2400 bit/s
352:
267:
238:
227:
226:
225:
220:
209:
203:
200:
185:
173:
169:
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3491:External links
3489:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3467:
3461:
3444:
3438:
3422:
3416:
3403:
3397:
3384:
3378:
3365:
3359:
3346:
3340:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3291:, p. 127.
3281:
3269:
3257:
3242:
3240:, p. 324.
3230:
3226:Bolthouse 1996
3213:
3207:Stack Overflow
3193:
3173:
3157:
3140:
3131:
3117:
3095:(8): 878â881.
3077:
3039:
3032:
3006:
2981:
2955:
2929:
2909:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2859:
2842:
2811:
2782:"5. Operation"
2773:
2735:
2711:
2702:
2678:
2655:
2633:
2624:
2591:
2562:
2545:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2303:block-oriented
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2268:
2265:
2261:Tektronix 4010
2241:gnome-terminal
2207:telephone line
2195:Main article:
2192:
2189:
2061:serial console
2006:
2003:
1940:system console
1927:
1926:System console
1924:
1818:
1817:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1658:microprocessor
1603:Datapoint 2200
1512:
1509:
1496:(type faces).
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1175:
1172:
1162:this, special
1041:word processor
1021:
997:system console
942:
941:Text terminals
939:
875:
872:
791:
790:
781:(Ctrl-J), and
771:
768:
761:
751:
690:Hazeltine 2000
673:
666:
665:
659:
652:
651:
645:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
622:Datapoint 3300
541:
538:
476:
469:
468:
460:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
406:
403:
361:19.6 kbps
349:video displays
302:microcomputers
240:
239:
222:
221:
176:
174:
167:
160:
159:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3575:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3314:
3309:
3303:, p. 77.
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3279:, p. 72.
3278:
3273:
3267:, p. 73.
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3228:, p. 18.
3227:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2968:Computerworld
2965:
2959:
2943:
2942:Computerworld
2939:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2721:
2715:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Visual editor
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:TV Typewriter
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:, QTerminal,
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2229:Win32 console
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:running on a
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:(DEC), e.g.,
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:minicomputers
2053:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:text terminal
1977:
1976:system logger
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:When using a
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:green screens
1825:
1814:
1811:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:This section
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1746:Point of Sale
1743:
1738:
1736:
1735:function keys
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1642:host computer
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:coaxial cable
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:minicomputers
1549:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:VIP 7700/7760
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:file managers
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:text terminal
963:
959:
955:
947:
938:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
888:
883:
878:
871:
868:
863:
861:
857:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
758:current loops
755:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
676:
670:
662:
656:
648:
642:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
533:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
480:
473:
464:
457:
438:
436:
432:
429:In 1956, the
427:
426:for results.
425:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:terminal host
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:dumb terminal
369:
364:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:punched cards
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
265:
261:
254:
251:
246:
236:
233:
218:
215:
207:
197:
193:
189:
183:
182:
177:This article
175:
166:
165:
156:
153:
145:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103: â
102:
98:
97:Find sources:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:This article
73:
69:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
3471:
3450:
3429:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3350:
3331:
3313:Rodgers 1990
3308:
3296:
3289:Burgess 1988
3284:
3277:Raymond 2004
3272:
3260:
3255:, p. 2.
3253:Diercks 2002
3233:
3205:
3196:
3185:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3120:
3112:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3055:(4): 18â25.
3052:
3048:
3042:
3015:
3009:
2999:November 27,
2997:. Retrieved
2984:
2974:November 27,
2972:. Retrieved
2967:
2958:
2948:November 27,
2946:. Retrieved
2941:
2932:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2820:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2789:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2751:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2714:
2705:
2694:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2636:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:the original
2606:
2582:. Retrieved
2548:
2535:definition.
2527:
2518:
2406:
2398:
2388:
2358:
2340:
2297:Block mode (
2270:
2253:Terminal.app
2234:
2226:
2211:
2200:
2182:
2167:
2148:
2136:KVM switches
2124:workstations
2117:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2030:front panels
2019:
1990:
1988:
1955:
1954:, or simply
1951:
1948:root console
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1909:
1882:
1878:X.Org Server
1859:
1852:
1835:
1831:
1822:While early
1821:
1806:
1797:
1782:Please help
1770:
1752:Contemporary
1741:
1739:
1716:
1691:Data General
1666:Lear Siegler
1655:
1647:
1632:
1622:
1607:
1553:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1501:AlphaWindows
1498:
1491:
1476:
1460:
1447:
1445:
1414:Bull Questar
1410:Courier line
1396:Lear Siegler
1267:
1264:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1151:web browsers
1142:
1140:
1131:
1115:
1109:
1088:
1061:
1034:
1011:
1005:
994:
978:text console
977:
973:
969:
967:
923:
920:
899:
897:
890:A Televideo
877:
864:
852:
848:
837:systems the
831:
815:Heath/Zenith
799:Lear-Siegler
792:
748:Data General
730:
695:
682:
619:
611:asynchronous
596:
545:
543:
534:
523:
515:current loop
490:teleprinters
487:
428:
408:
399:Web browsers
390:
384:
365:
345:time-sharing
334:
304:such as the
297:Teleprinters
273:
271:
228:
210:
201:
178:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
3301:Topham 1990
3265:Gofton 1991
3238:Bangia 2010
2851:"glass tty"
2835:December 3,
2804:December 3,
2766:December 3,
2584:January 11,
2330:â Backspace
2282:Line mode (
2218:MacTerminal
1999:front panel
1970:, from the
1964:boot loader
1855:X terminals
1581:channel, a
1579:Bus and Tag
1564:serial port
1487:color depth
1479:thin client
1456:raster mode
1452:vector-mode
1232:system load
1223:command or
1221:READ BUFFER
1143:full-screen
1037:text editor
1026:Unix shells
976:(sometimes
718:logic gates
603:synchronous
411:Konrad Zuse
376:thin client
326:CRT display
322:workstation
293:front panel
3537:Categories
3323:References
2758:. Rev. 2.
2478:End system
2313:arrow keys
1748:computer.
1719:ANSI X3.64
1627:with many
1612:, and the
1599:Intel 8008
1568:null modem
1537:System/360
1468:television
1391:VT61, VT62
1070:control a
880:See also:
870:obsolete.
777:(Ctrl-M),
726:Intel 8080
510:paper tape
498:telegraphy
441:Categories
368:fat client
341:paper tape
328:such as a
188:improve it
112:newspapers
41:improve it
3410:. Sybex.
2617:March 13,
2543:computer.
2357:key when
2237:Unix-like
2214:Macintosh
2191:Emulation
2077:DECWriter
2055:On early
1771:does not
1703:Tektronix
1675:TeleVideo
1614:DEC VT100
1589:or IBM's
1548:light pen
1539:in 1964.
1402:Honeywell
1361:TeleVideo
1279:Hard-copy
1262:program.
1208:protected
1166:(such as
1164:libraries
1106:functions
1028:and some
914:or other
865:Although
835:Unix-like
823:TeleVideo
779:Line-Feed
530:DECwriter
519:Read Only
504:(KSR) or
479:Selectric
289:computing
192:verifying
47:talk page
3428:(2004).
3109:27102280
3049:Computer
2650:Archived
2578:Archived
2463:Videotex
2438:IBM 3101
2421:See also
2407:emulates
2384:New Line
2347:and the
2311:and the
2178:System p
2170:IBM 9672
2149:Some PC
2144:Internet
2128:keyboard
2049:hardcopy
2026:IBM 1620
2014:IBM 1620
1995:operator
1899:and the
1893:keyboard
1870:Cygwin/X
1844:software
1800:May 2023
1727:Heathkit
1610:IBM 3270
1533:IBM 3270
1529:IBM 2260
1525:IBM 2250
1384:Uniscope
1351:AT&T
1340:IBM 5250
1335:IBM 3270
1330:IBM 2260
1317:IBM 3780
1312:IBM 3770
1307:IBM 2780
1302:IBM 2770
1290:IBM 2740
1285:IBM 1050
1216:database
1136:readline
1076:Internet
1051:such as
1016:, which
974:terminal
912:Ethernet
843:terminfo
688:and the
599:IBM 2260
592:IBM 2260
526:IBM 2741
318:personal
306:Sphere 1
285:computer
281:hardware
264:IBM 2741
204:May 2023
142:May 2023
3515:at the
3069:6693597
2877:â” Enter
2728:May 23,
2448:Minitel
2376:â” Enter
2371:â” Enter
2355:â” Enter
2350:â” Enter
2335:â” Enter
2288:â” Enter
2245:Konsole
2159:FreeBSD
2157:, e.g.
2132:monitor
2005:History
1956:console
1889:monitor
1824:IBM PCs
1792:removed
1777:sources
1651:CP/M-86
1633:process
1323:Display
1248:context
1237:echoing
1111:ncurses
1103:termios
1068:Minicom
1053:DocBook
1045:WYSIWYG
1018:prompts
1001:FreeBSD
860:Model M
839:termcap
821:, IBM,
405:History
374:" or a
314:Apple I
186:Please
126:scholar
3478:
3459:
3436:
3414:
3395:
3376:
3357:
3338:
3186:as an
3107:
3067:
3030:
2897:
2399:itself
2380:Return
2367:return
2363:return
2344:return
2324:delete
2318:insert
2299:a.k.a.
2284:a.k.a.
2277:a.k.a.
2251:, and
2222:IBM PC
2185:log in
2151:BIOSes
2140:KVM/IP
2109:laptop
2069:ASR-33
2065:RS-232
2036:, the
1968:kernel
1966:, the
1872:under
1862:telnet
1840:TV set
1832:screen
1669:ADM-3A
1575:RS-232
1566:via a
1472:pixels
1386:series
1381:UNIVAC
1376:VT2640
1369:VT6530
1347:TD-830
1203:buffer
1168:curses
1159:cursor
1127:buffer
1080:telnet
1049:markup
1022:Return
754:RS-232
746:, the
740:EBCDIC
708:, and
702:ADM-3A
647:ADM-3A
607:RS-232
570:UNIVAC
380:RS-232
312:, and
310:Sol-20
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
3105:S2CID
3065:S2CID
2994:(PDF)
2924:(PDF)
2825:(PDF)
2794:(PDF)
2785:(PDF)
2756:(PDF)
2747:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2510:Notes
2308:Tab âč
2267:Modes
2257:VT220
2249:xterm
2163:Linux
2081:VT100
2063:, an
1897:Linux
1723:VT100
1699:H1500
1686:VT100
1494:fonts
1440:VT640
1436:VT100
1225:WRITE
1212:panel
1117:ioctl
1072:modem
1064:Telix
1057:LaTeX
1013:shell
962:xterm
892:ASCII
856:VT220
795:VT100
744:ADM-3
736:ASCII
710:VT100
675:VT100
624:from
287:or a
253:VT100
133:JSTOR
119:books
3476:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3434:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3393:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3093:C-20
3028:ISBN
3001:2012
2976:2012
2950:2012
2900:2355
2837:2023
2806:2023
2768:2023
2730:2021
2619:2019
2586:2024
2503:VT05
2382:and
2337:key.
2259:and
2227:The
2161:and
2130:and
2122:and
2095:and
2052:on.
1972:init
1960:BIOS
1891:and
1775:any
1773:cite
1731:Qume
1717:The
1711:Wyse
1706:4014
1684:and
1682:VT52
1638:VT52
1268:wrap
1252:HTML
1188:host
1149:and
1123:Unix
1101:and
1082:and
1066:and
995:The
958:Nano
935:dumb
931:TERM
827:Wyse
803:ADDS
783:Bell
706:VT52
686:VT05
661:VT52
620:The
615:2848
582:SAGE
580:and
578:BUIC
568:and
320:and
248:The
105:news
3097:doi
3057:doi
3020:doi
2895:RFC
2829:IBM
2669:IBM
2415:MVS
2359:not
2292:EOB
2120:PCs
2118:On
2097:IBM
2022:CRT
1962:or
1901:BSD
1876:or
1786:by
1595:NCR
1591:SNA
1572:EIA
1558:or
1515:An
1505:I2O
1483:RDP
1260:CGI
1256:URL
1182:or
1084:ssh
1055:or
1010:or
933:to
841:or
807:DEC
765:IBM
722:LSI
714:CPU
566:IBM
562:ERA
558:DEC
554:MIT
413:'s
395:SSH
339:or
250:DEC
190:by
88:by
3539::
3245:^
3216:^
3204:.
3184:.
3151:.
3111:.
3103:.
3091:.
3071:.
3063:.
3051:.
3026:.
2966:.
2940:.
2903:.
2893:.
2853:.
2796:.
2787:.
2749:.
2693:.
2681:^
2666:.
2648:.
2605:.
2594:^
2576:.
2565:^
2386:.
2327:,
2321:,
2290:,
2243:,
2224:.
2180:.
2146:.
2091:,
2079:,
1986:.
1950:,
1946:,
1942:,
1725:,
1605:.
1489:.
1458:.
1446:A
1178:A
1097:,
1078:,
1059:.
968:A
918:.
898:A
817:,
813:,
809:,
801:,
720:,
704:,
584:.
564:,
560:,
544:A
461:A
419:Z4
415:Z3
308:,
272:A
50:.
3484:.
3465:.
3442:.
3420:.
3401:.
3382:.
3363:.
3344:.
3210:.
3128:.
3099::
3059::
3053:9
3036:.
3022::
3003:.
2978:.
2952:.
2926:.
2839:.
2808:.
2770:.
2732:.
2621:.
2588:.
2559:.
2540:.
1813:)
1807:(
1802:)
1798:(
1794:.
1780:.
1357:)
760:)
235:)
229:(
217:)
211:(
206:)
202:(
184:.
155:)
149:(
144:)
140:(
130:·
123:·
116:·
109:·
82:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)